InternationalJournalofHumanities andSocialSciences(IJHSS)
ISSN(P):2319–393X;ISSN(E):2319–3948
Vol.11,Issue2,Jul–Dec2022;101–116
©IASET
THEWEAPONSOFTHEPROPHETMUHAMMAD(PEACEBEUPONHIM)ANDIT’S USESININVASIONS
AbbassKhalidAbbass
ResearchScholar,CollegeofEducation,UniversityofSamarra,Samarra,Iraq
ABSTRACT
PraisebetoGod,Lordoftheworlds,bywhosegracegooddeedsareaccomplished,andblessingsandpeacebeuponthe onewithwhomtheprophetsandmessagesweresealed,ourmasterMuhammad(mayGodblesshimandgranthimpeace).
ItmaycometomindwhentalkingabouttheweaponsthattheProphetMuhammad(peacebeuponhim)usedin hisconquests,thathewasamanofwarandmoneycollector.OntheauthorityofhisProphet,mayGod’sprayersand peacebeuponhim,tryingtochangeevenasimplethingfromwhatwasstuckintheirmindsaboutthatdistortedimageto findthetruth.
Andifhe,peaceandblessingsbeuponhimandhiscompanionsfight,thenthisisawarofnecessity,notchoice,in ordertospreadthereligionofGodAlmighty,andtobringmankindoutofdarknessintolight,forfearformankindfrom wanderingandloss.Allahsays(AndfightthemuntilthereisnopersecutionandthereligionisallforGod.Iftheydesist, thenGodseeswhatyoudo)(1)Wecandividetheweaponsusedbyhim,peaceandblessingsbeuponhim,inhisconquests andwarsintodefensiveweapons,offensiveweapons,andinsigniausedinwar.
KEYWORDS:Prophet,Tools,Wars,Islamic,Weapons
ArticleHistory
Received:16Aug2022|Revised:25Aug2022|Accepted:02Sep2022
INTRODUCTION
TheFirstTopic:DefensiveWeapons
Al-Mogfir:Itiswovenfromashieldorzebrafish,itiswornunderthecaptoprotecttheheadfromtheblowsthatwere directedagainstitinthewar(2).Itiscalledal-Sabugh(3),andheworethemduringhisconquests.Ontheauthorityof AnasbinMalik(thattheProphet(peacebeuponhim)enteredMakkahintheyearoftheconquestwithAlMugfironhis head))(4)thiswasintheeighthyearofmigration(5)0
Theshield:Itistheonewithwhichhehidesinwarfromtheenemy(6)andisoftenmadeofiron,sinceitsprice didnotexceedaquarterofadinaratthetimeoftheProphet(peaceandblessingsbeuponhim)twelvedirhamsinadinar (7)andisoftencarriedinthelefthand.Itrepelsenemystrikesandhasmultiple(8)
TheProphet(peaceandblessingsofGodbeuponhim)hadthreegears,agearcalled(theZallouq)andagear called(Al-Faq)andathirdgearthatwasgiftedtohim.Hisconquestswhenfightingtheenemyanddefendinghimself,and itwasreportedthathewasagearwithAbuTalhawithonegear(10)0
www.iaset.us
editor@iaset.us
Thebelt:itisknownanditiswhatistightenedinthemiddleofthethingandthemanpickedup:thatistowear belt,whichisallthatyoutightenedyourwaistwith(11)0,soitwasfortheProphetonemadeofgratedleatherwiththree silverringsandabuckleofsilverandthesteamofsilver(12).Hewearsitintimesofwar,andthereasonisthatittightens themembersofthebodyandincreasesitsactivity.
Bows:itisatypeofweaponwithwhicharrowsareshot,andthearrowismadeofwood.((Atoolofwarand huntingtoolsconsistingofanumberofflexiblefirewoodintheformofacrescent,withtwoendsofitbeingastringof flexiblematerial,andthrowingitsarrowsatpeopleandanimals,andarrowswereamongthemostimportantmartialarts amongtheArabs,andtheyestimatedconditionswiththebowandtheymightwantit))(15)Thewordappearsinoneplace inthegloriousQur’an(16)bysaying:“Thenheapproachedandhung(8)anditwasaroundthecorner(9).TheProphet hadsixbows,includingal-Zawra’,al-Rawha’,andal-Safra’,whichisfromNab',al-Bayda’fromShuhat,andal-Kalthoum fromatreecalledNab'.(18)TheNab',theshohat,andtheartery:onetreefromthetreesofthemountains,fromwhichthe bowismade.
ThreeofthemweregotfromtheweaponofBanuQaynuqa’(20)andthereisanarchoftheProphet(peacebe uponhim)preservedintheTopkapiPalaceMuseuminIstanbul.Thisarchismadeofbambooanddescribedwithfine ends.Itslengthis118cmanditsweightis286g.Inordertopreserveit,(SultanAhmedI)madeforhimawalletinlaid withgold.AndsilverandinscribedonitintheOttomanscript:InthenameofGod,theMostGracious,theMostMerciful. Lord,hisfistwashonouredwiththegripoftheMessenger,theSultanofjustice,theSultanofthesultansoftheages,as SultanAhmedreceivedhim,forheisfamousforhislove(21)
Armour:Thearmouriswornwithiron,canbemasculineandfeminine,itissaidarmour,wieldingandsangling armour,andthepluralinfewarmoursandarmours,andinmanyarmours(22)0
TheProphet(peacebeuponhim)useditinwarandjihadagainstthepolytheists,andthefirstshieldofitsking (peacebeuponhim),whichiscurious,wassenttohimbySaadbinUbadah(23)whenhemarchedtoBadr,anditwasnamed sobecauseofitslength(24).Itwassentorworn.Ittouchedtheground.Ithadsilverringsattheplaceofthebreast,andtwo silverringsbehindhisbackaswell(25)0anditwastheonewhopledgedittoAbuAl-ShahmAl-Yaudiforthirtysa’sof barleyforhisfamilyuptoayearandhedied(peacebeuponhim),anditwasmortgagedwiththatJew(26).(0)Andhegot twoshieldsfromthespoilsofYeniQaynuqa,oneofthemwascalledAl-Sa’diyahandtheotherwassilver(27)0
Andheownedotherarmours,whichare:theonewiththescarf,alsocalledtheonewiththefootnotes,thePetra andtheKhanaq(28)0,andpeacebeuponhimworesomeoftheminhisraidsandcombinedthetwoattimes.Onthe authorityofMuhammadbinMaslamah(29)hesaid:((IsawonTheMessengerofGodonthedayofSundayhadtwo shields,hisshieldwassilver,andontheDayofKhaybar,IsawtwoshieldsofcuriosityandSaadia.”(30)
Thequiver:thearcherandthepluralquiveraremadeofderm,withawidenessatthetopandabulgeatthe bottom,andthetopisreleasedsothatthearrows’feathersdonotrefractbecauseitfillsinthequiververylargefromthe bottomandflattersitatthetop,andbothofthemweretwolines(31).Prayerandpeace)oneinwhichheputsadart(32)0, anditwascalledal-Kafur(33)
ImpactFactor(JCC):7.0987 NAASRating3.17
Thesecondtopic:offensiveweapons
Thespear:thepluralofspearswithachannelintheheadofwhichisstabbed,anditisawell-knownweaponandhasmany names(34)0ThewordspearismentionedintheGloriousQur’aninoneplace(35)inthepluralformintheAlmighty’s saying:(MayGodblessyouwithsomethingofhuntingthatyourhandswillreachAndyourspears(94)andmanhasused thespearsinceancienttimesinhuntingandfighting,andtheProphet(peaceandblessingsbeuponhim)ownedfiveof them,threeofwhichhestruckfromtheweaponsofBanuQaynuqa’,andtwootherscalledAl-MunawiandtheotherAlMuthanna(36),buttherearenodetailsofhisuseofthem.Inhisconquests,butitwasreportedthathesaid:((Andhemade mylivelihoodundertheshadeofmyspear))(37).
Thespear:amachinewithoutaspearandassembledbyspears,stabbedwithasharpblade(38)0TheProphet (peacebeuponhim)hadfive,andheuseditforseveraluses,onecalledtheNabaa,andthewhiteone,whichislargein size,andthreehooked-likecrutchescalledaAnza,withwhichhewalkedinhishands.Onthefeasts,heconcentratesin frontofhim,sohetakesitasajacketandpraystoit.ItwasmentionedthatitremainedinMadinahuntilthedaysofalMa’munfromthecaliphsofBanual-Abbas(39)andafourthcalledal-Hadandanothercalledal-Qumrah(0)40.Andhe usedtheprayerandpeacebeuponhimasaspearinthewarinthebattleofUhudwhenUbayybinKhalafwasstabbed(41 (0)OntheauthorityofIbnAbbas:((TheProphet(peacebeuponhim)tookthespeartoUbayybinKhalafandswayedhim withit,andputitinhiscollarboneontopoftheshield,andnotmuchbloodcameout,andhehadacongestioninhis stomach))(42),anditwasnotproventhathehadkilledanyone.
Thesword:apluralformisswords(43)0Ifatthebeginningthefightingwasanexchangeofarrowsfroma distance,andthenstabbedwithspearsandspearswhenapproaching,theswordisstrippedwhencohesionandmixing(44) 0andithasbeenreportedthattheprophet(peacebeuponhim)mentionedtheswordInhadiths,including:(Paradiseis undertheshadowsofswords)(45).Moreover,therearenonarrationstoprovethathecarriedaswordinMecca throughouthisstaythere,andwhenitspeopleforcedhimtomigratefromittoMedina,hecarried(peacebeuponhim)a swordthatheinheritedfromhisfathercalledMa'thur(46)thatcouldbeThepurposeofhiscampaignistodefendhimself ifnecessary,anditisthefirstswordoftheProphet(peacebeuponhim),andthisswordisnowfoundinTurkeyinIstanbul intheTopkapiMuseum,whereitiskeptthere.Itslengthis(99)cm,anditsscabbardlengthis(85)cm(47)anditshandle iscoatedwithgoldandstuddedwithstonesofsapphireandturquoise.Theplaceofthesupportofthefingersissomewhat curved,andtheshieldoftheswordistheheadofasnake(48).Infact,onlythebladeremainedfromthissword.Asforthe restoftheelements,suchasthehandle,thescabbard,thebracelet,andtheinlaidpreciousstones,theyweremadeatlater timesafteritspartswerewornoutbecauseofbeingold(49).Inaddition,whenhecameout(ToBadr,SaadbinUbadah senthimaswordcalledAl-Adb(50)and"Al-Adb”meanscutting(51)andthisswordiscurrentlyinEgyptintheHusseini sceneinCairo,whenhistoriansagreedthattheswordwaswithBaniIbrahiminYanbu,whereitwastransferredby inheritanceAbouttheirfirstancestorsinsuccessivegenerationsextendingbacktothetimeoftheMessenger(52)andthen boughtitintheseventhcenturyAH,oneofBanuHanna(53)similarministerswithsomeotherantiquitiesandtransported themtoEgypt,andbuiltabondforit(54)ontheNileRiverknownastheRabatofAntiquities.ItisnowknownasJami' Athral-Nabi(55).
Then,itwastransferredwiththerestoftheantiquitiestotheZainabiMosque,theMosqueofSayyidaZainab, mayGodbepleasedwithher,intheyear(1275AH)andshestayedthereforalittlewhile,thenshewastransferredina busyprocessiontotheluggagestorageinthecastleandcontinuedthereuntiltheyear(1304AH),thentherelicsandthe
swordweretransferredtotheGeneralCourtofEndowments,andintheyear(1305A.H.)ItwastransferredtotheSaray Abdeen,thenKhediveTawfiqPashaorderedittobetransferredtotheAl-HusseiniMosque,anditisthereuntiltoday(56) 125cm)anditswidthinitswidestparts(4cm)attheguardanditswidthinthemiddle(3cm)(57)0.Theswordwas examinedinthechemicallaboratory,theMaintenanceDepartmentoftheAntiquitiesDepartment,byDr.SouadMaher, anditturnedoutthatitwasmadeofIndiansteel,whichconsistsofiron.Itisknownasthemaghctlteandislikelytobe fromtheDamascusindustry.Theverandofthebladeischaracterizedbyitsetching,whichisknownastheDamask Pattern.Examinationalsoshowedthepresenceofsharphollows(orcracks)insomepartsofthebladeasaresultofitsuse inbattles(58)0TheswordhandleissimpleandconsistsofwoodandisfixedattheendThebladeisbythreescrewsAt theendofthehandleistheguard,whichisintheshapeofacross,withitstwoendsfacingdown.0(59)Afterexaminingthe swordwithamagnifyingmicroscope(thebinocularmicroscope),itwasfoundthatthereisatextofArabicwriting engravedononesideofthebladeofthesword.TheoriginofArabicwriting,wherewecantracethehistoryofthe calligraphystyletotheeraoftheProphetintheyear(10AH)andthefollowingtextcanberead:(Muhammadisthe MessengerofGodfromSaadbinUbadah)(60)
Amongthesestudies,astudywhichiscarriedoutbyDr.SouadMaher,anEgyptianarchaeologist,provedthe swordbelongedtotheProphet(peacebeuponhim)thatistheswordthatSaadbinUbadahgavetotheProphet,whichwas named“Adb”inrelationtothecrackinwhichitwaspreviouslymentioned(61),andthenownedAfterthat,agroupof swordsdifferedintheirnumberuntilsomeofthemreachedelevenswords(62),andZulfikarwasoneofthemostfamous ofwhichhe(peaceandblessingsbeuponhim)usedonthedayofBadr(63)hardlyseparatedfromhim.64)Itwascalled thisfortheincisionslikethevertebraeofthebackwereinthemiddle(65)0andthisswordwasforAl-AasbinMunabbih Al-SahmiwhokilledaninfidelonthedayofBadr(66),andheistheonewhosawthedreaminitonthedayofUhud,so hesaid:((IsawinmyswordDhul-Fiqar,soIgaveittohim,sohewouldn’tbeamongyou,andIsawthatIwasaram,soI gavehimtheramofthebattalion,andIsawthatIwasinfortifiedarmour,soIgaveittoMadinah,andIsawcowsbeing slaughtered,sotheycowedforGodisgood,sotheycowedforGodisgood.”(67)0
AndtheProphet(peacebeuponhim)carrieditinmostofhiswarsonthedayofSunday.TheProphet(peacebe uponhim)displayedhisswordDhual-Fiqar,saying:((Whoevertakesthisswordforhisright,thenAlistoodupandsaid:I am,OMessengerofGod.Hesaid:Sit,thensit).Thenhesaidthesecondofyouwhotakesthisswordbyhisright,soAbu Dajanastoodup,sotheMessengerofGod(peacebeuponhim)pushedhisswordDhual-Fiqar,soAbuDajanastoodup andraisedaredblindfoldoverhiseyesthatraisedhiseyebrowsfromhiseyesofarrogance.AbuTalibandhissons,andhe waswithMuhammadbinAbdullahbinAl-HasanbinAlibinAbiTalib,mayGodbepleasedwiththem(69)andwhenhe wentouttothecityagainstAbiJaafarAl-Mansour,heshotanarrowduringhisfightagainstAl-Mansur’ssoldiersandwas certainofdeath,hegaveittoamanfromthemerchantwhohadfourhundreddinarsonhim,andhesaidtohim
((Takeit,foryouwillnotmeetanyonefromthefamilyofAbiTalibbuthewilltakeitandgiveyouyourright)) (70)WhenJaafarbinSuleimanal-AbbasidbecametherulerofMedina,heboughtitfromhimforfourhundreddinars, thentheCaliphal-Mahdi(158-169AH)tookitfromhim,thenitbecametheHadiafterhim.(169-170AH),thentothe CaliphHarunal-Rashid(71)(170-193AH),andhebecameabadgeoftheAbbasidCaliphate.Al-Fiqar?Wesaid,“Yes, andhebroughtit.Ididnotseeaswordbetterthanit.Ifitwaserected,nothingwasseeninit.Ifitwassharpened,itwas countedaseighteenvertebrae.”SomeoftheCompanionsmadehisswordontheswordoftheMessengerofGodanditis narratedthattheCaliphHarunal-RashidgaveittothecommanderYazidibnMazyadal-Shaibaniwhenhewentoutto fightal-WaleedibnTarif(74)0.
Then,afterhim,hebecameforAl-MuhtadyBillah(75)andinital-Buhturialsosaysapoemforit:AndthatDhulFiqarshouldleadsomeofthebravestofQurayshinbattleandtheirhorse
ItissaidthattheoriginofHodeidah,fromwhichZulfiqarwasmade,wasfoundburiedattheKaaba,andtheswordis currentlyinTurkey(76)0.ThreeotherswordsweretakenfromthespoilsofBanuQaynuqa’,oneofthem(Qil’ia):attributedto thecastle,aplaceinthedesertnearHelwan,towhichswordsareattributed,andanotherswordiscalled(Batara),meaningthe cutter,andthethirdofitis(Al-hatf)whichmeansdeathandfromhisswordsalso(thesever)andtheyarethecutterand(the repetition),whichmeansitgoesontaxanddisappearsinit(77)0andAl-RasoobisfromtheswordsTheninethatBalqisgaveto ourmasterSuleiman,peacebeuponhim,(78).TheseswordsarecurrentlyinTurkey,inIstanbul,intheIslamicMuseum, TopkapiMuseuminthePavilionoftheHolyTrusts(79).Andthelastofthat(Al-Lahif)(81)0
AsforthewayinwhichtheProphet(peacebeuponhim)carriedthesword,heworetheswordaroundhisneck(82), andthepeopleofMadinahwerefrightenedonenight,sohereleasedpeoplebeforethesound,sotheMessengerofAllah (peacebeuponhim)metthemonhiswayback.TalhaAreen,andtheswordisaroundhisneck,i.e.hisshouldershanging aroundhishonourableneck,wearingit(83)andthisistheSunnahincarryingthesword,withnotensioninthemiddle.
TheThirdTopic:Badges
1-Hisbanners:theflagisapieceofcloththatisplacedwithastrapmadeofwoodandotherthingscarriedinthebattles (85)andthebanner:fromthevisionwhereitindicatestheplaceoftheleader.Mecca,andtheownerofthebrigadewasin hiscommand,thatis,hecarriedthebrigadeinthewar,andthebrigadewaswithBanuAbdal-Dar,sothebannerofwarfor theQuraishwouldnotbeheldexceptinthehandoftheownerofthebrigade,wherehewouldadvanceitinfrontofthe armyduringthewar
Ifwelookcloselyinthebiographybooks,wefindthatthesebrigadeswerecalledthebannerortheflag,andthe Prophet(peacebeuponhim)usedmanybannersandbrigadesinhisconquestsandindifferentcolours,andtheMessenger (peacebeuponhim)heldbrigadesandhandedthemovertotheCompanionsinthebattlesandraids,whentheProphet enteredAl-MadinahAl-Munawwarahreceivedhim,BuraidahbinHabibAl-Aslami,wearingaturban,soheunbuttonedit andraiseditonastick.Squareinshapefromanamera(88),whichisfromapieceofblackvelvetthatbelongedtoourlady Aisha,mayGodbepleasedwithher(89),andhehadawhiteflagcalled(Azina)(90),andthewhitecolourwasthe predominantcolourusedinhisbannersbeingtheemblemofMuslims.TheconquestofMeccaenteredtheProphetwitha whitebanner(91)0
Healsohadayellowflag(92)0
AndtheProphet(peacebeuponhim)heldseveralbrigades,soheheldbannersfortheAnsarandmadethemzero, andheheldthebannerofBanuSulaymandmadeitred(93).TheProphet(peacebeuponhim)wasunderthebannerofthe Ansar(94).InthegreatbattleofBadr,theProphet(peacebeuponhim)gavetheMuhajireenbrigadetothecompanion MusabbinOmair,theKhazrajbrigadetothecompanionAl-HabbabbinAl-Mundhir( )andtheAl-Awsbrigadetothe companionSaadbinMuadh.Asforthepunishment,itwasgiventoourmasterAlibinAbiTalib(95).IntheBattleof Uhud,theProphet( )askedwhowouldcarrythebannerofthepolytheists,andhewastold,BanuAbdal-Dar,according tothetraditionsfollowedinMecca,andhesaid:“Wearemoredeservingoftheminfulfillingthecovenant.”Sohegave thebannerTheEmigrantstoMusabbinOmair,whowasfromBaniAbdal-Dar(96)(97)0IntheBattleofKhaybar,the MessengerofGodsaid:“IwillgivethebannertomorrowtoamanwhomGodandHisMessengerlove.”Sotomorrowhe
gaveittoAlibinAbiTalib,mayGodhonourhim,andtheconquestofKhaybarwastheshareofAlibinAbiTalibandthe bannerthatwasgiventoAliwaswhite,andsomenarrationsmentionthatthepunishmentwasusedintheBattleof Khaybaraswell(98)0
WejustifythisthatthewhiteflagisthebanneroftheMuslimarmyand(Al-Iqab)isthebanneroftheProphet. AgainsttheMuslimarmy,ZaidbinHarithaandsaid:((IfZaidwaskilled,thenJafarbinAbiTalib,andifJafarwaskilled, thenAbdullahbinRawahah,andifhewaskilled,thenchooseyourruler)).HeheldawhiteflagandgavehimZaidbin Haritha(99)0
Moreover,theMuslimsencampedintheMutaareasouthofKaraktofacetheRomanarmythere,whichconsisted oftwohundredthousandandthenumberoftheMuslimarmywasthreethousandmen.Unrivaleduntilhisrighthandwas cutoff,sohetookthebannerinhisleftandcontinuedtofightuntilhisleftwascutoff,soheembracedhimwithhis thighs,andhedidnotlifthisarmsuntilhewasmartyred.Heheldhisfingersandcontinuedtofightuntilhewasmartyred, andafterthattheMuslimsagreedontheleadershipofthefallenswordofGod,Khalidibnal-Walid ,andhefoughta fiercefight(100).ThisishowMuslimleadersweredefendingthebannerofIslamandsacrificingtheirlivesforittoraise thebannerofIslamandspreadthereligion.IntheconquestofMecca,thebanneroftheMessengerofGodwasforSaad binUbadah,thenitwasgiventohissonQaisbinSaadbinUbadah(101)andAl-ZubayrbinAl-Awwamcarriedthebanner AnotherwasfortheMessengerofGod(peacebeuponhim),sohecommandedtheMessenger(peacebeuponhim)to erectAl-Hujuunnearhistent,peaceandblessingsbeuponhim(102)0
IntheBattleofDumatal-Jandal,theMessengerofGod(peacebeuponhim)gavetheleadershiptoourmaster Abdal-RahmanibnAwfandhandedhimthebrigadeafterhecirculatedithimself(103)andafterthedeathofthe MessengerofGod(peacebeuponhim)hishonourablebrigaderemainedatrustwiththeRightly-GuidedCaliphsandthey usedit,mayGodbepleasedwiththem,asasymbolofleadershipGeneralandattheforefrontoftheIslamicarmyinall battlesandthenmovedafterthemtotheUmayyadsandfromthemtotheAbbasids,andwhentheMongolarmiesinvaded Baghdadintheyear(656AH-1258AD)theAbbasidcaliphfledtoCairo,accompaniedbyMajorGeneralSharifAl-Aqab andotherbelongingsoftheProphet(peacebeuponhim)andaftertheconquestof(SultanSelimI)ToEgyptintheyear (1517AD)thebannerismovedtotheOttomanPalace(104)0
TheOttomanscalledtheSharifbrigadebyseveralnames,includingthehonourablesanjak,theProphet’sflag,and theMessenger’sbrigade(peacebeuponhim).TherearedifferentaccountsaboutthecomingoftheSharifbrigadeto Istanbul.ThefirstisthatSultanSelim(1512-1520AD)broughtituponhisreturnfromEgypt,andthesecondisthathe keptitintheLevantforaperiodoftimeandthenHeorderedthatitbebroughttoIstanbulduringthereignofSultan SuleimantheMagnificent(1520-1566AD).Inlightoftheinformationcontainedinthehistorybooksandthejourneysof pilgrims,thelastnarrationisprobablythemostcorrectofthenarrations,becausetheSharifBrigade,accordingtoour historicalinformation,waskeptinSalahal-Dinal-AyyubiCastleinal-Sham(106).Thehonourablebrigadeofthe MessengerofGod(peacebeuponhim)iscalledthe(Al-Iqab)thatexiststodayintheTopkapiPalaceMuseuminIstanbul, inthesuiteoftheHolyTrusts,insideasilverbox(107)0(Al-Iqab)haswornoutanddisintegratedwiththepassageoftime, sotheOttomansmadethreebrigadesoftheGreenAtlasandsewedpiecesof(Al-Iqab)insideitinordertopreservetheIn thememoryoftheMessengerofGod(peaceandblessingsbeuponhim)andthesourcesmentionthatthesebrigadeswere alsorenewedmorethanonce,butlatertheirrenewalwasabandonedandtheyputthecrumbled(Al-Iqab)piecesinsidea silkbagthathekeptinhisownbox.Asforthesizeofthebrigade,itis155x115cm,andtheatlaspiecesTheredstitched
onitcoversanareaof125x25cm.VersesfromtheHolyQur’anhavebeenwrittenonit.Thenamesoftheten missionariesofParadisearesurroundedinsmallredcircles(108)0
CONCLUSIONS
TheProphetMuhammad(mayGod’speaceandblessingsbeuponhim)foughtthepolytheistsinordertospread thereligionofGodAlmighty,andheusedvarioustypesofdefensiveandoffensiveweapons,includingswords, spears,bows,andwhatwasconcealedinwar,suchas(Migfar)andshields.
Theseweapons,theirnumbersinwarandtheircorrectuseplayedamajorroleintheconquestsandspreadofthe Islamicreligion.
TheProphet,peaceandblessingsbeuponhim,usedtogivenamestohisweaponstodistinguishbetweenthem andgivethemlegalpower
Mostofhisweapons,peaceandblessingsbeuponhim,werefromthebootyofthepolytheists,andsomewere giventohimbyhiscompanions,mayGodbepleasedwiththem.
TheProphetMuhammad(mayGod’sprayersandpeacebeuponhim)insomeofthebattlesusedtogivehis weaponstooneofhiscompanions,mayGodbepleasedwiththem,towagejihadwithitandtoraisethespiritand determinationamongtheMuslims
SomeoftheseweaponsarepreservedatthepresenttimeinmanyIslamicmuseums,especiallytheTopkapi MuseuminIstanbul,wheretheyrepresentthemostimportantIslamicmonuments
ItconstitutesagreatlegacyforMuslimsandgenerateshugefundsforthecountriesthatembraceit.
REFERENCES
1.SuratAl-Anfal,verse39
2.IbnMajah,AbuAdallahMuhammadbinYazidal-Qazwini(d.273AH-886AD),SunanIbnMajah,editedby: Shuaibal-Arnaout,AdelMurshidandSaeedal-Lahham,Daral-Resalahal-Alamiyyah(Beirut-1430AH-2009 AD),vol.4,p.86;Al-Tirmidhi,AbuIssaMuhammadbinIssabinSurah(d.279AH-892AD),thecorrect mosque,Sunanal-Tirmidhi,editedby:AhmadMuhammadShakir,Daral-Kutubal-Ilmiyya(Beirut-Bla),vol.4, p.175;Agroupofspecialists,EncyclopediaoftheBiographyoftheProphet,p.960
3.IbnSayyidal-Nas,Abual-FathMuhammadbinMuhammadal-Yamari(d.734AH-1333AD),EyesofImpacton theArtsofMaghazi,Shama`ilandSir,editedby:Dr.Muhammadal-Abdal-KhatrawiandMuhyial-DinStowe, DarIbnKatheer(Beirut-1413AH-1992AD)part2,p.16;IbnQayyim,Ibnal-Qayyim,Shamsal-DinAbi AbdullahMuhammadibnAbiBakral-Zar’ial-Dimashqi(died751AH1350AD)Jamial-Sira,collectedand authenticated:Yousryal-SayyidMahmoud,Daral-Wafa(Egypt_2002),p.342;Al-Dhahabi,ShamsAl-Din MuhammadbinAhmedbinOthman(died748AH-1347AD),TheHistoryofIslamandtheDeathsofCelebrities andMedia,ed.:Dr.OmarAbdelSalamTadmuri,ArabBookHouse(Beirut-1424AH-2004AD),vol.2,p.5140
4.IbnHajar,AhmadbinAliAl-Asqalani(d.852AH-1448AD),FathAl-Bari,SharhSahihAl-Bukhari,editedby: SheikhAbdulAzizbinBazandMuhammadFouadAbdel-Baqi,4thedition,DarAl-KutubAl-Ilmia(Beirut-1424 AH-2003AD),c10,p.338;Ibnal-Qayyim,Zadal-Ma’adintheguidanceofKhairal-Abad,editedby:Shuaib al-Arna’ootandAbdal-Qadiral-Arna’oot,4thedition,Al-ResalaFoundation(Beirut-1424AH-2003AD),vol. 1,p.127IbnMajah,SunanIbnMajah,vol.4,p.86;Al-Tirmidhi,Sunanal-Tirmidhi,vol.4,p.175;Al-Fakihi,Abu AbdullahMuhammadbinIshaqbinAl-AbbasAl-Fakihi(died275AH-888AD),MakkahNewsinOldandNew Ages,2ndEdition,ed.:Abdal-MalikAbdullahDahesh,DarKhader,(Beirut-1414AH-1995AD),part2,p.350; Al-Nawawi,AbuZakariyaYahyabinSharafbinMadiAl-Nawawi(died676AH-1278AD),SahihMuslim,Sharh al-Nawawi,2ndEdition,ArabHeritageRevivalHouse,(Beirut1392AH-1972AD),vol.9,p.1310
5.IbnHisham,BiographyoftheProphet,p.592;IbnAbdal-Bar,AbuOmarYusef(d.463AH-1070AD),Al-Durar intheabbreviationofMaghaziandSir,editedby:Dr.ShawqiDhaif,CommitteefortheRevivalofIslamic Heritage,(Cairo-1386AH-1966AD),p.224;MustafaAl-Sibai,BiographyoftheProphetLessonsand Through,8thEdition,TheIslamicBureau,(Beirut1406AH-1985AD),p.,p.748,
6.Al-Hamidi,MuhammadbinAbiNasrbinFattouhbinAbdullahAl-Azdi(died488AH-1095AD),astrange interpretationofwhatisinthetwoSahihsofAl-BukhariandMuslim,editedby:Dr.ZubaydahMuhammadSaeed AbdulAziz,LibraryoftheSunnah,(Cairo1414AH-1995AD),c1,p.301;IbnManzur,LisanAlArab,Volume2, pg.280
8.AbuHilalAl-Askari,Al-HassanbinAbdullah(d.395AH-1004AD),booksummaryinknowingthenamesof things,editedby:Dr.AzzaHassan,2ndedition,TlassHouseforStudies,TranslationandPublishing(Damascus1996AD),p.3270
9.al-Tabari,AbuJaafarMuhammadibnJariral-Tabari(d.310AH-922AD),HistoryoftheMessengersand Kings,4thedition,editedby:MuhammadAbual-FadlIbrahim,Daral-Maaref,(Cairo-1979AD),vol.3,p.187; IbnQayyim,Jami’al-Sira,p.342;Al-Dhahabi,HistoryofIslam,vol.2,p.514;IbnSayyidal-Nas,Uyunal-Athar, Vol.2,pg.416,Ibnal-Qayyim,Zadal-Ma’ad,Vol.1,p.1260
10.IbnHajar,Fathal-BariSharhSahihal-Bukhari,Part7,pg.4600
11.Ibnal-Atheer,Majdal-DinAbial-Saadatal-MubarakbinMuhammadal-Jazari(d.606AH-1209AD),TheEnd inGharibal-Hadith,editedby:SheikhKhalilMamoonShiha,2ndedition,Daral-Maarifa(Beirut-1427AH2006AD),c2,p.759;IbnManzur,-Lisanal-Arab,caredforby:AminMuhammadAbdal-Wahhaband MuhammadSadeqal-Ubaidi,3rdEdition,HouseofRevivalofHeritage(Beirut-Bla),vol.14,pp.188,189
12.IbnSayyidal-Nas,Oyounal-Athar,vol.2,p.416,Ibnal-Qayyim,Jami`al-Yusra,p.342;Al-Maqrizi,Ahmedbin AlibinAbdulQadirbinMuhammad(d.845AH-1441AD),theenjoymentoflisteningwiththestatus,money, grandchildrenandbelongingsoftheProphet( ),editedby:MuhammadAbdulHamidal-Namsi,Daral-Kutub al-Ilmiyya(Beirut-1420AH-1999AD),C7,p.1580
13.Ibnal-Hamawi’sgroup(died733AH-1332AD),thedocumentofthenewsinthemachinesofjihad,editedby: OsamaNasseral-Naqshabandi,DarAl-Hurriya,(Baghdad1404AH
1983AD),pg.570
14.Al-Askari,TheBookofSummaryfiKnowingThings,p.3280
15.TheArabicLanguageComplex,ADictionaryoftheWordsoftheQur’an,2ndEdition,Al-ThaqafiaPress,(Egypt 1390AH-1970CE),vol.2,p.425
16.SuratAn-Najm,verse8-90
17.QatadabinAl-Nu’manbinZaidbinAamerbinSawadAl-AnsariAl-Awsi,witnessedAqabaandBadrandallthe scenes,hiseyewasinjuredonaSunday,sotheMessengerofGod( )rejectedit.Hediedintheyear(23AH643AD).p4750
18.IbnSayyidal-Nas,Oyounal-Athar,Volume2,pg.416;Ibnal-QayyimZadal-Ma’ad,vol.1,p.126;Al-Maqrizi, Amta`Al-Asma`,vol.7,p.147;Al-Salihi,ImamMuhammadbinYusufAl-Shami(died942AH-1535AD),Ways ofGuidanceandRighteousnessintheBiographyofKhairAl-Abad( ),editedby:SheikhAdelAhmedAbdAlMawgodandSheikhAliMuhammadMoawad,2ndEdition,(Beirut-1428AH-2005AD)C7,p.3620
19.Al-Thalabi,AbuMansourAbdul-Malik(d.430AH-1038AD),jurisprudenceandthesecretofArabic,achieved by:HamadTahmas,HouseofKnowledge(Beirut-1425AH-2004AD)Philology,pp.287-2880
20.Al-Tabari,HistoryoftheMessengersandKings,vol.3,p.177;Al-Dhahabi,HistoryofIslam,Volume2,pg.136
21.Aydin,Helmy,RelicsoftheProphet( )inthewingoftheHolyTrustsintheTopkapiPalaceMuseuminIstanbul, DarAl-Nil(Istanbul1426AH-2005AD)p.1360
22.IbnManzur,Lisanal-Arab,Part4,pg.3310
23.SaadbinUbadahbinDulaimbinHarithaAl-AnsariAl-Sa’idi,captainofBanuSa’idah.HewitnessedBadr,the masterofhorses,theownerofthebanneroftheAnsarinallscenes.Hewasveryjealous.Hediedintheyear15 AH-637AD.c2,p.2990
24.AbuIsmailAl-Baghdadi,HammadbinIshaqbinIsmail(died267AH-880AD),thelegacyoftheProphet( ) andthewayshedirectedit,investigation:Dr.0AkramZiaAl-Omari,Bella(Bala-1404A.H.-1984A.D.),vol. 1,p.101;IbnSayyidal-Nas,Oyounal-Athar,vol.2,p.416;Al-Dhahabi,HistoryofIslam,Volume2,pg.5130
25.IbnSaad,MuhammadIbnManea’al-Zuhri(died230AH-844AD),al-Tabaqatal-Kubra,preparedbyits indexes:RiyadAbdullahAbdal-Hadi,HouseofRevivalofIslamicHeritage(Beirut-b),vol.1,p.2390
26.ImamAhmad,(died241AH-855AD),thechainofnarratorsofImamAhmad,supervisedby:SheikhShuaibAlArnaout,2ndedition,Al-ResalaFoundation(Beirut-1429AH-2008AD),vol.4,pg.456;Al-HaythamiandIbn Hajar,TaqribAl-Bagheh,Part3,p.306;Ibnal-Qayyim,Zadal-Ma’ad,Part1,p.1260
27.IbnSaad,Tabaqatal-Kubra,Volume1,p.239;AbuIsmailal-Baghdadi,TheLegacyoftheProphet(),vol.1, 102;IbnSayyidal-Nas,Oyounal-Athar,vol.2,p.416,al-Dhahabi,HistoryofIslam,vol.2,p.513;Ibnal-Atheer, Abual-HasanAliibnAbdal-Karimal-Shaibani(d.630AH-1232AD),al-Kamilfial-Tarikh,2ndedition,edited by:Abdullahal-Qadi,Daral-Kutubal-Ilmiyya,(Beirut-1415AH-1994AD),vol.2,p.181;IbnQayyim,Jami’ al-Sira,p.420
28.IbnSayyidal-Nas,Oyounal-Athar,vol.2,p.416;Al-Dhahabi,HistoryofIslam,Volume2,pg.513;IbnalQayyimZadal-Ma’ad,vol.1,p.126;Al-Maqrizi,Imti`Al-Asma`,vol.7,p.142;Al-Salihi,SubulAl-HudaandAlRashad,Part7,pg.3680
29.MuhammadibnMaslamahibnKhalidibnUdayal-Ansarial-Awsi,anallyofBanuAbdal-Ashhal,witnessedBadr andallthesceneswiththeMessengerofGod( ).M)See:IbnAl-Atheer,TheLionoftheForest,Part4,p.830
30.Al-Tabari,HistoryoftheMessengersandKings,vol.3,p.178;AbuIsmailal-Baghdadi,TheLegacyofthe Prophet( ),vol.1,p.1030
31.IbnManzur,LisanAlArab,Volume2,pg.2910
32.IbnSayyidal-Nas,Oyounal-Athar,Volume2,pg.4160
33.Al-Dhahabi,HistoryofIslam,vol.2,p.514;Al-Qayyim,ZadAl-Ma’ad,Part1,p.126;Jami'al-Sira,p.3420
34.Al-Thalabi,PhilologyandtheSecretofArabic,p.286;IbnManzur,Lisanal-Arab,vol.5,p.309;Dr.Ibrahim Anisandothers,Al-Mu’jamAl-Wasat,p.3710
35.SuratAl-Ma’idah,verse940
36.IbnSaad,Tabaqatal-Kubra,vol.1,p.240;IbnSayyidal-Nas,Oyounal-Athar,vol.2,p.416,al-Dhahabi, HistoryofIslam,vol.2,p.514,Ibnal-Qayyim,Zadal-Ma’ad,vol.1,p.127;Al-Salihi,SubulAl-HudaandAlRashad,Part7,p.3650
37.ImamAhmad,Al-Musnad,vol.9,p.1230
38.IbnManzur,Lisanal-Arab,Part3,pg.1000
39.IbnSayyidal-Nas,Oyounal-Athar,vol.2,p.416;Al-Dhahabi,HistoryofIslam,vol.2,p.514;Ibnal-Qayyim, Zadal-Ma’ad,vol.1,p.127;Al-Suyuti,Al-Shama’ilAl-Sharifa,editedby:HassanbinObaidBahbashi,DarAlTayyarAl-IlmforPublishingandDistribution,(No),part1,p.223
40.Al-Salihi,SubulAl-HudaandAl-Rashad,Part7,p.3650
41.UbayybinKhalaf,fromBanuJamh,wasoneoftheopponentsoftheMessengerofGod,andhewasthreatening himwithdeath.Hesaidtohim:(OMuhammad,Ihaveamareinneed,whichIhangeverydaywithadashof corn,Iwillkillyouonit;sotheMessengerofGodsays:Rather,IIwillkillyou,Godwilling.Whenhereturnedto Quraysh,hehadscratchedhisneckwithasmallscratch,sohebled,andhedied,lookingat:IbnHisham, BiographyoftheProphet,pg.4240
42.Al-Samani,AbuMansourMuhammadibnAbdal-Jabbar(died450AH-1058AD)Thecollectionofstrange hadithsoftheProphet,editedby:MuhammadbinAbdulRahmanAlSaud,MakkahCulturalandLiteraryClub (Makkah-1427AH-1987AD),c2,p.5910
43.IbnManzur,Lisanal-Arab,Volume6,pg.4570
44.Agroupofspecialists,EncyclopediaoftheProphet’sBiography,pg.970
45.IbnHajar,Fathal-Bari,SharhSahihal-Bukhari,Volume6,pg.410
46.IbnSaad,Tabaqatal-Kubra,vol.1,p.238,al-Baladhuri,Ansabal-Ashraf,vol.2,p.174;al-Tabari,Historyof theMessengersandKings,vol.3,pp.176-177;AbuIsmailal-Baghdadi,TheLegacyoftheProphet,Volume1,p. 101;IbnSayyidal-Nas,Oyounal-Athar,Volume2,pg.415;Al-Dhahabi,HistoryofIslam,Volume2,pp.510511;KhaledMustafa,theeffectsoftheProphet,p.810
47.Aydin,TracesoftheMessenger,p.2730
48.Aydin,TracesoftheMessenger,p.2730
49.Aydin,TheTracesoftheMessenger,pg.270
50.AbuIsmailal-Baghdadi,TheLegacyoftheProphet,(vol.1,p.101,IbnSayyidal-Nas,Oyounal-Athar,vol.2, p.415;Al-Dhahabi,HistoryofIslam,Volume2,pp.510-511;Al-Salihi,SubulAl-HudaandAl-Rashad,Volume 3,363;Al-Dhahabi,ShamsAl-DinMuhammadbinAhmedbinOthman(died748AH-1347AD),thelivesofthe nobles,editedby:MustafaAbdelQaderAtta,Daral-Kutubal-Ilmiyya,(Beirut1425AH-2004AD),vol.2,p. 188;KhaledMustafa,AtharoftheMessengerofGod,p.810
51.Abual-Baqaal-Akbari,Diwanal-Mutanabi,editedby:Mustafaal-Saqaandothers,Daral-Maarifa,(BeirutBalla),vol.4,p.1680
52.Pasha,AhmedTaymour,TheProphet’sAntiquities,ontheauthorityof:MahmoudIbrahimAl-Hussein,Dar Hira’acave(Damascus1427AH-2006AD),pg42,SuadMaherMuhammad,theswordattributedtothe Messenger()andfoundwiththerelicsoftheMessengerinthesceneofImamHusseinCairo,CairoUniversity, (Cairo1410AH-1989AD),p.20
53.BanuHannaareamongtheancientfamiliesinIslam,andtheirgrandfather’snameisHanna,asifitwas transferredfromthenameofthehennawithwhichheisabducted.Brooms,BaniAl-Jiaanandothers,see:Pasha, Al-AtharAl-Nabawi,p.420
54.TheribatisatypeofmilitarybuildingsinhabitedbytheMujahideenwhodefendtheIslamicreligionwiththe edgeofthesword,andtheribatwaswidespreadintheearlydaysofIslambeforesecuritywasestablishedandthe Islamicstatewassecureonitsborders,andstillthemilitarycharacteroftheligamentbecamehousesofausterity andworshipinhabitedbytheSufis0See:SaeedAbdelFattahAshour,TheAyyubidsandMamluksinEgyptand theLevant,DarAl-NahdaAl-Arabiya,(Cairo1417AH-1996AD),p.1380
55.Pasha,AntiquitiesoftheProphet,p.42;Maher,Souad,Al-Saif,p.20
56.Maher,Souad,Al-Saif,p.30
57.Maher,Souad,Al-Saif,p.100
58.Maher,Souad,Al-Saif,p.100
59.Maher,Souad,Al-Saif,p.10
60.Maher,Souad,Al-Saif,p.110
61.Maher,Souad,Al-Saif,p.110
62.Ibnal-Qayyim,Zadal-Ma’ad,vol.1,p.126;Al-Salihi,SubulAl-HudaandAl-Rashad,Part7,p.3630
63.IbnSaad,Tabaqatal-Kubra,vol.1,p.238,IbnMajah,SunanIbnMajah;c4,p.88,al-Tabari,Historyofthe MessengersandKings,c.3,p.176-177;IbnKatheer,Abial-FidaIsmailbinOmarbinKatheer(died776AH1374AD),theProphet’sbiography,corrected,correctedandcaredfor:MahmoudOmaral-Damiati,Scientific Books,(Beirut1426AH-2005AD),pg.787;MahmoudAl-Masry,MuhammadistheMessengerofGod,p.2490
64.IbnSaad,Tabaqatal-Kubra,vol.1,p.238;Al-Tirmidhi,Sunanal-Tirmidhi,vol.4,p.174;Al-Shama’il Muhammadiyah,p.47;Ibnal-Qayyim,Zadal-Ma’ad,vol.5,p.126;Ibnal-Aqouli,Abual-MakarimMuhammad binAbdullahal-Wasitial-BaghdadiGhiathal-Din(d.733AH1332AD),thecollectorofthedescriptionsofthe Messenger( ),investigation:AymanSalehShaaban,CulturalOfficeforPublishingandDistribution(Cairo1423AH-2002AD)0,p.100
65.Al-Qubay’ah:Itistheirononthetipoftheswordandthesole:theironthatisatthebottomofthebosom, lookingat;AbuHilalAl-Askari,SummaryBook,pg.324_0325
66.Al-Khorasani,SaeedbinMansourAl-Khorasani(d.227AH-842AD),SunanSaeedbinMansour,t.:Habib AbdulRahmanAl-Azami,DarAl-Salafiya,(India1403AH-1982AD),vol.2,p.299;Al-Dhahabi,TheBiography oftheHeralds,c.2,p.189;Pasha,AhmedTaymour,Al-AtharAl-Nabawi,p.38,IbnAl-Aqouli,TheCollectorof theDescriptionsoftheMessenger( ),p.100;AbiAl-Fida,ImadAl-DinAbiAl-FidaIsmailbinAlibinMahmoud binOmar(died732AH-1331AD),thebriefinthenewsofhumans,commentedonitandputhisfootnotes: MahmoudDeeb,ScientificBooks,(Beirut1418AH-1997AD)vol.1,p.2170
67.Al-HaythamiAlibinAbiBakr(d.807AH-1404AD),Majma’al-Zawa’idandtheSourceofBenefits,DaralRayyanHeritage,Daral-Kitabal-Arabi(Cairo-Beirut-1407AH),vol.7,p.180;Mubarakpuri,TuhfatalAhwadhi,vol.5,p.148;Continental,Muraqqatal-Mashafateh,c.7,p.533;IbnKathir,BiographyoftheProphet, pg.7870
68.Al-Haythami,Majma’Al-Zawa’id,vol.6,p.109;Al-SharabiNihalKhalilYounis,MaghazioftheMessengerof God( )MusabinUqbah,DarIbnAl-Atheer,(Mosul1428AH-2007AD),p.1610
69.HeisMuhammadbinAbdullahbinHassanbinAlibinAbiTalibal-Hashimial-Madani,nicknamed“thepure soul.”HewaskilledbyIssabinMusaintheyear145AH-762AD.Heisthesonof53yearsold.BinAliAlAsqalani,TahdheebAl-Tahdheeb,Attn:IbrahimAl-Zeibaqandothers
70.Pasha,ThePropheticAntiquities,p.390
71.Pasha,AntiquitiesoftheProphet,p.39
72.Abdal-MalikibnQareebibnAbdal-Malik,AbuSaeedal-Asma’i,authoroflanguage,grammar,andnews,from thepeopleofBasra,whocametoBaghdadduringthedaysofCaliphHarunal-Rashid.H-831AD),see:AlKhatibAl-Baghdadi,HistoryofIslam,vol.12,p.1570
73.Al-Manawi,Faydal-Qadeer,vol.5,p.176;Al-Lahji,MuntahaAl-Sol,Vol.1,pp.590-591;Pasha,TheProphetic Antiquities,pg.139
74.HeisAl-WaleedbinTareefbinAl-SaltbinTariqbinSihanbinAmrbinQadoxbinAmrbinMalikAl-Shaibani, thebuyer,oneofthebraveandheroictyrants.HewastheheadoftheKhawarij.HewasresidinginNisibinand Al-Khaburandthoseareas.AbuKhaledYazidbinMazyadbinZaidaAlShaibani,whokilledhimintheyear179 AH-796AD,see:Al-Safadi,Salahal-DinKhalilbinIbekal-Safadi(d.Beirut1421AH-2000AD),c27,pp.268 -2690
75.Pasha,Al-AtharAl-Nabawi,pg.40,
76.KhaledMustafa,RaisedbytheMessengerofGod( ),p.82
77.IbnSaad,Tabaqatal-Kubra,vol.1,p.238;Al-Tabari,HistoryoftheMessengersandKings,vol.3,pp.176-177;Abu Ismailal-Baghdadi,TheLegacyoftheProphet()vol.1,p.102;Al-Dhahabi,HistoryofIslam,Volume2,pp.510511;Al-Maqrizi,Imti`Al-Asma`,vol.7,p.114;Al-Zarqani,ExplanationofAl-Zarqaniontheplasticityoftalents withtheMuhammadiyahgrantsbythescholarAl-Qastalani,editedby:MuhammadAbdul-GhaniAl-Khalidi, ScientificBooks,(Beirut-1996AD),vol.5,pp.493-494;IbnQayyim,Jamial-Sira,p.342;MahmoudAl-Masry, MuhammadistheMessengerofGod,p.249;Al-Salihi,SubulAl-HudaandAl-Rashad,Part7,pg.3630
78.KhaledMustafa,AtharRasul,p.820
79.Aydin,RasheedAl-Rasul( ),p.270;KhaledMustafa,TracesoftheMessengerofGod,pp.81-82;Abial-Fadl Imadal-Din,Asraral-Atharal-Nabawi,p.230-2350
80.KhalidbinSaeedbinAl-AasbinUmayyahAl-Qurashi,theUmayyad,convertedtoIslamintheolddays.Itwas saidafterAbuBakr( ),heemigratedtoAbyssinia,hecametotheProphet()fromthelandofAbyssiniawhile hewasinKhaybar.AbuBakrledoneofthearmiestotheLevant,andhewaskilledinMarjal-Safar
81.Al-Maqrizi,Amta’Al-Asma’,vol.7,p.134;Al-Salihi,SubulAl-HudaandAl-Rashad,Part7,pg.3630
82.IbnHajar,Fathal-Bari,vol.6,p.87;Al-Katani,AdministrativeArrangementsPart1,p.2790
83.Al-Katani,AdministrativeArrangementsPart1,p.2790
84.Al-Katani,AdministrativeArrangementsPart1,p.2790
85.AbuAl-Sheikh,MuhammadAbdullahbinMuhammadbinJaafarAl-Asfahani(d.369AH-979AD),theethicsof theProphetandhisetiquette,investigation:HamidAhmedAl-TaherAl-Basyouni,Dar
86.Hadith(Cairo-1428AH-2007AD),p.146;IbnManzur,Lisanal-Arab,Volume5,pg.3960
87.Aydin,TracesoftheMessenger,p.71
88.Aydin,TracesoftheMessenger,pg.700
89.IbnSaad,Tabaqatal-Kubra,vol.1,p.222;IbnMajah,SunanIbnMajah,vol.4,p.93;Abual-Sheikh,AhlaqalNabi,p.144;Al-Baghawi,ImamHusseinbinMasoud(d.516AH-1122AD),Sharhal-Sunnah,investigation: Zuhairal-ShawishandShuaibal-Arnaout,2ndedition,TheIslamicBureau(Beirut-1403AH-1983AD),vol. 10,p.404;Ibnal-Qayyim,Zadal-Ma’ad,vol.1,p.127;IbnAsaker,Abual-QasimAliibnal-HasanHebatAllah al-Shafi’i(died571AH-1175AD),TheHistoryoftheGreatCityofDamascus,investigation:thescholarAbi AbdullahAlibinAshoural-Janoub,HouseofRevivalofHeritage(Beirut-1421AH-2001AD),part4,p.153; Al-Maqdisi,ThakhiratAl-Hafiz,vol.3,p.824;IbnMa’in,YahyabinMa’inAbuZakaria(d.233AH–848AD), TareekhIbnMu’in(thenovelofal-Duri),editedby:AhmedMuhammadNourSeif,CenterforScientificResearch andtheRevivalofIslamicHeritage,(Makkah-1979AD),vol.4,p.315;AhmedTaymour,TheProphetic Antiquities,pg.1490
90.IbnSaad,Tabaqatal-Kubra,vol.2,p.106;Al-Jerjani,AbdullahbinUdaybinAbdullahbinMuhammadAbu Ahmad(d.365AH-976AD),al-KamilfiWeakmen,TahYahyaMukhtarAzzawi,Daral-Fikr,(Beirut-1988 AD),vol.3,p.310
91.Abual-Sheikh,Ahlaqal-Nabi( ),p.144,Ibnal-Qayyim,Zadal-Ma’ad,vol.1,p.127;IbnSaad,Al-Tabaqat,vol. 1,222;Al-Mubarakpuri,TuhfatAl-Ahwadhi,vol.5,p.269;KhaledMustafa,TracesoftheMessengerofGod( ), p.107;Pasha,AntiquitiesoftheProphet,p.1490
92.Al-Bahooti,MansourbinYounisbinIdris(d.1051AH-1641AD),Kashafal-Qinaaonthetextofthepersuasion, editedby:MoselhiMustafaHilal,Daral-Fikr,(Beirut-1402AH-1981AD),vol.3,p.64;KhaledMustafa, TracesoftheMessengerofGod( ),p.1270
93.Al-Mubarakpuri,TuhfatAl-Ahwadhi,vol.5,p.269;IbnAl-Mulqen,Al-BadrAl-Munir,vol.9,p.63;Al-Shawkani, MuhammadbinAlibinMuhammadAl-Shawkani(died1250-AH-1834AD),NeilAl-Awtarfromthehadithsof themasterofthegoodones,SharhMuntaqaAl-Akhbar,DarAl-Jeel,(Beirut-1973AD),vol.8,p.58;Mustafa Khaled,EffectsoftheMessengerofGod( ),p.107
94.MustafaKhaled,TracesoftheMessengerofGod( ),p.1070
95.Al-Haythami,Majma’al-Zawa’id,vol.5,p.321;Al-San’ani,AbdulRazzaq’sworkbook,vol.5,p.288;Mustafa Khaled,TracesoftheMessengerofGod( ),p.1070
96.IbnSaad,Tabaqatal-Kubra,vol.3,p.120;Aydin,TracesoftheProphet( ),p.710
97.Abual-AbbasIbnTaymiyyah,AhmadibnAbdal-Halim(died728AH-1328AD),Minhajal-Sunnahal-Nabawi, editedby:MuhammadRashadSalem,CordobaFoundationHouse,(Bala-1406AH),Part5,pg.64;Al-Mazi, YoussefbinAl-ZakiAbdulRahmanAbuAl-Hajjaj(died742AH-1341AD),Tahdheebal-Kamal,editedby: BasharAwadMaarouf,FoundationoftheResala,(Beirut-1980AD),vol.20,p.483;Al-Zamakhshari,AbualQasimMahmoudbinOmar(d.538AH-1143AD),al-Kashfaboutthefactsofrevelationandtheeyesofgossip inthefaceofinterpretation,editedby:AbdulRazzaqal-Mahdi,HouseofRevivalofArabHeritage,(Beirut-Bla), part1,p.4490Aydin,tracesTheMessenger( ),p.710
98.Al-Haythami,Majma’Al-Zawa’id,Vol.6,p.124;Al-AiniUmdatAl-Qari,Volume8,p.58;Al-Mubarakfuri, TuhfatAl-Ahwadhi,Vol.10,p.239,IbnAbiShaybah,AbuBakrAbdullahbinMuhammad(died235AH-847 AD),MusnadIbnAbiShaybah,editedby:AdelYoussefAl-Azzaziandothers,DarAl-Watan(Riyadh-1997AD), part1.,p.316;Aydin,TracesoftheMessenger,p.710
99.IbnHisham,BiographyoftheProphet,p.562;An-Nawawi,An-Nawawi'sCommentaryonSahihMuslim,vol.1, p.141;Al-San’ani,MusannafAbdulRazzaq,vol.5,p.287;AbuAl-HassanAliAl-HusseiniAl-Nadawi,The BiographyofthesealoftheProphets,FoundationoftheMessage,(Beirut1406AH-1985AD),p.237,Mahmoud Shalabi,LifeoftheMessengerofGod( ),p.1690
100.IbnHisham,pg.583;Al-Bouti,Fiqhal-Sira,p.258;Mustafaal-Sibai,TheBiographyoftheProphet,Lessonsand Lessons,p.98;IbnAbiShaybah,AbuBakrAbdullahbinMuhammad(died235AH-849AD),thecompiler, investigation:MuhammadAwamah,DarQurtoba(Beirut-1427AH-2000AD),anotheredition,investigation: KamalYusefAl-Hout,Al-RasheedLibrary(Riyadh-1409AD).AH1987AD),vol.7,p.412;IbnTaymiyyah, BooksandLetters,Volume2,p.3170
101.IbnIshaq,TheBiographyoftheProphet,pp.507-508;IbnHisham,TheBiographyoftheProphet,vol.1,p.586; Al-Haythami,Majma’Al-Zawa’id,vol.6,p.156;Al-Sallabi’sBiographyoftheProphet,pg.735;Al-Nadawi,The BiographyoftheKhatamal-Nabiyin,pp.252-253;MuhammadHaroun,SummaryoftheProphet’sBiography, 5thEdition,RefinementOrder:AbuAl-FadlMuhammadHarun,CulturalLibrary,(Beirut-Bla)0
102.IbnHisham,BiographyoftheProphet,p.601;Aydin,TracesoftheMessenger( ),p.730
103.IbnHisham,BiographyoftheProphet,pg.601;Al-Sallabi,TheBiographyoftheProphet,p.7580(103)Aydin, TracesoftheMessenger( ),p.730
104.Aydin,TracesoftheMessenger( ),p.740
105.Aydin,TracesoftheMessenger( ),p.740
106.Aydin,TracesoftheMessenger,p.740
107.Aydin,TracesoftheMessenger,p.82;KhaledMustafa,TracesoftheMessengerofGod(),p.106;Abual-Fadl Imadal-Din,SecretsoftheProphet’sAntiquities,p.2280
108.Aydin,TracesoftheMessenger( ),p.820