KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE EXISTING LIVELIHOOD SYSTEMS OF TRIBAL FARMERS IN ANANTHAGIRI MAND by IASET Journals

InternationalJournalofHumanities andSocialSciences(IJHSS)

ISSN(P):2319–393X;ISSN(E):2319–3948

Vol.11,Issue2,Jul–Dec2022;33–40 ©IASET

KNOWLEDGEANDATTITUDETOWARDSTHEEXISTINGLIVELIHOODSYSTEMSOF

TRIBALFARMERSINANANTHAGIRIMANDALOFVISAKHAPATNAMDISTRICT

J.Vineetha1&Jahanara2

1ResearchScholar,DepartmentofAgriculturalExtensionandCommunication,SHUATS,Prayagraj,UttarPradesh,India

2HeadoftheDepartmentandProfessor,DepartmentofAgricultureExtensionandCommunication,SHUATS,Prayagraj, UttarPradesh,India

ABSTRACT

Theknowledgeandattitudeofruralareasdependstoaconsiderableextentonthelivelihoodoftribalfarmers.Thepresent studyentitled“Knowledgeandattitudetowardstheexistinglivelihoodsystemsoftribalfarmers”.Atotalof120farmers wereselectedrandomlyfrom6villagesforpresentstudy.Thestudyrevealedthatmostofrespondentsbelongedtomiddle levelofknowledge(45.00%)and34.17%respondentshavehighlevelofknowledgeand20.83%respondentshavelow levelofknowledge.Inattitudetowardstribalsfarmersmostoftherespondentsbelongedtomediumlevelof attitude(39.17%)and25.83%respondentshavehighlevelofattitudeand35.00%respondentshavelowlevelofattitude .Thestudyalsorevealedthattheknowledgeandattitudehavepositiveandsignificantcorrelationwithvariableslikeage, education,farmSize,farmingexperience,annualincome,tribe,trainingreceived,extensioncontact,massmediaexposure, religiousbelief,socialparticipation,riskorientation.

KEYWORDS:Knowledge;Attitude;Tribal;Livelihood

ArticleHistory

Received:12Jul2022|Revised:15Jul2022|Accepted:21Jul2022

INTRODUCTION

AndhraPradeshoccupies8thpositionamongthestateshavingtribalpopulationandhaslargesttribalpopulationinthe southIndianpeninsula.TribalsbelongingtoaboriginalinhabitantsoftheforestandthehighlandsofAndhraPradesh havebeenaninseparablepartofthecultural,socialandpoliticalhistoryofAndhraPradesh.Currently,thereare33 tribalgroupswith5.9millionpopulationinAndhraPradeshasper2011censusandmostoftheminhabitthetraditional tribalareasalsoknownasscheduledareasandeverytribalgroupirrespectiveofitssizeofpopulation,hasadistinctand uniqueculture,tradition,andlifestyleofitsown.Theconcentrationoftribalpopulationisveryhighinruralareas especiallyinmountainandforestzonesofEasternGhatswhencomparedtourbanareas.Thepopulationdensityin tribalareasis125personspersq.kmasagainst194intheplainareas.(https://en.vizag.wikipedia.org).Soilhealth invokestheideathatsoilisanecosystemfulloflifethatneedstobecarefullymanagedtoregainandmaintainoursoil’s abilitytofunctionoptimally(AaryaaRaajandJahanara2017).Thetribalpopulationishighlydependenton agricultureandhorticultureforfoodsecurityandincome(MeenaandPunjabi,2012).Thetribalpopulationishighly dependentonhorticulturefortheirlivelihood.Thetribalpeopleearnbyforestry,shiftingcultivation,settleagriculture andhorticultureandindustriallabour,animalhusbandry,fishing,traditionalcommerceincludinghandicraft.Mostof

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thetribal,whetheryoungoroldhavelimitedknowledgeaboutmodernhorticulturalmethodsandfoodproduction (Nidheesh,2010)

RESEARCHMETHODOLOGY

Theresearchdesignoptedforthestudyisdescriptiveresearchdesign.ThepresentstudywasconductedinAnanthagiri MandalVisakhapatnamdistrictofAndhraPradeshstate,wasselectedpurposivelybasedonconsiderablenumberof respondents.FromAnanthagiriMandalatotalof6Villagesi.e.,Tattapudi,Kothavalasa,Venkayyapalem,Yerrametta, ChintapakaandLaxmipuramwereselectedrandomlyforthepresentstudy.

OBJECTIVESOFTHESTUDY

1.KnowledgeandattitudetowardstheexistingLivelihoodSystemofTribalFarmers

RESULTSANDDISCUSSION

1.KnowledgetowardsExistingLivelihoodoftheRespondents

Basedonthedatacollectedthroughtheindependentvariablesandappropriateanalysistherespondentsarecategorizedinto threelevelsandarerepresentedinthebelowtable.

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S.No Variable Category f % 1 Age Low(upto35) Medium(36-55) High(above55) 30 71 19 25.00 59.20 15.80 2 Education Low Medium High 82 31 7 68.33 25.84 5.83 3 Farmsize Low(2-7acre) Medium(7-12acre) High(12-17acre 41 52 27 34.16 43.33 22.51 4 Farmingexperience Low(upto5year) Medium(6-10year) High(above10years) 31 52 37 25.80 43.40 30.80 5 Annualincome Low(upto60000) Medium(Rs60001-120000) High(above120000) 35 42 43 29.16 35.00 35.84 6 Extensioncontact Low(8-15) Medium(15-22) High(22-29) 35 65 20 29.16 54.16 16.68 7 Massmediaexposure Low(12-19) Medium(19-26) High(26-33) 30 49 41 25.00 40.83 34.17 8 Religiousbelief Low(10-16) Medium(16-22) High(22-28) 18 36 66 15.00 30.00 55.00 9 Socialparticipation Low(12-19) Medium(19-26) High(26-33) 20 72 28 16.67 60.00 23.33 10 Riskorientation Low(5-9) Medium(9-13) High(13-17) 40 45 35 33.33 37.50 29.17

Table1:Socio-EconomicProfileofTribalFarmers(N=120)

KnowledgeandAttitudetowardstheExistingLivelihoodSystemsofTribalFarmersinAnanthagiriMandalofVisakhapatnamDistrict 35 www.iaset.us editor@iaset.us Table2:DistributionofRespondentsaccordingtotheirKnowledge S.No Particulars Fully Correct Correct Not Correct f % f % f % Agriculture 1. Recommendedseedratefordirectseededpaddyper acre10-15kg/acre 45 37.50 75 62.502. Paddyseedsshouldbetreatedwiththefungicideat thetimeofsowing 35 29.16 85 70.843. Brittlenessandbrickredcolourofolderleavesin paddynurseryisduetozincdeficiency. 15 12.50 68 56.67 37 30.83 4. Harvestinginmangoisdifficultduetoredants 40 33.33 56 46.66 24 20.01 5 Pruningofthedriedtwigsandbranchesshouldbe doneduringJune-July 31 25.84 73 60.83 16 13.33 6. Pesticidegranulesusedinriceagainststemborerare carbofurangranules 37 30.83 69 57.50 14 11.67 7. Pruninginmangoencouragesproductionofnew shoots 57 47.50 47 39.16 16 13.34 8. Shotholesonmaizeleavesiscausedbymaizestem borer 38 31.66 62 51.66 20 16.68 9. Excessuseofnitrogenousfertilizersinpaddy increasesinsectpests 41 34.16 53 44.18 26 21.66 Nonfarmactivities 10. Collectionoftenduleaveslastsforabout6weeks 53 44.16 55 45.84 12 10.00 11. Maturetenduleavesarecollected45daysafter pruning 29 24.16 61 50.84 30 25.00 12. Thebestqualityofgumisproducedduring2-3 months 31 25.83 57 47.50 32 26.66 13. Beewaxispreparedfromdamagedorinsecteaten comb 17 14.16 46 35.00 61 50.84 14. Soapnutisusedasadishwashdetergent 20 16.66 45 37.50 55 45.84 15. Beewaxispreparedbymeltingthebeecombinhot water 57 47.50 63 52.50AnimalHusbandry a) Dairyfarming 16. Gestationperiodofcowis283days 55 45.83 55 45.83 10 8.34 17. Dryperiodofdairyanimalsis2months 53 44.16 53 44.16 14 11.68 18. Bodyweightimprovementwasthebestmethodfor pregnancydiagnosis 21 17.50 50 41.66 49 40.84 19. Ageofcalftogivefootandmouthvaccineis4-6 months 42 35.00 40 33.33 38 31.67 b) BackYardPoultryFarming 20. Incubationperiodforchickeneggsis21days 61 50.83 59 49.1721. Optimumtemperaturewithinapoultryhouseis370C 47 39.16 52 43.33 21 17.51 22. Denailingreducewingrot. 49 40.83 35 29.17 36 30.00 23. Besttimetovaccinatelayingbirdsis6wksofage oldchick 30 25.00 40 33.33 50 41.67 24. Besttimetotransferbirdsfromgrowertolayer houseis18-20weeks 67 55.83 33 27.50 20 16.67 25. Verylargeorverysmalleggsdonothatchwell 52 43.33 20 16.67 48 40.00 f=frequency;%=percentage

Tableshowsthat55.83%ofrespondentsarebesttimetotransferbirdsfromgrowertolayerhouseis18-20weeks.62.50% ofrespondentsarerecommendedseedratefordirectseededpaddyperacre10-15kg/acre.50.84%ofrespondentsarebee waxispreparedfromdamagedorinsecteatencomb.Similarfindingsarealsoreportedby(JijiandVijayan2012).

Table3:DistributionofRespondentsbasedonoveralltheirKnowledge

Fromtheabovetable3itisevidentthatmostoftherespondents(45.00%)havemediumlevelsofoverall knowledgestatusfollowedby(20.83%)oftherespondentshavelowlevelsofoverallknowledgestatusfollowed by(34.17%)oftherespondentshavehighlevelsofoverallknowledgestatus(Bihari2012).

Overallknowledge

2.AttitudetowardsexistingLivelihoodoftheRespondents

Anattemptwasmadetofindouttheattitudeofrespondentstowardstheirexistinglivelihoodsystemsintermsoftheir varyingdegreesofpositiveimpressions.TheresultswerefurnishedintheTable4.2

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S.No Knowledge Frequency Percentage 1 Lowknowledge(25-41) 25 20.83 2 Mediumknowledge(42-58) 54 45.00 3 Highknowledge(59-75) 41 34.17 Total 120 100.00

Figure1:DistributionofRespondentsbasedonOveralltheir Knowledge.

S.No Statements Agree PartiallyAgree Disagree I.Agriculture f % f % f % 1 ProudtobeanAgriculturist 20 16.67 100 83.332 Investinginagriculturewasofnouse 37 30.83 42 35.00 41 34.17 3 Technicalandfinancialassistance 28 23.33 46 38.33 46 38.34 4 Sustainablelivelihood 46 38.33 42 35.00 32 26.66 5 Nobleandrespectableactivity 45 37.50 35 29.16 40 33.33 6 Costsofinputs 31 25.83 41 34.17 48 40.00 20.83% 45.00% 34.17% 0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% Lowknowledge Medium Knowledge HighKnowledge

Table4:DistributionofRespondentsAccordingtotheirAttitude

Series1 Series2 Series3

KnowledgeandAttitudetowardstheExistingLivelihoodSystemsofTribalFarmersinAnanthagiriMandalofVisakhapatnamDistrict 37 www.iaset.us editor@iaset.us Table4Contd., 7 Agricultureisourrightgivenby ourancestors 56 46.66 40 33.33 24 20.00 8 Capitalinvestment 40 33.34 40 33.33 40 33.33 9 Recognitionoftribalfarmersin thesociety 30 25.00 50 41.67 40 33.33 10 Traditionalagricultureisbetter thanmodernagriculture 48 40.00 52 43.33 20 16.67 11 Increasesthefertilityofsoil 35 29.16 60 50.00 25 20.83 12 Additionalincomeinlimited space 40 33.33 50 41.66 30 25.00 13 Vegetablefarming 45 37.55 47 39.16 28 23.29 14 Pestcontroltechniques. 35 29.16 25 20.83 40 33.34 IINon-FarmActivities 15 Forestaseconomiclivelihood. 47 39.16 50 41.66 23 19.18 16 NTFPsprovidelocaljob opportunity 37 30.84 40 33.33 43 35.83 17 CollectionofNTFP 21 17.50 40 33.33 59 49.17 18 Non-timberforestproducts 47 39.16 23 19.16 50 41.68 19 Lackofemployment opportunities 41 34.17 45 37.50 34 28.33 20 Beekeepingisaskill 100 83.3320 16.67 21 Beekeepingdoesn'trequirelot oflabour 52 43.33 68 56.67III.Animalhusbandry 22 Traditionalmethodsofdairy farming 40 33.33 80. 66.6623 Moderndairymethodsgivegood income. 48 40.00 52 43.33 20 16.67 IV.DairyFarming 24 Investment 25 20.84 41 34.16 54 45.00 25 Rightplaceinthesociety 40 33.33 55 45.83 25 20.84 26 cropproduction 45 37.50 52 52.34 23 19.16 27 Goodbreedofcattle/buffaloes tohisherdforgettingmoremilk andprofit 40 33.33 80 66.66VBackyardpoultry 28 littercanbeusedasamanure 65 54.16 35 29.16 20 16.68 29 Housingcostsforrearingare exorbitant 23 19.16 45 37.50 52 43.33 30 inexpensivefeeds 40 33.33 26 21.66 54 45.00 31 marketpotentialforgoodquality chicken 65 54.16 30 25.00 25 20.84 32 vulnerableformanydiseases 37 30.83 53 44.16 30 25.01 f=frequency;%=percentage

Theattitudetowardstheirexistinglivelihoodisrelatedtoagriculturewereexplained.Theinvolvementofthe respondentsrelatedtoagriculturewasrecorded.Basedonthedatacollectedandanalysedtherespondentsweregrouped intothreecategoriesontheirlevelofattitudearepresentedinthebelowtable4.2.1,Similarfindingsarealsoreportedby (Sutariya,B.A.2015).

Table5:DistributionofrespondentsAccordingtotheirOverallAttitudetowardstheirExisting LivelihoodSystems

(n=120)

Fromtheabovetable5itisevidentthatmostoftherespondents(39.17%)havemoderatelyfavourablelevelsof overallattitudestatusfollowedby(20.83%)oftherespondentshavelessfavourablelevelsofoverallattitudestatus followedby(34.17%)oftherespondentshavehighfavourablelevelsofoverallattitudestatus.(Zhang2014).

Overallattitude

Table6:RelationshipbetweenSocioEconomicandKnowledge ofTribalFarmers.

38 J.Vineetha&Jahanara ImpactFactor(JCC):7.0987 NAASRating3.17

S.No LevelofAttitude Frequency Percentage 1 Lessfavourableattitude(34-54) 31 25.83 2 Moderatelyfavourableattitude(55-77) 47 39.17 3 Highfavourableattitude(76-96) 42 35.00 Total 120 100.00

Figure2:DistributionofRespondentsbasedonOveralltheirAttitude

SI.No.IndependentvariablesCorrelationCoefficient(r) 1. Age 0.7071** 2. Education 0.6893** 3. Farmsize 0.3845** 4. Farmingexperience 0.9546** 5. Annualincome 0.8370** 6. Extensioncontact 0.6084** 7. Massmediaexposure 0.9995** 8. Religiousbelief 0.4258** 9. Socialparticipation 0.9047** 10. Riskorientation 0.4474** **=Significantat1percentlevelofprobability *=Significantat5percentlevelofprobability S=Significant 25.83% 39.17% 35% 0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% Lessfavorable Moderately favorable Highfavorable

Series1 Series2 Series3

Itcouldbeseenfromtable6thattenindependentvariablenamelyage,education,farmsize,farmingexperience, annualincome,extensioncontact,massmediaexposure,religiousbelief,socialparticipation,riskorientationwere significantandpositivelycorrelatedwithknowledge.Thenullhypothesisisrejected.

Table7:RelationshipbetweenSocioEconomicandAttitudeofTribalFarmers.

Itcouldbeseenfromtable7thattenindependentvariablenamelyage,education,farmsize,farmingexperience, annualincome,extensioncontact,massmediaexposure,religiousbelief,socialparticipation,riskorientationwere significantandpositivelycorrelatedwithknowledge.Thenullhypothesisisrejected,

CONCLUSION

Itisconcludedfromthestudythatmostoftherespondentshavebelongedtomiddleagegroup,thisshowsthatrespondents areinterestedinagriculture.Mostoftherespondentshavereceivedformaleducationandcompletedprimaryschool,have mediumlevelsofannualincome,haveagricultureastheirmainoccupationandliveincementedhouses.Mostofthe respondentshasownlandandareworkingasagriculturelabourpresentintheirownfarm,mostofthepeoplearetrainedin farmpractices,mediumleveloftherespondentsofextensioncontact,mediumlevelofrespondentsarehavingmassmedia exposure,mediumlevelofrespondentsareinreligiousbelief,mostoftherespondentsarebelongingtosocialparticipation, mediumlevelofrespondentsareinriskorientation.Whencomingtothelivelihoodoftribalfarmerscanbeconcludedthat mostoftherespondentsplayamediumroleinknowledgeandattitudetowardsexistinglivelihoodinagriculture.In knowledgeandattitudetowardsexistinglivelihoodhavepositiveandsignificantcorrelationwithallindependentvariable likeage,education,farmsize,farmingexperience,annualincome,trainingreceived,extensioncontact,massmedia exposure,religiousbelief,socialparticipation,andriskorientation.

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KnowledgeandAttitudetowardstheExistingLivelihoodSystemsofTribalFarmersinAnanthagiriMandalofVisakhapatnamDistrict 39 www.iaset.us editor@iaset.us

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ImpactFactor(JCC):7.0987

NAASRating3.17

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