InternationalJournalofAppliedandNatural Sciences(IJANS)
ISSN(P):2319–4014;ISSN(E):2319–4022
Vol.11,Issue2,Jul–Dec2022;27–40 ©IASET
POST-HARVESTINTERVENTIONSTOEXTENDTHESHELFLIFEANDMAINTAIN THEQUALITYOFINDIANJUJUBECV.UMRANUNDERAMBIENTSTORAGE CONDITIONS
HarithaK.Anmol
DepartmentofHorticulture,SchoolofAgriculture,LovelyProfessionalUniversity,Phagwara,Punjab,India
ABSTRACT
Anexperimentalstudywasconductedtoobservetheeffectsofpost-harvesttreatmentswhichextendtheshelflifeand maintainthequalityofIndianjujubecv.Umranunderambientstorageconditions.Theresultsrevealedthatcalcium chlorideandSAsignificantlyreducedthephysiologicallossinweightduringambientstorageconditioninBerfruits. Applicationof1.5percentcalciumchlorideonBerfruitspackedinneltonbagexhibitedminimumweightlossisduring storageperiodinambientstorageconditions.TheapplicationofCaCl2andSAsignificantlyinfluencedthepulp/stoneratio underambientstorageconditionsinBerfruits.TheCaCl2@1.5percent(T3)wasrecordedmaximumi.e.,11.51,11.39, 11.10and10.29pulp/stoneratioat3rd,6th,9thand12thdaysunderambientstorageconditions,respectively.The maximumTSSwasrecordedunderT3treatment(1.5%CaCl2)i.e.,13.36,14.56,14.89and13.95°Bat3rd,6th,9thand 12thdaysofstorage,respectively.Themaximumacidityi.e.,0.253,0.232,0.221and0.171percentwasrecordedinT3 (1.5%CaCl2)whileminimumi.e.,0.189,0.159,0.129and0.108percentundercontrolat3rd,6th,9thand12thdaysof storageperiodunderambientstorageconditions.TheapplicationofCaCl2attherate1.5percentdecreasedtheTSS/acid ratioof18.33percenton12thdayofstorageascomparedtocontrol.Thereducingsugarincreasedduringstoragetimeup to9thdaybutdecreasedon12thdayofstorageinalltreatmentcombinationsofBerfruits.Thistreatmentofapplicationof CaCl2showedanincreased68.60percentmorereducingsugarovercontrolat12thdayunderambientstorageconditions. ThemaximumnonreducingsugarcontentinBerfruitsi.e.,4.85,5.39,5.55and4.85percentat3rd,6th,9thand12th daysofstoragewasrecordedunderT3(1.5%CaCl2)duringambientstorageconditions,respectively.
KEYWORDS:AmbientStorage,IndianJujube,Post-Harvest,ShelfLife
ArticleHistory
Received:21Jul2022|Revised:04Aug2022|Accepted:08Aug2022
INTRODUCTION
TheberorIndianJujube(ZiziphusmauritianaLamk.)isanoldandpopularfruitnativetoIndiaandChina,belongingto theRhamanaceaefamilyandtheRhamnalesorder.ThegenericnameZizyphuscomesfromtheArabicwordZizyphus lotus,whichis‘zizouf’(Bailey,1947).Itisthemostancientandcommonfruitsofaridandsemi-aridzonesofIndia,also referredaspoorman'sfruitduetoitslowcostofproduction.Thepeakseasonofharvestingofber[innorthIndia]ismidmarchtomid-April.Berfruitsarerelativelyperishableandhaveshelf-lifeofonly4
5daysatambienttemperatures (Meenaetal.;Azam-Alietal.)andoverallqualityofberfruits(afterharvest)dependsuponstorageconditionsused.Due
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toprevalenceofhightemperatureandlowrelativehumidityduringharvesting,fruitstartsspoilingrapidlyandoverripe fruitsdeteriorateveryfast.Improvingtheshelf-lifeofthefruit,inmostcases,aresultofimprovingitsstoragelife.
Berfruitsareconsumedbothfreshanddried,andareprocessedintoarangeofproductssuchassweets,jelly,jam, murabba,squash,andanumberofotheritems.Driedfruitscanbeeatenasis,ortheycanberehydratedandseasoned.Aside fromthefruit'snutritionalbenefits,varioussectionsofthetreearealsoknowntohavemedicinalvalue.Fruitisthoughtto purifythebloodandaiddigestion;italsoactsasanaphrodisiac,tonic,laxative,andenergizingagent,aswellasremoving biliousness,burningsensations,andthirst.Eyesickness,cough,asthma,thirst,vomiting,burningfeeling,andleucorrheaare alltreatedwiththeacridandsweetishseeds,whichalsoworkasatonicandaphrodisiac(Kunduetal.,1989).
TheBerisoneofthemostnutritiousfruits;whencompletelymature,itspulpcontainsroughly13-19%T.S.S.and 0.20to0.60percentacidity.It,alongwithanolaandguava,isoneofthehighestsourcesofvitaminC(Randhawaand Biswas,1996).Italsocontainsalotofprotein(0.8g/100g)andmineralslikephosphorus(0.148%)andiron(0.54%) (Sharmaetal.,2002).Theoverallsugarcontentofcv.Umranfruitswas8.1%(Singhetal.,1983).Amongtheaminoacids presentintheberpulpareasparagine,asparticacid,arginine,glutamicacid,serine,glycine,threonine,-alanine,valine, methionine,leucine,andisoleucine(Bal,1981).
Oneofthemostessentialaspectsofpost-harvesthandlingandstorageofperishablefruitsispreservingthefruits' post-harvestqualityforalongerduration.Afewmethodshavebeenexploredtomaintainthequalityoffruitsafterthey havebeenharvested.Perforatedpolythenesheets,filmliner,waxing,pre-harvesttreatmentwithhotwaterandair,growth stimulants,fungicidaldips,irradiation,andkeepingatsub-atmosphericpressurearesomeofthetechniquesused.Ithas beenshowntoextendtheshelflifeofcertainfruitsaftertheyhavebeenharvested.
MATERIALSANDMETHODS
Thepresentstudyentitled“post-harvestinterventionstoextendtheshelflifeandmaintainthequalityofIndianjujubecv. Umranunderambientstorageconditions”isbeingconductedatpost-harvestlaboratory,DepartmentofHorticulture, LovelyProfessionalUniversity,Punjabduringtheacademicyear2021–2022.Theexperimentwasconductedin CompletelyRandomizedDesign(CRD),comprisingof7treatmentswiththreereplications.
ThematureBerfruitswerecollectedpriortothepost-harvesttreatment;thefruitswerewashedinpotablewater. Thefruitsallowedweretodryinshadepriortoimpositionoftreatments.ThedetailsofthetreatmentsincludeT1(CaCl2 0.5%),T2(Cacl21.0%),T3(CaCl21.5%),T4(SA1mM),T5(SA2mM),T6(SA3mM),T7Control,eachtreatmentwas replicatedthricewithambientstoragecondition.Theobservationsonphysicalandqualityparameterswererecordedatan intervalof3days.
RESULTSANDDISCUSSION
PhysicalParameters
WeightLoss(%)
ItwasevidentfromthedatapresentedinTable1,thattherewassignificanteffectonphysiologicalweightlossofBerfruits treatedwithdifferentpost-harvesttreatments.TheminimumphysiologicallossinweightwasfoundinBerfruitstreated with1.5percentcalciumchloride(T3)wherei.e.,7.21%,11.79%,18.01%and28.78%physiologicalweightlosswas recordedat3rd,6th,9thand12thdaysunderambientstoragecondition,respectively.On12thdayminimumphysiological lossinweightwasrecordedunderT3treatmentwhichwassignificantlyatparwithT2(1.5%CaCl2).Theminimum
physiologicalweightlossunderT3treatmentwas29.97percentlowerascomparedtocontrol.
Whereas,maximumphysiologicalweightlosswasfoundundercontrolonevery3rd,6th,9thand12thday. Likewise,minimumweightlosswasrecordedunderT3treatment(1.5%CaCl2)whichwas21.33percentlessascompared tocontrol.Whereas,T2(1.0%CaCl2)wasfoundatparwithT3treatmentundercontrolstorageconditionofberfruits.
TheresultsrevealedthatcalciumchlorideandSAsignificantlyreducedthephysiologicallossinweightduring ambientstorageconditioninberfruits.Applicationof1.5percentcalciumchlorideonberfruitsexhibitedminimum weightlossduringstorageperiodinambientstorageconditions.Itwasobservedthatminimumphysiologicallossin weightrecorded28.78percenton12thdayinambientstorageconditions.
Spoilage(%)
AclosereviewofdataTable.1indicatesthatdifferentpost-harvesttreatmentssignificantlyinfluencedspoilagepercentage ofBerfruits.TheminimumdecaylosswasobservedunderT3treatment(1.5%CaCl2)with2.11%,10.98%,17.17%and 40.10%after3rd,6th,9thand12thdaysunderambientstorageconditions.Whereas,maximumdecaylosswasrecordedin control(T7)i.e.4.73%,18.10%,28.30%and59.20%at3rd,6th,9thand12thdaysofstorage.Theminimumpercentageof decaylossunderT3treatmentobserved22.96percentovercontrolunderambientstorageconditionson12thdayof storageinBerfruits.
TheresultsrevealedthatcalciumchlorideandSAsignificantlyreducedthespoilageduringambientstorage conditioninBerfruits.Applicationof1.5percentcalciumchlorideonberfruitsexhibitedminimumspoilageisduring storageperiod.Theresultsofthepresentstudyrevealedthatdecaylosswasobservedfromthe3thdayofstorageand onwardsincreasedsignificantlyupto12thdayofstorageinambientstorageconditions.Applicationof1.5percentCaCl2 gavealongerstoragelifethantheotheralltreatmentsunderambientstorageconditionsduringthestorageperiod.The minimumdecaylosswasobserved40.10percenton12thdayofstorageunderambientstorageconditions.Thecurrent studydemonstratesthatapplicationofcalciumchloridehasmeritinreducingspoilageinberfruitswhichmaybedueto theirpositiveroleindecayingthesenescenceoffruitsbymaintainingcellwallintegrityandthusloweringthespoilage underambientstorageconditions(Singhetal(2010)
PulptoStoneRatio
ItisevidentfromthedatainTable2thatapplicationofCaCl2andSAsignificantlyinfluencedthepulp/stoneratiounder ambientstorageconditionsinberfruits.TheCaCl2@1.5percent(T3)wasrecordedmaximumi.e.11.51,11.39,11.10and 10.29pulp/stoneratioat3rd,6th,9thand12thdaysunderambientstorageconditions,respectively.
Whereas,thetreatmentsT2(11.43),T5(10.88)andT6(11.06)at3rddayandtreatmentT2(11.02)andT6(11.00) at6thsignificantlyatparwithtreatmentT3underambientstorageconditions,respectively.Theincreaseinpulp/stoneratio underT3wasrecordedby41.74percentovercontrolon12thdayunderambientstorageconditions.
Thepulp/stoneratioshoweddecreasingtrendwithpostharvesttreatmentsofcalciumchlorideandSAduringthe storageperiodunderambientstorageconditions.Thepulp/stoneratiowasobtainedmaximumin1.5percentCaCl2,while minimumincontrolupto12daysofstorageunderambientstorageconditions,respectively.
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Itismightbeduetopresenceofmorecalciuminthemiddlelamella.Guptaetal.(1984)reportedanincreasein pulp/stoneratioinJogiaandKaithalicultivarsofberandattributedittohigherincreaseinpulpasaresultoffood accumulation.Inthepresentstudy,thesprayswerestartedwhenitwasstillinrapidgrowthstageandhencecalciummight havechangedthemetabolismofthefruitsandresultedinmoreaccumulationoffoodconstituentsinthefruits.
OrganolepticSensoryAttributes
Acriticalanalysisofdatatable2indicatedthattreatmentsofcalciumchlorideandSAwassignificantlyinfluencedthe palatabilityratingduringthestorageperiodunderambientstorageconditions.Themaximumpalatabilityratingi.e.8.09, 6.89,4.67and2.32at3rd,6th,9thand12thdayswasrecordedundertreatmentT3(1.5%CaCl2)whichwassignificantly superiorovercontrol(T7).Thepalatabilityratingrecordedthehigher88.62percentintreatmentT3ascomparedtothe controlat12thdayunderambientstorageconditions.
TheberfruitstreatedwiththeCaCl21.5percentrecordedhighestscoreinallthesensoryqualitieslikecolour, flavour,texture,andtasteupto12daysunderambientstorageconditions.Theresultsareinconcurrencewithdueto increaseinripeningandrottingattheendofstorageasreportedbyKumaretal.(1994).Thedeteriorationintasteand flavourofberfruitsoccurredatslowratesduringstorageatlowtemperature.Calciumchlorideattributedtolowratesof respirationandtranspirationinthefruitsunderlowtemperaturereportedaslowfallinpalatabilityratingofUmranber fruitspackedinpolythenebagsandbasketswhenstoredat13ºC.Kumaretal.(1994)reportedthatconsumeracceptability ofberwasmaintainedforlongerperiodwhenfruitstreatedwithcalciumchloride.
BiochemicalCharacteristics
TotalSolubleSolids(°Brix)
DatapertainingtototalsolublesolidsarepresentedinTable3clearlyrevealsthateffectofdifferentpost-harvest treatmentsofcalciumchlorideandSAsignificantlyinfluencedthetotalsolublesolidsduringthestorageperiod.Initially TSSwasincreasedupto9thdayofstoragethatthereafterdecreasedunderambientstorageconditions.ThemaximumTSS
°Bat3rd,6th,9thand12thdaysof storage,respectively.WhiletheminimumTSSwasfoundincontrolduringthealldaysofstorageunderambientstorage conditions.TreatmentsCaCl2@0.5and1.0percentprovedsignificantlyatparwithtreatmentT3at3rd,6thand9thdaysof storage,respectively.TheincreaseofTSSinT3treatmentwasregistered45.94percenthigherovercontrolon12thdayof storageunderambientstorageconditions.
Thetotalsolublesolidincreasedwithdurationofstorage,reacheditspeakvalueafter9daysand12daysunder ambientstorageconditions,andthenstartsindecreasedmannerduringthestorageconditions.Thisincreaseintotalsoluble solidswasprobablyduetohydrolysisofpolysaccharidesanddehydrationoffruits.Therefore,totalsolublesolidsshowed gradualdecreasewiththeadvancementofstorageperiodwhichmaybeduetoincreaseinsenescenceprocessandhigh respirationrate.Thetotalsolublesolidswerefoundhighestinthefruitstreatedwithcalciumchloride1.5percent,followed bycalciumchloride0.5percentunderambientconditions,respectively(Singhetal.2010)
Similarriseandfallintotalsolublesolidswasalsonoticedinguava(Jayachandranetal.2004)andloquat (Akhtaretal.2010).Itcouldbeprobablybecauseofdelayedripening,reducedrespirationrate,loweredhydrolytic enzymesandmetabolicactivities.(Sakhaleetal2009)
UnderAmbientStorageConditions
TitratableAcidity(%)
ItisevidentfromthedatapresentedinTable3thatpost-harvesttreatmentsofBerfruitswithcalciumchlorideandSA treatmentsweredecreasedtitratableaciditysignificantlyduringthestorageperiodunderambientstorageconditionsupto 12thday.Themaximumacidityi.e.0.253,0.232,0.221and0.171percentwasrecordedinT3(1.5%CaCl2)whileminimum i.e.0.189,0.159,0.129and0.108percentundercontrolat3rd,6th,9thand12thdaysofstorageperiodunderambientstorage conditions,respectively.TheincreasedintitratableacidityintreatmentT3was58.33percenthigherascomparedto control12thdayofstorageunderambientstoragecondition.
Titratableacidityshowedaconstantdecreasedwiththepost-harvesttreatmentsofberfruitsbycalciumchloride andSAduringthestorageperiodunderambientstorageconditions.Atallthestorageintervals,CaCl21.5percentretained highestpercentageoftitratableacidityunderambientstorageconditionsandlowestwasfoundincontrol.Thedeclinedin aciditymaybeattributedtoutilizationofacidsintheprocessofrespirationduringripeninginpresenceofreducedsupply ofsugarasasubstrateofrespirationduetolowerrateofstarchdegradationduringripeningandwhichmightbedueto conversionofacidsintosaltsandsugarsbytheenzymesparticularlyinvertase.Itcouldprobablybeduetodelayin physiologicalageingandalterationinmetabolism.Gradualandprogressivedecreaseinaciditywasobservedunderallthe treatmentsduringstorageandthisprogressivedeclinemightbeduetoutilizationofacidinmetabolism.Thereductionin acidityofBerfruitswasquiteslowatcooltemperature(HiwaleandSingh,2003)
TSS/AcidRatio
AperusalofdatainTable4indicatedthatsignificantvariationsrecordedinTSS/acidratiowithpost-harvestapplications ofcalciumchlorideandSAunderambientstorageconditions.TheminimumTSS/acidratioi.e.52.81,62.76,67.38and 81.58at3rd,6th,9thand12thdayswasrecordedinT3treatment(1.5%@CaCl2)thanrestofthetreatmentsunderambient storageconditions.WhilethemaximumTSS/acidratiowasobservedundercontrol(T7).However,thedecreasedin TSS/acidratiowithT3treatmentwasstatisticallyatparwithT6(60ppmGA3)at3rddayunderambientstorageconditions. TheapplicationofCaCl2attherate1.5percentdecreasedtheTSS/acidratioof18.33percenton12thdayofstorageas comparedtocontrol.
TheTSS/acidratioincreasedwiththeadvancementofstorageperiodupto12thdayand21stdayunderambient storageconditions.TheTSS/acidratioofBerfruitswassignificantlyaffectedbycalciumchloride1.5percentunder ambientstorageconditions.TheminimumTSS/acidratiowasobservedwiththecalciumchloride1.5percentwhichis superioroverrestofthetreatmentsunderambientstorageconditions.SimilarresultswerealsoobtainedbyRajputetal. (2008)inguava,Pathaketal.(2009)inAonlaandYadavandVaru(2013)inpapaya.
TotalSugar
ItisapparentfromthedataTable4revealedthatdifferenttreatmentsofcalciumchlorideandSAsignificantlyinfluenced thetotalsugarduringambientstorageofBerfruits.Applicationof1.5percentCaCl2(T3)recordedmaximumtotalsugar contenti.e.11.24,12.32,12.70and11.29percentat3rd,6th,9thand12thdaysofstorageunderambientstorageconditions, respectively.Further,thistreatmentwasfoundsignificantlybetteramongallthetreatmentsexceptCaCl20.5and1.0per centat3rddayandCaCl21.0percentat6thdaywhichwasfoundstatisticallyatpar,respectively.Itwasalsoobservedthat totalsugarcontentinBerfruitswereincreasedinallthetreatmentsupto9thdayofstorageunderambientstorage conditionsbutdecreasedon12thdayofstorage.
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Totalsugarsincreasedinitiallywiththehighestonthe9thdayofstorageanddeclinedthistrendinallthetreated fruitsofBerunderambientstoragecondition.Theinitialrisemaybeduetowaterlossfromfruitsthroughevapotranspirationandinhibitionofactivitiesofenzymesresponsiblefordegradationofsugars,whilethesubsequentdecline maybeduetoutilizationofsugarsinrespiration.
Fruitstreatedwithcalciumconsideringtheeffectofripeningretardants.Thepossiblereasonsandfindings associatedwithincreaseintotalsugaruptopeakandslightdeclinewithincreaseduringstorageperiodoftotalsugarwhich werewithCaCl2(1.5%)causeaccumulationofsugarasaconsequenceofstarchhydrolysisfurtherattheoverripestage theleachingofsugarwascarriedoutbecauseofhydrolysisprocess.SimilarresultswasalsorecordedbyNavdeepetal. (2005)inpear,Torresetal.(2009)inatemoyaandGirase(2011)incustardapple
ReducingSugar(%)andNon-ReducingSugar(%)
ThedatapresentedinTable5revealedthatdifferenttreatmentsofcalciumchlorideandSAsignificantlyinfluencedthe reducingsugarunderambientstoragecondition.TreatmentT3(1.5%CaCl2)recordedmaximumreducingsugari.e.6.39, 6.93,7.08and6.19percentat3rd,6th,9thand12thdaysunderambientstorageconditions,respectively.Further,this treatmentwasfoundsignificantlybetteramongallthetreatmentswhichwasfoundstatisticallyatparoverCaCl20.5and 1.0percentat3rdand6thdaysandCaCl21.0percentat9thdayduringstorageperiod.Thereducingsugarincreasedduring storagetimeupto9thdaybutdecreasedon12thdayofstorageinalltreatmentcombinationsofBerfruits.Thistreatmentan increased68.60percentmorereducingsugarovercontrolat12thdayunderambientstorageconditions.
Reducingsugarcontentwascontinuouslyincreasedduringthestorageperiodunderambientstorageconditionsup to9thdayand12thday,respectivelypeakthandeclineslightlyinBerfruits.Thismaybeaconsequenceofreleaseofsugar duringstarchhydrolysis.Berisanon-climactericfruit,richinstarchreservesandduringpost-harveststoragestarchis hydrolyzedandliberatingreducingsugarswithenhancementofstorage(Jayachandranetal.2005inguavaandNavdeepet al.2005inpear).
Thenon-reducingsugarwassignificantlyaffectedwiththeapplicationofcalciumchlorideandSAunderambient storageconditions.Thenon-reducingsugarincreasedduringstoragetimeupto9thdaybutdecreasedon12thdayof storageinalltreatmentcombinationsofBerfruits.Themaximumnonreducingsugarcontentinberfruitsi.e.4.85,5.39, 5.55and4.85percentat3rd,6th,9thand12thdaysofstoragewasrecordedunderT3(1.5%CaCl2)duringambient storageconditions,respectively.However,theincreaseinnon-reducingsugarCaCl2@0.5and1.0percentat3rdand6th withT3treatmentwasstatisticallyatpar,respectively.Thetreatment1.5percentCaCl2wasincreasedinnon-reducing sugartotheextentof75.17percentascomparedtocontrol.
Non-reducingsugarsshowedanincreaseupto9thdayofstorageanddecreasedon12thdayofstorageunder ambientstorageconditions.Initialincreaseinnon-reducingsugarsmightbeduetoevapo-transpirationlossesandlater decreaseinnon-reducingsugarsmightbeduetoconversionofthesesugarsintoacidsandalsoduetoutilizationofthese sugarsinrespiration.ThemaximumnonreducingsugarwasretainedinfruitstreatedwithCaCl2@1.5percentunder ambientstorageconditions,respectively.ThepresentresultsareincloseconformitywiththefindingofAgarwaland Jaiswal(2012)inguava.
ImpactFactor(JCC):7.1738 NAASRating3.73
CONCLUSION
Onthebasisofresultsobtained,itmaybeconcludedthatBerfruitstreatedwith1.5percentcalciumchlorideasexogenous post-harvesttreatmentcanbestoredupto9thdayinambientstorageconditionswithoutanyapplicablelosses.Berfruits wereasgoodasfreshonelikeminimumPLW,decaylosswithgoodmarketability,palatabilityratingandappreciablebio chemicalpropertiesi.e.,TSS,acidityandsugar.
chemicalpropertiesi.e.,TSS,acidityandsugar.
ItwasconcludedthatthefruitgrowersandthefruitmerchantsinordertoprolongthestoragelifeofBerfruitsup to9daysinambientstorageconditions.However,theseresultsareonlyindicativeandrequirefurtherexperimentationto arriveatmoreconsistentandfinalconclusion.
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