El brócoli, salud con sabor, Dra. Elizabeth Jeffery

Broccoli: its anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and healing values

Elizabeth H Jeffery, Professor Emerita University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA

30 30-35% of cancers may be related to diet

Anand et al, Pharm. Res. 25: 2097, 2008

Brassica vegetables decrease our relative risk for cancers more effectively than do vegetables in general Risk Decrease (%) All vegetables Brassica

25% (p=0.43) 49% (p=0.004)

Colon (low: high intake)

All vegetables Brassica

19% (p=0.15) 46% (p=0.01)

Prostate (<1:>3 servings/wk)

Voorrips et al, 2000; Cohen et al, 2000

Brassica veggies prevent cancer more effectively in people at high risk: Brassica/ non-smokers

0.70 (ns)

Brassica /smokers

0.31 (p<0.05)

Lung (Zhao et al, 2001)

Cardiovascular disease Prevention with Broccoli

Risk is lower for myocardial infarct (MI) in those eating ~5 servings of broccoli a week Servings/ day Risk for MI (OR) P=0.001

Low Intake Mid Intake High Intake 0.08 0.43 0.86 1.00 0.88 0.63

Cornelis et al, 2007

Cardiovascular disease prevention with dietary broccoli Low Intake Mid Intake High Intake Servings/ day 0.08 0.43 0.86 Non-smokers Risk for MI P=0.007 Smokers Risk for MI P=0.001

1.00

0.95

0.76

100

0.79

0.48

Cornelis et al, 2007

Why are Brassica vegetables so protective ?

Brussels

Spinach

0

Adapted from Cao et al. 1996 J Agric. Food Chem. 44, 3426-31

String Bean

Yellow squash

Celery

Cucumber

Iceberg

Leaf Lettuce

Carrot

Cabbage

Potato

Cauliflower

Corn

Onion

Red bell

Beets

Broccoli

Alfalfa sprouts

Green Tea 814 Black Tea 927

Kale

Garlic

200

Vegetable Antioxidant Capacities

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

Vitamins A, C, E, folate

Fiber

Glucosinolates*

Flavonoids

Minerals:Ca, Mn, Mg, Se Selenium

Nutrients * Essentially Unique to the Brassica

Phytonutrients (Bioactives)

Glucosinolate profile varies across Brassica vegetables; glucoraphanin is the predominant glucosinolate in broccoli 12 progoitrin glucoraphanin glucobrassicin sinigrin

10 8 6 4 2

lif l C au

al e K

ow er

e ba g C ab

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Br

oc co

li

0 O S

S

C6H11O5

N

O

C SO3-

O S

S

C6H11O5

C N O

Glucoraphanin

SO3-

Myrosinase

Glucose

O S N

Sulforaphane

C S

Anticarcinogen

Inflammation may be a common factor sulforaphane

Cardio-vascular Disease

sulforaphane

Cancer

sulforaphane

sulforaphane

Cardio-vascular Disease

sulforaphane

sulforaphane

Cancer

Noah et al, 2014

There are some differences between humans and mice â&#x20AC;&#x201C; but many similarities, especially at physiological levels

Control diet

High fat and sugar diet

High fat and sugar + broccoli

Dietary broccoli inhibits accumulation of fat in the livers of mice fed a Western-style high fat and high sugar diet. (values are score of fatty liver disease) Data are meanÂąSD . t-test: *p<0.05, ***p<0.001 v.s. C; #p<0.05 v.s. W

sulforaphane

Cardio-vascular Disease

sulforaphane

sulforaphane

Cancer

Fresh: Closed circles and bars Cooked: Open circles and bars

Saha et al, Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 56: 1906-1916, 2012

Plasma sulforaphane

Urinary sulforaphane

Glucosinolate content varies with genotype and environment â&#x20AC;&#x201C; weather and agricultural practices such as nitrogen and sulfur levels and the spraying crops with elicitors, like Methyl Jasmonate

The concentration of bioactives varies across broccoli cultivars; n = 51 varieties of broccoli Component

Mean value a

Glucoraphanin 7.1

Range 0.8–21.7

a

Aliphatic 10.5 glucosinolates a Indolyl 1.9 glucosinolates

3.0–31.4* 0.4–6.2

a: μmol/g dry wt. *: sulforaphane is the major aliphatic glucosinolate product Kushad et al, 1999

O S

S

C6H11O5

C N O

Glucoraphanin

SO3-

Myrosinase

Glucose

O S N

Sulforaphane

C S

Anticarcinogen

Wang et al, 2012

• In the USA, Demand tripled between 1980 and today • Frozen broccoli accounts for over 60% of that : reduction in cost, increased shelf life, less waste • Blanched before freezing, kills myrosinase (Dosz and Jeffery, 2014) ERS, Yearbook 2011; Summary, NASS 2011

All Vegetables in the plant order Capparales (including brassicaceae family) provide myrosinase

Water cress Arugula KohlrabiRutabagaWasabi DrumsticksChinese cabbage

SUMMARY Broccoli offers protection far greater than just antioxidant activity Dietary amounts of broccoli positively impact health (3-5 servings/ week) Too much cooking can destroy the benefit, so eat a raw brassica with the meal

Acknowledgements: Research Collaborators: Kang-Mo Ku and Jack Juvik: plant growth and phytochemical analysis; Nilanjan Das and Mark Berhow: isolation of neoglucobrassicin and bioactivity.

This work was funded by a grant from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA/NIFA AFRI 201065200-20398)