SEWAGE BLOCK IDENTIFICATION AND RESCUE SYSTEM USING WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

InternationalJournalofElectronicsand CommunicationEngineering(IJECE)

ISSN(P):2278–9901;ISSN(E):2278–991X

Vol.11,Issue2,Jul–Dec2022;9–14 ©IASET

SEWAGEBLOCKIDENTIFICATIONANDRESCUESYSTEMUSINGWIRELESS SENSORNETWORKS

S.Boopathy1,T.Thenmozhi2&P.Monisha3

1AssistantProfessor,DepartmentofECE,KathirCollegeofEngineering,TamilNadu,India

2AssistantProfessor,DepartmentofECE,PARKCollegeofTechnology,TamilNadu,India

3AssistantProfessor,DepartmentofECE,KalaignarKarunanidhiInstituteofTechnology,TamilNadu,India

ABSTRACT

Drainageisthesystemorprocessthroughwhichwatersewageorotherliquidsareremovedfromalocationhowever manuallymonitoringallareasthatahumancannotreachisextremelytoughthiseffectstheblockingofunderground pipelinesandwateroverflowscausethehealthissuetoaddressallofthesechallengeswedesignedasystembasedon wirelesssensornetworkWSNsensorsthesesensingdevicesareknownasnodestheproposedsystemislow-costlowmaintenancelong-lastingandweb-basedreal-timesystemthatalertsmunicipalofficersviatextmessagewhenany manholereachesthethresholdvaluethissystemhasadirectimpactonthehealthofcitizensandworkerswhocleanthe subterraneandrainageItalsopreventsthetransmissionofinfectioncausedbymosquitoes,providesacleanandhygienic atmosphere,andcontrolsdiseasessuchasmalaria,denguefever,anddiarrhea.Thetechnologylowersthenumberof accidentscausedbyuncoveredmanholes.

KEYWORDS:WSN,Web-BasedReal-TimeSystem

ArticleHistory

Received:28Sep2022|Revised:26Sep2022|Accepted:11Oct2022

1.INTRODUCTION

Drainageshouldbeexaminedonaregularbasistoensuregoodoperation.Itisalsoimpossibletomonitoralllocationsdue tohumanlimitations.TheseissuescanbeaddressedwiththeuseofWirelessSensorNetworks(WSN)[1],aMonitoring technologyconsistingoflow-powersensornodes.Sensornode[2]comprisesacontroller,memory,transceiver,andbattery toprovidepowertothesensornode.Thesensornode’ssizeisdeterminedbyitsuse.Thenodegathersinformationfromits surroundingsandtransmitsittoabasestation.TheprimaryrationaleforusingWSNisforcontinuousmonitoringof environmentswherehumanscannotreachtorecordreadings.WSNsystems[1],[2]aremoreefficientthanfixedline systemsintermsofcost,flexibility,anddependability.

Thisdocumentdiscussesthedesignofdrainagesystemsformonitoringofconditionsthroughtheuseofanetwork ofwirelesssensors.Thesensorswillbedeployedatthemouthofthecanalandwilltransmitthedataontheconditionof thedrainagetothecloud(basestation)andtothecity'smobilephone[3]Theparametersaremonitoredusingthewater levelsinthedrain,thehumidityandthetemperatureofthedrainaccessmouth.

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2.HARDWAREDESIGN

Thewirelesssensornetworkisutilizedinavarietyofapplications,oneofwhichistheundergrounddrainage/sewage monitoringsystem.ThekeyresearchconcerninWSNisenergyconsumption,whichcanbeaddressedbyimplementing node-levelenergysavings.TheNodeSensorisrequiredtocollectsurroundingparameters,aswellasthehardwareand softwarerequired,shouldbeenergyefficient.TheATmega328microcontrollerisemployedasacoreelementinthis designtofulfilltherequirementsofallsensornodefunctions.TheATmega328isalow-power,high-performance controller.Thesensorreceivesasignalfromtheenvironment,andtheoriginalsignalisprocessedbythecontrollerbefore beingsenttothebasestation.

2.1.SensorsofSystem

2.1.1TemperatureSensor

TheDHT11temperaturesensorisadigitalsensorthatmeasuresreal-timetemperatureandhumidityandsendsdigitaldata tothecontroller.

2.1.2UltrasonicLevelSensor

TheultrasonicsensorHC-SR04,likebats,usessonartoassesshowdistantanitemisfromit.Itenablesexceptionalnoncontactrangedetectionwithgreatprecisionandconsistency.

2.1.3LightSensor

Todeterminewhetherashaftisclosedoropen.Thesensordetectsthethresholdvaluewhenashaftisopenedandtransmits theinformationtothecontroller.Inthemeantime,thisperiodicallytransmitsthereal-timedatatothebasestation.

2.2SystemArchitecture

Thesensornodeinthissystemismadeupoffourcomponents:aGSM(GlobalSystemforMobileCommunication) moduleactingasthetransceiver[3],anArduinoservingasthemicrocontroller,asensor,andabattery.Thissensor transmitsdatatoArduino,whichthensendsthereal-timeinformationtoMunicipalCorporationMobileviaGSMfor cloud-baseddisplay.Accordingtowherethemanholeis,thenodesareimplemented[4].Sincethenodecanbeidentified byitsaddress,thecitygovernmentcanquicklyidentifyanynodesendingdatathatisinexcessoftheexpectedreadingand takeappropriateaction.ThebasestationisacrucialcomponentoftheWSN.Itisfast,hasalotofmemory,andmore processingpower.Processoranditisoftenconnectedtoalargerenergysourcethanbatteriesofthenormalsensornode.

Inoursituationthebasestationisnothingmorethanacloudthatcollectsdatafromallsensornodesinthenetwork viatheGSMmodemandmakesitavailabletoastandardcomputerlinkedtotheinternetusingthistechnologytheperson sittinginthecontrolroommayviewreal-timereadingsonthecloudovertheinternetandreviewthehistoryofnodes

3.HARDWARECOMPONENTS

3.1ArduinoUNO

Arduinoisanopen-sourceinitiativethatdevelopedmicrocontroller-basedkitsforthecreationofdigitalgadgetsand interactiveobjectscapableofsensingandcontrollingphysicaldevicestheprojectisbasedonmicrocontrollerboard designscreatedbyseveralmanufacturersandemployingnumerousmicrocontrollersthesesystemsfeaturesetsofdigital andanalogueinputoutputiopinsthatmayinteractwithvariousexpansionboardscalledshieldsandothercircuitrythe boardsprovideserialconnectionportsincludinguniversalserialbusUSBonsomevariantsforloadingapplicationsfrom personalcomputersforprogrammingmicrocontrollerstheArduinoprojectprovidesanintegrateddevelopment environmentIDEbasedontheprocessingprogramminglanguagewhichadditionallysupportsthelanguagescandcthe ArduinoUNOisamicrocontrollerboardbasedontheATmega328pitcontains14digitalinputoutputpins6ofwhich maybeusedasPWMoutputs6analogueinputsa16MHzquartzcrystalaUSBconnectionapowerconnectoranICSP headerandaresetbutton

3.2UltrasonicSensor

Whenitlaunches,anultrasonictransmittergeneratesanultrasonicwavethattravelsinjustonedirection.Theitemreflects thetransducer’ssonicwaves,whicharethenreturnedtothetransducer.Theultrasonicsensorwillswitchtoreception modeafterreleasingthesoundwaves.Thedistanceoftheitemfromthesensoraffectshowlongittakesforasignalto travelbetweenemittingandreceiving

3.3DCFan

ADCfanisadevicethatmanysystemsemploytocooldown.Whenagadgetreceivesasupply,itbeginstorotate. Reversingthesupplywillchangethefan'sdirection.TheprinciplebehindhowaDC(directcurrent)fanoperatesisthat whenaconductorcarryingcurrentisputinamagneticfield,itfeelsatorqueandhasapropensitytomove.Thefan featuresaDCbrushlessmotorwitharated360mAanda5Voperatingvoltage.Itisvitallynecessarytobeawareofthis behaviourwhiledevelopingtheelectronicsthatconnectwithaDCbrushlesscoolingfan.

3.4GasSensorMQ2

ThesensitiveSnO2materialusedintheconstructionoftheMQ-2gassensorhasareducedconductivityincleanair.The sensor’sconductivityincreasesinthepresenceofthetargetflammablegas.Thechangeinconductivityisconvertedusing asignalconditioningcircuitsuchthattheoutputsignalmatchestheinputgasconcentration.TheMQ-2gassensoris inexpensive,versatile,andverysensitivetoLPG,Propane,andHydrogen.ItmayalsobeusedforMethaneandother flammablegases.Anoperationalvoltageof5VDCisusedbythePCBboardonwhichtheMQ-2gasmoduleisinstalled. Analoganddigitalmethodscanbothbeusedtoobtainthesensoroutputvalues.

Figure1:BlockDiagram.

3.5SIMCOMGSM/VoiceModem

Similartoamobilephonewithapersonalphonenumber,thisGSMmodemmayoperatewithanyGSMnetworkoperator SIMcard.TheRS232portonthismodemmaybeutilizedforcommunicationandcreatingembeddedprogrammes,which isabenefitofemployingit.ThemodemmaybelinkeddirectlytotheserialportofaPCorthroughMAX232toany microcontroller.BothvoicecallsandSMSmaybemadeandreceivedwithit.Additionally,itmaybeusedinGPRSmode toaccesstheinternetandrunavarietyofdatarecordingandcontrolprogrammes.TheSIM800Cisafull-featureddualbandGSM/GPRSsolutioninanSMTmodulewithanindustry-standardinterface,whiletheSIM800CSisaquad-band GSM/GPRSmodulethatoperatesonfrequenciesGSM850MHzandprovidesperformanceforvoice,SMS,DataSmall devicefactorandlowpowerconsumptionforfax.

3.67805ICVoltageRegulator

Aregulatedpowersupplyisveryimportantforvariouselectronicdevicesbecausethesemiconductormaterialusedinthem hasafixedcurrentandvoltagerating.TheunregulatedoutputisfixedataconstantvoltagewiththehelpofaDCvoltage regulator.Thecircuitconsistsofa7805linearvoltageregulatorandcapacitorsandresistorswithabridgerectifierof diodes.TheICRegulatorismainlyusedinthecircuittomaintaintheexactvoltagethatthepowersupplyfollows.A regulatorismainlyusedwiththecapacitorconnectedinparallelwiththeinputterminalandoutputterminalofthe regulatorIC.Capacitorsareusedtocheckforgiganticnoiseinboththeinputandoutputfilters.Whilethebypass capacitorsareusedtocheckthesmallperiodpeaksintheinputandintheamplifier;Outputlevel.

C1Thiscapacitor,oftenreferredtoasabypasscapacitor,isusedtosendverybriefspikestothegroundwithout endangeringtheotherparts.Thefiltercapacitor

C2Isusedtostabilisethegradualfluctuationsinthevoltagedeliveredatthecircuit’sinput.

C3Isafiltercapacitorthatisusedinthecircuittostabilizetheoutputvoltage'sgradualchanges.Thebypass capacitor,

C4wasusedtobypassextremelybriefspikestothegroundwithoutaffectingtheotherparts

TheICwithpositiveDC,U1,maintainstheoutputvoltagepreciselyataconstantvaluedespitesignificantinput voltagevariations.WemustutiliseanICregulatorfor5VDCbecausewedesignedtheentirecircuittorunoffofa5VDC supply.The7805istheICregulatorthatisusedthemostfrequentlyfor5VDCregulation.Asaresult,weareincludedthe sameICinthecircuitasU1.

Figure2:7805VoltageRegulator.

4.SOFTWARECOMPONENTS

4.1Embedded‘C’Language

Supportingadvancedmicroprocessorfeatureslikefixed-pointarithmetic,severaldifferentmemorybanks,andfundamental I/OoperationsoftennecessitatesnonstandardadditionstotheClanguage.

4.1.1WorkingDescription

AwirelesssystembasedonanArduinoUNOmoduleprocessesanaloguedatafromthreedifferentdetectors,checksit,and ifanysensorhasexceededapredeterminedthresholdvalue,sendsamessageviaaGSMmoduletotherelevantmunicipal authorityandthecloud.

Thesensornodeisinstalledessentiallyineveryholewiththreedifferentsensorstomonitoritscondition:thefirst andmostimportantisthewaterlevel;thesecondisthemanhole'stemperature;andthethirdistheamountofweightinside themanhole.

Thelightsensorisusedinthreeways:Itopreventleavingmanholesopen;(ii)topreventactionsbeingtaken;and (iii)topreventaccidentsbroughtonbytheopenmanhole.Fortemperature,weight,andwaterlevelsensors,the programmeallowsforthesettingofallthresholdvalues.Thesystemhasthreecompletelydifferentthresholdconditions, andifanyofthemaresatisfied,GSMcansendamessagetotheauthorisedperson.Whenweimplementedthesystemfor eightmanholesinathree-klickarea,wereceivedtextmessagesindicatingthatweneededtocleanthemanholes,the temperaturehadincreased,andthemanholewasopen.Additionally,thedataisstoredinthecloudatthesametime.

Thedesignatedindividualwilllookupthecrucialtimeinformationonline.Onwebsites,theconditionofthe manholeishighlightedinredonceanyholecrossesthebrinkprice.

5.CONCLUSIONANDFUTUREWORK

Thisproposedapproachtakesintoaccountthedirectinfluenceonvotershealthissuescausedbytheworkerswhomaintainthe subterraneanevacuationsystemitcreatesacleanhygienicenvironmentpreventsthetransmissionofdiseasecausedby mosquitoesandmanagesconditionsincludingmalariadenguefeverdiarrheaandotherillnessesbecauseofthe aforementionedsystemthemaintenancevaluemightbereducedfromacentralpositionitwillkeepaneyeonthecongestion inthedrainagepipesadditionallyitlessensaccidentsbroughtbyexposedholesitwouldbehelpfultoresolvetheissueswith cloggeddrainsoverflowingmanholesandseasonallymajorhygienemaintenanceArduino-basedwirelesssensornetworks achieveourprojectsgoalsoflowcostextendedrangeandincreasednetworklongevitythisprojectmaybeutilizedinsystems formonitoringandregulatingagriculturecropsandtheenvironmentwithaminorupdatetothealgorithm

6.REFERENCES

1.Dr.SeemaVermaetal,“WirelessSensorNetworkapplicationforwaterqualitymonitoringinIndia,”IEEE NationalConferenceonComputingandCommunicationSystems(NCCCS),2012.

2.FatmaKarrayetal,“EARNPIPE:ATestbedforSmartWaterPipelineMonitoringusingWirelessSensor Network,”20thInternationalConferenceonKnowledgeBasedandIntelligentInformationandEngineering Systems,Elsevier,2016.

3.Ka-HengChanetal,“ZigbeeWirelessSensorNetworkforSurfaceDrainageMonitoringandFloodPrediction,” AntennasandPropagation(ISAP),2014,InternationalSymposium,IEEE,Kaohsuing,Taiwan),2012.Dec.2–5, 2014.

4.LipingFanandKostaBoshnakov,“Neutral-Network-BasedWaterQualityMonitoringforWastewaterTreatment Processes,”SixthIEEEInternationalConferenceonNaturalComputation,2010.

5.MohdFauziOthmana,KhairunnisaShazali,“WirelessSensorNetworkApplications:AStudyinEnvironment MonitoringSystem,”International SymposiumonRoboticsandIntelligentSensors,Elsevier,2012.

6.MohammadRezaAkhondietal,“Theroleofwirelesssensornetworks(WSNs)inindustrialoilandgascondition monitoring,”4thIEEEInternationalconferenceonDigitalEcosystemsandTechnologies,2010.

7.RetnoTriWahyunietal,“DesignofWirelessSensorNetworkforDrainageMonitoringSystem,”Innovative SystemsDesignandEngineering,ISSN2222-1727,Vol.5,No.5,2014.

8.RobertoDeLottoaetal,“WirelessSensorNetworksforUrbanApplications:evaluationandpractical considerations,”ResearchGateSep-2009.

9.TariqAL-Kadiaetal,“WirelessSensorNetworksforLeakageDetectioninUndergroundPipelines:ASurvey Paper,”The5thInternationalSymposiumonApplicationofAdhocandSensorNetworks(AASNET),Elsevier, 2013.

10.YongnuJinetal,“InterferencemitigationstudyforlowEnergyCriticalInfrastructureMonitoringApplications,” InternationalSymposiumonCommunicationsandInformationTechnologies(ISCIT)

ImpactFactor(JCC):80694