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American International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences

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ISSN (Print): 2328-3734, ISSN (Online): 2328-3696, ISSN (CD-ROM): 2328-3688 AIJRHASS is a refereed, indexed, peer-reviewed, multidisciplinary and open access journal published by International Association of Scientific Innovation and Research (IASIR), USA (An Association Unifying the Sciences, Engineering, and Applied Research)

Study of Achievement Motivation among Male Basketball Players 1, 2

Dr. Amandeep Singh1, Sandeep2 & Dr. Vishaw Gaurav3 Department of Physical Education (T), Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, INDIA. 3 Department of Education, Punjab, INDIA

Abstract: The purpose of the study was to compare the achievement motivation among different level of basketball players. For the compilation of present study sixty (N=60) male basketball players of various colleges, districts and universities aged 20-28 years, were selected from Punjab. They were further divided into Three groups i.e. Inter-College (N1=20), State (N2=20) and Inter-University N3=20). All the participants were informed about the aim and methodology of the study and they volunteered to participate in this study. Data was collected by using achievement motivation questionnaire developed by Kamlesh (1990). The one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to assess the inter group differences among male basketball players. The level of significance was set at 0.05. Results revealed statistically significant (p<0.05) differences among male basketball players with regard to Achievement Motivation. Keywords: Achievement motivation, basketball, players.

I. INTRODUCTION Man is the only being who is curious about the Universe-its forces and phenomena. In the beginning, this curiosity was about concrete things but soon after the focus shifted to abstract metaphysical concepts such as soul, mind, spirit etc. Thus was born all-inclusive philosophy, truly called the love of wisdom by ancient Greek philosophers. Some scientific minded philosophers became interested in the understanding of mental processes and the various influences on human behavior. Sport science has a significant role in identifying, monitoring, and developing young talented athletes (Williams and Reilly, 2000). For best practices and success, coaches need to understand the complex processes in developing athletic expertise. A significant focus in sport psychology research is to find means that support coaches and scouts in talent development processes (Sands and McNeal, 2000) and to enhance athletic performance (Geczi et al, 2008). Such investigations are based on the assumption that psychological characteristics should be accepted as important determinants of athletic performance and success (Trzaskoma-Bicserdy et al. 2007). Individuals with high task orientation tend to believe that success requires most of all effort, intrinsic motivation, and cooperation with peers. (Duda, 1992). Intrinsically motivated athletes tend to persist at certain activities, select challenging tasks, invest effort (Deci and Ryan, 1991; Ferrer-Caja and Weiss, 2000) and they are driven by perceived competence, perceived autonomy, achievement goal orientation, and perceived usefulness (Hassandra et al, 2003). Petherick and Weigand (2002) have reported that extrinsic motivation is greatly influenced by the motivational climate. Individuals with ego orientation believe that failure is mostly attributed to lack of ability, skills, and effort (Treasure & Roberts, 2001). Achievement motivation remains a central issue within sport psychology as researcher continue to examine an individual’s choice, effort, and persistence related to physical activity participation. Much research conducted in the area of achievement motivation has been based on Nicholls’s (1984 & 1989) goal perspective theory. Schilling (2001) investigates achievement Motivation among high school Basketball and Cross-Country Athletes. This research present implication for practice and research, particularly in terms of situational factors (e.g., motivational climate) related to goal perspectives. As far as achievement motivation for Basketball is concerned, while reviewing the related literature, we could not find any rigorous analysis report. Therefore, we decided to take this work forward by considering basketball as our domain of study. This study was an attempt to explore the possibility of, could be significant inter group differences in the distribution of achievement motivation among male basketball players. II. MATERIALS AND METHODS Subjects: The subjects of the present study were purposively selected from the inter-college, state and interuniversity level male basketball players. A total 60 male basketball players of various colleges, Districts and universities aged 20-28 years, were selected for the study. They were divided into Three groups; (i.e., N1=20; Inter-College, N2=20; State and N3=20; Inter-University). All the subjects, after having been informed about the objective and protocol of the study, gave their consent and volunteered to participate in this study.

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Methodology: A feasibility analysis as to which of the variable could be taken up for the investigation, keeping in view the availability of tools, adequacy to the subjects and the legitimate time that could be devoted for tests and to keep the entire study unitary and integrated was made in consultation with experts. With the above criteria’s in mind, the psychological variable namely achievement motivation was taken up for the present study. Achievement Motivation was measured by applying Achievement Motivation Scale developed by Kamlesh (1990). This questionnaire consists of 20 items measuring the achievement motivation of an individual. There was only two answers option in this questionnaire and subjects have to tick only one option. The test instructions were clearly read out and explained to them and they were permitted to ask queries and their doubts were cleared before administering the tests. The subjects were asked to record their first response and hand over their test response sheets as soon as they filled it up. The researcher tried his level best that there was no distraction or minimum distraction to the subjects who were attempting the tests. Statistical Analyses: Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 16.0 for windows (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA). The data was presented as descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation. One way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to find out the intra-group differences and where the ‘F’ ratio found significant then Post-hoc test Least Significant Difference (LSD) was applied to find out the direction and degree of differences. To test the hypothesis, the level of significance was set at 0.05. III. RESULTS Table-1.1 Descriptive Statistics on the account of Achievement Motivation among Inter-College, State and InterUniversity Basketball Players Level pf Participation

Number of Subjects

Mean

Inter-College

13.55

2.61

State

14.25

1.71

Inter-University

16.05

3.44

Table 1.1 presents the mean scores of the inter-college, state and inter-university level male basketball with regard to Achievement Motivation. The Mean and SD value of inter-college level group with regard to achievement motivation was recorded as 13.55 and 2.61 respectively. The state level group had recorded Mean and SD values with regard to achievement motivation as 14.25 and 1.71 respectively. However, inter-university level group had recorded higher Mean and SD values with regard to achievement motivation as 16.05 and 3.44 respectively. Table-1.2 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) results with regard to Achievement Motivation among Inter-College, State & Inter-University Basketball Players. Source of variance

Sum of Squares

Mean Square

Between Groups

66.533

33.267

Within Groups

409.650

7.187

Total

476.183

F-ratio

Sig.

4.629

0.014*

*Significant at 0.05, F0.05 (2, 57) It is evident from Table 4.1 that the results of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) among three groups with regard to the achievement motivation were found to be statistically significant (P>0.05). Since the obtained “F” ratio 4.629 was found statistically significant, therefore, Post Hoc test (LSD) was applied to determine the degree and direction of difference between the paired means among the groups with regard to the achievement motivation. The results of post-hoc test have been presented in Table 1.3. Table-1.3 Analysis of Least Significant Difference (LSD) post hoc test among Inter-College, State & InterUniversity Basketball Players. Group (A)

Group (B)

Mean Difference (A-B)

p-value

Inter-College (Mean= 13.55)

State Inter-University

-0.7 2.5

0.412 0.005*

State (Mean= 14.25)

Inter-College Inter-University

0.7 1.8

0.412 0.038*

Inter-University (Mean= 16.05)

Inter-College State

-2.5 -1.8

0.005* 0.038*

*Significant at 0.05 level

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A glance at Table 1.3 showed that the mean value of inter-college was 13.55, state level had mean value as 14.25 and inter-university level was 16.05. The mean difference between inter-college and state level was found 0.7. The p-value was 0.412 shows that the state level had demonstrated better on achievement motivation than their counterpart’s inter-college though not significant differences were found between them. The mean difference between state level and inter-university was found 1.8. The p-value was 0.038 shows that the interuniversity had demonstrated significantly better on achievement motivation than their counterpart’s state level. The mean difference between inter-college and inter-university was found 2.5. The p-value sig 0.005 showed that the inter-university had demonstrated significantly better on achievement motivation than their counterpart’s inter-college. IV. DISCUSSION The present study was conducted to compare the achievement motivation among basketball players. Results of the present study showed that inter-university level group has exhibited statistically significant differences with regard to achievement motivation as compared to state level and inter-college level group. While comparing the means, inter-university group had perform better on the account of achievement motivation than their counterparts i.e. state and inter-college level basketball players. The findings fall totally in line with the study of Singh and Saini (2013). They concluded that judokas have exhibited significantly better sports achievement motivation than wrestlers. The results are also in line with the findings of Ghasemi et al. (2011), as they found that girls were higher than boys in achievement motivation. These results are also in contrast with the results of Jiteshwor, et al. (2013), as they found no difference on achievement motivation between male and female school basketball players of Pune city. V. CONCLUSION It is concluded that there was statistically significant difference among inter-college, state and inter-university level basketball players in respect to achievement motivation. The inter-university group had statistically significant better achievement motivation than their counterpart i.e. inter-college and state level group; however, differences between state level group and inter-college level group is not statistically significant. REFERENCES [1]. [2]. [3]. [4]. [5]. [6]. [7]. [8]. [9]. [10]. [11]. [12]. [13]. [14]. [15]. [16].

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