InternationalJournalofAppliedandNatural Sciences(IJANS)
ISSN(P):2319–4014;ISSN(E):2319–4022
Vol.11,Issue2,Jul–Dec2022;15–26
©IASET
ISSN(P):2319–4014;ISSN(E):2319–4022
Vol.11,Issue2,Jul–Dec2022;15–26
©IASET
AssistantProfessor,DepartmentofGeography,GovtArtsCollege(A),Salem,TamilNadu,India
ABSTRACT
WastelandsandLandusechangeisoneoftheimportantaspectsoftheregionalecologicalrestorationresearch.With remotesensing(RS)imagein2003,2007and2012,usinggeographicinformationsystem(GIS)technologies,thelanduse patternchangesinPeriyaKalrayanhillmountainecologicalrestorationareainSalemandVillupuramdistrictandits drivingforcefactorswerestudied.EcologicalRestorationcangreatlychangethemicrotopography,increasevegetation coverage,andtheninducesignificantchangesinthelandusedistribution,whichwerethemaindrivingforcefactorsofthe landusepatternchangeintheecologicalrestorationarea.
KEYWORDSLandUseandLandCoverStudies,RemoteSensingandGIS
ArticleHistory
Received:17Apr2022|Revised:28Jul2022|Accepted:30Jul2022
Landuseinvolvesthemanagementandmodificationofnaturalenvironmentorwildernessintobuiltenvironmentsuchas settlementsandsemi-naturalhabitatssuchasarablefields,pastures,andmanagedwoods.A.K.HarshikaandSopanI. LandUseLandCoverClassificationandChangeDetectionUsingHighResolutionTemporalSatelliteDataandA.O. ZubairChangeDetectioninLandUseandLandCoverUsingRemoteSensingDataandGIS(AcasestudyofIlorinandits environsinKwaraState),Landusepracticesvaryconsiderablyacrosstheworld.TheUnitedNations'OrganizationWater DevelopmentDivisionexplainsthat"Landuseconcernstheproductsand/orbenefitsobtainedfromuseofthelandaswell asthelandmanagementactions(activities)carriedoutbyhumanstoproducethoseproductsandbenefits."C.Prakasam Landuseandlandcoverchangedetectionthroughremotesensingapproach:AcasestudyofKodaikanalTaluk,Tamil Nadu.Asoftheearly1990s,about13%oftheEarthwasconsideredarableland,with26%inpasture,32%forestsand woodland,and1.5%urbanareas.Landchangemodellingcanbeusedtopredictandassessfutureshiftsinlanduse.
TheKalvarayanHillsareamajorrangeofhillssituatedintheEasternGhatsofthesouthernIndianstateofTamil NaduAlongwiththePachaimalai,Alavaimalai,Javadi,andShevaroyhills,theyseparatetheKaveriRiverbasintothe southfromthePalarRiverbasintothenorth.Thehillsrangeinheightfrom2000feetto3000feetandextendoveranarea of1095squarekilometresTheKalrayanHillsareoneofthelargesthillsinEasternGhatsinTamilNadunexttoJavadi Hills.TheKalrayanHillsoccupyanareaofabout1145.82km.
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PeriyaKalrayanhillliesbetween78°30'and78°45'oftheNorthlatitudeandbetween12°0'and11°45'oftheEast longitude.Thestudyareaatotalof49panchayatvillages,climateismainlytropicalinnaturewithacoolerperiodfrom DecembertoFebruaryPeriyaKalrayanhillofViluppuramDistrict.BlocksofPeriyaKalrayanareaareVellimalai, Maniyarapalaym,Arampundi,Varam,PeriyaKalrayanhillofTotalBlocks23.(Map1).Themajorriversflowinginthis regionarePambarandVellar.VellarisariverwhichoriginatesintheShevaroyHillsandrunsthroughthedistricts ofSalem,PerambalurandCuddaloreinthenorthernpartoftheIndianstateofTamilNadubeforedrainingintotheBayof BengalnearParangipettai.ThehillscompriseofbasiccrystallinemetamorphicrocksofArchaeanagei.e.,composite Gneiss,Charnockites,Ultramaficrocks,MagnetiteandGranites.Thealluviumisnotedalongtherivercoursesand restrictedinitsthickness.Thesoiltypevariesfromredloamtoblackclay.Thesoilontheplateauisgenerallyredloam andontheouterslopesisreplacedbyshallowredgravelwithboulders.Themaximumreliefis900metresandminimum reliefis214metres.TheelevationfoundatmaximumelevationBasedonthereliefanalysisbythemax-minimumslope foundatsouthwesternmarginofstudyarea.Asper2001population,ChinnaKalvarayanhasover20,000andPeriya Kalvarayanhas15,000people.Thecommunityhadweddingtax,cultivationtax,registrationofbirthsanddeaths,and everyonehadtooffergiftstojagirdhar'sfamiliesduringPongalcelebrations.
Tostudybaseinformationofthehillenvironmentaroundfitforthelandtomanagementviewofwastelandto convertaspossiblecultivableland.
ToMappingofLanduse/Landcoverofthestudyareawithalsotheamongthelandinwastelandcategories,and alsopossiblelandforcapableandsuitableinagriculturalactivities.
Tocheckbythefieldvisitandfindtheexistingcultivablelandaroundthehillenvironment,werechangesofLand useclasses
Tofinalshortlistandbringoutthepossiblecultivablelandforsuitabilityview.
BasedontheobjectivesinthePeriyaKalrayanhillenvironment,havecarriedtheLanduseandLandcoverstudiesof PeriyaKalrayanHillenvironment.TofollowedbythefieldvisitandchecktheprimarylevelLanduse/Landcoverclasses findinthetimeofthefield.Tocollectthevillagesleveldetails,tribalhabitationwiththeiragriculturalactivities.In additiontothisalsopreparethebasemapbysurveyofIndiantopsheet2011withSatelliteImagery2016-Landsat-LOIfor thechangingLandusePattern.
Introduction
A.M.Talha,A.Javed,andM.Y.Khanday."SpatioTemporalLandCoverAnalysisinMakhawanWatershed(M.P.),India throughRemoteSensingandGISTechniques.Patekar,P.R.,andPatil,R.R.LandUse-LandCoverChangeDetection UsingRemoteSensingandGISTechniques;SolapurDistrictofMaharashtra,India.ThestudyarealocatedSouthern portionofthePeriyaKalrayananditextents77°45'-77°55”Eastlatitude,11°35'-11°30'NorthLongitude.Locatedinthe Salemdistrictofthestate,TamilNaduisoneofthemostimportanttextileareas.Itissituated34kmfromSalem.Palar RiverandtheKalaraynMountain,whichis5kmawayfromthetown,arethemajorgeographicalfeaturesofthisregion.
ImpactFactor(JCC):7.1738 NAASRating3.73
TheeconomyofthetownrevolvesaroundthemanufactureoftowelsandKariyaKoildam,GomukidamandVellimalai fallsthenearesttouristspotandmanycinemashootingsweretakenhere.
WaterBodies
ThereisfoundthetwomorelakeviaMannurandMuttal.TheremainingwaterjoinstheriverCauveryinthesubwatersheds.Theimportantworksintheareaareagriculture,weavingandotheralliedactivities.Themajorfoodcropsare paddy,ragi,sugarcane,bananaandothercropsinandaroundofthestudyareas.
ForestLand
Forestlandclassificationisavailableindenseandopenscrubinthesub-watershed,mostlytheopenscrubisfoundinthe sub-watershed.Thesub-watershedKarumandurai,MannurandMuttaloneoftheimportantsettlementinthestudyarea. ThemostofthevegetativecoverisalongtherivercourseofPalarandtheiradjoiningofnaturaltanks
WasteLand
TheremainingoftheLandusecategoriesthewastelandiseitherlandusedorunusedintheagriculturalactivitiesorotherwise thelandareanotfertileinsoilorwaterintheparticularareas.ThepresentstudyareasouthernportionoftheKalrayanhill environmentlocatedinthecentralportionofthestudyarea.Thefewwastelandfoundinthesurroundedallareas.
Thisistheland,whichisgenerallypronetodeteriorationduetoerosion.Suchlandsgenerallyoccupy topographicallyhighlocations,excludinghilly/mountainousterrain.Basedonthepresenceofvegetationcover,twosubclassescouldbedelineatedi.e.,landwithdensescrubandlandwithopenscrub.Landwithdensescrubtheseareashave shallowandskeletalsoils,attimeschemicallydegraded,extremesofslopes,severelyerodedandaresubjectedtoexcessive ariditywithscrubsdominatingthelandscape.Theyhaveatendencyforintermixingwithcroplands.Landwithopenscrub thiscategoryissameasmentionedintheearliercategoryexceptthatithassparsevegetativecoverorisdevoidofscrub andhasathinsoilcovers.
LandUseandLandCover2011
PeriyaKalrayanhillstreams,Sub-WatershedislocatedupperportionoftheNorthportionwatershedstudyareawith potentialresourcesforagriculturalandotheralliedactivities.Thesub-watershedincludedtheSubvillages,Vellimalai, Kariyalur,InnaduandSerappataueastandwest.ThemajorLanduse/LandcoverisAgriculture,Forest,Fallowlandand waterbodieslikecanalandnaturaltanks.Thenaturaltankslikefoundinandaroundofthestudyarea.(Map1)
Figure1andTable1revealthatin2011,about749.98km2areaofundertheLanduseandLandcoverwasunder, Buildupland167(16.21%),AgriculturalLand241(23.39%),Waterbodies45(4.36%),Forestland235(22.84),Wasteland 342(33.2)andotherlanduse.Table1andFigure1showingtheLandUse/LandCoverclassesofthePeriyaKalrayanof thestudyareaintheyearof2011.Itindicatestheabsenceoftherainfallforchangesoflanduse/landcoverinthe watershed.FromthestudythelastfiveyearstheCurrentfallow,double/tripleandwastelandwasincreasedinthe watershed.Inotherwardsthestudysub-watershedispartofthefoothillsoftheKalrayanhillandsemi-fertilenatureone. Themajorlakessupportedtoimprovethewellwater.ThefigureshowingtheoverallstatusoftheLanduseinthearea.
PeriyaKalrayanhillstreamSub-WatershedislocatedupperportionoftheSarabangawatershedstudyareawithpotential resourcesforagriculturalandotheralliedactivities.ThemajorLanduse/LandcoverisAgriculture,Forest,Fallowlandand waterbodieslikecanalandnaturaltanks.(Map2)
2areaofundertheLanduseandLandcoverwasunder,
Figure2andTable2revealthatin2016,about749.98km2areaofundertheLanduseandLandcoverwasunder, Buildupland220(20.27%),AgriculturalLand143(13.17),Waterbodies35(3.22%),Forestland275(25.37),Wasteland 412(37.97)andotherlanduse.Table2andFigure2showingtheLandUse/LandCoverclassesofthePeriyaKalrayanhill ofthestudyareaintheyearof2016.Itindicatestheabsenceoftherainfallforchangesoflanduse/landcoverinthe watershed.FromthestudythelastfiveyearstheCurrentfallow,double/tripleandwastelandwasincreasedinthe watershed.Inotherwardsthestudysub-watershedispartofthefoothillsoftheKalrayanhillandsemi-fertilenatureone. Themajorlakessupportedtoimprovethewellwater.ThefigureshowingtheoverallstatusoftheLanduseinthearea.
ChangingPatternofLandUse/LandCover-PeriyaKalarayanHill
TheLandUse/LandCoverofthePeriyaKalarayanhillfromNorthwesternportionoftheSalemandVillupuramDistrict, itisflowtowardsNW-SEofthestudyareaanditisjoininManimukthariverintheeast.ThepresentstudyisLandUse andLandcoverinthe,PeriyaKalarayanhill.Thelandusecategoriesavailableinthestudyarealikebuiltupland, Triple/double,scrubland,wasteland,rabi/kharif,Evergreenforestalsotoo.Phukan,P.,Thakuriah,G.,andSaikia,R.Land useLandCoverChangeDetectionUsingRemoteSensingandGISTechniques-ACaseStudyofGolaghatDistrictof Assam,IndiaandR.S.N.Prasad,K.P.Rao,R.R.Hermon,andV.MadhavaraoSiteSuitabilityAnalysisforWater HarvestingStructuresinWatershedUsingGeo-Informatics
Table3:LandUse/LandCover(2011–2016),PeriyaKalarayanHill
fromNorthwesternportionoftheSalemandVillupuramDistrict, 2016),PeriyaKalarayanHill
areaofundertheLanduseandLandcoverwasunder,
Figure3andTable3revealthatin2011,about749.98km2areaofundertheLanduseandLandcoverwasunder, Buildupland167(16.21%),AgriculturalLand241(23.39%),Waterbodies45(4.36%),Forestland235(22.84),Waste land342(33.2)andotherlanduse.Figure2andTable2revealthatin2016,about748.98km2areaofundertheLanduse andLandcoverwasunder,Buildupland220(20.27%),AgriculturalLand143(13.17),Waterbodies35(3.22%),Forest land275(25.37),Wasteland412(37.97)andotherlanduse.
Table3andFigure3showingtheLandUse/LandCoverclassesoftheIdappadisub-watershedofthestudyareain theyearof2011-2016.Itindicatestheabsenceoftherainfallforchangesoflanduse/landcoverinthewatershed.Fromthe studythelastfiveyearstheCurrentfallow,double/tripleandwastelandwasincreasedinthewatershed.Inotherwardsthe studysub-watershedispartofthefoothillsoftheKalrayanhillandsemi-fertilenatureone.Themajorlakessupportedto improvethewellwater.ThefigureshowingtheoverallstatusoftheLanduseinthearea.
In2011&2016thestudyareaPeriyaKalarayanhillhasoccupied.Thisareahasamultivariouslanduse.Suchlandusehas beenidentifiedandtheareahasbeencalculated,thelandunderuseofCurrentFallow,DeciduousForest,Double/Triple, Evergreenforest,Kharif/Rabi,Wasteland,ScrublandandWaterbodies.
Kalarayanhillhasoccupied.Thisareahasamultivariouslanduse.Suchlandusehas
AgriculturalLand
Fromthetwovariableyearsofchanginglanduseclassesofagriculturallandwasrapidlychangesfoundbetween20112016inareainthepast35yearsoftheKalrayanhill.ThePeriyaKalrayanisoneofthemajorportionandaswellasthe fertileagriculturalland,alongtheareabenefitsforlandutilization.K.TarunandD.C.Jhariya"Landqualityindex assessmentforagriculturalpurposeusingmulti-criteriadecisionanalysis(MCDA)",Thelandisverypotentialand environmentallyveryimportantlocatedalongtheriverCauvery.
BuiltUpland
Thebuiltuplandisfoundinslightlyinandaroundofthewatershedbecauseoftheagriculturallandin2011.Themostly thepaddycropwithplantationactivitiesaroundthewatershed.Inthe2016dataisfoundthehugebuiltuplandalongthe agriculturallandtoconvertresidentialactivities.
WasteLand
InthispartofLanduse/Landcover,WasteLandboth2011and2016years,37.97percent.Thelandusechangedifferentis thereisnochangesinthecategories.Forthemostreasonismaybethecultivatorswillnotpracticeorsometimesthe unavailableofthewater,eitherwellorgroundwater.
Forest
DeciduousForestLandincludesallforestedareashavingapredominanceoftreesthatlosetheirleavesattheendofthe frost-freeseasonoratthebeginningofadryseason.Thistypeoftheforestwaschanged,compareto2011theyearof2016 was25.37percentdecreased,becauseofthesocialforestschemewasimplementedbythelocalauthoritiesinandaround ofthesub-watershed
WaterBodies
FromthePeriyaKalrayan,isincludedthevariouslakesinandaroundthestudyarea.Inadditiontothisalsohavethecanal andwellirrigationrandomlyaroundthestudyarea.Whenthefieldvisitandmeetthefarmer,theyarenotusedthelake water,bututilizeonlythewellwaterfortheagriculturalandotherdomesticpurpose.
Thestudyofsub-watershedinPeriyaKalarayanhill2011and2016showingFigure5andTable5revealthatin2011, undertheLanduseandLandcoverwasunder,Buildupland167(16.21%),AgriculturalLand241(23.39%),Waterbodies 45(4.36%),Forestland235(22.84%),Wasteland342(33.2%)andotherlanduse.Figure2andTable2revealthatin 2016,undertheLanduseandLandcoverwasunder,Buildupland220(20.27%),AgriculturalLand143(13.17),Water bodies35(3.22%),Forestland275(25.37%),Wasteland412(37.97%)andotherlanduse.
Thestatusofthelanduse/landcoverchangesinthesub-watershed,fromthatthefigurecompareto2011,the 2016yearwasrapidchangesoftheland.Thepercentageofthechangesofthelandcategoriesshowingthefigure evergreenforest,kharif,otherwastelandarenegativechanges.Ingeneralpositivechangeslikeimprovethevegetative coverduetothevariousplantationschemebythegovernmentandotherNGOparticipationintheduecourse.
Theoverallchanginglanduse/Landcoverofthesub-watershed,Kharif(3.76%),Double/Triple(47.18%),Scrub Land(1.44%),DeciduousandEvergreenforest(38.81%)andnochangesisCurrentfallowandwaterbodiesinthesubwatershedoftheIdappadi.ThestudyarealocatedalongtheShervaryanhillwithpotentialland,soilandwaterresource. Thecultivatorsmostlyutilizedthewellandsometimesthecanalirrigationfortheiragriculturalactivities.
PeriyaKalarayanhill2011and2016showingFigure5andTable5revealthatin2011,undertheLanduseandLand coverwasunder,Buildupland167(16.21%),AgriculturalLand241(23.39%),Waterbodies45(4.36%),Forestland 235(22.84),Wasteland342(33.2)andotherlanduse.Figure2andTable2revealthatin2016,undertheLanduseand Landcoverwasunder,Buildupland220(20.27%),AgriculturalLand143(13.17),Waterbodies35(3.22%),Forestland 275(25.37),Wasteland412(37.97)andotherlanduse.Theoverallchanginglanduse/Landcoverofthesub-watershed, Kharif(3.76%),Double/Triple(47.18%),ScrubLand(1.44%),DeciduousandEvergreenforest(38.81%)andnochangesis Currentfallowandwaterbodiesinthesub-watershedofthePeriyaKalrayanhill.Thestudyarealocatedalongthe Shervaryanhillwithpotentialland,soilandwaterresource.Thecultivatorsmostlyutilizedthewellandsometimesthe canalirrigationfortheiragriculturalactivities.
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