REMOTE SENSING AND GIS FOR WASTELANDS AND LAND UTILISATION STUDIES OF PERIYA KALRAYAN HILL, SALEM AN

InternationalJournalofAppliedandNatural Sciences(IJANS)

ISSN(P):2319–4014;ISSN(E):2319–4022

Vol.11,Issue2,Jul–Dec2022;15–26

©IASET

REMOTESENSINGANDGISFORWASTELANDSANDLANDUTILISATIONSTUDIES

OFPERIYAKALRAYANHILL,SALEMANDVELLUPURAMDISTRICT

Dr.A.Ilanthirayan

AssistantProfessor,DepartmentofGeography,GovtArtsCollege(A),Salem,TamilNadu,India

ABSTRACT

WastelandsandLandusechangeisoneoftheimportantaspectsoftheregionalecologicalrestorationresearch.With remotesensing(RS)imagein2003,2007and2012,usinggeographicinformationsystem(GIS)technologies,thelanduse patternchangesinPeriyaKalrayanhillmountainecologicalrestorationareainSalemandVillupuramdistrictandits drivingforcefactorswerestudied.EcologicalRestorationcangreatlychangethemicrotopography,increasevegetation coverage,andtheninducesignificantchangesinthelandusedistribution,whichwerethemaindrivingforcefactorsofthe landusepatternchangeintheecologicalrestorationarea.

KEYWORDSLandUseandLandCoverStudies,RemoteSensingandGIS

ArticleHistory

Received:17Apr2022|Revised:28Jul2022|Accepted:30Jul2022

INTRODUCTION

Landuseinvolvesthemanagementandmodificationofnaturalenvironmentorwildernessintobuiltenvironmentsuchas settlementsandsemi-naturalhabitatssuchasarablefields,pastures,andmanagedwoods.A.K.HarshikaandSopanI. LandUseLandCoverClassificationandChangeDetectionUsingHighResolutionTemporalSatelliteDataandA.O. ZubairChangeDetectioninLandUseandLandCoverUsingRemoteSensingDataandGIS(AcasestudyofIlorinandits environsinKwaraState),Landusepracticesvaryconsiderablyacrosstheworld.TheUnitedNations'OrganizationWater DevelopmentDivisionexplainsthat"Landuseconcernstheproductsand/orbenefitsobtainedfromuseofthelandaswell asthelandmanagementactions(activities)carriedoutbyhumanstoproducethoseproductsandbenefits."C.Prakasam Landuseandlandcoverchangedetectionthroughremotesensingapproach:AcasestudyofKodaikanalTaluk,Tamil Nadu.Asoftheearly1990s,about13%oftheEarthwasconsideredarableland,with26%inpasture,32%forestsand woodland,and1.5%urbanareas.Landchangemodellingcanbeusedtopredictandassessfutureshiftsinlanduse.

STUDYAREA

TheKalvarayanHillsareamajorrangeofhillssituatedintheEasternGhatsofthesouthernIndianstateofTamil NaduAlongwiththePachaimalai,Alavaimalai,Javadi,andShevaroyhills,theyseparatetheKaveriRiverbasintothe southfromthePalarRiverbasintothenorth.Thehillsrangeinheightfrom2000feetto3000feetandextendoveranarea of1095squarekilometresTheKalrayanHillsareoneofthelargesthillsinEasternGhatsinTamilNadunexttoJavadi Hills.TheKalrayanHillsoccupyanareaofabout1145.82km.

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PeriyaKalrayanhillliesbetween78°30'and78°45'oftheNorthlatitudeandbetween12°0'and11°45'oftheEast longitude.Thestudyareaatotalof49panchayatvillages,climateismainlytropicalinnaturewithacoolerperiodfrom DecembertoFebruaryPeriyaKalrayanhillofViluppuramDistrict.BlocksofPeriyaKalrayanareaareVellimalai, Maniyarapalaym,Arampundi,Varam,PeriyaKalrayanhillofTotalBlocks23.(Map1).Themajorriversflowinginthis regionarePambarandVellar.VellarisariverwhichoriginatesintheShevaroyHillsandrunsthroughthedistricts ofSalem,PerambalurandCuddaloreinthenorthernpartoftheIndianstateofTamilNadubeforedrainingintotheBayof BengalnearParangipettai.ThehillscompriseofbasiccrystallinemetamorphicrocksofArchaeanagei.e.,composite Gneiss,Charnockites,Ultramaficrocks,MagnetiteandGranites.Thealluviumisnotedalongtherivercoursesand restrictedinitsthickness.Thesoiltypevariesfromredloamtoblackclay.Thesoilontheplateauisgenerallyredloam andontheouterslopesisreplacedbyshallowredgravelwithboulders.Themaximumreliefis900metresandminimum reliefis214metres.TheelevationfoundatmaximumelevationBasedonthereliefanalysisbythemax-minimumslope foundatsouthwesternmarginofstudyarea.Asper2001population,ChinnaKalvarayanhasover20,000andPeriya Kalvarayanhas15,000people.Thecommunityhadweddingtax,cultivationtax,registrationofbirthsanddeaths,and everyonehadtooffergiftstojagirdhar'sfamiliesduringPongalcelebrations.

OBJECTIVES

 Tostudybaseinformationofthehillenvironmentaroundfitforthelandtomanagementviewofwastelandto convertaspossiblecultivableland.

 ToMappingofLanduse/Landcoverofthestudyareawithalsotheamongthelandinwastelandcategories,and alsopossiblelandforcapableandsuitableinagriculturalactivities.

 Tocheckbythefieldvisitandfindtheexistingcultivablelandaroundthehillenvironment,werechangesofLand useclasses

 Tofinalshortlistandbringoutthepossiblecultivablelandforsuitabilityview.

RESEARCHMETHODOLOGY

BasedontheobjectivesinthePeriyaKalrayanhillenvironment,havecarriedtheLanduseandLandcoverstudiesof PeriyaKalrayanHillenvironment.TofollowedbythefieldvisitandchecktheprimarylevelLanduse/Landcoverclasses findinthetimeofthefield.Tocollectthevillagesleveldetails,tribalhabitationwiththeiragriculturalactivities.In additiontothisalsopreparethebasemapbysurveyofIndiantopsheet2011withSatelliteImagery2016-Landsat-LOIfor thechangingLandusePattern.

RESULTANDDISCUSSION

Introduction

A.M.Talha,A.Javed,andM.Y.Khanday."SpatioTemporalLandCoverAnalysisinMakhawanWatershed(M.P.),India throughRemoteSensingandGISTechniques.Patekar,P.R.,andPatil,R.R.LandUse-LandCoverChangeDetection UsingRemoteSensingandGISTechniques;SolapurDistrictofMaharashtra,India.ThestudyarealocatedSouthern portionofthePeriyaKalrayananditextents77°45'-77°55”Eastlatitude,11°35'-11°30'NorthLongitude.Locatedinthe Salemdistrictofthestate,TamilNaduisoneofthemostimportanttextileareas.Itissituated34kmfromSalem.Palar RiverandtheKalaraynMountain,whichis5kmawayfromthetown,arethemajorgeographicalfeaturesofthisregion.

ImpactFactor(JCC):7.1738 NAASRating3.73

TheeconomyofthetownrevolvesaroundthemanufactureoftowelsandKariyaKoildam,GomukidamandVellimalai fallsthenearesttouristspotandmanycinemashootingsweretakenhere.

WaterBodies

ThereisfoundthetwomorelakeviaMannurandMuttal.TheremainingwaterjoinstheriverCauveryinthesubwatersheds.Theimportantworksintheareaareagriculture,weavingandotheralliedactivities.Themajorfoodcropsare paddy,ragi,sugarcane,bananaandothercropsinandaroundofthestudyareas.

ForestLand

Forestlandclassificationisavailableindenseandopenscrubinthesub-watershed,mostlytheopenscrubisfoundinthe sub-watershed.Thesub-watershedKarumandurai,MannurandMuttaloneoftheimportantsettlementinthestudyarea. ThemostofthevegetativecoverisalongtherivercourseofPalarandtheiradjoiningofnaturaltanks

WasteLand

TheremainingoftheLandusecategoriesthewastelandiseitherlandusedorunusedintheagriculturalactivitiesorotherwise thelandareanotfertileinsoilorwaterintheparticularareas.ThepresentstudyareasouthernportionoftheKalrayanhill environmentlocatedinthecentralportionofthestudyarea.Thefewwastelandfoundinthesurroundedallareas.

Thisistheland,whichisgenerallypronetodeteriorationduetoerosion.Suchlandsgenerallyoccupy topographicallyhighlocations,excludinghilly/mountainousterrain.Basedonthepresenceofvegetationcover,twosubclassescouldbedelineatedi.e.,landwithdensescrubandlandwithopenscrub.Landwithdensescrubtheseareashave shallowandskeletalsoils,attimeschemicallydegraded,extremesofslopes,severelyerodedandaresubjectedtoexcessive ariditywithscrubsdominatingthelandscape.Theyhaveatendencyforintermixingwithcroplands.Landwithopenscrub thiscategoryissameasmentionedintheearliercategoryexceptthatithassparsevegetativecoverorisdevoidofscrub andhasathinsoilcovers.

LandUseandLandCover2011

PeriyaKalrayanhillstreams,Sub-WatershedislocatedupperportionoftheNorthportionwatershedstudyareawith potentialresourcesforagriculturalandotheralliedactivities.Thesub-watershedincludedtheSubvillages,Vellimalai, Kariyalur,InnaduandSerappataueastandwest.ThemajorLanduse/LandcoverisAgriculture,Forest,Fallowlandand waterbodieslikecanalandnaturaltanks.Thenaturaltankslikefoundinandaroundofthestudyarea.(Map1)

Table1.LandUse/LandCover-2011,PeriyaKalarayanHill

Figure1andTable1revealthatin2011,about749.98km2areaofundertheLanduseandLandcoverwasunder, Buildupland167(16.21%),AgriculturalLand241(23.39%),Waterbodies45(4.36%),Forestland235(22.84),Wasteland 342(33.2)andotherlanduse.Table1andFigure1showingtheLandUse/LandCoverclassesofthePeriyaKalrayanof thestudyareaintheyearof2011.Itindicatestheabsenceoftherainfallforchangesoflanduse/landcoverinthe watershed.FromthestudythelastfiveyearstheCurrentfallow,double/tripleandwastelandwasincreasedinthe watershed.Inotherwardsthestudysub-watershedispartofthefoothillsoftheKalrayanhillandsemi-fertilenatureone. Themajorlakessupportedtoimprovethewellwater.ThefigureshowingtheoverallstatusoftheLanduseinthearea.

LandUseandLandCover2016,PeriyaKalarayanHill

PeriyaKalrayanhillstreamSub-WatershedislocatedupperportionoftheSarabangawatershedstudyareawithpotential resourcesforagriculturalandotheralliedactivities.ThemajorLanduse/LandcoverisAgriculture,Forest,Fallowlandand waterbodieslikecanalandnaturaltanks.(Map2)

Figure1:LandUse/LandCover-2011,PeriyaKalarayanHill.

Figure1:LandUse/LandCover-2011,PeriyaKalarayanHill.

Table2:LandUse/LandCover-2016,PeriyaKalarayanHill

2areaofundertheLanduseandLandcoverwasunder,

Figure2andTable2revealthatin2016,about749.98km2areaofundertheLanduseandLandcoverwasunder, Buildupland220(20.27%),AgriculturalLand143(13.17),Waterbodies35(3.22%),Forestland275(25.37),Wasteland 412(37.97)andotherlanduse.Table2andFigure2showingtheLandUse/LandCoverclassesofthePeriyaKalrayanhill ofthestudyareaintheyearof2016.Itindicatestheabsenceoftherainfallforchangesoflanduse/landcoverinthe watershed.FromthestudythelastfiveyearstheCurrentfallow,double/tripleandwastelandwasincreasedinthe watershed.Inotherwardsthestudysub-watershedispartofthefoothillsoftheKalrayanhillandsemi-fertilenatureone. Themajorlakessupportedtoimprovethewellwater.ThefigureshowingtheoverallstatusoftheLanduseinthearea.

LandUseandLandCoverStudiesofPeriyaKalarayanHill

ChangingPatternofLandUse/LandCover-PeriyaKalarayanHill

TheLandUse/LandCoverofthePeriyaKalarayanhillfromNorthwesternportionoftheSalemandVillupuramDistrict, itisflowtowardsNW-SEofthestudyareaanditisjoininManimukthariverintheeast.ThepresentstudyisLandUse andLandcoverinthe,PeriyaKalarayanhill.Thelandusecategoriesavailableinthestudyarealikebuiltupland, Triple/double,scrubland,wasteland,rabi/kharif,Evergreenforestalsotoo.Phukan,P.,Thakuriah,G.,andSaikia,R.Land useLandCoverChangeDetectionUsingRemoteSensingandGISTechniques-ACaseStudyofGolaghatDistrictof Assam,IndiaandR.S.N.Prasad,K.P.Rao,R.R.Hermon,andV.MadhavaraoSiteSuitabilityAnalysisforWater HarvestingStructuresinWatershedUsingGeo-Informatics

Table3:LandUse/LandCover(2011–2016),PeriyaKalarayanHill

fromNorthwesternportionoftheSalemandVillupuramDistrict, 2016),PeriyaKalarayanHill

areaofundertheLanduseandLandcoverwasunder,

Figure3andTable3revealthatin2011,about749.98km2areaofundertheLanduseandLandcoverwasunder, Buildupland167(16.21%),AgriculturalLand241(23.39%),Waterbodies45(4.36%),Forestland235(22.84),Waste land342(33.2)andotherlanduse.Figure2andTable2revealthatin2016,about748.98km2areaofundertheLanduse andLandcoverwasunder,Buildupland220(20.27%),AgriculturalLand143(13.17),Waterbodies35(3.22%),Forest land275(25.37),Wasteland412(37.97)andotherlanduse.

Figure2:LandUse/LandCover-2016,PeriyaKalrayanHill.

Table3andFigure3showingtheLandUse/LandCoverclassesoftheIdappadisub-watershedofthestudyareain theyearof2011-2016.Itindicatestheabsenceoftherainfallforchangesoflanduse/landcoverinthewatershed.Fromthe studythelastfiveyearstheCurrentfallow,double/tripleandwastelandwasincreasedinthewatershed.Inotherwardsthe studysub-watershedispartofthefoothillsoftheKalrayanhillandsemi-fertilenatureone.Themajorlakessupportedto improvethewellwater.ThefigureshowingtheoverallstatusoftheLanduseinthearea.

PERIYAKALRAYANHILL

PERIYAKALRAYANHILL

In2011&2016thestudyareaPeriyaKalarayanhillhasoccupied.Thisareahasamultivariouslanduse.Suchlandusehas beenidentifiedandtheareahasbeencalculated,thelandunderuseofCurrentFallow,DeciduousForest,Double/Triple, Evergreenforest,Kharif/Rabi,Wasteland,ScrublandandWaterbodies.

Kalarayanhillhasoccupied.Thisareahasamultivariouslanduse.Suchlandusehas

Figure3:LandUse/LandCover(1971–2016),PeriyaKalarayanHill.

Figure4:ChangingLandUse/LandCoverPattern2011-2016, PeriyaKalarayanHill.

AgriculturalLand

Fromthetwovariableyearsofchanginglanduseclassesofagriculturallandwasrapidlychangesfoundbetween20112016inareainthepast35yearsoftheKalrayanhill.ThePeriyaKalrayanisoneofthemajorportionandaswellasthe fertileagriculturalland,alongtheareabenefitsforlandutilization.K.TarunandD.C.Jhariya"Landqualityindex assessmentforagriculturalpurposeusingmulti-criteriadecisionanalysis(MCDA)",Thelandisverypotentialand environmentallyveryimportantlocatedalongtheriverCauvery.

BuiltUpland

Thebuiltuplandisfoundinslightlyinandaroundofthewatershedbecauseoftheagriculturallandin2011.Themostly thepaddycropwithplantationactivitiesaroundthewatershed.Inthe2016dataisfoundthehugebuiltuplandalongthe agriculturallandtoconvertresidentialactivities.

WasteLand

InthispartofLanduse/Landcover,WasteLandboth2011and2016years,37.97percent.Thelandusechangedifferentis thereisnochangesinthecategories.Forthemostreasonismaybethecultivatorswillnotpracticeorsometimesthe unavailableofthewater,eitherwellorgroundwater.

Forest

DeciduousForestLandincludesallforestedareashavingapredominanceoftreesthatlosetheirleavesattheendofthe frost-freeseasonoratthebeginningofadryseason.Thistypeoftheforestwaschanged,compareto2011theyearof2016 was25.37percentdecreased,becauseofthesocialforestschemewasimplementedbythelocalauthoritiesinandaround ofthesub-watershed

WaterBodies

FromthePeriyaKalrayan,isincludedthevariouslakesinandaroundthestudyarea.Inadditiontothisalsohavethecanal andwellirrigationrandomlyaroundthestudyarea.Whenthefieldvisitandmeetthefarmer,theyarenotusedthelake water,bututilizeonlythewellwaterfortheagriculturalandotherdomesticpurpose.

LandUseandLandCoverChangesanalysis(2011-2016)

PeriyaKalarayanHill

Thestudyofsub-watershedinPeriyaKalarayanhill2011and2016showingFigure5andTable5revealthatin2011, undertheLanduseandLandcoverwasunder,Buildupland167(16.21%),AgriculturalLand241(23.39%),Waterbodies 45(4.36%),Forestland235(22.84%),Wasteland342(33.2%)andotherlanduse.Figure2andTable2revealthatin 2016,undertheLanduseandLandcoverwasunder,Buildupland220(20.27%),AgriculturalLand143(13.17),Water bodies35(3.22%),Forestland275(25.37%),Wasteland412(37.97%)andotherlanduse.

Thestatusofthelanduse/landcoverchangesinthesub-watershed,fromthatthefigurecompareto2011,the 2016yearwasrapidchangesoftheland.Thepercentageofthechangesofthelandcategoriesshowingthefigure evergreenforest,kharif,otherwastelandarenegativechanges.Ingeneralpositivechangeslikeimprovethevegetative coverduetothevariousplantationschemebythegovernmentandotherNGOparticipationintheduecourse.

Theoverallchanginglanduse/Landcoverofthesub-watershed,Kharif(3.76%),Double/Triple(47.18%),Scrub Land(1.44%),DeciduousandEvergreenforest(38.81%)andnochangesisCurrentfallowandwaterbodiesinthesubwatershedoftheIdappadi.ThestudyarealocatedalongtheShervaryanhillwithpotentialland,soilandwaterresource. Thecultivatorsmostlyutilizedthewellandsometimesthecanalirrigationfortheiragriculturalactivities.

CONCLUSION

PeriyaKalarayanhill2011and2016showingFigure5andTable5revealthatin2011,undertheLanduseandLand coverwasunder,Buildupland167(16.21%),AgriculturalLand241(23.39%),Waterbodies45(4.36%),Forestland 235(22.84),Wasteland342(33.2)andotherlanduse.Figure2andTable2revealthatin2016,undertheLanduseand Landcoverwasunder,Buildupland220(20.27%),AgriculturalLand143(13.17),Waterbodies35(3.22%),Forestland 275(25.37),Wasteland412(37.97)andotherlanduse.Theoverallchanginglanduse/Landcoverofthesub-watershed, Kharif(3.76%),Double/Triple(47.18%),ScrubLand(1.44%),DeciduousandEvergreenforest(38.81%)andnochangesis Currentfallowandwaterbodiesinthesub-watershedofthePeriyaKalrayanhill.Thestudyarealocatedalongthe Shervaryanhillwithpotentialland,soilandwaterresource.Thecultivatorsmostlyutilizedthewellandsometimesthe canalirrigationfortheiragriculturalactivities.

Table5:ChangingLandUse/LandCoverPatternofPeriyaKalarayanHill1971–2016(LANSATLOI)

Figure5:ChangingLandUse/LandCoverPatternofPeriya KalarayanHill2011-2016.

REFERENCES

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3.PrakasamLanduseandlandcoverchangedetectionthroughremotesensingapproach:Acasestudyof KodaikanalTaluk,TamilNadu,InternationalJournalofGeomaticsandGeosciencesVol.1,No2,2010.

4.R.S.N.Prasad,K.P.Rao,R.R.Hermon,andV.MadhavaraoSiteSuitabilityAnalysisforWaterHarvesting StructuresinWatershedUsingGeoInfomatics.IntegratedLandUsePlanningforSustainableAgricultureand RuralDevelopmentAppleAcademicPress.131-140.2016

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Map1:StudyArea-PeriyaKalrayanHill.

Map2:LandUse/LandCover-PeriyaKalrayanHill.