BRACHYCEPHALIC AIRWAY SYNDROME

UNDERSTANDING BREATHING CHALLENGES IN FLAT-FACED DOGS

Flat-faced (brachycephalic) dog breeds like Bulldogs, Pekingese, Pugs, Boxers, and Shih Tzus are undeniably adorable, but their unique facial structure can come with significant health challenges. One of the most common issues these breeds face is Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome (BAS), a condition that affects their ability to breathe normally. Understanding this syndrome is essential for owners of brachycephalic dogs to ensure their pets live happy, healthy lives.

WHAT IS BRACHYCEPHALIC AIRWAY SYNDROME?

Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome is a group of anatomical abnormalities that obstruct airflow in dogs with short, flat faces. These abnormalities include:

1. Stenotic nares: Dogs with stenotic nares have abnormally narrowed nostrils; the narrowing restricts airflow in the nostrils.

2. Extended nasopharyngeal turbinates: Nasopharyngeal turbinates are ridges of bone covered by tissue that help humidify and warm inhaled air. When these extend past the nose into the pharynx (the area behind the nose and mouth), they cause variable amounts of airflow obstruction.

3. An elongated soft palate: A dog with an elongated soft palate (the soft part of the roof of the mouth) has a soft palate that is too long for the length of the mouth; the excess length partially blocks the entrance to the trachea (windpipe) at the back of the throat.

4. Everted laryngeal saccules: The laryngeal saccules are tiny sacs or pouches that are located just inside the larynx; these saccules evert (turn outwards) or are sucked into the airway by pressure associated with the increased respiratory effort caused by the stenotic nares and/or the elongated soft palate. Everted laryngeal saccules will further obstruct airway flow.

5. Hypoplastic trachea (windpipe): A hypoplastic trachea has a smaller diameter than the standard, making breathing more difficult.

Dogs with BAS may have varying degrees of these abnormalities, creating different degrees of the syndrome. This means some dogs show mild symptoms while others may require surgical intervention to live comfortable lives.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF BAS

Dogs with Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome often exhibit one or more of the following signs:

• Snorting or snoring: Noisy breathing, even when at rest.

• Exercise intolerance: Difficulty with physical activity or quick exhaustion.

• Panting: Excessive or laboured panting, especially in warm weather.

• Gagging or choking: Episodes of gagging when excited or after eating.

• Heat sensitivity: Struggling in hot or humid conditions due to an inability to cool down effectively.

• Cyanosis: Blue-tinged gums or tongue due to lack of oxygen (a medical emergency).

• Collapse: Due to overheating or lack of oxygen (a medical emergency).

Over time, dogs with this syndrome may develop other secondary problems, including inflammation of other structures in the airways. In the long term, the increased effort associated with breathing can put increased strain on the heart.

EXACERBATING FACTORS

While all brachycephalic breeds are predisposed to BAS, certain factors can exacerbate the condition:

• Obesity: Excess weight puts additional strain on the airway.

• Overexertion: Intense exercise can worsen breathing difficulties.

• Hot weather: Heat and humidity increase the risk of heatstroke in brachycephalic dogs.

MANAGING BRACHYCEPHALIC AIRWAY SYNDROME

If your dog shows signs of BAS, a vet can provide a diagnosis and recommend treatment options. Here are some of the suggestions a vet is likely to make in terms of managing your brachycephalic dog:

1. Monitor weight: Maintaining a healthy weight reduces strain on your dog’s respiratory system.

2. Avoid overheating: Keep your dog cool in hot weather, provide plenty of water, and avoid outdoor activities during peak heat.

3. Modify exercise: Opt for short, gentle walks and avoid strenuous activities.

4. Use harnesses: Replace collars with harnesses to avoid pressure on the trachea.

5. Consider surgery: In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to correct anatomical issues, such as widening the nostrils or shortening the soft palate.

NOTE: Corticosteroids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and oxygen therapy may all be helpful for short-term relief of airway inflammation or respiratory distress. However, medical management of this condition does not correct the underlying anatomical abnormalities.

EMERGENCIES

Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome can lead to life-threatening complications if left unmanaged. Contact your vet immediately if your dog shows signs of:

• Difficulty breathing or wheezing.

• Fainting or collapsing during exercise.

• Cyanosis (blue gums or tongue).

PROGNOSIS

The overall prognosis for pets with Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome depends on the number of anatomic abnormalities present and the dog's age at the time of diagnosis and treatment.

Dogs under two years of age at the time of surgical correction have a better post-operative prognosis than older dogs.

Dogs that only require surgical correction for stenotic nares and/ or an elongated soft palate have a better prognosis than dogs with more defects. Dogs with a hypoplastic trachea have a variable prognosis.

Dogs that have other problems, such as allergic airway disease, or that have developed secondary problems from airway distress have a poorer prognosis. However, appropriate management can significantly improve the quality of life for these dogs.

ADVOCATING FOR BRACHYCEPHALIC DOGS

As awareness of BAS grows, many breeders and organisations are working to prioritise the health of brachycephalic breeds. Responsible breeding practices, which aim to reduce extreme physical traits, can help future generations of these beloved dogs lead healthier lives.

FINAL THOUGHTS

While Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome can be challenging, proper management and vet care can significantly improve your dog’s quality of life. By staying informed and proactive, you can help your flat-faced friend breathe easier and enjoy all the love and joy they bring to your life.