Solar Powered Public Furniture SUBHEAD body copy
Solar Powered Public Furniture
DES 500 PROJECT 1 NOV 24, 2015
ZHAOCHENG HUANG CHRISTINE MASUDA ELIM YANG
Solar Powered Public Furniture Problem Statement SUBHEAD body copy “Everything is plugged in now. Students frequently have 2 or 3 devices
(or more!) that require power while studying on campus. Yet, while the number of convenient locations to plug in and recharge while working have increased, additional spaces are still needed to meet the increasing demand. The university is committed to innovative ways to address challenges such as this; it is easy enough to just add more library tables with power outlets, but the university wants to encourage collaboration, group work, and creativity, and increase the use of more campus spaces, especially outdoor spaces.�
Methodology PHOTO ANALYSIS & INTERVIEWS • Who? What? When? Where? Why? • SUB, Quad, CCIS, Rutherford Library • 19 photos of 14 different groups and individuals ONLINE SURVEY • Student personal electronic device usage on campus • Types of electronic devices being • Potential time • 56 respondents.
LITERATURE REVIEW • N.A.I.T.’s Solar Photovoltaic Reference Array Report • Articles, reports, brochures, spec sheets
Findings 1. PHOTO ANALYSIS
Common Items Observed at Outdoor Tables
Backpack Drink (cans, waterbottles, disposable cups) Notebook Phone Laptop Pens Pencil Case Food Book/Textbook
0
5
10
Figure 1.1 Common Items Observed at Outdoor Tables
15
20
25
Findings 1. PHOTO ANALYSIS Common Potential Problems Observed from Photographs Items crowding table Items on the ground Wet table Table structure blocking certain sitting positions Table crowded with people 0
2
4
6
Figure 1.2 Common Potential Problems Observed at Outdoor Tables
8
10
12
Findings 1. PHOTO ANALYSIS 1 2 3 More than 3
Figure 1.3 Average Group Size
Findings 2. ONLINE STUDENT SURVEY
Yes No
Figure 2.1 Students Who Charge Their Cell Phone At School
Yes No
Figure 2.2 Students Who Charge Their Laptop or Tablet At School
Findings 2. ONLINE STUDENT SURVEY iPhone 3rd Gen iPhone 4th Gen iPhone 5th Gen iPhone 6th Gen LG Nexus Samsung Galaxy Other
Figure 2.3 Common Types of Cell Phones Used by Students
MacBook Pro MacBook Air Samsung Dell Tablet Other
Figure 2.4 Common Types of Laptops Used by Students
Findings 2. ONLINE STUDENT SURVEY Other devices charged: • Camera • Batteries • Speaker • Calculator
1-2 hours 3-4 hours 2-3 hours More than 4 hours Less than an hour
Figure 2.5 Average Time Spent At School (Not Including Class Time)
Findings 4. ERGONOMICS 8 min
2020 - 25max max
20 max
16 min
48 max
27 min
48 max
44 max
28 min
9 min 4 min
24 min
Figure 4.1 Forward Reach
SOURCE: 2010 ADA Standards for Accessible Design
Figure 4.2 Leg Clearance
11 min
SOURCE: 2010 ADA Standards for Accessible Design
Findings 5. SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL TYPES CELL TYPE
DESCRIPTION
EFFICIENCY
COST
• 15 -20% efficiency 2 3.786 5.679 m 0.75$/W 2 • 6-9 m / 1 kWp
Monocrystalline Cell
Purest silicon, rigid
Polycrystalline cells
• 13-16% efficiency Less pure silicon, rigid • 8-9 m2 / 1 kWp
Thin film - Copper Thin PV layer on Indium Gallium Selenide substrate, flexible
SIZE
• 10-12% efficiency • 9-11 m2 / 1kWp
Figure 5.1 Solar Photovoltaic Cell Types
LIFETIME 25 years
5.048 - 5.679 m2 0.62$/W
25 years
5.679 - 6.941 m2
10-25 years
1.06$/W
Calculate the total Watt-peak rating needed for PV modules.
2163/3.43 = 631 Wp or 0.631 kWp
Solar Powered Public Furniture 6. MATERIALS SUBHEAD MATERIAL body copy
COST
PROS
Findings CONS
DURABILITY
Expensive
• Incredibly tough • Durable • Easy to clean
• Heavy • Conducts heat
Relatively durable, better than aluminum
Varies widely depending on manufacturing process (grade)
• Rust and fade resistant • Lightweight • Durable • Easy to clean
• Weaker material compared to other metals • Conducts heat
Relatively durable
Plastics
Cheap
• Lightweight and portable • Can be made from recycled material • Easy to clean • More feasible
• Can look cheap compared to other materials • Not as durable as metal
Wood (e.g. teak, redwood, pressure treated pine)
Medium to expensive, depending on type of wood used
• Natural material • Long-lasting when treated
• Can fade over time • Can absorb moisture leading to rot if placed on grass or dirt • Prone to fungal growth, pests
Stainless Steel
Aluminum and aluminum alloys
Figure 6.1 General Materials Information
20 - 50 years
Solar Powered Findings Public Furniture 7. SUBHEAD EDMONTON CLIMATE body copy Average tempuratures
Average rainfall and snowfall
40
120
30
100
20
80
10
60
0
40
-10
-20
-20
0
N JA
B
FE
AR APR
M
AY JUN M
Average high temperatures
L
JU
G AU
P
SE
T
OC
V
NO
C
DE
Average low temperatures
Figure 7.1 Average Edmonton Tempuratures
SOURCE: WestJet
N JA
B
FE
AR APR
M
AY
M
Rainfall (mm)
N
JU
L
JU
G AU
P
SE
T
OC
V
NO
C
DE
Snowfall (cm)
Figure 7.2 Average Edmonton Precipitation SOURCE: WestJet
Design Brief PROJECT OBJECTIVES 1. Design an outdoor workstation which is able to fit 4 people.
1 2
2. Design with Universal Access in mind.
3
3. Design this table with 4 Type B electrical outlets and 4 USB Type A ports.
More than 3
Figure 1.3 Average Group Size
Design Brief PROJECT OBJECTIVES 4. The solar photovoltaic system should produce 2163 watt-hours per day. 5. The solar photovoltaic array should be able to switch between an optimum summer angle of 27° and an optimum winter angle of 90° or 53°.
DEVICE
WATT-HOURS USED TO CHARGE
TIME IT TAKES TO CHARGE
CHARGES PER DAY
TOTAL WATT-HOURS PER DAY
Phone
9.5 - 12.3
1.8 - 2.5 hours 3.2 - 4.4
39.36 - 41.8
Laptop
47 - 99
1 - 3 hours
2.6 - 8
122.2 - 792
Total
831.36
2 people:
831.36 x 2 = 1662.72 Calculate total Watt-hours per day needed from the PV modules accounting for energy loss within the system.
1662.72 x 1.3 = 2163
Design Brief SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM 6. Space for a battery, around 22” x 10” x 19” (or an equivalent volume). 7. Space for an inverter, around 17” x 9” x 5” (or an equivalent volume). 8. Space for a solar charge controller, around 16” x 6” x 4” (or an equivalent volume). 9. Consider the items used at tables as well as the common activities and any functions that could help (like lighting, storage, organization, heating).
Solar Powered DesignPublic Brief Furniture PLAN OF ATTACK SUBHEAD body copy • Further research on lighting, heating methods, solar system components • More detailed materials information matrix • Suppliers and manufacturing methods
Solar Powered DesignPublic Brief Furniture DELIVERABLES SUBHEAD body copy An 11� x 17� bound booklet than contains: a) At least two views of the whole, rendered in situ. b) Detailed view renders of each feature. c) Technical drawings. d) Recommendations for materials and solar PV system components. e) Design rationale. f) Photos of a scale model. g) Any important process work.
SCHEDULE Week 1-2: Ideation Week 3-4: Concept Generation Week 5-6: Early Prototype Iteration Week 7-9: Refinement & Scale model Week 10-11: Rendering & Technical drawings Week 12-13: Booklet & Presentation
REFERENCES
Alternative Energy Program: Solar Photovoltaic Reference Array Report – March 31, 2015. Rep. Edmonton: N.A.I.T., 2015. Print.
Average rainfall and snowfall. Digital image. WestJet. WestJet, n.d. Web. 02 Nov. 2015. <http://www.eldoradocountyweather.com/canada/climate2/Edmonton.html>.
Average temperatures. Digital image. WestJet. WestJet, n.d. Web. 02 Nov. 2015. <http://www.eldoradocountyweather.com/canada/climate2/Edmonton.html>.
Department of Justice. “2010 ADA Standards for Accessible Design.” <i>2010 ADA Standards for Accessible Design</i>. Department of Justice, 15 Sept. 2010. Web. 23 Nov. 2015. <http://www.ada.gov/regs2010/2010ADAStandards/2010ADAstandards.htm>. Fischer, Barry. “How Much Does It Cost to Charge an IPhone 5? A Thought-provokingly Modest $0.41/year.” Opower. Opower, 27 Sept. 2012. Web. 02 Nov. 2015. <http://blog.opower.com/2012/09/how-much-does-it-cost-to-charge-an-iphone-5-a-thought-provokingly-modest-0-41year/>.
“How to Design Solar PV System.” Leonics. Leonics, n.d. Web. <http://www.leonics.com/support/article2_12j/articles2_12j_en.php>.
“How Many Watts of Electricity Does It Take to Power a HP Laptop Running Vista?” Science Club. Cockeyed.com, n.d. Web. 02 Nov. 2015. <http://www.cockeyed.com/ science/power_use_database/laptop.html>. Johnson, Jackie. “Wheelchair Picnic Table Specifications.” EHow. Demand Media, n.d. Web. 23 Nov. 2015. <http://www.ehow.com/list_7484413_wheelchair-picnic-tablespecifications.html>. Maehlum, Mathias Aarre. “Which Solar Panel Type Is Best? Mono-, Polycrystalline or Thin Film?” Energy Informative. Energy Informative, 18 May 2015. Web. 02 Nov. 2015. <http://energyinformative.org/best-solar-panel-monocrystalline-polycrystalline-thin-film/>. Northern Institute of Technology. “Alberta Solar Performance Data.” <i>Alberta Solar Performance Data</i>. Solar Energy Society of Alberta, 18 Aug. 2015. Web. 23 Nov. 2015. <http://solaralberta.ca/content/alberta-solar-performance-data>. “Outdoor Furniture Materials.” Outdoor Furniture Materials. Equator Homewares, n.d. Web. 02 Nov. 2015. <http://www.equatorhomewares.com.au/learning/outdoorfurniture-materials/>.
“Plug & Socket Types.” World Standards. World Standards, 15 June 2015. Web. 02 Nov. 2015. <http://www.worldstandards.eu/electricity/plugs-and-sockets/>.
“The Different Types of PhotoVoltaic Panels.” Solar-Facts. Denis Lindsell, n.d. Web. 02 Nov. 2015. <http://www.solar-facts.com/panels/panel-types.php>.
“Which Material Patio Furniture Withstands the Elements Best?” EBay. EBay, 9 Apr. 2014. Web. 02 Nov. 2015. <http://www.ebay.com/gds/Which-Material-PatioFurniture-Withstands-the-Elements-Best-/10000000177628318/g.html>.