HyMap Hyperspectral Surveys for Mineral Exploration by HyVista Corporation

HyMap Hyperspectral Surveys for Mineral Exploration

HyVista Corporation 11/10 Gladstone Rd., Castle Hill, NSW, AUSTRALIA www.hyvista.com

HyVista Background HyVista Corporation is an airborne survey company flying HyMap hyperspectral scanners since 1998 Offices  Sydney, Australia – Engineering, survey logistics, pre-processing and environmental applications, software development  Melbourne, Australia – Data processing and geological applications

Systems  Two 128-channel HyMap Scanners  One 96-channel HyMap MK1

Staff  Sydney – 4 Engineers, Logistic Manager, Data Manager , BD Manager and Software developer  Melbourne – Principal Geologist

Spectral Geology Spectral geology is used to identify minerals    

Indicators of primary rock type Signatures of alteration in mineralised environments Indicators of weathering regimes and processes Indicators of mineral chemistry & formation temperature.

 Spectral Geology is the fundamental background for interpretation of Remotely Sensed Images  Hyperspectral images map areas that are spectrally unique at the surface  Mineral maps can be produced from hyperspectral images

Spectral Geology Concept - Recording Spectra

VNIR

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SWIR1

SWIR2

Spectral Regions Relevant to Geology  Visible and near infrared

400 - 1000 nm (VNIR)

 Iron oxides and iron bearing minerals (Hematite, Goethite, Jarosite)  Rare Earth Minerals  Vegetation

 Shortwave Infrared  OH-bearing minerals    

   

1000 - 2500 nm (SWIR)

Clay Minerals Micas Amphiboles Serpentine, Talc, Chlorites, Epidote

Phosphates Sulfates Carbonates Hydrocarbons    

Cellulose (Vegetation) Oils and Waxes (Petroleum and Vegetation) Plastics Methane

VNIR Fe-Oxide Spectral Signatures

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SWIR Minerals  Al - OH (2170 - 2210 nm)

 Pyrophyllite, Kaolinite, Montmorillonite, Muscovite + Illite (White Micas)

 Fe – OH (2250 - 2300 nm)  Nontronite, Fe Smectite

 Mg – OH (2300 - 2400 nm)

 Chlorite, Talc, Epidote, Amphiboles, Serpentines, Phlogopite, Saponite, Vermiculite

 Si – OH (2240 nm -broad)

 Opaline Silica, Hemimorphite (Zn silicate)

 Carbonates (2310nm-2340nm)  Calcite, Dolomite, Magnesite, Siderite, Sauconite (Ferroan species show broad absorption < 1000 nm)

 Sulphates (1700nm and 2160nm)  Jarosite, Alunite, Gypsum, Anhydrite

SWIR Mineral Spectral Signatures

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

Why Hyperspectral? Hyperspectral and Multispectral Differences Hyperspectral imaging is part of a class of techniques commonly referred to as spectral imaging or spectral analysis. Hyperspectral imaging is related to multispectral imaging. The distinction between hyper- and multi-spectral is sometimes based on an arbitrary "number of bands" or on the type of measurement, depending on what is appropriate to the purpose.

ASTER MINERAL MAP

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HyMap MINERAL MAP

Hyperspectral Imaging – Spectrometry From The Air

HyMap Imaging System Aircraft Mounting & Specifications SPECIFICATIONS IFOV: 2.5 Mr Along Track, 2.0 Mr Across Track FOV: 61.3o (512 Pixels) GIFOV: 3m-15m (Flying Heights 2,000m-7,000m)

Spectral Bands: 128 Band Width: ~14nm-17nm •VNIR: ~400-1000nm •SWIR: ~1000-1400nm •Swir1:~1400-1995nm •Swir2:~2014-2488nm SNR: > 800:1 ( 50% Reflector At Noon) Data Collection Rate: 4 Gigabyte/Hour Daily Cover: 1200km2- 2500km2 (5m - 10m Pixels) Data Collection +/- 2 Hours Solar Noon Zeiss Stablised Platform to Minimise Distortions Geometric Correction: +/- 10m ( IMU/GPS)

The system is flown in a light aircraft at 1750m to 5,000m A.G.L. And can collect data up to 2200 km2 per survey day.

HyMap Hyperspectral Scanner – Optimal Survey Conditions  Sun angle

>40o

Yes

 Less than 25% cloud cover

 Dry surface  >30% Bare ground

Total Survey Areas (1996-2009) >1,000,000kmÂ˛ HyMap scanners have completed mineral mapping projects in over 30 countries from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe for geological survey organisations and for mining / exploration companies

Afghanistan

Mongolia

Afghanistan whole country @ 30m pixels

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

Spectral Processing and Mineral Mapping Converting Reflectance Images Into Mineral Maps Unsupervised Endmember Unmixing Identifies specific spectra from within the data and maps

Supervised Spectral Matching (LO, MF,MTMF,SAM) Maps the distribution of a specified spectrum

Identified Spectra

Reflectance Images

Mineral Map Images

32 Bands

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

15 EM

Processing Flow Chart Level 1A Mosaic

Level 1B Data Cube

►Pre-processing on a strip by strip basis produces radiance and apparent reflectance Level 1A Mosaic. ►Reflectance images are cross track, level corrected and geo-corrected. ►Corrected strips are mosaiced into a seamless, homogeneous Level 1B data cube. ►The data-cube is processed to produce various band colour composite (CC), minimum noise fraction (MNF), band ratio index images and image maps that highlight mineralogical and geological / chemical variations.

Overview CC Band 28 (Red) Band 15 (Green) Band 3 (Blue) MNF CC Band 2 (Red) Band 3 (Green) Band 4 (Blue)

DCS CC Carbonate (Red) FeOH (Green) MgOH (Blue)

Mineral Map CC Kaolinite (Red) Paragonite - White Mica (Green) Muscovite - White Mica (Blue)

HyVista Hymap Processing: LEVEL 2  Level 2: Photo Interpretation Products (images that do not map minerals uniquely)  Overview Colour composites: Landsat TM 432 equivalent, true and false colour images  MNF Images from which 2-4 colour composites (CC) are produced  Decorrelation Stretch that can map the distribution of:  MgOH/CO3, FeOH, SiOH, ALOH, Argillic, Sulphate, Iron Oxides minerals but not specific minerals  Output images are written to ENVI, ER Mapper, ECW, Jpeg and GeoTiff formats  Conversion to .shp and .kmz also possible

HyVista Hymap Processing: LEVEL 2

Overview Colour Composite RGB 108, 28,03

Mount Whale Back Iron Ore Mine, Hamersley Region, Western Australia (3.5m Pixel Resolution)

MNF Colour Composite RGB 2,3,4

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

HyVista Hymap Processing: LEVEL 2

Decorrelation Composite RGB 0.9um, 0.87um 2.32um

Mount Whale Back Iron Ore Mine, Hamersley Region, Western Australia, (3.5m Pixel Resolution)

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

HyVista Hymap Processing: LEVEL 2

Decorrelation Composite Relative Band Depth Image RGB 0.9um, 0.87um 2.32um RGB Al-OH, Carbonate, Iron Oxide

Mount Whale Back Iron Ore Mine, Hamersley Region, Western Australia, (3.5m Pixel Resolution)

Al-OH Minerals

Iron Oxide

Carbonate Minerals

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

HyVista Hymap Processing: LEVEL 3 

LEVEL 3: Mineral Abundance and Mineral Chemistry Image Maps  SWIR and VNIR Mineral Abundance Mapping:  Mineral abundance images are determined from end-member un-mixed images, Match Filtered, Logical Operator processed and presented as:  Thresholded Greyscale  Thresholded Pseudo Coloured  Mineral Map RGB Colour Composite  Rule Classified Multi Mineral Maps  Pseudo Coloured, Absorption Minima - Wavelength Shift for:  Illite Al content  FeOx type  Carbonate and Chlorite composition  The mineral mapping and mineral chemistry images can be presented as overlays onto a grayscale background (or other suitable imagery, eg. topo) and individual areas of mineral occurrence can be output as shape files (or kmz)



LEVEL 4: In collaboration with customer, more detailed processing can be carried out to locate minerals of specific interest in their area , e.g. rare earth and opaque minerals.

HyVista Hymap Processing: LEVEL 3 Products

Greyscale Mineral Abundance Map Goethite Threshold 90%

Mount Whale Back Iron Ore Mine, Hamersley Region, Western Australia, (3.5m Pixel Resolution)

Pseudo Colour Mineral Abundance Map Goethite Threshold 90%

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

HyVista Hymap Processing: LEVEL 3 Products

Mineral Map Colour Composite RGB Goethite, Hematite, Chlorite

Mount Whale Back Iron Ore Mine, Hamersley Region, Western Australia, (3.5m Pixel Resolution)

Rule Classified Mineral Map

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

HyVista Hymap Processing: LEVEL 3 Products

Wavelength Shift Mineral Composition Image Hematite to Goethite

Mount Whale Back Iron Ore Mine, Hamersley Region, Western Australia, 3.5m Pixel Resolution

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

HyVista HyMap Test Site Surveys: Porphyry and other Alteration System Deposits  USA  OATMAN (ARIZONA)  YERINGTON (NEVADA)

 MEXICO  NW MEXICO SILVER-GOLD BELT

 NAMIBIA  HAIB PROTEROZOIC Cu/Au PORPHYRY

 AUSTRALIA  HALLS CREEK MOBILE BELT ARGILLIC ALTERATION  NULLAGINE

HYVISTA HYMAP SURVEY TEST SITE SURVEYS: Au OATMAN Geology: Lies at the centre of a trachyte, latite, rhyolite fault-bounded, typical Basin and Range Tertiary volcanic complex. Mineralisation: Epithermal vein deposit centred upon advanced argillic / argillic style hydrothermal alteration and radiating auriferous qtz-calciteÂąadularia veins. Ore deposited in dilatational zones as vein filling and complex stockworks. Mineral Mapping: Identifying and mapping the minerals that characterise the alteration associated with the mineral occurrences at Oatman using HyMap imagery and comparison with results from ASTER Imagery.

Oatman Survey, Arizona, USA. HyMap Imagery, 5m pixels, Acquired 2003

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

EPITHERMAL GOLD Oatman Arizona Colour Composite

Ternary RGB Mineral Map

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

Rule Class Mineral Map

Epithermal Gold Oatman Arizona: ASTER vs. HyMap ASTER Mineral Map

HyMap Mineral Map

*Processed by M Brown mappa mundi / Infoterra Ltd, United Kingdom GSRG Conference 2008

Mineral Mapping at Oatman, using ASTER and HyMap

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

HyVista HyMap Test Survey Sites: Porphyry System – Yerington, NV, USA

Yerington Survey, Nevada, USA. HyMap Imagery, 3.5m pixels, Acquired August 2009

Porphyry Systems: Yerington, NV, USA The Yerington district, Nevada is located in the western edge of the Basin and Range Province in the former site of a subductionrelated magmatic arc.

These alteration systems are exposed to different degress within the region producing a complex pattern of mineralogy.

The district hosts several porphyry copper deposits (Yerington, Ann mason and BearLagomarsino) and Fe oxidecopper gold lodes within a Jurassic (Yerington) batholith and volcanic cover. A number of copper bearing skarn and significant Fe oxide-copper-gold deposits occur at the batholithâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s contact aureole.

Combining various the maps of the various minerals obtained from the HyMap data reveals patterns of mineral association that should be able to assist in the understanding of the complexity of this area.

Minnesota Fe Mine

Singatse Range Porphyry Mineralisation Ann Mason

A series of alteration systems exist in the area: Early potassic (phlogopiteK feldspar)

Buckskin Mine

Buckskin Range Epithermal Alteration

Early sodic-calcic (actinolite-oligoclase)

Yerington Mine

Ludwig Mason Valley Mine

Late sodic (chlorite-albite) alteration Late sericitic alteration and tourmaline breccias Advanced Argillic Alteration Ludwig Skarn

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

Ludwig / Douglas Hill Skarn Mineralisation

Porphyry Systems: Yerington, NV, USA

MNF COLOUR COMPOSITE

Minimum Noise Fraction (MNF) transform has been applied to the HyMap reflectance data (vegetation and shadow masked). From these transform images, colour composites have been produced. The bands selected (1, 2 and 3) highlight the bleached epithermal altered terrain (light blue) along the Buckskin Range. Dumps associated with the Yerington mine are depicted in light green hues. Similar hues are observed in the Singatse Range. Darker green hues appear to highlight skarn terrain.

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

Porphyry Systems: Yerington, NV, USA Mineral Map Colour Composite

Amphibole is probably Actinolite and highlights sediments / volcanics hosting skarn style mineralisation in the Ludwig / Douglas hill / Mason Valley area.

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

Mineral Map Colour Composite

Highlights sediments / volcanics hosting skarn style mineralisation in the Ludwig / Douglas hill / Mason Valley area, southern margin of the Yerington batholith.

Porphyry Systems: Yerington, NV, USA Mineral Map Colour Composite

Mineral Map Colour Composite

Illite

Illite 2190nm

Kaolinite 2

Longer wave Illite relatively widely distributed in the area and possibly related to sericite and / or sodic overprints. Shorter wave Illite appears to favour lower pH environments along the Buckskin Range; flanks advanced argillic alteration. Kaolinite highlights alteration in the Buckskin Range.

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

Advanced argillic alteration minerals highlight alteration in the Buckskin Range

Porphyry Systems: Yerington, NV, USA Rule classified image 11 individual minerals

This image maps the hypogene minerals: Sericite (Illite Al Poor and Rich)) Chlorite Amphibole Epidote Topaz Pyrophyllite Goethite is mapping the pyritic zones

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

Epithermal Gold and Silver Exploration, Mexico

RADADERO

TONICHI

Surveys flown May 2007; pixel size of ~5m

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

Rodadero, NW Mexico

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

Rodadero, NW Mexico – Overview Colour Composite

Rodadero Processing – Decorrelation Stretch Image DCS RGB Band 108 (Al-OH), Band 114 (Mg-OH and Carbonate), Band 30 (Fe Oxide) Maps general distribution of main mineral classes in area

Rodadero Mineral Mapping â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Selected Minerals Argillic Alteration

Advanced Argillic Alteration

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Rodadero Processing – Mineral Map

Rodadero Processing – Ternary Mineral Map

Tonichi, NW Mexico – Overview Colour Composite

Tonichi Mineral Mapping â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Selected Minerals Advanced Argillic Alteration

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

Porphyry System Exploration, Haib, Nambia The early Proterozoic Haib porphyry copper deposit in Namibia clearly shows alteration zonation typical of this type of deposit.

Haib Survey, Namibia. HyMap Imagery, 5m pixels, Acquired October 2006

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

Haib, Namibia – Overview Colour Composite

Core Area of Haib Porphyry System

Haib Processing â&#x20AC;&#x201C; MNF Colour Composite

The core area of the Haib Porphyry is the Phyllic Alteration Zone. It is surrounded by a Propylitic Zone. Advanced Argillic alteration occurs in localised in veins and discrete bodies. There is a central Potassic zone but it is characterised by feldspars that cannot be mapped directly with HyMap data.

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

Haib Processing – Mineral Map – Propalytic Alteration

Haib Processing – Ternary Map – Phyllic Alteration

Phyllic characterised by Illites (White Mica) identified as Paragonite-Muscovite-Phengite from shift in main absorption feature

Haib Processing – Ternary Map – Argillic Alteration

Pyrophyllite identifies the argillic alteration within the phyllic zone; tourmaline occurs in veins and some country-rock units

Haib Processing – Mineral Map – Propylitic/Phyllic Alt.

Regional Alteration Mapping, Halls Creek, WA, Australia

Halls Creek Mobile Belt, Kimberley Region, Western Australia. HyMap MKI Imagery, 5m pixels, Acquired Sept 2004

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

Halls Creek Processing Geology Map

Overview Colour Composite

MNF Colour Composite

X Cu/Pb/Zn

The images indicate that geology of the area is more complex than existing mapping indicates. However, these images do not indicate the presence of any alteration. There is one recorded Cu/Pb/Zn prospect and the Grants Creek Goldfield lies immediately to the north of the area. The Halls Creek Gold Field, Nicholsonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Find Gold Mine and Angelo Gold Prospect area all located less than 45Km SW of this area.

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

Area of Geology Map

Halls Creek Processing: Mineral Maps Mineral Map Colour Composite

There are Four main areas of argillic alteration in this area:

Rule Classified Mineral Map

SE (SE) – occurs in an Al rich white mica unit that corresponds to an granite unit and is expressed as a marker unit showing zoning within the granite. Little Mount Isa (LMI) - area that is associated with a ridge, within this unit, which is mainly pyrophyllite, are zones of iron oxide., these could be gossan; yellow on mineral map colour composite Halls Creek Fault Zone (HCF) - area of alteration that lies along Halls creek fault north of LMI..

HCF WZ

Western Zone (WZ) – that is truncated by a north south trending fault.

LMI

The LMI, HCF and WZ alteration lie to the east and west of a unit that is dominated by Al poor white mica but immediately bounded by muscovite white mica.

LMI

This alteration probably results from a large hydrothermal event possibly structurally associated with the Halls Creek Fault, though large hydrothermal events do occur elsewhere in the Kimberley region.

Gold Exploration, Nullagine, WA, Australia

Nullagine Survey, Hamersley Region, Western Australia. HyMap Imagery, 5m pixels, Acquired August 2009

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

Gold Exploration, Nullagine, WA, Australia MNF Colour Composite

Blue Spec Line

Geological Map

Blue Spec Mine Mosquito CK Line

Nullagine Mine

Golden Eagle Mine

Colour Composite Site with Gold Occurences

Part of SF5105 Geology Map (HyMap data extends beyond map to west and south). To the south of the Middle Creek Line (southern set of mineral occurrences) upper greenschist facies metamorphic rock dominates the Mosquito Creek Formation (AM). These higher grade rocks include mylonite, phyllite, mica schist, and chlorite magnetite schist, as well as mafic and felsic intrusive rocks. To the north of the Middle Creek Line, the Mosquito Creek Formation (AM) is dominated by poorly sorted wacke-siltstone and wacke-sandstone interbedded with more pelitic rock types ie Coarser grained rock types. The Blue Spec Line (northern set of mineral occurrences) is located about 6 km north of, and parallel to, the Middle Creek Line. The Kurrana Shear Zone defines the southern margin of the belt with granite (Agg).

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

Nullagine Processing: Mineral Maps Mineral Map Colour Composite

Rule Classified Mineral Map

Au mineralisation along the Middle Creek and Blue Spec Lines is localised to structural sites arising from contrasting competencies between psammite - pelite units during deformation. Along the Blue Spec Line, hydrothermal alteration mineralogy associated with these structural sites includes quartz, pyrite, white mica, chlorite and carbonate.

Northwest Resources PIMA analysis study indicates that the Illite is an Al-rich muscovite (possibly paragonite) and develops proximal to the mineralisation (relatively acid epithermal environments). Chlorite is observed more distal to the mineralisation. These minerals are well represented in the HyMap derived mineralogy. Also near Nullagine, pyrophyllite is observed in the HyMap mineralogy suggesting the presence of a relatively acid, higher temperature fluid flow zone. The distribution of the Al-rich white mica is relatively widespread which is presumably related to the porosity / permeability of the Mosquito Creek Belt metasediments to the mineralising fluid (s). The Al-rich white mica is not restricted to the trace of the Blue Spec Line suggesting the potential for mineralisation elsewhere provided suitable structural sites or other focusing mechanism exists. PIMA studies at Golden Eagle confirm that a muscovite-phengite-chlorite assemblage host the mineralisation

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

Nullagine Processing: White Mica Wavelength Shift Image depicts the wavelength of the white mica absorption band scaled from 2.185um in blue through to 2.215um absorptions in red ; cool colours represent paragonite, intermediate colours muscovite and warm colours phengite. Mineral occurrences of the Middle Creek and Blue Spec lines are shown.

2.185um

2.215um

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

Changes in Illite (White mica) Al chemistry can vary from paragonite (Al-rich) to muscovite to phengite (Alpoor) are mappable directly with HyMap by tracking the wavelength position of the principal absorption band. The Blue Spec Line is characterised by strongly developed Al-rich white mica. The HyMap derived mineralogy suggests that the Line is continuous from near the Nullagine town ship eastwards.

HyVista HyMap Test Site Surveys: Uranium Deposits  Calcrete Hosted  Yeleerrie, Western Australia, Australia  Langer Heinrich, Namibia

 Unconformity Associated  Ranger, Northern Territory, Australia

Uranium Exploration (Calcrete), Lake Mason, WA, Australia

Lake Mason Survey, Yilgarn Region , Western Australia. HyMap Imagery, 4m pixels, Acquired November 2010

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

Lake Mason Processing COLOUR COMPOSITE

The Lake Mason U deposit lies 40km to the south west of the Yeelirrie. The Lake Mason and Yeelirrie lake systems developed during similar climatic conditions over a similar granitoid basement. The Lake Mason palaeodrainage system has uranium channel radiometric data anomalies drilling of which has indentified mineralisation of approximately 1 million tonnes at an average grade of 170ppm uranium. (Source: Prime Minerals Ltd. Website: Www.primeminerals.com.au â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2007)

Hyperspectral images map regolith and highlight the calcretised paleodrainage. The mineral maps show that the paleochannels contain calcite, dolomite, Mg-smectite and gypsum. Dolomite can weather into Mg-smectite, thus the presence of this clay may indicate un-exposed dolomitic calcrete

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

DCS COLOUR COMPOSITE

Lake Mason Processing: Mineral Ternary Maps

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

Lake Mason Processing: Mineral Maps

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

Uranium Exploration (Calcrete), Yeelirrie, WA, Australia The Yeelirrie Uranium deposit is a carnotite ore body hosted by calcrete located in Cretaceous - Tertiary palaeodrainage channels. The deposit is located towards the northern margin of the Archaean Yilgarn Craton It is the world’s largest surficial uranium deposit with reserves of approximately 50,000tons of U3O8. The basement to the Yeelirrie palaeochannel is deeply weathered Archaean granitic rock, mainly biotite adamellite, and presumably the source of the uranium, vanadium, potassium and iron required to form carnotite. The deposit is a horizontal sheet approximately 9 km long and up to 1.5 km wide. The ore body is in 4 meters thick and straddlles the transition between the base of the calcrete profile and the underlying carbonated kaolinite– quartz alluvium. The carbonate horizon developed by an early replacive process (replacing kaolinite and quartz) to produce friable 'earthy' calcrete which was then altered to a hard, porcellanous calcrete, The only ore mineral is carnotite, is deposited independently of host lithology, occurring disseminated through seams of 'earthy' calcrete, spheres. The clay rich carbonated rocks of the transition zone at the base of the calcrete profile are an important host.

Yeelirrie Survey, Yilgarn Region , Western Australia. HyMap Imagery, 4m pixels, Acquired September 2010

Uranium Exploration (Calcrete), Yeelirrie, WA, Australia

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

Yeelirrie Mineral Mapping Rule Classified image summarizing thirteen individual SWIR mineral maps as three (3) “regolith components” coloured as RGB. Near Mineralisation: Mg Smectite I-II, Saponite, Calcite, Gypsum, IlliteMontmorillonite (2206-2224 nm) Drainage Channel: Carbonate (Calcite), Saponite, Kaolinite, IlliteMontmorillonite (2206 nm) Sand Plane: Kaolinite, Carbonate, IlliteMontmorillonite

Yeelirrie Mineral Mapping Rule Classified image of 8 individual mineral maps highlights mineralogical differences in the palaeodrainage channel and surrounding sand plane. North of the Yeelirrie mineralisation, the channel is depicted by a distinctive ridge / mound pattern typical of valley calcrete and has strong carbonatesaponite (red hues) mineralogy. Presumably the carbonated loam component of the overburden described by Cameron, E., (1990). South of the mineralisation the channel is less distinctive; the texture is more like the surrounding sand plane. Carbonates (green hues) are abundant in areas but the clay minerals are aluminum rich (Illite, montmorillonite and kaolinite). Presumably the sandy soil / hardpan component of the overburden is dominant here. The sand plane is dominated by a kaolinite, illite-montmorillonite and / or carbonate assemblage.

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

Yeelirrie Mineral Mapping The local surficial expression of the palaeodrainage channel hosting the Yeelirrie uranium deposit is mineralogically distinctive. It is unclear whether the observed contrast is due to better exposure (surface disturbance during the evaluation programme; note the drilling pattern visible in the overview colour composite image) and / or some variation in the chemicalphysical properties of the environment hosting the ore body.

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

Uranium Exploration (Calcrete), Langer Heinrich, Namibia

Langer Heinrich Survey, Namibia. HyMap Imagery, 4.6m pixels, Acquired August 2006

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

Uranium Exploration (Calcrete), Langer Heinrich, Namibia

COLOUR COMPOSITE

MNF COLOUR COMPOSITE

Langer Heinrich Processing: Mineral Map RULE CLASS MINERAL MAP

The boundaries of the mineralized calcrete at Langer Heinrich are shown as white polygons. The predominant mineral that defines these calcretes is calcite mapped in red. Residual illite partially covers some of the calcrete and in the eastern most polygon the presence of dolomite may show a change in calcrete facies. There are areas of calcite that are not mapped as calcrete, those to the south of the eastern most polygons may be of interest.

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

Uranium Exploration (Unconformity), Ranger, NT, Australia

Ranger Survey, Arnhemland, Northern Territory. HyMap Imagery, 5m pixels, Acquired 2005

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

Ranger Processing RANGER MINERALOGY

NATURAL COLOUR COMPOSITE

Footwall sequence comprising a variable mixture metamorphic rocks, which have been chloritised and sericitised. Lower Mine sequence - interceded carbonates (magenesite to dolomite), schists and cherts. The schist consists of quartz, chlorite and sericite. Below the mineralised zone the carbonate has been silicified to produce a jasperoid chert. Uranium mineralisation in the Lower Mine Sequence is restricted to the zones of chlorite alteration and the schist. Upper Mine sequence - comprises a thick sequence of quartz-feldspar-biotite schists, micro-gneisses (altered to quartz-chlorite schist) and irregular carbonates. Graphitic schists in the central disturbed zone contain high grade uranium mineralisation. Hanging wall sequence - a group of micaceous quartz-feldspar schists with intercalated amphibolitic units and garnetiferous horizons.

Extensive areas of alluvial deposits, green and dry vegetation occur within the valley around the Ranger Mine. The black pixels are where vegetation and water have been masked out the data.

Intrusives - in the mine area are largely pegmatite and dolerite dykes. The alteration that can be mapped from HyMap data (italics/underlined) are: Amphibole, Chert, Chlorite, Dolomite, Graphic schist, Magnesite, Sericite (white mica / illite). Tourmaline occurs within the pegmatites that are intruded into the U deposits. Tourmaline (Dravite) is known to be associated with unconformity style U deposits.

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

MNF COLOUR COMPOSITE

Ranger Processing: Mineral Maps Ranger Mineral Mapping Halloysite (disordered kaolinite) is the dominant mineral in the wider area away from the mine which indicates surficial cover with illite and illite mixed with calcite also occurring in the in these regions.

The dense vegetation and cover in the area limits the extent to which the alteration minerals, chlorite, sericite and tourmaline can be detected from hyperspectral imagery. However, it is possible to distinguish the illite associated with the mineralisation from the back ground, WM2212 (illite) shown in cyan. The presence of this mineral to the south west of the mine area and in the north of the area, as well as localised chlorite occurrences, may be of interest

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

Ranger Processing: Mineral Maps 4 of the 7 minerals reported as associated with the Ranger U deposit have been indentified from the HyMap imagery: chlorite (Mg), sericite (4 varieties of white mica) tourmaline (dravite and elbaite) dolomite (white mica mixed with carbonate)

In the mine pit there is a clear boundary between chlorite and tourmaline in the SW corner and illites(WM units) in the remainder of the pit. The illites also show zoning and there are zones of illite mixed with carbonate within the pit. It appears that this illite mixed with carbonate has been widely distributed around the mine site on haul roads and dumps, though it also occurs in the background of the area. In the SW corner of the pit the tourmaline bearing pegmatite is highlighted and it is dumps containing this unit that accounts for the tourmaline signature elsewhere in the mine site.

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

HyVista HyMap Test Site Surveys: MVT Zinc Deposits  Beltana, South Australia

MVT Zinc Exploration: Beltana Mine, South Australia

Beltana Mine, South Australia, MVT Zn , 5m pixels, Acquired March 2002

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

MVT Zinc Exploration: Beltana Mine, South Australia The geology of the Beltana region consists of Neoproterozoic Rawnsley Quartzite and early Cambrian Parachilna Formation, Woodendinna Dolomite, Wilkawillina Limestone and various other shales and limestones. Zinc mineralisation in the area is hosted within hematitic dolomite alteration and breccia of the surrounding Wilkawillina Limestone. The main ore mineral is willemite, with less abundant smithsonite. The zinc mineralisation is structurally controlled by the nearby NW Fault.

< Beltana Mine Alexandria Pengelly & Patrick James, A In: Roach I.C. ed. 2003. Advances in Regolith, pp. 319-320. CRC LEMEdvances in Regolith

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MVT Zinc Exploration: Beltana Mine, South Australia

< Beltana Mine

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

The Beltana mine is located within the Dolomitic unit (PFlr06m), that can be clearly differentiated from the other carbonate units within the area and which contains Hematitic zones (see next slide Pflr08).

MVT Zinc Exploration: Beltana Mine, South Australia

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

HyVista HyMap Test Site Surveys: Bauxite Deposits  Gove, Northern Territory, Australia

Bauxite Exploration: Gove, Northern Territory, Australia

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

Mineral Mapping for Bauxite The lateritic bauxites are found mostly in the countries of the tropics and are formed by lateritization of various silicate rocks. In comparison with the iron-rich laterites, the formation of bauxites demands intense weathering conditions in a location with very good drainage. This enables the dissolution of the kaolinite and the precipitation of gibbsite, aluminum hydroxide, the main ore mineral. Zones with highest aluminum content are frequently located below a ferruginous surface layer. Gibbsite, Kaolinite and Hematite can all be mapped using hyperspectral imagery as is shown in the example from a HyMap survey conducted over the Gove area in the Northern Territory.

SWIR Spectra Well Ordered Kaolinite (Red), Gibbsite (Blue) and the integration of 50% of each one to generate the spectrum Kaol+Gibb (Green).

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

Gove Processing

Natural Colour Composite Image. Red-orange areas show Hematite soils.

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

Natural Colour Composite Image vegetation masked out.

Gibbsite and Kaolinite: HyMap vs. Lab Spectra Kaolinite (disordered) Spectrum USGS Lab.

Kaolinite (disordered) Spectrum HyMap Image

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

Gibbsite Spectrum USGS Lab.

Gibbsite Spectrum HyMap Image

Gove Processing: Mineral Maps HYMAP SWIR MNF RGB 2-3-4

HYMAP HEMATITE ABUNDANCE

Areas of kaolinite and gibbsite mapped in red-yellow.

Warmer colours indicate higher abundance of hematite

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

Gove Processing: Mineral Maps HYMAP GIBBSITE ABUNDANCE

Warmer colours indicate higher abundance of Gibbsite

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

HYMAP RULE CLASSIFIED MINERAL MAP GIBBSITE AND KAOLINITE

Mineral map derived from spectral classification showing most abundant occurrences of kaolinite and gibbsite.

Gove Processing: Gibbsite Abundance

Warmer colours indicate higher abundance of Gibbsite. Note scattering of purple pixels away from mine site-disturbed ground indicating presence of gibbsite at low surface abundance.

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

Gove Processing: Gibbsite and Kaolinite Abundance

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

HyVista HyMap Test Site Surveys: Iron Deposits  West Angelas, Western Australia

Iron Exploration: West Angelas, Western Australia

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

West Angelas: Overview Colour Composite

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

West Angelas Processing: VNIR MNF RGB 3-4-5

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

West Angelas Processing: DCS RGB 30-108-115

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

West Angelas Processing: MM FeOx 1

^ 70> %

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

West Angelas Processing: MM Hematite

^ > 75%

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

West Angelas Processing: MM Goethite

^ > 24%

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

West Angelas Processing: MM Kaolinite & Muscovite

^ 60> %

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

West Angelas Processing: MM Dickite

^ > 85%

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

West Angelas Processing: MM Chlorite

^ 84> %

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

West Angelas Processing: MM RGB Goe-Hem-Epi

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

West Angelas Processing: MM RC RGB

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

West Angelas Processing: MM FeOx WVL

^0.850UM He

1UM^ Go

ÂŠ 2012 HyVista Corporation Pty. Ltd.

HyMap Hyperspectral Surveys for Mineral Exploration

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