InternationalJournalofApplied andNaturalSciences(IJANS)
ISSN(P):2319–4014;ISSN(E):2319–4022
Vol.11,Issue2,Jul–Dec2022;1–8
©IASET
WATERQUALITYASSESSMENTOFWATERTREATMENTPLANTSUSEDIN
KANDHARIBEVERAGESPVT.LTD.SAMBA,JAMMUANDKASHMIR,INDIA
RabiaKousar1&MuzaferAhmadSheikh2
1Lecturer,DepartmentofEnvironmentalScience,GovernmentDegreeCollege,Surankote,JammuandKashmir,India
2Lecturer,DepartmentofBotany,GovernmentDegreeCollege,Surankote,JammuandKashmir,India
ABSTRACT
“Waterislife”issuchacommonexpressionthatweuseitalmostasacliché.Almost71%ofourearthiscoveredbywater calledasuntreatedwater,andthiswaterisnotsuitablefordrinkingpurposes.Theproblemoffreshwaterdeficiencyisof worldwideimpact.Oneofthesolutiontosolvethisproblemistotreatthewaterbyremovingvarioustoxicpollutants, contaminants,heavymetalsorotherorganicorinorganicimpuritiesthatarepresentinwater.Thisisdonewiththehelpof WaterTreatmentPlant(WTP)InordertostudythePhysico-chemicalandBiologicalparametersofwaterusedinthe WTPofKandharibeveragespvt.Ltd.,theresearchworkwascarriedoutinwhichvariousparameterslikepH,TDS, turbidity,totalalkalinity,totalhardness,freeresidualchlorine,appearance,odourandtasteandothermicrobiological parameterswerestudied.Theseparametersanalyzedwerefoundtobemostlywithintheacceptablelimitofwater,while someoftheparameterswerefoundtobewithinthepermissiblelimitofwateraspertheBISstandardsfollowedbythe industry.
KEYWORDS:WaterTreatmentPlant,Alkalinity,Hardness,pH,TDS,Hardness
ArticleHistory
Received:19Jun2022|Revised:25Jun2022|Accepted:29Jun2022
INTRODUCTION
Waterisaninorganic,transparent,tasteless,odourlessandnearlycolourlesschemicalsubstance,whichisthemain constituentofearth’shydrosphereandthefluidsofmostlivingorganisms.Itisvitalforallknownformsoflife,even thoughitprovidesnocaloriesororganicnutrients.Thedensityofwateris997kg/m3whileas18.01528g/molisitsmolar mass.Insolid(ice)andliquidformitcoversabout70%oftheearth’ssurface.Itispresentinvaryingamountsasit constitutesabout92%ofbloodplasma,80%ofmusclestissues,60%ofredbloodcells,andhalfoftheothertissues.Water iselixiroflifeandtwothirdofearth’ssurfaceiscoveredbyit.Naturalwaterisoneofthemostimportantsubstancesfor themaintenancesoflife.
Thehydrosphere(fromtheGreekword“hydro”means“water”,and“sphaira”meanssphere)consistsofmajor partofearth’ssurface.Thehydrosphereistheaggregateofsea,ocean,andsurfaceterrestrialwaterincludinglakes, streams,undergroundwaterandalltheiceandsnow(Khublaryan,2009).Hydrospherecovers71%oftheearth’ssurface, ofwhichonly1%oftheworldwaterisusabletous.About96.5%oftheplanet’scrustwaterisfoundinseasand oceans,1.7%inglaciersandtheicecapsofAntarcticaandGreenland,and0.001%intheairasvapor,clouds(formedofice andliquidswatersuspendedinair),andprecipitation.Only2.5%ofthiswaterisfreshwater,and98.8%ofthatwaterisin
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iceandgroundwater.Lessthan0.3%ofallfreshwaterisinrivers,lakes,andtheatmosphereandevensmalleramountof theEarth’sfreshwater0.003%iscontainedinbiologicalbodies.Wateristhevitalresourceforthelifeontheearth.We drinkit,cookwithit,washwithit,relaxinit,fishwithit,irrigatetheplants,keepcoolwithit,produceenergywithitand alsouseitfortransportationandrecreation(Satyanarayanaetal,2013).
Beverageistheanydrinkoraliquidintendedforhumanconsumption.Commontypesofdrinksinclude:-plaindrinking water,milk,coffee,tea,hotchocolate,juiceandsoftdrinks.Andbeverageindustryistheindustrythatmanufactures drinks.Beverageindustrymayvarygreatlydependingonwhichbeverageismade.Thesearegivenas:
Alcoholicbeverages
Non-alcoholicbeverages
Alcoholicdrinksinclude-wine,beerandliquorwhichcontainthedrugethanol.Whilenon-alcoholicdrinks include:drinkingwater,juice,coffee,tea,hotchocolate,milk,softdrinksetc.Thisindustrialreportissolelyonnonalcoholicbeverages,theirquality(control,analysisandassurance),production,marketing,andimportantparameters consideredinabeverageindustry.
Nowadaysenergydrinksaretakingnewerplaceinourmarket.Thebeverageproductsindustry,viewedasanaggregate group,ishighlyfragmented.Thisisevidentbythenumberofmanufacturers,methodsofpackaging,productionprocessesand finalproducts.Mostofthenon-alcoholicbeverageproductsinclde:cocacola,limca,sprite,thumsup,Maazarefresh,Maaza mango,fanta,kinleywater,kinleysoda,cokeetc.Theseallproductsareassuredbyqualitymanagementdepartmentsbypassing throughthetestingofnumberofparameters,hencemakingthemahealthydrinkforpeople.
Kandharibeveragesisacoca-colaindustrialcomplexofIndia.Kandharigroupwasestablishedin1967bylate Mr.TejaSinghkandhari.ItispresentlyaprogressivebusinesshouseinIndia.KBPLisamongcoca-colaIndia’stop franchiseebottlersandexpandeditsscopeofoperationstootherIndianstatesincludingPunjab,Haryana,Chandigarh, HimachalPradeshandJammu.PresentlyKBPLhasfouroperationalmanufacturingunitsat;NabipurinPunjab,Baddiin HimachalPradesh,Saha,AmbalainHaryanaandoneatJammuinJammu&Kashmir.
NEEDOFWATERTREATMENT
Aswearealreadyawarethatwateristhepricelessnaturalresourceontheearth.Asitcoversmuchoftheareaofearthso itschanceofdeteriorationisalsoveryhigh.Itleadstothewaterpollution.Waterpollutionmaybedefinedasany undesirablechangeinthephysical,chemicalorbiologicalcharacteristicsofwaterthatleadstoadverseeffectsontheliving beings.Thuswaterpollutionleadstotheneedoftreatmentofwatersotoreusethewateragainandagainwithoutthe wastageofwater.Andalsoprovidesthetreatedwatertothelivingbeings,makingthemfreefromtheimpuritiesor contaminantssodonotleadstoanyhazardousimpactsforthelifeoflivingbeingsbecausewaterisabasicneedforthem tosurvive.Withoutwatertheycan'teventhinktolive.Herewehavesomecausesthatmakewatercontaminatedaswellas theireffectsanditsprevention.
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ImpactFactor(JCC):7.1738 NAASRating3.73
Causes
Detergents,chemicalsandfertilizersinwaterfromgroundsource.
Pesticide,insecticidesetcfromsoil
Industrialwastelikerawmaterial,rejectedmaterialorotherleftoverwastewhen mixedwithwater.
Domesticorhouseholdwastemixedwithwater
Effectsofcontaminatedwater
Itleadstovariousdiseasesinhumanswhentheydrinkcontaminatedwaterliketyphoid,cholera,dysenteryetc whichmayprovetobefatalifnottreated.
Waterpollutionleadstodestructionofecosystem.Becauseecosystemishighlydynamicandasmallchangeinto itleadstoabigchangewhichmaybedisastrous.
Whencontaminatedwateristakenbyaquaticanimalslikefishitleadstothecompletedestructionofaquaticfood chain
Prevention
Waterwastageistheglobalproblem.Soitisbettertosaveorconservewaterwithoutwastingtoomuch.Utilize wateraccordingtotheneednottothedeed.
Treatmentplant:thereshouldbeimplementationofwatertreatmentplantsinindustryaswellasotherplacesto treatthecontaminatedwatersotoutilizeintospecificproductslikewatertreatmentplants(WTP),effluents treatmentplants(ETP)etcinbeverageorfoodindustry.
Byusingenvironmentfriendlyproductsinindustryweconservewatercontamination.
Awarenessamongpeoplesabouttheimportanceofwater,itstreatmentandvariouswatertreatmentplants.
WaterTreatmentplant(WTP)
Watertreatmentistheprocessofremovingcontaminantsfromhouseholdwaterandwastewater.Cleanwaterisessential forhealth,hygieneandproductivityofourcommunity.Watertreatmentisanyprocessthatmakeswatermoreacceptable foraspecificend-use.Theend-usemaybedrinking,industrialwatersupply,irrigation,riverflowmaintenance,water recreationormanyotherusesincludingbeingsafelyreturnedtotheenvironment.
Allsurfaceandgroundwaterrequiretreatmentpriortoconsumptiontoensurethattheydonotrepresentahealth risktotheuser.Howevermicrobiologicalandchemicalcontaminationisthemostimportanttohumanhealthasthisleads toinfectiousdiseaseswhichcanprovedtobefatal.Mahdietal.,(2007)studiedacombinedanaerobic-aerobicsystemfor thetreatmentoftextileindustrywastewaterwhereheusedcosmoballsforthegrowthofmicroorganismsintheanaerobic reactorNitrificationandde-nitrificationprocessesisinfluencedbypH,DOandorganicchangesinthewater.Theresults showedthat84.62%ammonianitrogenandabout98.9%volatilesuspendedsolid(VSS)removalefficiencyisacquired. Theyconcludedthatthecombinedanaerobic-aerobicwatertreatmentsystemwasabletotreathighstrengthtextile wastewater.Themaximumremovalofammonianitrogen,BOD,COD,VSSwere84.62%,63.64%,60%and98.9%
WaterQualityAssessmentofWaterTreatmentPlantsUsedinKandhariBeveragesPvt.Ltd.Samba,JammuandKashmir,India 3
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respectively.Fayzaetal.,(2004)conductedresearchonthechemicalindustrialwastewatertreatment.Thisisrecognised thatthewastewaterfrombuildingandconstructionchemicalindustryishighlycontaminatedwithorganicmatterwhilethe wastewaterfromplasticshoeindustryismixedwithdomesticwastewatertoreducetheorganicloadofwater.They concludedatlastthatthecharacteristicsorcompositionofwastewaterliketoxicity,solubility,biodegradabilityetc responsibleforasuitablewatertreatmentsystem.Floranteetal.,(2009)conductedastudybyusingaerobicandan-aerobic reactorsfortheremovalefficiencyofnitrogenandorganicmatterofalabscalesystem.Theyconcludedthataerobic processrequireslongeraerationtimeandproduceslargeamountofsludgebuttheycanremoveammoniumnitrogen. Anaerobictreatmentmethodsusuallyofferadvantagessuchasproductionofusefulbiogas;howeverincludessome disadvantageslikeunabletoremoveammoniumnitrogenandhavingahighrateofeffluentconcentrationBashaar(2004) studiedaresearchonWastewaterfromolivemillsandpulpandpapermillindustriesinJordanandtheirtreatmentsusing anaerobicandaerobicbatchreactors.Inboththesewastewaternutrientswerenotadded.Valtaetal.,(2015)evaluatedthe wastewatermanagementandwaterutilizationinthefoodandbeverageindustryMoreovertheseindustrialsectorsare responsibleforvariousenvironmentalissueslikewastewaterproduction,highlevelofwaterconsumptionand environmentalpollution.Basedontheseissuestheirtreatmentplantsaredesigned.
ThestudyareaSambafallsinthedistrictSambaintheUTofJammuandKashmir.ThedistrictcoversSamba townandadjoiningtehsils:VijaypurandvillageSupwalandGarhwaltehsilofKathua.Thedistrictisseparatedfromthe Jammudistrictby"PurmandalBridge".SambaissituatedonthebankofBasantarRiver.Sambaislocatedat32.57°N 75.12°Eandhasanaverageelevationof384m(1,260ft).
MATERIALANDMETHODS
TheessentialphysicalparametersofwaterarepH,Turbidity,TDSetcwhichcanbedeterminedbyusingtheinstruments likepHmeter,turbiditymeterandTDSmeterrespectively.Theessentialchemicalparametersofwateraretotalalkalinity, totalhardness,freeresidualchlorineetcwhichareanalyzedbytitrationsmethodsetc.Totalplatecountmethod, yeast/mouldmethodandcoliformarethemethodsofmicrobiologicalanalysisofwater.Appearance,odor,andtaste(AOT) arethesensoryanalysisofwater.ThetestingmethodsdeterminethequalityofwaterfromanyfiltertankofWTPand reachedaspecificconclusionaccordingtotheBISspecificationsforstandardsmethodsofprocedure(SM-PR)andKORE (coca-colaoperatingrequirements)followedbyindustryasdescribedbelow(Table1).
Table1:WaterQualityParametersandAnalytical/TestingMethodsUsedintheAnalysisofWater Samples
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NAASRating3.73
ImpactFactor(JCC):7.1738
Parameter TestMethod Reference pH SM-PR-355 BP-RQ-180 TotalDissolvedsolids(TDS) SM-PR-445 BP-RQ-180 Turbidity SM-PR-455 BP-RQ-180 TotalAlkalinity(M-value) SM-PR-040 BP-RQ-180 TotalHardness SM-PR-460 EarlierBU/KORE Appearance SM-PR-441 BP-RQ-180 Odor SM-PR-441 BP-RQ-180 Taste SM-PR-441 BP-RQ-180
MicrobiologicalTesting
Themicrobiologicalparameterwasdeterminedonlyforraw,treated,andsoftwatersamples.
Totalplatecount(TPC)
Itisthemethodforenumeratingtotalplateaerobicbacteria.ItcanbemadeusingPlateCountAgar.
DeterminationofColiformBacteria
TheMediausedforcoliformdeterminationwasCCA(ChromogenicColiformAgar)
DeterminationofYeastandMould
TheMediausedforyeastandmolddeterminationwasYGC(YeastextractGlucoseChloramphenicolAgarMedia)
RESULTSANDDISCUSSIONS
ThewatersamplesfromWTPweretestedandtheirlimitsweredeterminedaccordingtotheBIS(BureauofIndian Standards)specification.ThesampleswhosevalueswerebeyondtheBISspecificationswereretreat.
Inthepresentwork,watersamplesweretestedforphysical,chemical,microbiologicalaswellassensory parameters.Theresultsoftheanalysisprovideinformationthatcanbeusedtomakedecisionsortoprovidere-assurance thatconditionsareasexpected.TheresultsobtainedaftertestingthewatersamplesfromWTParementionedbelow(Table 2,3,4)
WaterQualityAssessmentofWaterTreatmentPlantsUsedinKandhariBeveragesPvt.Ltd.Samba,JammuandKashmir,India 5 www.iaset.us editor@iaset.us
WaterTank Sample pH Result (PPM) LIMIT (PPM) TDS Result (PPM) LIMIT (PPM) Turbidity Result (NTU) Limit (NTU) Frequency ofTesting Rawwater tank 7.28 6.5-8.5 320 <500 0.3 0.3 Daily TreatedH2O tank 5.77 4.9 minimum 154 <500 0.3 0.3 Every5 hour Softwater tank 7.65 6.5-8.5 342 <500 0.3 0.3 Every05 hours Dealkalizer tank 3.36 3-4.9 140 <500 0.3 0.3 Every05 hours Ultrafilter 5.85 5-6.5 136 <500 0.3 0.3 Every5hr 01micron filterwater 6.21 >4.9 162 <500 0.3 0.3 Every5hr
Table2:PhysicalParametersofWaterSamples
TheseresultsclearlyshowsthatthewatersupplyforthemanufacturingofbeveragesfromWTPisfreefromany kindofcontaminants,pollutantsortoxicantsastheyarewithintheacceptablelimitsfordrinkingwater.Mostofthe effluentwastewaterpollutantcontentsareunderlimitsoftheEPAguidelinesintheBeverageIndustryinGhana (Agyemangetal.,2013).Moreoever,theabilityofthewastewatertreatmentplanttodealwithpollutantsuchasCOD, AmmoniaandBODshowsthatthetreatmentplantisefficient.Cassanoetal.,(2015)revealedthatMembrane Technologiesplayanimportantroleforthewatertreatmentandreuseinthefoodandbeverageindustries.Thisgivesan overviewofmembrane-basedprocessesforwaterreuseandenvironmentalcontrolinthetreatmentofwastewatersfromthe food-processingindustry.
Inadditiontothebiologicaltreatment,coagulationorflocculationprocessistheusefulforthewastewatertreatment ofbeverageindustry(Amuda,2007)Dhoteetal.,(2012)exploredthatitisbetterindevelopingnationsiflowtechnologyis mixedandmatchedwithhightreatmenttechniquesofwater.Furthermoretheyrecognisedvarietyoftreatmenttechniquesfor theremovalofcontaminantslikehalogenatedhydrocarbons,heavymetals,dyesetcfromthewater
Henceindustrialwaterwouldbesuitableforfulfillingtheindustrialrequirementsfordrinkingwateraspertesting protocolsfollowedbyindustrymentionedaboveinthemethodology.
CONCLUSION
Wateristhemostessentialnaturalresourceontheearthanditsconservationisnecessary.Thepresentstudyfocussedon WTP(WaterTreatmentPlant)andtheanalysisofqualityofwaterobtainedfromit.Variousphysical,chemical, microbiologicalandsensoryparametersweretested.
FinallyitisconcludedthatthewateraftertreatmentinWTPusedintheindustrywerefreefromanyhazardous pollutantsandwithintheacceptablelimitsasperIndianstandardsofdrinkingwater,usedforhumanconsumption.Water istheneedofthehour,moreittreated(bywatertreatmentplant),moresustainableforfuturegeneration.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Theauthorspaytheirdeepsenseofgratitudetowardstheheadofthedepartment,DepartmentofEnvironmentalScience CentralUniversityofJammuandhigherauthoritiesofKandhariBeveragesPvt.Ltd.Samba,forprovidingallthe laboratoryfacilitiesduringthisentireresearchwork.
6 RabiaKousar&MuzaferAhmadSheikh ImpactFactor(JCC):7.1738 NAASRating3.73
WaterTankSamples TotalAlkalinity Results (PPM) Limit (PPM) TotalHardness Results (PPM) Limit (PPM) FrequencyofTesting Rawwatertank 286 <200 298 <100 Daily Treatedwatertank 64 <85 80 <85 Every5hr Softwatertank 42 <85 Nil <10 Every5hr Dealkalyzertank Nil Nil 18 <30 Every5hr
Table3:ChemicalParametersofWaterSamples
WaterSamples Appearance Odor Taste Frequency Rawwatertank Normal Normal Nooff-taste weekly TreatedH2OtankNovisiblecolour Nooff-odor Nooff-taste weekly Softwatertank Normal Nooff-odor Nooff-taste weekly
Table4:ResultsofSensoryWaterSamples
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ImpactFactor(JCC):7.1738 NAASRating3.73