Strategies for development and promotion of outdoor tourism in black sea by IBDIPC

“Development of Outdoor Adventure Tourism Network in Black Sea Region”

Service for the elaboration of the „Strategy for the development and promotion of outdoor adventure tourism activities”

Services contract no. 9795/15.06.2015

Strategy for the development and promotion of outdoor adventure tourism activities

September 2015

Contract execution period: 15.06.2015 - 13.11.2015

Constanța County Prefecture Address: Constanta City, Tomis Blvd. no.51, Postal Code 900725

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TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

SECTION I. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

1.1 THE NOTION OF TOURISM

1.2. OUTDOOR TOURISM AND ACTIVE TOURISM

1.3. OUTDOOR

ADVENTURE TOURISM

–

CONCEPTUAL CLARIFICATIONS AND BASIC

PRINCIPLES

1.4. IDENTIFYING THE MAIN TYPES OF OUTDOOR ADVENTURE TOURISM

1.5. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONCEPTS OF OUTDOOR ADVENTURE TOURISM

ECOTOURISM

HORSE RIDING

WINTER SPORTS

EXCURSIONS

CYCLING

OFF ROAD

ADVENTURE SPORTS

WATER SPORTS

HUNTING AND FISHING

FLIGHT AND SKYDIVING

ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPEDITIONS

SECTION II. THE ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT SITUATION REGARDING THE DEVELOPMENT OF ADVENTURE TOURISM IN THE BLACK SEA REGION

2.1. PRESENTATION OF THE NATURAL, ANTHROPIC, HUMAN AND SOCIAL CAPITAL

2.2. ANALYSIS OF LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK

2.2.1. ANALYSIS OF LEGISLATION IN THE FIELD OF ADVENTURE TOURISM AT THE LEVEL 29

OF EACH PARTNER STATE

2.2.2. GENERAL ANALYSIS OF IDENTIFIED LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK

2.2.3. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

2.3. ANALYSIS OF THE STRATEGIES AND PROGRAMMING DOCUMENTS IN THE TOURISM SECTOR IN FORCE IN THE PARTNER STATES AND SETTING GUIDELINES FOR THEIR

USE BY THE TOURISM OPERATORS

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2.3.1. STRATEGIES AND PROGRAMMING DOCUMENTS FOR THE TOURISM SECTOR 2.3.2. ANALYSIS

OF THE

STRATEGIS

AND PROGRAMMING

DOCUMENNTS

AND SETTING

GUIDELINES FOR TOURISM OPERATORS 2.3.3. CONCLUSIONS

AND RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING THE USE OF TOURISM

STRATEGIES IN THE PARTNER STATES

2.4. ANALYSIS OF THE ADVENTURE TOURISM IMPACT ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS 2.5. ELABORATION OF A SOCIOLOGICAL AND MARKET RESEARCH

57 60

2.5.1. ROMANIA

2.5.2. BULGARIA

2.5.3. GEORGIA

2.5.4. REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA

101

2.5.5. TURKEY

112

2.6. SWOT

ANALYSIS OF MAIN OUTDOOR ADVENTURE TOURISM OPERATORS IN THE

BLACK SEA REGION

123

2.7. ROAD TO SUCCESS. ADVENTURE TOURISM BEST PRACTICES IN PARTNER STATES

125

2.8. REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS

130

2.8.1. ROMANIA

130

2.8.2. BULGARIA

132

2.8.3. GEORGIA

133

2.8.4. REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA

135

2.8.5. TURKEY

136

SECTION III. STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES AND COURSE OF ACTION

138

3.1. STRATEGIC CONTEXT

138

3.2. VISION

139

3.3. MISSION

139

3.4. STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES AND LINES OF ACTION

140

SECTION IV. IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING OF THE STRATEGY 144 4.1. IMPLEMENTATION

144

4.2. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE PROMOTION AND MARKETING INSTRUMENTS

152

4.3. PROJECT EXAMPLES

155

4.4. RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING THE AVAILABLE FUNDING SOURCES

171

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4.5. ACTORS INVOLVED IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STRATEGY 4.6. RECOMMENDATIONS

174

REGARDING THE MECHANISMS FOR STREAMLINING THE

IMPLEMENTATION, STRATEGY MONITORING AND EVALUATION

176

BIBLIOGRAPHY

179

APPENDIX

184

ANALYSIS OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE

187

ROMANIA

187

BULGARIA

198

GEORGIA

209

REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA

220

TURKEY

231

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The present document represents the Strategy for the development and promotion of outdoor adventure tourism activities in the Black Sea Region, deliverable product according to the services contract for the elaboration of the Strategy for the development and promotion of outdoor adventure tourism activities, developed in the project „Development of Outdoor Adventure Tourism Network in Black Sea Region” (D.O.O.A.), code 2.1.2.72651.232 MISECT 2339. General data regarding the contract within the framework of which the present strategy was elaborated is presented in the table below: General data regarding the services contract for the drafting of the Strategy for the development and promotion of outdoor adventure tourism activities

Contract number

9795 / 15.06.2015

Country

Romania

Beneficiary

Constanța County Prefecture

Contracting Authority

Constanța County Prefecture

Target Groups

Local, regional and national public authorities from involved areas, tourism operators and other economic actors at local or regional level, NGO-s which activate in tourism, culture and environment, destination management organizations, local action groups, investors

Project starting date

June 22nd 2015

Duration

5 calendar months

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SECTION I. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK The present document aims to determine the current state of outdoor adventure tourism in the Black Sea region and to identify the objectives, the lines of action and the projects that can be followed, adopted and carried out with the scope of developing this form of tourism. The strategy follows the typical stages and steps for the drafting of a programmatic document, having the significance of a long term action plan, on the basis of which are adopted decisions which have the scope of a better management of resources and the wellbeing of the communities on the territory covered. Thus, the document subsumes the definitions identified in the specific literature for the notion of “strategy”, designating a set of decisions that indicate the direction of the long term development, facilitating the adjustment to market changes and even anticipating these1. The document entails, naturally, the establishment of long term goals and objectives for the development of outdoor adventure tourism in the Black Sea area, and respectively the adoption of measures and the allocation of necessary resources in order to reach these goals and objectives2. Tourism represents a strategic option for the development of many national economies, due to its beneficial effects on economic, social and cultural level, as well as, to some extent, on the natural environment. There are many countries which invested significantly in the development of tourism activities and positive results materialized in the increase of tourist numbers, of overnight stays and of the volume of revenues obtained from tourism. In many countries worldwide, tourism represents a real „engine” for economic growth, both for many developing countries and for developed countries. The impact on development is all the greater in the case of forms of tourism which make the most of the competitive advantages of tourism destinations, without harming the environment.

1.1

THE NOTION OF TOURISM

Etymologically, the term „tourism” comes from the Latin verb „turnare”, which designates the movement around a central point; assimilated in English (through the French language), this verb gave birth to the word „tour”, meaning round-trip 3 . The Word Tourism Organization defined tourism as the temporary circulation of persons to destinations outside their regular residence or work place, for recreational, entertainment, experience or relaxation purposes4. Based on several motivations, like recreation, visiting family and friends, business, medical treatment or even religious motives5, present day tourism is the third largest activity sector at European level, behind distribution and construction 6 . According to the World Tourism

Ioncică, M., Petrescu, E.C., Popescu, D. (2004) Strategies for the Development of the Tertiary Sector. Bucharest: Uranus Publishing House 2 Nickols, F. (2008) Strategy, Strategic Management, Strategic Planning and Strategic Thinking. Distance Consulting LLC 3 Stănciulescu, G, State, O. (2013) Domestic and International Tourism Operations Tehniques. Bucharest: CH Beck 4 World Tourism Organization (1993) Recommendations on Tourism Statistics. Madrid: WTO 5 Minciu, R. (2005) Tourism Economy – Third Edition. Bucharest: Uranus Publishing House 6 Lelonek Husting, I. (2013) „Challenges and opportunities for sustainable tourism development. The European Commission's actions to enhance sustainable tourism”, communication presented at UN Expert Group meeting on Sustainable Tourism. New York: October 29-30, 2013 1

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Organization (2012), tourism has become one of the most important economic sectors worldwide, with a share of about 5% in gross domestic product generated by world states and creating jobs for about 200 million people. Tourism comes in different shapes, which led to a variety of typologies. Based on the type of resources used, tourism can be classified in seaside tourism, mountain tourism, spa tourism, rural tourism, ecotourism, national parks and reservations tourism, cultural tourism, cave tourism, adventure tourism, pilgrimage tourism, cruise tourism etc.7. Adventure tourism entails travelling to new and exciting places, generally in nature, with the intention to seek adventure 8. It includes activities like mountaineering, scuba diving, mountain cycling, sky diving or paragliding, kayak-canoe, zip lining etc. Of all different forms of tourism, adventure tourism registers one of the biggest growths 9 . According to the George Washington University and ATTA 10 , this increasing trend will continue to manifest in recent years, so in 2050, over a half of the activities related to tourism will contain at least one activity associated with adventure tourism (compared to 25% today). According to the Report regarding the Development of Adventure Tourism, published in March 201511 by ATTA, adventure tourism is responsible, globally, generating proceeds of more than 260 billion dollars annually and flows of over 1 billion tourist. This booming evolution of the adventure tourism is due to multiple factors, like the affirmation among tourism consumers of the need to live authentic experiences, in the outdoor, but also the increase of the interest in a healthy and nature friendly lifestyle.

1.2. OUTDOOR TOURISM AND ACTIVE TOURISM The increasing preoccupation for a healthier lifestyle represents one of the positive changes due to globalization. This preoccupation has its source in the perception according to which those who live actively and take part in tourism activities improve their health (both mental and physical), promote new social contacts and can, consequently, delay functional decline, having different chances and life expectancy. In this context, the demand for active tourism activities has increased significantly in the last years. Adventure tourism is often confused with active tourism, because similar activities are associated to both these concepts. Active tourism designates responsible travels, which require the physical and mental participation of the tourist and which respect the principles of environmental sustainability, protection of biodiversity and conservation of local culture. Active tourism may imply recreational and educational activities, interaction with the local

7Țigu,

G., coord. (2003) Tourism resources and destinations worldwide. Bucharest: Uranus Publishing House Nistoreanu, P. (2006) Ecotourism and Rural Tourism, București: ASE Publishing House 9 World Tourism Organization (2012) Application: UNWTO Capacity Building Workshop. Adventure Tourism: Understanding and Developing in Saudi Arabia, available online at http://themis.unwto.org/event/application-unwtocapacity-building-workshop-adventure-tourism-understanding-and-developing-sa, accessed October 14th 2015 10 George Washington University și Adventure Travel Trade Association (2015) Adventure Tourism Market Report - 2015, available online at http://www.adventuretravel.biz/, accessed September 28th, 2015 11 Adventure Travel Trade Association (2015) Adventure Travel Development Index - 2015, available online at http://www.adventureindex.travel/docs/atdi_2015.pdf, accessed September 28th, 2015 8

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population or exploration of the natural surroundings 12 . Active tourism refers to tourist activities associated to cultural interests, history, art, crafts and architecture, regardless of the place in which these take place. This type of tourism entails the active implication of the tourist, both physically and mentally, while the tourist interacts with the local environment and culture. We can thus conclude that the outdoor adventure tourism can be considered part of the active tourism.

1.3.

OUTDOOR

ADVENTURE TOURISM

–

CONCEPTUAL CLARIFICATIONS AND

BASIC PRINCIPLES

Although adventure tourism services exist on the market for more than two decades, the definition of outdoor adventure tourism is still subject of debate, both in the academic and the business spheres, with a multitude of perspectives through which this form of tourism was understood and described. The most often used definition in dedicated literature is the one elaborated by the Adventure Travel Trade Association (ATTA), the main organization involved in the research of this form of tourism worldwide. According to the ATTA website (2015), adventure tourism is a form of tourism which involves travels to destinations where the tourist practices potentially dangerous activities, which may require specialized skills and physical effort13. Adventure tourism involves, in this sense, three main components: physical activity (1), connection with nature and with the environment (2), a captivating cultural experience, respectively (3). Along with the George Washington University, ATTA published, in 2013, a market study on adventure tourism at global level (Adventure Tourism Market Study), which underlines the main trends typical to this form of tourism14. Moreover, the two organizations publish annually a report on the development of adventure tourism, which includes rankings of the world states (grouped in “developed” and “developing”) drafted according to the values of the Adventure Tourism Development Index. The most recent report was published in 201515; the purpose of these reports is to identify the influence of the different political, environmental, social and economic factors on adventure tourism, in order to identify the most appropriate instruments to stimulate the development of this form of tourism. The study and the reports drafted by the George Washington University in the United States and ATTA constitute, together with the Report on Adventure Tourism published by the World Tourism Organization in 201416, the main sources on the evolution and development of adventure tourism at global level.

Active Tourism International Organization (2015) Active tourism – Official definition, available online at http://www.active-tourism.com/, accessed October 10th, 2015 13 Adventure Travel Trade Association (2015) Adventure Travel Guide Qualifications & Performance Standard – III. Definitions, document available online at http://www.adventuretravel.biz/, accesat October 10th, 2015 14 George Washington University and Adventure Travel Trade Association (2013) Adventure Tourism Market Study, material available online at http://www.adventuretravel.biz/, accessed on September 28th 2015 15 George Washington University and Adventure Travel Trade Association (2013) Adventure Tourism Market Report - 2013, material available online at http://www.adventuretravel.biz/, accessed on September 28th 2015 16 World Tourism Organization (2014) Global Report on Adventure Tourism. Madrid: UNWTO 12

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Another relevant definition of adventure tourism is the one given by the Canadian Tourism Commission (2003)17, which describes adventure tourism as an outdoor recreational activity which takes place in an unusual, exotic, distant or wild destination, may involve unconventional transportation means and tends to be associated with a high level of implication and effort. In the Regional Study „Quality Assessment Study for Current Tourism Outdoor Activities in Black Sea Region” 18 , outdoor adventure tourism is described as thus: Adventure tourism, possibly the most responsible form of tourism, based mostly on the capitalization of the natural environment, brings together a variety of activities which sometimes are very different; these imply action, novelty and nature. Overall, adventure tourism is appreciated as being associated with the following characteristics: implies activities with an uncertain result, causes emotions, requires concentration, entails the escape from everyday life, is challenging, and involves exploration and discovery. According to the Global Report on Adventure Tourism, published by the World Tourism Organization in 2014, the persons practicing adventure tourism are, in general, young professionals, with an education level and income above average and who wish to live authentic experiences19. The same profile is underlined in the Brand Manual published on the webpage of the National Authority for Tourism in Romania 20 ; the manual identifies young people, aged between 24 and 35 years, as the main segment for active and adventure tourism. The manual defines the concept of „empty nesters”, designating persons enjoying good health, who have time to travel, are single, without children and often have a high financial potential. The travelers come mostly from urban areas, they long for spectacular landscapes and a natural and healthy lifestyle. According to the Tourism Intelligence Network 21 , outdoor adventure tourism registers significant growth at global level, both in terms of generated tourism flux and proceeds. Thus, only in 2011, the income of over 60% of the tour operators have increased, the increase being 17% in the period following the economic crisis (2010). According to ATTA, this upward trend shall continue to manifest itself in the following years, so that more than half of the tourism products bought in 2050 shall contain at least an activity associated with adventure tourism (compared to 25% at the present moment).

17Research

Resolutions & Consulting Ltd. (2003) A special analysis of the Travel Activities and Motivation Survey (TAMS), study drafted for the Canadian Turism Commission, available online at http://en.destinationcanada.com/, accessed September 25th, 2015 18 Material drafted in the framework of project „D.O.O.A. - Development of Outdoor Adventure Tourism Network in Black Sea Region” (2015) 19 World Tourism Organization (2014) Idem 20 Ministry of Regional Development and Tourism (2012) Manual de brand. Valori de referință și identitate vizuală, material available at http://turism.gov.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/brosura_manual_brand.pdf, accesat 3 octombrie 2015 21 Tourism Intelligence Network (2015) Adventure Tourism Goes Sustainable, material available online at http://tourismintelligence.ca/2013/07/23/adventure-tourism-goes-sustainable/, accesat 9 octombrie 2015

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An interview based inquiry performed by ATTA in 201222 among tour operators in Europe, North America and Latin America has underlined a series of trends regarding the evolution of outdoor adventure tourism at global level: -

Tourists look for custom, intense and authentic travel experiences;

The interest in local culture and in the increase of the contribution to the development of local communities is on the rise;

The interest in environment protection and social equity is on the rise;

The interest in exercising to stay healthy and in shape and adopting a healthy and sustainable lifestyle is, also, increasing;

The demand for adventure tourism keeps on increasing as new destinations assert themselves on the market, this also being the case of the states in the Black Sea Region. Destinations are considered the more attractive the less explored they are;

The fares for outdoor adventure tourism products continue to maintain themselves at a higher level than in the case of other forms of tourism, the tourists being willing to pay a larger sum of money in exchange for an authentic experience;

The online environment has a growing impact on outdoor adventure tourism, demonstrated by the growing number of reservations made online and by the influence of social media platforms.

In this context, more and more economic agents include in their offer new and less known destinations, as well as â&#x20AC;&#x17E;environmental friendlyâ&#x20AC;? activities, in order to satisfy the increasingly complex needs of contemporary tourists. Taking into account the above, the concept of outdoor adventure tourism is defined and shall be used in the Strategy with the following meaning: Adventure tourism represents practicing tourist activities which include: -

Travel/exploration;

A cultural component through the immersion of the tourist in a different/new cultural environment;

Risk â&#x20AC;&#x201C; either only perceived by the person involved, or real;

Physical effort that the adventure tourist must undertake;

Specialized abilities necessary to accomplish adventure tourism activities.

Adventure Travel Trade Association (2012) What significant trends are affecting your strategic marketing plans in the next 18 months?, material available online at http://www.adventuretravelnews.com/what-significant-trends-are-affectingyour-strategic-marketing-plans-in-the-next-18-months, accessed October 8th 2015

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1.4.

IDENTIFYING THE MAIN TYPES OF OUTDOOR ADVENTURE TOURISM

In the Adventure Tourism Market Report23, drafted by the George Washington University, ATTA and Xola Consulting, the following categories of outdoor adventure tourism were identified, grouped according to the level of physical effort and the level of risk involved (difficult, easy, does not require physical effort):

Table 1. Outdoor adventure tourism activities Activity

Difficult

Archaeological expeditions

Easy

Does not require physical effort

Festivals/local fairs

Backpacking

Bird watching

Camping

Canoe

Caving

Mountaineering (mountain/rock/ice)

Cruise

Cultural activities

Cycling

Ecotourism

Participating to educational programs

Ecology activities

Fishing

Interacting with the locals

Hiking / mountaineering

Horse riding

Hunting

Kayak

Learning new languages

Orientation

Rafting

Research expeditions

Safari

Navigation

The George Washington University School of Business, The Adventure Travel Trade Association and Xola Consulting (2010) Adventure Tourism Market Report, available online at http://www.adventuretravel.biz/, accessed on September 25th 2015.

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Scuba diving

Snorkeling

Ski/snowboard

Surfing

Trekking

Excursions

Visiting friends/family

Visiting historic sites

Volunteer tourism

According to the Regional Study (Quality Assessment Study for Current Tourism Outdoor Activities in Black Sea Region) drafted in 2014 regarding the South-East Region (Romania), Central Region (Moldova), Yugoiztochen Region (Bulgaria), Adjara Region (Georgia) and Kastamonu Region (Turkey)24, the categories of activities associated with outdoor adventure tourism practiced presently in the Black Sea Region include: horse riding, mountaineering, cycling, rock climbing, fishing, water sports, paragliding, ecotourism (observing birds and other fauna), Enduro/off-road. However, this list is not exhaustive, since the focus-group based research performed at the drafting stage of the Strategy underlined the fact that the activities associated to adventure tourism, relevant for the Black Sea macro-region, can be grouped in the following categories:  Ecotourism (bird watching and other fauna)  Horse riding  Winter sports (ski, snowboard, sledging etc.)  Excursions (trekking, hiking, rock climbing, mountaineering, canyoning, caving etc.)  Cycling (biking, mountain biking etc.)  Off road (Enduro, ATV, ATV excursions)  Adventure sports (paintball, zip lining, bungee-jumping, adventure parks etc.)  Water sports (rafting, canoe, scuba diving, ski jet, maritime navigation, sport fishing etc.)  Hunting and fishing  Air sports and sky diving (sky diving, paragliding, recreational flying, hot air balloon, helicopter etc.)  Archaeological expeditions

Study elaborated as part of the project „D.O.O.A. - Development of Outdoor Adventure Tourism Network in Black Sea Region” (2015) 24

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These are also the main activity categories which shall be the subject of the analysis presented in the following section of the deliverable, as well as the activities taken into consideration in the elaboration of the Strategy for the Development of Outdoor Adventure Tourism in the Black Sea Region.

1.5.

THE

DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONCEPTS OF OUTDOOR ADVENTURE

TOURISM

In the following section we present in detail the 11 categories of adventure tourism identified in the previous chapter.

ECOTOURISM Generically, ecotourism makes up the totality of “responsible trips in natural areas, which conserve the environment and sustain the livelihood of the local population” 25 . Tourism in protected natural areas and reservations may include a variety of leisure activities, like the study of nature, flora and fauna, photographing landscapes, mountain excursions, mountaineering, caving, scuba diving, excursions, cycling, kayak/canoe, visiting museums, film watching, consulting documentary materials in protected areas26. A distinct form of this adventure tourism activity is fauna observation and, in particular, bird watching. This implies knowing the places in which such observations can be made, travelling to these places and, when necessary, using specific optics (binoculars, telescopes, cameras).

HORSE RIDING Horse riding is, in a broad sense, the sport of horse riding. From the adventure tourism point of view, the term refers to horse riding for leisure and tourism purposes (equestrian sports, horseback excursions etc.).

WINTER SPORTS Winter sports are practiced on snow or ice and represent one of the most widely spread forms of adventure tourism. Winter sports are practiced, most often, in specially prepared areas in mountain resorts or in their vicinity, requiring significant investments in infrastructure (ex. sky slopes, cable transportation facilities, artificial snow facilities). The most practiced winter sports are skiing, snowboarding, ice skating and sledging. Winter sports present a high development potential in two of the five partner regions (Adjara in Georgia and Kastamonu in Turkey), these areas being already provided with the specific infrastructure required.

EXCURSIONS Under this generic designation several types of adventure activities are included; they are generally performed in mountainous areas or in areas with rugged landscape in which

Societatea Internațională de Ecoturism, în Nistoreanu, P. (2006) Ecoturism și turism rural, București: Editura ASE G., coord. (2003) Idem

26Țigu,

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significant distances can be travelled in the natural environment. Thus, the excursions category includes: Trekking, hiking or Nordic walking – implies walking in nature; excursions of any kind are a good form of mental and corporal fitness. In the last years, excursions started to gain popularity, borrowing the English terms of hiking and trekking, as a new “package” for an older form of spending free time. Trekking is an activity in which people make excursions in nature, for a period of several days, most often on rugged terrain. Also, trekking can be associated with other outdoor activities, like mountaineering and backpacking (travelling only with a backpack). The concept of Nordic Walking comes directly from Finland and is practiced by a large number of sportsmen and enthusiasts. It is a walking technique which implies using trekking sticks, borrowing from the cross-country skiing technique. It can be practiced anywhere, in parks, in the mountains, at the seaside etc. It is also an extraordinary mode of being in contact with the surrounding nature. Using the sticks for the whole duration of the walk has a series of physical and mental benefits, which transforms a normal walk into a sport. For the moment, Nordic walking is considered the sport with the biggest growth in Western Europe, being practiced especially to stay healthy, by persons of different ages, from children to seniors, including those with health problems. This type of active tourism is practiced on flat or rugged terrain. Climbing – is the activity in which the person practicing it uses the hands, the feet and any other body part to perform the ascent of a landscape form with a steep inclination. This type of activity can take several shapes: 

Sports climbing is overcoming natural or artificial obstacles of a steep terrain, benefiting from ropes and other types of safeguarding facilities in situ, which, however, cannot be used as support in the ascent. This activity can be performed both on rock and on artificial structures. Sports climbing is closely related, from the point of view of its origin, to mountaineering. The latter consists in performing a difficult ascent on mountains. Initially, the persons who performed such activities aimed at reaching summits on the easiest route. Later on, after the ascent of the best known summits, they moved on to more and more difficult routes. The essential characteristic of alpine routes is represented by their great length, involving the crossing of a significant altitude difference. Over time, a new challenge appeared for difficult climbing enthusiasts, which is overcoming the obstacles of a short route, limited to a single cord length. Thus, rock climbing separated itself for the first time from mountaineering, concentrating on the purpose of crossing the most difficult rock sections, on a single cord length. This schism freed rock climbing from the necessity of high mountain proximity, since such ascents can be performed also on rock faces only a few meters high. Common borders. Common solutions. 15

The new climbing style thus entails the ascent of a route using exclusively natural support points (rock asperities). The enormous amount of physical strength consumption, an important concentration capacity, acrobatics and aesthetics have become the characteristics of the show offered by rock climbing. 

Mountaineering has a general connotation, meaning mountain climbing for sports or leisure purposes, using specific mountain equipment. It can imply both rock climbing and scaling snow/ice (routes are often mixed, techniques and equipment adapted to both types of terrain being necessary).



Rock climbing - persons practicing this type of activity scale near-vertical rock surfaces using specific protection equipment.



Ice climbing - scaling near-vertical formations, made of ice or tough snow, using crampons, ice axes and special protection equipment. The protection gear is similar to the one used for rock climbing.



Bouldering is a form of sports climbing referring to the free scaling of small boulders or rocks without using any protection equipment.



Canyoning refers to crossing canyons, water filled or dry, using special techniques (especially abseiling) and equipment (chords, neoprene suits etc.).



Caving comes in addition to all these, referring to crossing unarranged caves, for leisure purposes, generally using specific equipment.

CYCLING Cycling is a tourism leisure activity in which travelling to certain objectives (natural, cultural, historic or of another nature) and visiting them is done on a bicycle. Distances vary considerably, depending on the route chosen, from several hours to several days. Depending on their physical condition, their speed and number of stops, tourists can cover between 50 and 150 kilometers per day. Although a bicycle tour can extend over several days, the most popular are one-day bike tours. Cycling is practiced also outside specially marked routes, where cycling is possible and there is tourism interest – on any communication paths, classified or not, from a national road to an unclassified dirt road, from highways to paths (using specific bicycles for this type of terrain – mountain bikes).

OFF ROAD Off-road tourism activities involve driving a vehicle on terrain which is not prepared for vehicles or on routes which are not specially arranged for this purpose (on sand, on dry river beds, on mud, snow, on rocks or any other form of natural terrain). Cross-country offroading refers to crossing longer distances, over the course of several days and overcoming several types of terrain. Dune bashing refers to overcoming sand dunes using vehicles. Green laning refers to easy rides with 4x4 vehicles on forest roads, roads which are out of

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use etc. Mudding represents travelling on a route through mud/silt. Rock crawling involves crossing rocky or rugged terrain. Off-road can be generally practiced with three types of vehicles (tourism 4x4, mopeds – in this case the activity is called Enduro – and/or ATVs) which can cross the types of terrain mentioned above.

ADVENTURE SPORTS From the point of view of the present document, adventure sports refer to activities performed in adventure parks, to paintball, zip lining or bungee-jumping or other similar activities, which are practiced by persons oriented towards adventure tourism. The most relevant locations to practice activities related to tourism through adventure sports are adventure parks. In the last years more and more operators offering adventure parks services have entered the tourism market (such parks were opened near Brașov, Constanța, and Bucharest etc.). The adventure park is the place where the tourist can perform rope climbing exercises, obstacle courses and zip lining (zip lining – the suspended crossing from one point to another using the gravitational pull, on a special cable installation, using specific safety equipment). Adventure parks meant for leisure are generally planned to receive a large number of visitors. These do not have a specifically educational purpose but consider the physical and mental challenge a leisure activity. In order to perform the activities, the visitor does not need mountaineering techniques or specific physical experience. Adventure parks may be classified according to the following criteria: 

Park types: stationary / mobile



Structure system: trees/ posts / buildings/ metal structure



Target groups: anyone / children starting age 4 / disabled persons



Height: medium / „untouchable”



Locations: in tourism resorts / urban areas.

Forest adventure parks are very popular due to the environment and the outdoor activity. Bungee-jumping involves jumping from a high structure connected to a long elastic chord. Paintball is a team sports activity, performed on prepared terrain, in which players eliminate each-other by hitting with paint balls. Weapons with mechanical mechanism, or based on gas, which project the balls filled with paint, are used. The ball breaks on impact with an object, the paint splashing and thus leaving evidence of the hit.

WATER SPORTS Water sports or aquatic sports are individual or team sports which are practiced on water, in water, or under water. Depending on the place it is practiced, aquatic sports can be performed

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in a pool, on naturally flowing waters or on man-made lakes, on seas and oceans. Based on their nature, water sports may be considered adventure tourism activities. Navigation with a kayak or a canoe is a water sport which is practiced with light boats which use different types of unfixed oars and in which the rower sits in the boat and not on the boat. This type of sports navigation includes two branches, which borrow their name from the types of boats used: kayak and canoe. Each has specific techniques, its own history, different trials and rules. Their practice requires good physical shape, a lot of strength, balance, dynamic rhythm, speed and precision in execution, deft and coordinated movement. Kite surfing or kite boarding is a surface water sport which combines aspects of wakeboarding, windsurfing, navigation, paragliding and gymnastics in an extreme sport. A kite surfer or kite boarder takes advantage of the wind power and controls a kite in order to be propelled on the water on a kite board similar to a wakeboard or a smaller surf board, with or without foot-straps or bonds. The terms kite boarding and kite surfing are interchangeable, although kite boarding may also refer to kite on open field (land boarding) or kite on snow (kite snowboarding). Surfing is a water sport (but also a leisure activity) originating from the Hawaii islands, which consists on the sportsman floating on the wave crests using special planks (boards) or crafts similar to canoes, on which one stands. Snorkeling – the purpose of snorkeling is discovering submarine fauna, flora and landscape. It can be practiced by anyone and on any freshwater or sea with shallow beds which is sufficiently attractive and offers good visibility. Rafting implies navigating fast water courses on a pneumatic boat (including white waters). Maritime navigation implies sea navigation by means of wind propulsion, using sails.

HUNTING AND FISHING Hunting and fishing represent outdoor adventure tourism which entail the use of specialized equipment. Fishing is the activity of catching, with the aid of special instruments, diverse varieties of fish or other aquatic creatures. Fishing implies the extraction of aquatic organisms, from the environment in which they developed, with different purposes: for food, leisure (sport fishing), decorative (capturing decorative species) or industrial. Far from „traditional” fishing, which many perceive as a form of food procuring, fishing is a recreational activity, and an extremely efficient method of relaxation. In the present days, there is a tendency to distinguish between the two concepts associated with fishing (recreational/sport) interpreted by the specific legislation in Romania as a whole. Thus, fishing may be classified in recreational fishing – practiced by the mass of amateur fishers – and sport fishing, meaning competition fishing exclusively.

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Divided into several categories, sport fishing is one step away from becoming an Olympic sport. There are two main types of fishing: 

Stationary fishing (float fishing, with a fishing rod);



Fishing with lures (fishing for predatory fish using lures – spinning, casting, fly fishing).

Hunting is the activity which consists of catching or killing wild animals. The term of hunting practiced by people refers to hunting in the conditions specified by law. Sport hunting is performed with the scope of studying the ecology of game and organizing their rational hunting, as well as for specific trophies.

FLIGHT AND SKYDIVING The main concepts identified in the literature as associated with air sports are paragliding, recreational flying and sky diving. Paragliding is a recreational or competitive air sport. The paraglider is a light, navigable flight engines. It is made of a wing, saddle, reserve skydiving, helmet, boots, wind stop jackets and pants (or suit), gloves, hood and flight gear. Skydiving is skydiving diving from a moving aircraft. The skydiving is a device used to slow the movement of a body through the atmosphere by creating the phenomenon of air resistance. Usually, the skydiving helps slow the fall of a person or object, until the fall speed no longer endangers the person’s life or the object’s integrity.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPEDITIONS Archaeological tourism is a form of cultural tourism which aims to promote the public’s interest for archaeology and historic site preservation. Archaeological tourism includes all the activities associated with archaeology promotion: visiting historic sites, visiting museums, historic re-enactments etc. In order to be considered an adventure tourism activity, archaeological tourism must also include a component of novelty, discovery, expedition or physical activity. In this sense, archaeological tourism can be combined with trekking activities in order to take the shape of an expedition. Tourists can travel (even several days) on certain routes along which valuable archaeological objectives are found.

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SECTION II. THE ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT SITUATION REGARDING THE DEVELOPMENT OF ADVENTURE TOURISM IN THE BLACK SEA REGION 2.1. PRESENTATION

OF THE NATURAL, ANTHROPIC, HUMAN AND SOCIAL

CAPITAL

Situated at the intersection of two continents (Europe and Asia), the Black Sea Region is characterized both by a particular variety of the natural setting and by a rich and diverse cultural heritage. Seaside landscape represents a defining trait of the Region, unfolding on the territory of four of the five partner states: Bulgaria, Romania, Georgia and Turkey. In these four countries, the action of sea waters on the shore led to the apparition of specific forms of micro-landscape, like sand beaches, gulfs and maritime lakes (lakes formed close to the shore by blocking the mouth of rivers with sand bars), cliffs and high terraces. In Romania and Bulgaria, the shore is lower, with wide beaches, which led to the creation of a „chain” of tourist resorts which stretch for over 200 kilometers, between Constanța (Romania) and Burgas (Bulgaria). In Romania, resorts for seaside tourism continue northwards with Europe’s largest wetland: The Danube Delta Biosphere Reservation. In Georgia and Turkey, the shore is mostly elevated and the vicinity of seaside and mountain landscape create spectacular landscapes. In Turkey, for example, at less than 50 kilometers from the shore are found two mountain national parks, with extensive karst landscape, represented by canyons and caves. The climate is subtropical in Turkey and Georgia and temperate with subtropical influences in Romania and Bulgaria, which results in tourism activities being performed predominantly during the summer season (May-September) and, with lesser intensity, in the other periods of the year. All these elements of the natural setting in the Black Sea Region allow for seaside tourism as well as other forms of tourism based on making the most of the natural setting, like adventure tourism. 2.1.1. ROMANIA Romania is a medium-sized country with a diversified landscape, made of mountains (the Carpathian Mountains), hills and plateaus and plains, respectively, each landscape form occupying about a third of the country. The Black Sea shore is about 245 kilometer long in the south-eastern part of the country, being an integral part of the Dobruja historic region and of the South-East Region. Covering 35.762 km² or 15 % of the total surface of the country, the South-East Region is the second in size among the 8 development regions of Romania. This region covers almost all the landscape forms: the Danube valley and plains in its center and north, the Dobruja plateau in the East and South. In the northern part of the Dobruja plateau are the Măcin Mountains and the region’s north-west side includes part of the Curvature Carpathians. At the same time,

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the region is crossed by the Danube River and includes the Danube Delta, where the Danube Delta Biosphere Reservation is found. The Biosphere Reservation covers 5.800 km², representing 53% of the county surface of 8.498,8 km², and the national park covers a surface of 11.321 ha, representing the only protected area in Romania where south-Mediterranean and Balkan steppe forests coexist and are in a good conservation state. Constanța County is found in the south-eastern extremity of Romania, in south-eastern Dobruja. 65% of the population of the county is concentrated in the Constanța Metropolitan Area, which covers, besides the Constanta municipality (class one municipality of national importance with potential influence at European level, the most important city in the SouthEast Development Region, being the second largest urban concentration in the country, after the capital Bucharest) a series of urban and rural settlements, found nearby, on a 25 – 30 kilometer radius. On this territory, Constanta municipality, along with neighboring towns and villages concentrate a permanent population of 487.000, to which is added a fluctuating population in the balneal-tourism season of minimum 120.000 persons. The best represented form of tourism in the county is seaside tourism on the Black Sea shore, which includes 13 resorts with 746 structures for tourism reception, found on 70 kilometers of coastline, between the Năvodari and Mangalia resorts. According to the National Institute of Statistics of Romania27, in 2014, in Constanta County there were 746 accommodation units totaling 86.544 beds.

Romania, South-East region

Institutul Național de Statistică al României (2015) Structuri de primire turistică cu funcțiuni de cazare turistică, pe tipuri de structuri, județe și macro-regiuni, date disponibile online la pagina https://statistici.insse.ro/, accesate 20 octombrie 2015 27

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The biggest resort is Mamaia, where 8 aquatic leisure facilities are in place, of which 4 on the Black Sea and 4 on Siutghiol Lake. These facilities offer tourists a wide range of specific services: pedal rounds, paraglider lifts, „windsurfing” and „yachting” school, scuba diving, aquatic scooters, recreation with sailboats, both catamaran and caravel. In the last years, Mamaia resort has known a high tourist influx, due to the improvement of access and accommodation facilities and also diversification of the possibilities for the spending of free time (for example, the shows at the Casino Plaza in Mamaia Resort). Transport infrastructure is a favorable factor for the development of tourism activities in Constanța County. The county is crossed (from north to south and from east to west) by two European roads: E60, which links Bucharest to Constanta and overlaps the A2 highway and the E87 respectively, which links Constanta to Bulgaria. Railroad transportation, both freight and persons, is done mainly on the Bucharest – Ciulniţa – Feteşti – Constanta route, but also on the Feteşti – Constanta – Tulcea route. On the Constanta – Bucharest route circulate 11 trains daily, 6 others link Constanta to Tulcea, the Danube Delta starting point, and 14 trains circulate daily southwards, towards Mangalia. Constanta port – the most important port at the Black Sea and the fourth in Europe in terms of size, has Ro-Ro terminals and Ferry Boat suitable for the development of coastal navigation serving countries on the Black Sea shore and along the Danube. The port infrastructure for passenger ships and leisure boats is ensured by the Tomis Port. The Administration of Constanța Maritime Ports (APMC), authority which administers the Tomis tourism Port, has started an extensive modernization and improvement program, worth over 6 million Euro. After this program is completed, the port capacity shall be of about 325 boats of different sizes. In the Constanța Metropolitan Area, 23 kilometers from Constanța municipality, is the Mihail Kogălniceanu International Airport, which in the summer season handles aerial links to all important cities in Europe. The airport has a takeoff and landing runway over 3500 meters long and can handle 6 airplanes per hour. Also, in Tuzla operates one of the most modern and busiest commercial airfields in Romania. 2.1.2. BULGARIA Bulgaria is found in the Balkan Peninsula, neighboring Romania to the north, Serbia and Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south and with a 354 kilometer exit to the Black Sea to the east. Its most important landscape forms are the Danube Plain, the Balkan Mountains, the Turkey Plain and the Rhodope Mountains. As in Romania, each of the main types of landscapes – mountains, hills and plateaus and plains, respectively – occupy about a third of the country’s surface. The Balkan Mountains form a chain from east to west, running across the center of the country. The mountainous south-west has two massifs – Rila (reaching the highest point in the Balkan Peninsula with Musala peak, 2.925 m) and Pirin, which border the Rhodope Mountains to the east, are lower but broader. The most important rivers are the Iskar, with a length of 368 kilometers, but also the Struma and the Maritsa in the south.

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Bulgaria’s biodiversity is preserved in three national parks, 11 natural parks and 17 areas proposed as biosphere reservations. Almost 35% of the land area consists of woods and forests, where some of the oldest trees in the world grow, among which are the Baikușev pine and the Granite oak. The flora includes over 3.800 species, of which 170 are endemic and 150 are endangered. The fauna is represented mainly by the brown bear and the jackal, while the lynx and the field eagle have reduced, but growing populations. In the last years, Bulgaria has become an attractive tourism destination, having some of the cheapest seaside resorts in Europe and some of the last beaches still unabsorbed by the tourism industry. Moreover, Lonely Planet has placed Bulgaria among the 10 first travel destinations for 2011. Over 40% of the 9.000.000 tourists who visit the country annually are Greeks, Romanians and Germans. Among the main tourism destinations is the capital Sofia, the medieval town of Veliko Târnovo, the seaside resorts of the Golden Sands and Sunny Beach, as well as the mountain resorts of Bansko, Pamporovo and Boroveț. The Planning Region Yugoiztochen (South-East) includes the administrative-territorial units of Burgas, Sliven, Yambol and Stara Zagora, the latter having its administrative residence in the homonymous city. With a population of about 145.000, Stara Zagora is the sixth city in the country. The city is located 231 kilometers from the capital Sofia, at the foot of the Sredna Zagora Mountains, on the territory of the former antique province of Thrace. The county partially spreads on the territory of the Balkan Mountains and Sredna Zagora and is abundant in karst springs, but also in mineral springs, like the ones in Pavel Banya and Jagoda. The reservations Sokolna and Kamenitza, the Tazha, Enina and Maglizh canyons, the waterfalls (Kademliisko Praskalo, Babsko Praskalo, Tarnichensko Praskalo, Golemiyat Skok etc.), as well as the caves in the area allow the practice of a multitude of adventure tourism activities, like fauna observation, canyoning (exploring canyons), caving. The forest clusters which were preserved from the old forests of central Bulgaria harbor centuries old trees, some over 1000 years old. The renowned Rose Valley, situated between the Balkan Mountains and Sredna Gora, famous for its vast fields where white, red and pink roses are grown, is also found on the territory of Stara Zagora county. The best known rose variety is the Kazanlâk rose, with a very persistent fragrance, which was imported from Turkey and the Asian south, for the production of rose essence. At the end of June, after the rose harvest, there are many festivities, folk celebrations and festivals, with the rose flower as their central theme. The rose valley is known also under the name of “Valley of the Thracian Kings”, due to the large number of tombs, dating back to ancient times, discovered in the area. The most valuable is the Thracian tomb from Kazanlak, registered on the UNESCO World Heritage List.

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Bulgaria, Stara Zagora region

The county may be accessed through the Trakia and Maritza highways, as well as the SofiaKarlovo-Burgas, Sofia-Plovdiv-Burgas and Ruse-Podkova railways. The geographic position of the county facilitates tourism flows between partner countries, since Stara Zagora can be reached in less than 4 hours, by road, both from Romania as well as from Turkey. 2.1.3. GEORGIA Georgia is a country in the Caucasus region, situated at the conjunction of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is bordered by the Black Sea in the west, Russia in the north, Turkey and Armenia in the south and Azerbaijan in the east. Georgiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s economy is traditionally based on tourism on the Black Sea shore but also on wine making, citrus and tea, as well as manganese and copper mining. The tourism heritage of the country includes over 12.000 historic monuments and cultural objectives, 10 spa resorts, 200 leisure areas, 8 national parks and 2400 mineral water springs. Georgia probably has the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s oldest wine culture. Ancient wine making processes, fermenting must in clay jars (kvevri), are also used today, although export wines are produced with modern means.

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One of the most beautiful regions in Georgia, Adjara, is found in south-west Georgia, on the Black Sea coast. Adjara operates as an autonomous republic and has its own flag and emblem. It is bordered by Turkey to the south. Adjara is found in a subtropical area, rich in citrus and tea.

Georgia, Batumi-Adjara region

The cultural heritage of the region is closely linked to Christianity, religion which has spread in Georgia starting with the first century of our era and which has become the official religion in the 4th century. Apostles Andrew and Simon preached in Georgia and, according to certain sources, Matthew the Evangelist is buried in Adjara, in Gonio. Today, the Adjara Region hosts a variety of cults, each leaving its mark on Georgian culture and implicitly on tourism heritage, with includes orthodox and catholic churches, mosques and synagogues. Orthodox churches dating back to the 11th-13th centuries are remarkable both by their architecture and by their mural paintings. Among the best known tourism resorts on the Black Sea coast of Adjara Region is Batumi, Kvariati, Sarpi, Gonio, Tsikhisdziri, Mtsvane Kontskhi and Kobuleti. In the summertime, the beaches are often crowded with tourists. Batumi, city known as â&#x20AC;&#x153;Pearl of the Black Seaâ&#x20AC;?, is the administrative center of Adjara Region. The most important port in Georgia, the city has 122.000 inhabitants and is one of the most important resorts on the Caucasian Coast of the Black Sea. At Batumi is found the largest aquarium of the former USSR and the largest botanical garden in Georgia (it is also one of the largest and richest botanical gardens of the former Soviet area). The Batumi Fortress, built by the Turks in the 17th century, and the Gionio-Apsaros Fortress, associated with the legend of the Argonauts, who landed here in search of the Golden Fleece, are among the best-known tourism objectives on the seaside of the Adjara Region.

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A strong point of the Adjara Region is its unspoilt nature, which allows the practice of ecotourism. Given the great diversity of landscape, about 1.000 species of vertebrae live in Georgia (330 species of birds, 160 species of fish, 48 species of reptiles and 11 species of amphibians). This biodiversity allows the organization, by tour operators, of fauna observation programs and, especially, of bird watching programs, many of them endemic bird species in the Caucasus area. 2.1.4. THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA Although it has a small surface, the Republic of Moldova has considerable tourism potential, represented, first of all, by the geomorphologic aspect of its territory â&#x20AC;&#x201C; an unusual diversity of landscape reservations, unique geologic monuments of European and global value. The main tourist forms practiced in the last decade in the Republic of Moldova are rural tourism, wine tourism, cultural tourism and tourism related to health and beauty.

The Republic of Moldova, Chisinau region

Moldovian vineyards are an important tourism objective in the rural area. Over the centuries, Moldova became home to rich vine growing and wine making traditions. Presently, 142 wine factories function in the country. 23 of them have conditions and experience for guest Common borders. Common solutions. 26

reception. Here tourists have the possibility to discover the wine producing technology, to observe the bottling of the wine and, of course, to taste the finished product. By their quality, many of the wines produced in the country enjoy a good reputation internationally. On June 1st 2006, in the framework of an international conference, the Moldova Investment and Export Promotion Organization (MIEPO) announced the finalization of the project to create the brand of the Republic of Moldova, which was presented abroad with the slogan “Discover us”. The brand of the Republic of Moldova was presented in seven states: Romania, Italy, Germany, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, France and Poland. The Republic of Moldova has a rich cultural heritage, which can be successfully capitalized upon in tourism. In total, 140 monuments of cultural heritage have been identified, which can be included in the tourism circuit. The earliest monuments are Dacian settlements and Roman fortifications. A variety of tourist attractions are offered by the ruins of medieval fortifications, diverse archaeological sites, first among them Orheiul Vechi, cave monasteries, boyar houses and peasant homes. A number of imposing monuments also exist in Chișinău, representative examples of local architecture from the 19th and 20th centuries, capable of stirring tourists’ interest. Outdoor tourism is favored by the existence of natural monuments (the Prut rock formations, “One hundred mounds”, The “Emil Racoviţă” cave, Ţaul Park), as well as reservations, some found right in the proximity of Chișinău: The Princely Woods, The Forrest, Iagorlîc, the Lower Prut, the Beech Field. 2.1.5. TURKEY The Republic of Turkey is a country on two continents, with 97% of its surface in SouthWest Asia (the Anatolian peninsula) and 3% in Europe (the Balkan Peninsula). Turkey borders eight countries: Greece and Bulgaria to the north-west; Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan to the north-east; Iran (Persia) to the east; Iraq and Syria to the south. Kastamonu is Turkish province, located in the northern part of the country, in the Black Sea Region. The Pontic mountain range extends in the north of the Region, parallel and close to the Black Sea. In general, the territory of the Region is covered with well forested alpine massifs, due to the vicinity of the Black Sea, which generate abundant precipitations (about 2.500 mm annually). The average annual temperature for this area varies between 13˚ and 15˚C. Summers are hot and winters are cool.

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Turkey, Kastamonu region

The river banks are usually rocky and the currents quick. The rivers rarely freeze in winter, even in the regions with high mountains. In the rainy season and during thaw, the water level often rises suddenly, provoking floods and torrents. Of the rivers flowing into the Black Sea, the most important are: Kîzîl Irmak (1151km), Turkey’s longest river, Sakarya (790 km), Yeil Irmak (416 km), Çoruh (368 km). Turkey is an important point for the migration of birds between Africa, Asia and Europe. Moreover, Turkey has over 800 species of birds, of which a large part nest in wetlands. The Kastamonu province, less crowded than the vicinity of the Aegean Sea and with a wider range of services and attractions, can make a viable alternative to resorts on the western coast of the country. Including both typical seaside landscape and mountain landscape, Kastamonu offers excursionists the possibility to enjoy natural landscapes which are rarely seen in other coastal areas. The Illica waterfall, with a 12 meter chute and the Kure Mountains National Park represent attractions that can be included both in hiking trails and in biking or horse riding trails. Other activities of interest are canyoning and rafting, facilitated by the presence of mountainous terrain. The Ilgaz National Park, found 63 kilometers from Kastamonu city, is a favored destination for excursions, but also for practicing winter sports, having two ski slopes of medium difficulty level and cable transportation facilities. The park also offers the possibility to practice ecotourism and caving (the Alinca and Ilgarini distinguishing Common borders. Common solutions. 28

themselves) and disposes of an International Centre for Equestrian Tourism. Found in the proximity of historic sites, the beaches and resorts on the Black Sea shore are both relaxation areas and attractions for cultural tourism. Among the best known beaches are Cide Gideros, Kumluca, Doğanyurt, Inebolu, Gemiciler, Abana and Bozkurt. The most important city of the region is Kastamonu. The city hosts several museums (history, archaeology, ethnography) which present ancient artefacts discovered in the region. Built in the early Byzantine Era, the Kastamonu Fortress offers a beautiful view of the entire region. Other architectural attractions include stone tombs from the 7th century B.C., as well as stone houses built in traditional Turkish style. The region is known for its agricultural products, which are the Kastamonu apples, cherries, the Tosya grapes, prunes and hazelnuts, as well as garlic and bulgur (the latter – called siyez – well known internationally). Moreover, Kastamonu has a rich gourmet tradition, some of the most representative traditional dishes being etli ekmek (bread with meat), ekşi pilav (bittersweet rice), kuyu kebab, banduma (pastry with turkey meat) and çekme helva (a sweet dish).

2.2. ANALYSIS OF LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK The development of tourism in general and adventure tourism in particular depends on a series of external factors, such as the legislative framework, degree of market fragmentation, trends manifested at the level of national, regional and local markets, as well as the activity of individual operators active in the sphere of adventure tourism and adjacent sectors. Among these factors, the legislative framework has strategic importance because it can facilitate or prevent the adoption of measures for the stimulation of tourism activities. 2.2.1. ANALYSIS

OF LEGISLATION IN THE FIELD OF ADVENTURE TOURISM AT THE LEVEL OF

EACH PARTNER STATE

ROMANIA The specific legislation in the field of tourism which is important for the development of outdoor adventure tourism in Romania includes: Table 2.1. Normative acts relevant for the development of outdoor adventure tourism in Romania

Normative act Government Ordinance no. 58/1998 on the organization and performance of tourism activity in Romania with subsequent amendments and completions Government Ordinance no. 107/1999 republished on the activity of selling packages of tourism services, with subsequent amendments and completions

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Normative act Order 516/2005 for the approval of the framework-agreement for the sale of packages of tourism services with subsequent amendments and completions Order 235/2001 on the insurance of tourists in case of tourism agency insolvency or bankruptcy with subsequent amendments and completions Government Decision 1267/2010 on the issuance of classification certificates, tourism licenses with subsequent amendments and completions (Government Decision 121/2013) Order 65/2013 for the approval of methodological norms concerning the issuance of certificates for the classification of tourism reception structures with functions of accommodation and public food service, tourism licenses with subsequent amendments and completions Order no. 221/2015 on the modification of Methodological norms concerning the issuance of certificates for the classification of tourism reception structures with functions of accommodation and public food service, tourism licenses approved by the Order of the President of the National Tourism Authority no. 65/2013 for the approval of the Methodological norms concerning the issuance of certificates for the classification of tourism reception structures with functions of accommodation and public food service, tourism licenses with subsequent amendments and completions Order 990/2009 for the modification of normative acts from the field of tourism in order to implement the Government emergency Ordinance no. 49/2009 on the freedom to establish the service providers and the freedom to provide services in Romania with subsequent amendments and completions Government Decision no. 511/2001 on certain organization measures of recreation activity in tourism resorts with subsequent amendments and completions Government Decision no. 452/2003 on the performance of nautical recreation activity with subsequent amendments and completions Order of the Minister of Transports, Constructions and Tourism no. 292 /2003 for the approval of the Methodological norms on the performance of nautical recreation activity Law no. 597/2001 on certain protection and authorization measures for buildings in the coastal area of the Black Sea with subsequent amendments and completions Order of the Minister of Tourism no. 113/2001 on the external renovation of buildings from the seaside tourism resorts with subsequent amendments and completions Emergency Ordinance no. 202/2002 on the integrated management of coastal area with Common borders. Common solutions. 30

Normative act subsequent amendments and completions Government Emergency Ordinance 19/2006 on the use of the Black Sea beach and control of activities carried out on the beach with subsequent amendments and completions Order no. 665/2008 on the approval of eligible expenditure categories for the major intervention field 5.3 “Promotion of the tourism potential and creation of necessary infrastructure, in order to increase Romania’s attractiveness as tourism destination” of the priority axis “Sustainable development and promotion of tourism” within the Regional operational program 2007 – 2013 with subsequent amendments and completions Government Decision 20/2012 on the approval of the Program for multiannual marketing and tourism promotion and of the Multiannual program for the development of tourism destinations, forms and products with subsequent amendments and completions Order of the delegated minister for small and medium enterprises, business environment and tourism no. 132/2013 on the approval of setting-up Agencies and Territorial Units for Tourism Promotion with subsequent amendments and completions Order of the delegated minister for small and medium enterprises, business environment and tourism no. 500/03.03.2014 on the modification of the Order of the Delegated Minister for small and medium enterprises, business environment and tourism no. 132/24.01.2013 concerning the approval of setting-up Agencies and Territorial Units for Tourism Promotion with subsequent amendments and completions Government Decision 305/2001 on the certification and use of tourism guides with subsequent amendments and completions Government Decision 631/2003 for the modification and completion of the Government Decision no. 305/2001 on the certification and use of tourism guides with subsequent amendments and completions Order of the Minister of Transports, Constructions and Tourism no. 637/2004 for the approval of the Methodological norms on the conditions and criteria for the selection, training, certification and use of tourism guides with subsequent amendments and completions Order of the President of the National Tourism Authority no. 258/11.08.2015 for the approval of Norms on awarding service provision agreements concerning the organization in Romania by the National Tourism Authority of promotion and development events of tourism destinations, forms and products, with financing from the state budget and European Fund for Regional Development with subsequent amendments and completions Order of the President of the National Tourism Authority no. 909/19.09.2014 on the Common borders. Common solutions. 31

Normative act approval of the list with international tourism fairs to which the National Tourism Authority participates in 2015 with subsequent amendments and completions Order of the President of the National Tourism Authority no. 234/25.09.2013 on the approval of norms concerning the award of service provision agreements for the set-up and decoration of national pavilions, specialized stands or mini-exhibitions and related services within tourism fairs to which the National Tourism Authority participates in the country and abroad, with financing from the state budget and European Fund for Regional Development with subsequent amendments and completions Order of the President of the National Tourism Authority no. 914 from 03.04.2013 for modifying the Order of the President of the National Tourism Authority no. 294/28.02.2013 on the approval of Internal norms for the award of service provision agreements for the setup and decoration of national pavilions, specialized stands or mini-exhibitions and related services within tourism fairs to which the National Tourism Authority participates in the country and abroad, with financing from the state budget and European Fund for Regional Development with subsequent amendments and completions Order of the President of the National Tourism Authority no. 105/15.07.2013 on approving the selection criteria for the participants to fairs to which the National Tourism Authority participates in the country and abroad, with financing from the state budget and nonreimbursable European funds, as well as the participation regulation to those manifestations, together with the model of registration application, manifestation sheet and questionnaire addressed to exhibitors with subsequent amendments and completions Order of the President of the National Tourism Authority no. 1169/18.04.2013 on the approval of Internal norms for the award of service provision agreements for the organization in Romania by the Ministry of Economy through the National Tourism Authority of educational and information visits in the country for the mass-media representatives, tour operators, representatives of trading companies with tourism activities from the country and abroad, representatives of associations and non-governmental organizations with tourism activity, of central and local public administration, other opinion leaders, tourism specialists from the country and abroad, with subsequent amendments and completions Order of the President of the National Tourism Authority 263/17.08.2015 on the approval of Internal procedural norms for awarding lease agreements of assets or parts of them for the performance of the activity of tourism promotion and information agencies abroad within the National Tourism Authority Government Decision 120/17.02.2010 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; List including the programs and projects of tourism investment and financing sources of technical documentations and performance works for Common borders. Common solutions. 32

Normative act the programs and objectives of tourism investment, as well as for the approval of eligibility criteria of programs and projects of tourism investment with subsequent amendments and completions Law 526/11.12.2003 for the approval of the National tourism development program â&#x20AC;&#x153;Ski in Romaniaâ&#x20AC;? with subsequent amendments and completions Emergency Ordinance no. 8/2009 on granting holiday vouchers with subsequent amendments and completions

The results of the analysis of normative acts relevant for the development of outdoor adventure tourism in Romania are summarized further on: Table 2.2. Analysis of legislation relevant for the development of outdoor adventure tourism in Romania

No.

Investigated aspect

Finding

The general framework of tourism functioning is The extent to which (outdoor) well regulated/legislated in Romania, however adventure tourism is regulated without any specific provisions for the adventure tourism as distinct type of tourism.

The extent to which the specific The legislation in force does not include legislation provides a definition definitions of adventure tourism. of outdoor adventure tourism

The existence of legislative Not applicable. provisions specific to adventure tourism

The extent to which there are institutional structures responsible for the tourism promotion and development at national and local level

In Romania, the central organization responsible for tourism and implicitly for adventure tourism is the National Authority for Tourism. It is also responsible among others for: - Elaborating the policy of tourism promotion and development; - Organizing and performing the tourism promotion activity of Romania both on the internal market and on international markets through activities specific to tourism promotion agencies;

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- Authorizing economic operators and specialized staff from tourism, namely licensing travel agencies, classifying tourism reception structures, homologating ski slopes, ski routes and mountain tourism routes, licensing and certifying the specialized staff, approving the institutional capacity and educational efficiency in the field of professional training, authorizing tourism beaches and activities from the recreation industry, accrediting national centers for tourism information and promotion; - Organizing the registration, certification and monitoring of tourism heritage capitalization, according to the law. At county and local level, the county and local councils are responsible for: - Inventorying the main tourism resources; - Managing the local registers of the tourism heritage; - Elaborating proposals of tourism development which underlie the Annual program for the development of tourism products; - Participating to the homologation of tourism routes and ski slopes; - Contributing to the quality increase of tourism products; - Monitoring the tourism activity so that the economic operators with tourism activity have access to the tourism resources, complying with their norms of capitalization and protection; - Organizing centers for tourism information in the localities with tourism activity. 5

The extent to which there are specific regulations on the functioning of tourism operators that provide outdoor adventure

The regulations in force do not clarify the mode of licensing and functioning for economic agents that provide adventure tourism services, without functioning as travel agency. Individuals who

Common borders. Common solutions. 34

tourism services.

obtain the accreditation necessary to become a specialized tourism guide can be employed by such economic agents as well as by travel agencies and tour-operators. However, the provided specializations do not cover all categories of adventure tourism activities that can be performed.

BULGARIA The specific legislation in the field of tourism which is relevant for the development of outdoor adventure tourism in Bulgaria includes: Table 2.3. Normative acts relevant for the development of outdoor adventure tourism in Bulgaria

Normative act Tourism Law28 - Defines and regulates the tourism management in Bulgaria concerning the relations between central, territorial structures and other entities involved in tourism activities (public management structures, tourism operators). The results of the analysis of normative acts relevant for the development of outdoor adventure tourism in Bulgaria are summarized further on: Table 2.4. Analysis of legislation relevant for the development of outdoor adventure tourism in Bulgaria

No. Investigated aspect

Finding

The extent to which (outdoor) The general framework of tourism functioning is adventure tourism is regulated well regulated/legislated in Bulgaria, however without any specific provisions for the adventure tourism as distinct type of tourism.

The extent to which the specific The legislation in force does not include definitions legislation provides a definition of adventure tourism. of outdoor adventure tourism

The existence of legislative Not applicable. provisions specific to adventure tourism

The extent to which there are The Central Tourism Agency operates at central

28Document

available online at http://www.tmbulgaria.com/en/page/Tourism-Law,-Part-1/16/index.html, accessed September 10th, 2015

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institutional structures responsible for the tourism promotion and development at national and local level

level, a structure subordinated to the Government, responsible for implementing the national policy in the field of tourism. At territorial level, the local councils are the organizations relevant for tourism development at territorial level. These are responsible for: - Fitting out and preserving the general and specific infrastructure (roads, railways, cultural and historical monuments etc.); - Preserving green areas; - Promoting tourism objectives; - Setting up centers for tourism information.

The extent to which there are specific regulations on the functioning of tourism operators that provide outdoor adventure tourism services.

The activity of the travel agencies and tour operator companies is regulated. However, the regulations in force do not clarify the mode of functioning for economic agents that provide adventure tourism services without functioning as travel agencies.

GEORGIA The specific legislation in the field of tourism which is relevant for the development of outdoor adventure tourism in Georgia includes: Table 2.5. Normative acts relevant for the development of outdoor adventure tourism in Georgia

Normative act Law of Georgia on Tourism and Health Resorts29 The results of the analysis of normative acts relevant for the development of outdoor adventure tourism in Georgia are summarized further on:

Table 2.6. Analysis of legislation relevant for the development of outdoor adventure tourism in Georgia

No. Investigated aspect 1

Finding

The extent to which the (outdoor) The general framework for tourism functioning adventure tourism is regulated is briefly legislated in Georgia. It does not

29Document

available online at https://matsne.gov.ge/en/document/view/33370, accessed September 10th 2015

Common borders. Common solutions. 36

include provisions specific for adventure tourism as distinct form of tourism. 2

The extent to which the specific The concept of â&#x20AC;&#x153;Tourism Journeyâ&#x20AC;? is defined, legislation provides a definition of which designates a journey that includes meals, the outdoor adventure tourism accommodation, recreation and transport services (for example, circuits that include trips, horse riding, bicycle riding, ski etc.)

The existence of legislative Not applicable. provisions specific to the adventure tourism and the aspects aimed by them

The extent to which there are institutional structures responsible for the tourism promotion and development at national and local level

The extent to which specific regulations functioning of tourism that provide outdoor tourism services.

The National Tourism Administration is an entity subordinated to the Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development from Georgia. At territorial level, the local authorities have attributions concerning the regional management of tourism, creation and promotion of new tourism products, and implementation of tourism development plans.

there are Such regulations have not been identified. on the operators adventure

REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA The specific legislation in the field of tourism which is relevant for the development of outdoor adventure tourism in the Republic of Moldova includes:

Table 2.7. Normative acts relevant for the development of outdoor adventure tourism in the Republic of Moldova

Normative act Law no. 352-XVI from November 24th 2006 on the organization and performance of

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tourism activity in the Republic of Moldova Decision no. 338 from 19.05.2014 on the approval of the Tourism development strategy “Tourism 2020” and of the Action plan for its implementation in 2014 – 2016 Decision concerning the approval of the Tourism sustainable development strategy in the Republic of Moldova in 2003-2015 no. 1065/02.09.2003 Decision for the approval of the Regulation on the Tourism Register no. 615/11.07.2001 Decision on the approval of the Methodological norms and classification criteria of tourism reception structures with functions of accommodation and food service, no. 643 from 27.05.2003 Decision on the introduction of the tourism agreement, tourism voucher and statistical record sheet for the circulation of tourists at the border of the Republic of Moldova no. 1470 from 27.12.2001 Decision on the stimulation of tourism development in rural environment no. 979 from 12.08.2008 Decision on the situation improvement from the tourism industry no. 74 from 28.01.2002 Methodological norms on the institution, approval and registration of tourism routes Regulation of participation to tourism fairs at the stand of the Republic of Moldova Regulation on the mode of using the Tourism Brand The results of the analysis of normative acts relevant for the development of outdoor adventure tourism in the Republic of Moldova are summarized further on: Table 2.8. Analysis of legislation relevant for the development of outdoor adventure tourism in the Republic of Moldova

No. Investigated aspect

Finding

The extent to which the (outdoor) The adventure tourism is mentioned in the adventure tourism is regulated Tourism development strategy “Tourism 2020” as a form of tourism with important development perspectives. Still, there are no regulations specific to the outdoor adventure tourism.

The extent to which the specific In the tourism development strategy “Tourism legislation provides a definition of 2020”, adventure tourism is defined as “a Common borders. Common solutions. 38

the outdoor adventure tourism

motivational tourism form which implies the interaction with the environment by actively spending free time, performing certain extreme activities based on physical effort. The request for adventure tourism registers the most dynamic development at global level. The tourists are permanently looking for adventure, having as purpose the fun spending of free time. Tourism adventure includes the interaction with the environment, trips in caves, mountain climbing, archaeological expeditions, hiking, boating/kayak, auto, motorcycling, horse racing, orientation races, skydiving etc.â&#x20AC;? Additionally, the special interest tourism is defined which includes: ornithology, botany, hunting, fishing, speleology, paragliding (Government Decision 1065/02.09.2003).

The existence of legislative There are no specific regulations on adventure provisions specific to the adventure tourism. tourism and the aspects aimed by them

The extent to which there are institutional structures responsible for the tourism promotion and development at national and local level

At central level, the responsibility for the implementation of policies in tourism belongs to the Tourism Agency from the Republic of Moldova. The central specialized administrative authority which elaborates and promotes the state policy in tourism is the Tourism Agency from the Republic of Moldova with one subordinated institution â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the National Centre for the Training of Tourism Specialists. The Tourism Agency from the Republic of Moldova: - Coordinates the measures concerning the fulfilment of the strategy and state policy in tourism together with local public administration authorities and communal associations in the field of tourism; - Organizes and monitors the tourism activity

Common borders. Common solutions. 39

in national tourism areas; - Organizes all records related to tourism heritage, ensures its capitalization and protection according to the law. The tourism activity in the territory is regulated by the Tourism Agency in collaboration with the local public administration authorities. The latter have the following attributions in tourism: - Inventory of the main tourism resources; - Participate in the elaboration of tourism routes according to tourism development programs; - Create favorable conditions for the activity of economic agents from tourism industry and communal associations from tourism; - Contribute to the renewal, protection and conservation of tourism resources by regulating the anthropic impact and complying with their capitalization norms; - Take actions related to territorial tourism management; - Ensure the installation of the necessary tourism indicators at territorial level; - Contribute to the equipment of tourism destinations with minimum facilities for visitors (places for the meal preparation and serving, for waste accumulation, bathrooms etc.); - Contribute to the environments improvement and protection by elaborating and taking special actions and programs coordinated with the central authority for natural resources and environment; - Engage the local population in the tourism activity; - Contribute to the development of different forms of tourism in the territory.

Common borders. Common solutions. 40

The extent to which there are specific regulations on the functioning of tourism operators that provide services of outdoor adventure tourism.

According to the Law on Tourism Activity, Art. 10-14 and 17, there are tour operators that have as main activity the sale of their own tourism packages and organization of different specialized events. Moreover, there are travel agencies that sell tourism packages contracted from tour operators, as well as services contracted from other licensed travel agencies.

TURKEY The specific legislation in the field of tourism which is relevant for the development of outdoor adventure tourism in Turkey includes: Table 2.9. Normative acts relevant for the development of outdoor adventure tourism in Turkey

Normative act Tourism Strategy of Turkey â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 202330 Law No. 2634/1982 regarding the encouragement of tourism, with its subsequent amendments31 The results of the analysis of normative acts relevant for the development of outdoor adventure tourism in Turkey are summarized further on: Table 2.10. Analysis of legislation relevant for the development of outdoor adventure tourism in Turkey

No. Investigated aspect

Finding

The extent to which the (outdoor) The general framework for the functioning of adventure tourism is regulated tourism is regulates in Turkey. However, it does not include provisions specific for adventure tourism as distinct form of tourism.

The extent to which the specific Tourism adventure is not defined. legislation provides a definition of the outdoor adventure tourism

The existence of legislative Not applicable. provisions specific to the adventure

Document available online at http://www.kulturturizm.gov.tr/genel/text/eng/TST2023.pdf, accessed September 10th 2015 Document available online at http://www.kultur.gov.tr/EN,33040/law-for-the-encouragement-of-tourism.htm, accessed September 10th 2015 31

Common borders. Common solutions. 41

tourism and the aspects aimed by them 4

The extent to which there are institutional structures responsible for the tourism promotion and development at national and local level

At central level, the appointed responsible structure is the Ministry of Culture and Tourism. At territorial level, the responsibility belongs to local councils. The Strategy 2023 provides the establishment of tourism local councils.

The extent to which there are specific No such regulations have been identified. regulations on the functioning of tourism operators that provide outdoor adventure tourism services.

2.2.2. GENERAL ANALYSIS OF IDENTIFIED LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK The legislative analysis carried out for the elaboration of the present Strategy took into account the following aspects related to the normative acts that exert an impact on the development of outdoor adventure tourism in the Black Sea Region: The extent to which the (outdoor) adventure tourism is regulated (through normative acts of any type) in the partner states participating in the project In all states participant to the project there is specific legislation that regulates at least the fundamental framework for the functioning of tourism (public management structures, basic definitions, system for licensing tourism operators etc.). In the case of Bulgaria, Romania and the Republic of Moldova, the regulation degree is advanced. In case of Turkey, the Strategy Tourism 2023 was recently launched, aiming among other things to regulate the sector through specific normative acts. In Georgia, the tourism sector is sparsely regulated and measures need to be taken in order for the legal system to reach its maturity (for example, a system for licensing economic operators that provide tourism services is not operational in Georgia). Although none of the partner states has put in place legislation specifically dedicated to adventure tourism, this, as form of tourism, falls within the same general framework for the functioning of the tourism sector. As a matter of fact, no other form of tourism benefits from special legal provisions (except yachting in Turkey), being necessary for them to be carried out within the framework established by law. The extent to which the specific legislation does not include a definition of outdoor adventure tourism Among the five states subject to analysis, only two, Georgia and the Republic of Moldova, include in the normative acts relevant definitions or concepts for adventure tourism. If the Common borders. Common solutions. 42

legislation from Georgia defines the term “tourism journey” as leisure activity which includes meal, accommodation, recreation and forms of active transport (hiking, horse riding, bicycle riding, ski etc.), that from the Republic of Moldova has a more specific character. Therefore, according to the Governmental Decision of the Republic of Moldova no. 1065/02.09.2003 concerning the approval of the Strategy for sustainable tourism development in the Republic of Moldova in 2003-2015, adventure tourism is a “motivational form of tourism which implies the interaction with the environment by actively spending the free time, practicing certain extreme activities based on physical effort”. The same document specifies the fact that adventure tourism includes the interaction with the environment, trips to caves, mountain climbing, archaeological expeditions, hiking, boating/kayak, auto, motorcycling, horse riding, orientation races, skydiving etc. Additionally, the special interest tourism is defined, which includes: ornithology, hunting, fishing, speleology, paragliding. It can be noticed therefore either the lack of a definition or a certain degree of unclearness of definitions used and overlapping of meanings for used terms: the journey tourism includes also adventure tourism activities, the special interest tourism coexists with the adventure tourism in the same document, although both refer to the same activities etc. Legislative provisions specific to adventure tourism The definitions of adventure tourism, where they exist (therefore identifying the adventure tourism and/or activities specific to it as distinct form of tourism), are not followed by details / nuanced regulations of this distinct form of tourism. The extent to which there are specialized institutional structures responsible for the promotion and management of adventure tourism programs at national and local level In all partner states analyzed, the institutional framework regulated by law refers to a management structure of tourism sector represented by: - The central public authority (subordinated to the government) which has general attributions of regulation, management, policy implementation etc. - The territorial authorities (county councils, local councils) which have the responsibility to facilitate the tourism sector at regional/local level; - The national advisory councils that include representatives of public authorities and economic operators activating in this sector. From the analysis of collected legislation, we did not identify specialized structures / dedicated distinctly to the management of adventure tourism. The extent to which there are specific regulations on the functioning of tourism operators that provide services of outdoor adventure tourism Except Georgia, in all partner states from the project the legislation provides the licensing of economic agents that provide services in the field of tourism (travel agencies and their staff). However, the regulations in force do not clarify the mode of licensing and functioning for tourism operators that provide directly adventure tourism services, without functioning as Common borders. Common solutions. 43

tourism agency. The legislation (in Romania) specifies that the natural persons who obtain accreditation as tourism guide (including specialized) can be employed by such operators (including travel agencies). The specializations mentioned in the specific legislation do not cover however all types of adventure tourism activities which can be carried out.

2.2.3. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 1. Conclusions - The general framework specific to the tourism sector, applicable also to adventure tourism as distinct form of tourism exists at the level of all partner states; - There are no regulations specific to adventure tourism; - A clear, comprehensive definition of adventure tourism is missing; - Management systems relevant for the tourism sector function in all partner states (both at central and territorial level), but there are no specialized structures (departments etc.) within involved institutions with attributions limited only to the field of adventure tourism; - The regulations in force do not clarify the mode of licensing and functioning for tourism operators that provide directly adventure tourism services, without functioning as tourism agency. 2. Recommendations - Clear definition of adventure tourism concept and of the types of activities it implies; - Clarification of the functioning mode for tourism operators that provide adventure tourism services, without functioning as tourism agency; - Identification of adventure tourism as distinct form of tourism and establishing a specialized system that provides the management of this type of tourism, including by collecting statistical data specific to it.

2.3. ANALYSIS

OF THE STRATEGIES AND PROGRAMMING DOCUMENTS IN THE

TOURISM SECTOR IN FORCE IN THE PARTNER STATES AND SETTING GUIDELINES FOR THEIR USE BY THE TOURISM OPERATORS

An important step in the elaboration of the Strategy for the development and promotion of outdoor tourism activities was the analysis of strategic and programmatic documents adopted at European, national and regional level, in order to ensure the compatibility with these at all intervention levels.

Common borders. Common solutions. 44

2.3.1. STRATEGIES AND PROGRAMMING DOCUMENTS FOR THE TOURISM SECTOR In the Strategy elaboration process have been inventoried and analyzed over 20 strategies, programmatic documents and profile studies, which included: I. Legislative regulations and documents specific to tourism in partner states; II. Strategic documents from tourism: -

Master Plan for the Development of National Tourism 2007-2026 in Romania;

National Ecotourism Strategy of Romania;

South-Eastern Region Development Strategy for the programming period 2014-2020 – Development priorities – working document;

Assessment of National Tourism Development Strategies of Bulgaria (2012, author: Emil Vaklinov);

National Ecotourism Strategy of Bulgaria;

Tourism Strategy of Turkey – 2023;

Assessment of National Tourism Development Strategies of the Republic of Moldova (2012, author Ecological Counselling Centre Cahul);

Governmental Decision of the Republic of Moldova no. 338 from May 19th 2014 concerning the approval of the Tourism development strategy “Tourism 2020” and of the Action plan for its implementation in 2014 – 2016;

Georgia, Tourism in figures (2013, Georgian National Tourism Administration).

III. Other programmatic documents, studies and reports on tourism and outdoor adventure tourism: -

Project of the Operational Program Black Sea Basin ENI CBC 2014-2020;

Increase of tourism attractiveness in the area of the Black Sea Basin, by diversifying tourism packages and services, especially those for spending the free time (study carried out in 2012 by the city hall of Eforie city, financed within the operational program Black Sea Basin 2007-2013);

Meeting the Markets, study published in 2013 by the Association Adventure Travel Trade);

Adventure tourism features in the context of sustainable development (authors: Maria Roxana Dorobantu, Cristina Otilia Tenovici, Georgică Gheorghe);

Adventure Tourism Development Index (2011, Association Adventure Travel Trade, George Washington University, Vital Wave Consulting);

Adventure Tourism Development Index (2015, Association Adventure Travel Trade);

Adventure Tourism Market Study (2013, Association Adventure Travel Trade,

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George Washington University); -

Adventure Tourism Market Study (2010, Adventure Travel Trade Association, George Washington University, Xola Consulting);

Global Report on Adventure Tourism (2014, UNWTO, Association Adventure Travel Trade);

Outdoor Adventure Tourism - A Review of Research Approaches (2001, author Karin Weber);

Regional Study on the quality of existing Adventure Tourism Activities, made available by the Acquirer.

2.3.2. ANALYSIS OF THE STRATEGIES AND GUIDELINES FOR TOURISM OPERATORS

PROGRAMMING

DOCUMENTS

AND SETTING

The document which traces the development priorities at European level is Europe 202032. This is a strategy of European Union for 10 years and its purpose is to eliminate the development lags within European Union. The Strategy aims at five major objectives: occupation of workforce (1), research and development (2), climate changes and sustainable use of energy (3), education (4), respectively the fight against poverty and social exclusion (5). The strategy is built on three strategic priorities: smart economic growth (1), sustainable growth (2), respectively inclusive growth (3). Europe 2020 Strategy also identifies seven flagship initiatives which will be implemented at community and national level to turn EU into a smart, sustainable and inclusive economy. The seven initiatives are included in the three strategic priorities of the Strategy: Smart growth (with initiatives “Digital Agenda for Europe”, “Innovation Union” and “Youth on the move”), Sustainable Growth (with initiatives “Resource efficient Europe” and “An industrial policy for the globalization era”) and Inclusive Growth (with the initiatives “An agenda for new skills and jobs”, respectively “European platform against poverty”). Although outdoor adventure tourism is not directly targeted by Europe 2020 Strategy, enhancing competitiveness of tourism sector in Europe is one of the specific objectives established by the European Commission for initiative “An industrial policy for the globalization era”33. ROMANIA In Romania the development of tourism and tourist destinations made the object of many programmatic documents. Probably the most comprehensive one is The Master plan for National Tourism Development in Romania 2007 – 202634, elaborated at the request of the 32

European Commission (2010), Europe 2020: A European strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. Communication from the Commision, COM(2010)2020. Bruxelles: European Union 33European Commission (2010) Idem 34World Tourism Organization (2007) The Master Plan for National Tourism Development in Romania 2007 – 2026. Bucharest: National Authority for Touris

Common borders. Common solutions. 46

Government of Romania by the World Tourism Organization through a team made of six international consultants and 20 Romanian specialists. The Master Plan contains an analysis section of the current situation, an objectives section, development directions and actions proposed for the period 2007-2026, respectively a section of conclusions. The document has the nature of strategy and targets all forms of tourism and the categories of tourist destinations, pursuing an approach from general (overview of development of Romanian tourism) to specific (recommendations and case studies built around destinations considered – at the level of the year 2007 – as examples of good practice regarding development). The document identifies “adventure and sport” (defined as addressed especially to youth) and “activities in nature” as two of the eight main market segments which should be targeted in national and international tourism. The Master Plan also proposes a series of tourist development areas depending on the dominant forms of tourism, areas which include two of the main tourist destinations in SouthEast Region: -

Black Sea seaside – defined as a destination for sun-bathing, entertainment, culture, health and treatment, cruises on the Black Sea;

Danube Delta – defined as a destination for nature, ecotourism, cruises on the Danube River and entertainment.

It is obvious from the above that the South-East Region is considered suitable for practicing activities associated to outdoor adventure tourism to the extent that these activities are carried out in the Danube Delta (nature, ecotourism). Thus, the Black Sea seaside is not seen as the main destination for adventure tourism, despite the fact that the analysis made in the process of elaborating the Strategy for development and promotion of outdoor tourism activities identifies a high potential for development of this form of tourism. Yet, the Master Plan determines that increasing the receipts in tourism by increasing the expenses of visitors can be done by investments in a wider range of quality accommodation structures, tourist attractions, entertainment, sports and leisure activities, which will offer visitors more spending opportunities. Among the investments offered as example in the strategic document there are those associated to adventure tourism such as harbors for boats, sports and adventure facilities. The brand manual developed by the Ministry of Regional Development and Tourism (the current National Authority for Tourism) identifies “Action and adventure” as one of the possible themes for the promotion of Romania as a destination on external markets35. A part of brand manual recommendations were transposed in the Multiannual Marketing Plan approved in 2012 by Government Decision no. 20/11 January 201236.

35Ministry

of Regional Development and Tourism (2012) Idem of Romania (2012) Idem

36Government

Common borders. Common solutions. 47

The National Strategy for Development of Ecotourism in Romania 37 drafted in 2009 by affiliate experts or collaborators of the National Institute for Research and Development in Tourism is also relevant for the development of outdoor adventure tourism. The elaboration of the Strategy was carried out in two phases corresponding to the two main structure units: an analysis of the current development stage of ecotourism (phase I), respectively a strategic plan which includes action directions and implementation instruments (phase II). The relevance of this strategic document derives from the fact that certain ecotourism activities are considered as associated to adventure tourism. Among the directions identified in the second part of the National Strategy for Development of Ecotourism we can mention infrastructure development, improvement of professional training of workers in the field, development of cross-border partnerships and development of the tourist offer of local tour operators. At the level of the South-East Region, the document “South-East Region Development Strategy – Development Priorities”38 identifies “Increasing the attractiveness of region as tourist destination by promoting regional integrated tourism, development and modernization of tourist infrastructure and increasing the quality of tourist services offered” as one of the specific objectives for the programming period 2014-2020. The measures proposed are structured in two fields of intervention: 

Promotion of regional integrated tourism (leisure tourism, scientific tourism, educational tourism, tourism for hunting and fishing, balneal and treatment tourism, cultural tourism, oenology and gastronomic tourism) (1);



Foundation, development and modernization of tourist infrastructure (2).

Even if adventure tourism is not explicitly mentioned as a priority, the actions identified in the South-East Regional Development Strategy aim at a series of complementary measures to the development of this form of tourism, such as promoting sport fishing and tourism based on hunting and fishing, developing the infrastructure specific to aquatic leisure activities at sea and river level, developing the infrastructure of tourism for hunting and fishing, foundation and development of tourist harbors (for leisure boats) respectively the arrangement of bicycle tracks, cycling routes and related infrastructure. Tourism is one of the fields indicated as priority and in the Integrated Development plan of the Growth Pole Constanța for 2007-2013 39 , in which it is mentioned that one of the directions pursued by projects with EU funds implemented at local level is “the sustainable development of tourism by practicing different forms of tourism”. This direction is also

37National

Institute for Research and Development in Tourism (2009) National Strategy for Development of Ecotourism in Romania. Bucharest: Ministry of Tourism 38South-East Regional Development Agency (2014) “South-East Region Development Strategy – Development Priorities”, document accessed online on webpagehttp://www.adrse.ro, accessed on 9 October 2015 39Intercommunity Development Association “Metropolitan Area Constanţa” (2010) Integrated Development Plan of Growth Pole Constanța for 2007-2013, document available online on http://www.zmc.ro/proiecte/plan-integrat-de-dezvoltare/, accessed October 9th 2015

Common borders. Common solutions. 48

maintained in the Strategy Europe 2020 40 . However, outdoor adventure tourism is not explicitly mentioned in the two documents which have a relatively general nature. As a synthesis of the measures identified in the documents analyzed above, we can identify a series of priorities and guidelines regarding the implementation of strategies in the field of tourism, which can be extrapolated for the regional development of adventure tourism sector: 

Development of the offer of adventure tourism services of tour operators by creating packages which contain activities identified as relevant in the National Ecotourism Strategy: specific adventure activities (for example, rafting, canoeing, equestrian tourism on pre-established routes, tour ski, bike trips on arranged routes etc.); organized guided tours; tours for nature observation (flora, fauna); trips for experimenting nature preservation activities.



Creation of cross-border partnerships, in which both local public authorities from destination areas, travel agencies and authorities from the regions and partner states and tour operators and other representatives of private environment with assignments in tourism participate;



Valorization of points of interest for adventure tourism, currently less known on the tourist market (for example, the plateau area of Constanța county) by their inclusion in the itineraries of programs offered by tour operators;



Diversification of the offer of services at destination level by development of new facilities (for example, bicycle tracks, cycling routes and related infrastructure) and activities (for example, optional programs and guided tours for tourists who are already in destination areas) associated to adventure tourism;



Improvement of professional training, as well as the organizational, professional and career development for the staff involved in tourism and other human resources who carry out lucrative activities in the field tourism.

Last but not least, programmatic documents show the necessity of paying a growing importance to public-private partnerships, which can materialize in management structures of destinations, in the operation of which public entities (for example, local public authorities), non-governmental organizations and representatives of the business environment can involve themselves to an equal extent.

BULGARIA In Bulgaria, The National Strategy for Sustainable Development of Tourism 41 has a relatively general nature, and does not tackle the issue of development or promotion of

40Intercommunity

Development Association “Metropolitan Area Constanţa” (2011) Vision 2020 – an integrated strategy of Metropolitan Area Constanţa, document available online on http://www.zmc.ro/proiecte/vision-2020/, accessed on October 8th 2015

Common borders. Common solutions. 49

adventure tourism on the national territory. The Strategy establishes a series of horizontal priorities such as improvement of institutional coordination in tourism, development of infrastructure, marketing of tourist destinations or development of public-private partnerships in tourism. On the other hand, Development Strategy of Eco-tourism42 is a document offered as good practice example in the report of the World Tourism Organization on Adventure Tourism43. The strategy identifies a series of directions for action grouped by four large priorities: Preservation of biodiversity and cultural heritage (1), Development of businesses in ecotourism (2), Regional policies (3) and regional and local development (4). Among the actions defined in the Strategy and which can exert an impact on the development of outdoor adventure tourism we can mention: 

Development of management plans for natural protected areas in view of minimizing the negative anthropic impact on them;



Supporting the creation and development of SMEs and increasing their access to financing;



Implementation of a management system within destinations;



Creation of cooperation structures (clusters) between the active players in the field;



Stimulation of replication of good practice models identified at destinations level;



Elaboration of guidelines for an education and awareness programme for tourists;



Improvement of access to tourist attractions and objectives.

From the analysis of strategic framework we identified the following proposals for regional development specific to adventure tourism: - Development of tourism infrastructure for valorization of tourist attractions, including by creation of routes for trips, cyclo-tourism, picnic spots, foundation of tourist information centers, location of indicators etc. - Reconstruction and renovation of chalets and mountain refuge areas on public property; - Organization of regional and national events such as festivals, sports events, competitions etc. - Implementation of modern technologies in view of improving the tourist information and promotion activities; - Development of regional identity and regional brand;

41 Bulgarian

Ministry Of Economy, Energy and Tourism (2011) Annual Tourism Reporting, report available online at http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/tourism/files/annual_reports/2010/bg_2010_en.pdf, accessed on September 29th 2015 42US AID Bulgaria (2014) BULGARIA: National and Regional Ecotourism Strategy Project. Sofia: US AID 43World Tourism Organization (2014) Global Report on Adventure Tourism, report available online at www.unwto.org, accessed on October 7th 2015

Common borders. Common solutions. 50

- Deployment of awareness activities regarding the importance of developing adventure tourism at the local communities' level. It is noteworthy that the results of Strategy implementation were closely followed and documented and the high degree of practical applicability of the measures and actions proposed can be rightfully acknowledged. For example, until now, management plans of protected areas were made for two national parks and a UNESCO objective (Rila Monastery), a number of 12 action plans were drawn up for the development of ecotourism at regional level, a manual for development of ecotourism product was drawn up for use in the whole country, and several awareness actions were carried out for the importance of environmental protection by production and distribution of a multimedia CD, websites, publications, massmedia, and printing of educational materials. Valorizing the measures identified in strategic documents, we can draw the following guidelines: - Involvement of tour operators in cooperation structures between the active players in tourism and particularly adventure tourism. Development of cooperation structures can be done by specific networking activities such as events, experience exchanges or even by interaction on dedicated online platforms; - Identification of good practice models which have already proven their viability as tourist destinations from the partner regions and states and their replication, after analysis and adjustment to the particularities of individual organizations/destinations. In this respect, it is useful to develop good practice guidelines which are regularly updated and available to tour operators online, either on an open platform (a website accessible to all categories of public) or on a platform which requires registration and log-in with contact data and password (such as the platform developed by Adventure Travel Trade Association). GEORGIA Among the partner states, Georgia is the only country which has not elaborated and implemented yet a tourism development strategy at national level. The National Strategy for Sustainable Development of Tourism in Georgia is now in process of elaboration, and targets the horizon 2015-2025. Adjara Region, created as independent province, has its own development strategy44, in which tourism is allotted a chapter. The needs and directions of action identified are relevant for outdoor adventure tourism and include: ď&#x201A;§

Promotion of Batumi city as harbor for leisure boats and its inclusion in the itinerary of tourist programs;

ď&#x201A;§

Arrangement of bicycle tracks and routes;

44 Government

of Autonomous Province Adjara (2010) Regional Development Strategy of the Autonomous Republic of Adjara, document available online at http://www.Adjara.gov.ge/acg/files/Adjara-Development-Strategy.pdf, accessed on October 13th 2015

Common borders. Common solutions. 51



Extension of the tourist season by developing forms of tourism which depend to a lesser extent on weather conditions than seaside tourism, such as ecotourism, adventure tourism, yachting or tourism for practicing winter sports;



Concentration of tour operators' offer of products and services based on authenticity, which valorize both the elements of the natural framework (by rafting, speleology, equitation, trips, mountain-bike), and local traditions, especially gastronomic ones (production of wines, cheese, food made in the guest houses of the local inhabitants etc.); Inclusion of services associated to adventure tourism (birdwatching, mountain-biking, diving, winter sports etc.) in integrated travel packages, available at a lump sum price in the offer of tour operators with wide coverage and visibility; Promotion of adventure tourism offer both nationally, among the resident tourists and those already in the tourist destinations (for example, the resorts on the Black Sea coast), and internationally, on emission markets with growth potential.



The Strategy aims at actions with direct impact on tour operators such as fiscal facilities for legal persons who make investments in tourism, foundation of incubators for SMEs and creation of credit programs and financing from the state budget.

REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA The strategic documents which support the development of tourism in the Republic of Moldova are the Tourism Development Strategy “Tourism 2020” and the Plan of actions for its implementation in 2014 – 201645. The documents were approved by Government Decision no. 338/19 May 2014 and are in process of implementation. The two documents mention that adventure activities are along with other activities (cultural events and activities, kitchen, rural environment, cultural heritage, historical monuments, wine making etc.) competitive advantages for the development of different forms of tourism in the Republic of Moldova. In fact, the Strategy admits that the most widespread forms wine tourism, business tourism, rural, balneal, religious and trip tourism, but concludes that adventure tourism is less valorized, although it has an important development potential and can be the object of development and promotional measures in the future. Yet, the documents do not foresee concrete actions for development of outdoor adventure tourism. However, general measures with relevance for tour operators have been identified, such as: 

Creating partnerships for implementation of projects in tourism with financing from national and international funds;

45Government

of Republic of Moldova (2014) Decision of Government of Republic of Moldova no. 338 of 19 May 2014 on the approval of Tourism Development Strategy “Tourism 2020” and the Plan of Actions for its implementation during 2014 – 2016

Common borders. Common solutions. 52



Elaboration and annual inclusion of new routes and tourist itineraries in the offer of tour operators;



Elaboration and implementation of electronic applications for tourist guidance and promotion;



Cross-border training of specialists in tourism;



Promotion of adventure tourism offer by a variety of means (websites, applications for mobile devices, organization of information visits at tourist destination level etc.).

Yet, the vast majority of tourism development and promotion measures in the Republic of Moldova identified in the Strategy and its implementation plan are addressed to the central public authorities (Tourism Agency, ministries), targeting regulatory actions, development of public infrastructure and promotion of the national tourist brand.

TURKEY The planning of tourism development in Turkey is made according to the Strategy for Tourism46, a strategic document at national level, which targets a variety of tourism forms and activities. Outdoor adventure tourism is approached tangentially, by providing little information about the development potential, the measures that need to be taken for the valorization of this potential. Moreover, the Strategy is rather focused on destinations for seaside and cultural tourism, which attracts the largest part of tourist flows to Turkey. However, the Strategy identifies alternative tourism, ecotourism and tourism for practicing winter sports as important especially for the destinations which are not on the shores of the Aegean Sea or farther from the main routes and circulated paths, such as Kastamonu region. A novelty element introduced by this strategy compared to the strategic documents from the other partner states is the designation of tourist development areas and corridors. Relevant for outdoor tourism is the designation of ecotourism development areas and corridors in which Kastamonu Region is also included. The Strategy shows a series of priorities and guidelines of interest both for the entities responsible for the management of activities at destination level and especially for tour operators: -

Diversification of tourist offer by provision of services adapted to the individual needs of consumers at travel destinations;

Involvement of private environment in infrastructure development projects;

Increasing the quality of tourist services and especially the accommodation and leisure services, but with maintenance of traditional architectural elements;

Training of human resources in the field of tourism;

46 Ministry

of Culture and Tourism (2007) Tourism Strategy of Turkey– 2023, document available online on webpage http://www.kulturturizm.gov.tr/genel/text/eng/TST2023.pdf

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Specialization of tour operators and destinations in certain forms of tourism belonging to “alternative tourism” or niche (including tourism in nature, tourism for winter sports etc.).

It is noteworthy that these guidelines have a general character, being applicable to economic operators from multiple sectors of tourism industry, not just to adventure tourism sector. In addition, following the analyses performed on the strategic framework, we identified the following proposals for regional development specific to adventure tourism: -

Arrangement, signaling and marking of routes for outdoor adventure tourism, such as those for trips, alpinism, canyoning, cyclo-tourism;

Increasing the visibility of the region by organization of regional and national events;

Improvement of specific infrastructure for practicing winter sports;

Improvement of infrastructure for ecotourism, especially in the protected natural areas from the region (Kure Mountains National Park, National Park Ilgaz).

2.3.3. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING THE USE OF TOURISM STRATEGIES IN THE PARTNER STATES

Following the consultation of strategic and programmatic documents in the field of tourism in the partner regions and states, the following guidelines were set for each partner state:

Partner state Romania



Identified Guidelines Development of tour operators’ offer of adventure tourism services through the creation of packages which contain specific adventure tourism activities (for example, rafting, canoeing, equestrian tourism on pre-established routes, tour ski, trips by bicycles on arranged routes etc.); guide tours; nature observation tours (flora, fauna); trips for the experimentation of nature preservation activities. Creation of cross-border partnerships in the field of tourism, ecotourism and adventure tourism, in which both local public authorities from destination areas participate, travel agencies and authorities from the partner regions and states and tour operators and other representatives of private environment with adventure tourism assignments participate; Valorization of points of interest for adventure tourism, currently less known on the tourist market (for example, the plateau area of Constanța county) through their inclusion in the itineraries of programs offered by tour operators; Diversification of services offer at destination level by

Common borders. Common solutions. 54



Bulgaria



Georgia



development of new facilities (for example, bicycle tracks, cycling routes and related infrastructure) and activities (for example, optional programs and guided tours for tourists who are already in destination) associated to adventure tourism; Improvement of professional training level and organizational and professional development for the staff involved in tourism activities and human resources who carry out lucrative activities in tourism. Involvement of tour operators in structures of cooperation between the active players in the tourism field and especially in adventure tourism. The development of cooperation structures can be done by specific networking activities such as events, experience exchanges or even by the interaction on dedicated online platforms; Identification of good practice models which have already proven their viability at the level of tourist destinations from the regions and partner states and their replication, after analysis and adjustment to the particularities of your own organization/destination. For this purpose, it is useful to develop good practice guidelines which are regularly updated and available to tour operators online, either on an open platform (a website accessible to all categories of public), or one which requires registration and log-in with contact data and password (such as the platform developed by Adventure Travel Trade Association). Concentration of tour operators' offer on products and services based on authenticity, which valorize both the elements of the natural framework (by rafting, speleology, equitation, trips, mountain-bike), and local traditions, especially gastronomic ones (production of wines, cheese, food made in the guest houses of the local inhabitants etc.); Inclusion of services associated to adventure tourism (birdwatching, mountain-biking, diving, winter sports etc.) in integrated travel packages, available at a lump sum price in the offer of tour operators with wide coverage and visibility; Promotion of adventure tourism offer both nationally, among the resident tourists and those already in the tourist destinations (for example, the resorts on the Black Sea coast), and internationally, on emission markets with growth potential; Improvement of adventure tourism management while in the absence of a strategy in tourism, the development of tourism activities is chaotic.

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Republic of Moldova

Turkey



Creation of partnerships for implementation of projects in tourism with financing from national and international funds;



Elaboration and annual inclusion of new routes and tourist itineraries in the offer of tour operators;



Elaboration and implementation of electronic applications for tourist guidance and promotion;



Cross-border training of specialists in tourism;



Promotion of adventure tourism offer by a variety of means (websites, applications for mobile devices, organization of information visits at tourist destination level etc.).



Diversification of tourist offer by provision of services adapted to the individual needs of consumers at travel destinations;



Involvement of private environment in infrastructure development projects;



Increasing the quality of tourist services and especially the accommodation and leisure services, but with maintenance of traditional architectural elements;



Improvement of human resources training in the field of tourism;



Specialization of tour operators and destinations in certain forms of tourism belonging to “alternative tourism” or niche (including tourism in nature, tourism for winter sports etc.).

It is obvious from the centralizing table above that a large part of guidelines coincide or are complementary. By grouping the guidelines identified by categories, we obtain a series of directions of actions relevant for the Black Sea Region:  Promotion of activities, facilities and destinations for outdoor adventure tourism, which can make the object of joint actions involving all partner states;  Development of infrastructure for outdoor adventure tourism;  Improvement of adventure tourism management;  Diversification of the offer for adventure tourism by conceiving and promoting new travel packages;  Inventory and promotion of good practices in development of outdoor adventure tourism;  Training and professional counselling of human resources involved in adventure tourism;  Development of partnerships and facilitation of networking between adventure tourism operators;  Integration of adventure tourism activities in the packages of services sold by travel agencies. Common borders. Common solutions. 56

2.4. ANALYSIS

OF THE ADVENTURE TOURISM IMPACT ON SUSTAINABLE

DEVELOPMENT. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS

The purpose of strategies presented above is to contribute to the sustainable development of the territory they target, facilitating the attainment of sustainable development indicators. In order to facilitate the monitoring and evaluation of strategies' efficiency, Eurostat has developed a system of sustainable development indicators grouped by 10 categories47: 

Social and economic development (GDP per capita);



Sustainable consumption and production (productivity of resources);



Social inclusion (people exposed to poverty or social exclusion);



Demographic changes (occupancy rate of third age persons);



Public health (life expectancy);



Climate and energy changes (hothouse gas emissions, consumption of energy from fossil fuels);



Sustainable transportation (weight of consumption of fuel for means of transport in GDP);



Natural resources (number of endangered species);



Global partnerships (financial assistance given to developing countries);



Good governance (for example, effectiveness and coherence of public policies).

At European level, only three of these categories of indicators have registered a regress (social inclusion, natural resources, respectively global partnerships), while the rest of them have known an increasing trend, although the increase is moderate (for example, GDP per capita)48. Because this system of indicators applies only to EU states, which report to Eurostat, for the non-EU partner states (Moldova, Turkey, Georgia) the data availability allows for analysis of some of the ten categories of indicators (GDP per capita, life expectancy). However, by analyzing the gross domestic product at the level of partner states, we can see that all the five states record economic growth, although they are kept in the category of developing countries. The Human Development Index (HDI), calculated as arithmetic mean of three subindices (which illustrates the average life expectancy, education and gross domestic product) also records an increasing trend, being closely correlated with the economic growth for the last 5 years.

47Eurostat

(2015) Sustainable development in the European Union. Key messages. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union 48 Eurostat (2015) Sustainable development in the European Union. 2015 monitoring report of the EU Sustainable Development Strategy. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union

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We present below the position of partner states in the economy of world states, according to data published by International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP): Table 3. Value of development indicators in partner states

No. crt

Partner state

1 2 3 4

Romania Bulgaria Georgia Turkey Republic of Moldova

Nominal GDP per capita ($, 2014)50

GDP variation compared to previous year (%, 2014)51

Position in classification of world states according to HDI (2014)52

Value of HDI (2014)53

68 81 115 64

8807 6582 3720 9290

+1,8% +1,7% +4,8% +2,9%

54 58 79 69

0,785 0,777 0,744 0,759

HDI variation compared to previous year (absolute values, 2014) +0,003 +0,001 +0,003 +0,003

139

1740

+4,6%

114

0,663

+0,006

Position in the classification of world states bynominal GDP per capita (2014)49

Source: International Monetary Fund (2015), World Bank (2015), United Nations Development Programme (2015)

The fact that all the five states still belong to the category of developing countries and the purchasing power of inhabitants is moderate shows the need of the local adventure tourism operators to focus on external markets, especially on the category of developed countries (Western Europe, North America) or which have a sustained economic growth (China, Japan). The measurement and monitoring of contribution of different forms of tourism to the evolution of sustainable development indicators' values is inherently difficult to achieve because development is a result of multiple factors. However, the studies show that outdoor adventure tourism exerts a positive influence on sustainable development, influence materialized in the variation of some sustainable development indicators such as gross domestic product. In fact, the World Tourism Organization estimated in 2014 that adventure tourism directly contributes to the growth of gross domestic product because it attracts tourists willing to pay higher fees, which implicitly leads to a growth of receipts at local economy level. Because the development of adventure tourism involves lower scope investments in physical and technological capital than other forms of tourism (the persons who participate in adventure tourism programmes usually use the existing infrastructure at destination), its development is possible not only in states with advanced economies, but also in developing countries. Here, the contribution of outdoor adventure tourism to the economic growth and welfare of

49 International

Monetary Fund (2015) Nominal GDP per capita, data available online at http://www.imf.org/, accessed September 15th 2015 50Ibidem 51World Bank (2015) Annual percentage growth rate of GDP at market prices based on constant local currency, document accessed online on http://data.worldbank.org/, accessed September 15th 2015 52 United National Development Programme (2014) 2014 Human Development Report, document available online at http://www.undp.org/, accessed September 15th 2015 53Ibidem

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population (appreciated by “Nominal GDP per capita”) will be so much higher as the tourist products and services sold will generate receipts for small rural communities which do not have other development opportunities. By contributing to the growth of GDP, which is one of the three variables used in the calculation of Human Development Index (HDI), adventure tourism implicitly contributes to the growth of HDI, indicator which now records an increasing, but moderate trend (according to table 3). The contribution to HDI is also supported by the receipts generated at local level, the adventure tourism allows for increase in the welfare of local population and stimulates its access to basic services such as health and education. Implicitly an improvement takes place in the value of the other two indices used in the calculation of HDI: education (the alphabetization and schooling rate) and health (average life expectancy). According to ATTA (2012), outdoor adventure tourism “turns” the tourist into a defender of tourist destinations and their natural environment, since the persons who practice this form of tourism are interested in preserving and protecting the local fauna and flora. This obviously exerts a positive impact on at least one category of sustainable development indicators from among those defined by European Commission (natural resources – endangered species). Indirectly by generating receipts to the benefit of local communities and especially to the benefit of small rural communities, adventure tourism also contributes to the increase of other sustainable development indicators. Thus, by facilitating the foundation of new businesses and creation of occupancy opportunities for persons who otherwise would have difficulties in finding a job, adventure tourism contributes to social inclusion and occupancy rate of third age persons. At the same time, because the activities associated to outdoor adventure tourism involve movement in nature, practicing sports which improve physical condition and time spending in a natural unpolluted environment, this form of tourism also contributes to the improvement of public health values and even life expectancy. Last but not least, because a large part of outdoor adventure tourism activities involve the travel of tourists either on foot or by nonmotorized vehicles (bicycles), adventure tourism contributes to the counteracting of climate changes (by reduction of hothouse gas emissions), contributes to the decrease in consumption of energy (by avoiding the use of energy from fossil fuels) and promotes sustainable transportation. It results that adventure tourism brings a direct or indirect contribution to at least half of the sustainable development indicators defined by European Commission (presented at the beginning of this section) and directly influences both the nominal GDP per capita and the Human Development Index value. Yet, there are statistical analysis tools which allow for calculation of correlation coefficients (for example, the correlation coefficient Pearson) which show the nature and meaning of relationships between dependent variables (for example, nominal GDP) and independent variables (for example, the number of arrivals of tourists). The use of these tools depends on the availability of quantitative data relevant for the form of tourism analyzed (outdoor Common borders. Common solutions. 59

adventure tourism) and comparable at regional and national level. As Section II illustrates, at the moment partner states do not have statistical data which allows the realization of a real and precise image of the sizes of adventure tourism sector. In fact, the analysis of the main statistical indicators is done strictly based on general data regarding the tourist flows, which requires the improvement of the system for collection and reporting of statistical data at the level of all the states involved in the project.

2.5. ELABORATION OF A SOCIOLOGICAL AND MARKET RESEARCH The Back Sea region offers multiple opportunities of practicing adventure travel thanks to its diverse landscape. Therefore on the borders of the Black Sea and near it there are regions with a mainly low landscape, with broad beaches, deltaic landscape or plains and table lands with plane surfaces, as in the case of the Moldavian Republic, and the south - east region of Romania, as well as regions with hilly landscape or even mountain landscape, relatively uneven and wooded, as in the case of the region Stara Zagora of Bulgaria. Other territories combine both types of landscape, as in the case of the region Kastamonu of Turkey and Adjara of Georgia. This landscape diversity, associated to a diversity of fauna, flora and tourism developments, allows the practice of activities with a moderate risk degree (moderate adventure) which do not necessitate a previous experience, sophisticated equipment or special training, as well as activities with a high degree of risk respectively, which require training and/or previous experience, but also special equipment. Furthermore a study performed by George Washington University partnered with Adventure Travel Trade Association (ATTA)54 shows that Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey and Georgia are amongst the most attractive developing states for the practice of adventure travel. The qualitative research performed amongst travel operators and representatives of the administrative â&#x20AC;&#x201C; territorial units shows that the main categories of activities associated with adventure travel practiced in the Black Sea macro-region are nature biking, hiking and their complementary activities (mountain climbing, mountain escalades, travel orientation, the exploration of caves, the exploration of quays and gorges), off-road type activities and enduro, horse riding, ecotourism, winter sports, extreme air sports, hunting and fishing. However, the development level of these activities varies significantly from one region to the other and even from one country to another. In this context, I have considered as relevant the presentation of the main characteristics of the market for adventure travel in each of the five regions involved in the implementation of the project â&#x20AC;&#x17E;Development of Outdoor Adventure Tourism Network in Black Sea Regionâ&#x20AC;? (D.O.O.A.).

Adventure Travel Trade Association (2015) Adventure Tourism Development Index: The 2015 Report. 5th Edition, document available online on the site page http://www.innovasjonnorge.no/Global/Reiseliv/ATDI-2015.pdf, accessed September 21 st 2015

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2.5.1. ROMANIA 2.5.1.1 THE ANALYSIS OF THE MARKET FOR OUTDOOR ADVENTURE TOURISM Due to the diversity of the landscape, which constitutes the physical foundation for the outdoor adventure tourism activities, Romania shows a wide range of service offers for adventure tourism. Assessing the layout of tourism operators and of the travel sights, it can be noticed that the offer for adventure tourism shows a high degree of territorial concentration. Thus, the majority of the services for adventure tourism are offered in the mountain area, a few key destinations distinguishing as Bucovina, the Depression of Brașov, the Apuseni Mountains. Depression of Brașov is probably the micro-region with the most varied adventure tourism offer. Near Râșnov, on the quays of Râșnoavei, there is one of the few bungee jumping installations from the country, which allows the jump from 42 m. Moreover, here, mountain climbing is practiced and, escalades, rappel, and clubs and local associations (for example, The Mountain Club “Altitudine”) organizes hiking trips as well as mountain-bike tours in the Postăvaru area, Bucegi and Piatra Craiului. Still in the proximity of Brașov, in the Bunloc area, the paraglide flight in tandem can be practiced. Brașov also owns an aerodrome which works from two locations, Ghimbav and Sânpetru, and where skydiving jumps can be carried out. Brașov Municipality also owns otherwise one of the largest adventure parks from the country, Aventura Park, as well as a vast ski field, in the resorts of Poiana Brașov and Predeal. Owning a vast karstic landscape, and relatively accessible for practicing tourism, the Apuseni Mountains represent one of the most important destinations of Romania for activities such as hiking, escalades, water sports (rafting), caving and canyoning. There are over 10 travel agencies that offer service packages with a duration of 2-3 days up to a week, destined equally for clients who are natural persons (individual tourists) and legal persons (companies interested in organizing team-building programs). Among the most important objectives we can mention the karstic complex Cetățile Ponorului (Fortresses), Cheile Galbenei (Quays), The Cave Scărișoara or the Padiș plateau. Bucovina is another destination which stands out on the adventure travel market. In Bucovina there is also the only adventure park in the north-east of Romania: Escalada Park Gura Humorului, which includes five routes with different degrees of difficulty. The Vatra Dornei resort offers the possibility to practice tandem paragliding and hang-gliding, in the Suhard massif. Mountain climbing is practiced in the vast majority of the mountain massifs in the area – Călimani, Rarău, Giumalău, Suhard – both in the summer, as well as in winter time. These massifs offer favorable conditions for practicing mountain-biking and hiking, including in the crest area. Rafting can be practiced almost on all rivers of the Dornelor Depression, experiencing a strong development in particular on the river Bistrița. A novel activity is the escalade on ice, which can be practiced in the Zugreni waterfall and in the nearby corridors, in the period between December and March.

Common borders. Common solutions. 61

Although the adventure travel activities are concentrated predominantly in the mountain area, the Dobrogea area, an integral part of the South-East Region, offers multiple possibilities to practice adventure travel, including in the Constanța County. The presence in Mangalia, in Constanța County, of a horse farm of over 300 horse specimens allows for the practice of horse riding within an organized framework. Within the horse farm horse riding courses are provided, as well as training services, and also shows and equestrian sports competitions. The utilitarian airport Tuzla, found in the immediate proximity of the sea-coast, allows the tourists to practice entertainment flights and skydiving jumps. The skydiving school Regional Air Service, the first private institution of this type in Romania, and also a sea survival school is locate nearby. Also near the sea-coast, in the Comorova forest of the Neptun resort, Paradis Land, the largest adventure park in the country and the first adventure park in the south-east area in Romania is operating. The park is open 10 months a year, bearing the potential to positively influence the seasonal flow of tourists, by prolonging the tourism season and attracting visitors at the end of the week, even off – season. The proximity of the sea shore allows for the development of diving; thus, in Constanta and in the nearby resorts at least five economic operators who provide diving courses and organize such activities for the tourists are operating. Among the species which can be seen during diving sessions we can mention the sea horses, the flukes, the stingrays, the red scorpionfish, different species of crabs and jellyfish. Moreover, between the resorts of 2 Mai and Vama Veche there is a protected natural area, the preservation of which is done in partnership with Blue Planet and Animal Planet. Diving can also be practiced in the antique harbor of Tomis, which still preserves amphorae dating from the antiquity era, as well as shipwrecks of some ships or submarines dating from the modern time. On the sea-coast there is also the possibility of practicing a variety of water sports, amongst which we can mention kite-surfing, windsurfing, water ski and parasailing. Even if the sea – coast area of Constanța County is known in particular as a destination for mass tourism, it allows also for some niche travel forms, nature friendly, like ecotourism. An activity still found in the initial stage of development is watching dolphins in their natural environment („dolphin watching”). Dolphin watching sessions are organized by a nongovernmental organization, Oceanic Club Constanța, which has already instructed over 20 travel guides who now own knowledge related to the areas where the dolphins can be found and the hours at which they can be watched with the greatest frequency, as well as competences of maneuvering the boats so that they do not bother the animals. The volunteers of Oceanic Club Constanta, who for eight years monitor the dolphins of the south area of the sea – coast, have identified several families, at distanced from 300 meters up to 7-8 kilometers offshore. The cetacean families can be watched in the morning between the hours of 6.00 and 9.30 am and in the afternoon starting with 3 pm until the dark set. The cost of a trip with the boat on the sea varies between 30 euro and 200 euro, depending on the number of tourists and the degree of comfort of the ship.

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The counties Constanța and Tulcea constitute probably some of the most important travel destinations for off – road in Romania. Furthermore, there is also a club in the area, which gathers those who are passionate for this sport, but also a trained operator, who organizes tours for the duration of a day, destined for tourists as well as locals. Amongst the sights included in these tours there is the lake Tașaul, the quarry Sitorman, the antique fortress Histria, the Hagieni monastery. The importance of these forms of tourism for the local economy derives from the possibility of practicing on the entire course of the year, including in the winter, and entails aside from transportation also tourism assistance, and meals in local restaurants, which stimulates the upkeep of traditional cuisine. Mountain-biking is a developing activity in the Romanian south-east area, practiced in particular in the hill-side and plateau area of the Tulcea county (the Plateau of Babadag, the Măcinului Mountains). 2015 was the year when the Dobrogea Mountain Bike Championship was held with a series of five contests organized mainly in north Dobrogea where the landscape allows the practice of this sport. The organization of the championship also sought the development of outdoor tourism in other areas than the sea-coast, which own however a varied landscape, a valuable cultural heritage (fortresses and Roman fortifications, monasteries), but also diverse flora and fauna elements. In what concerns the vulnerabilities of the adventure tourism market, according to a study of the National Institute of Tourism Research and Development, the seasonal flow of tourists is strong in the resorts from the Romanian sea-coast, the most crowded interval being 15th of July – 15th of August, this being valid for both domestic and foreign tourists. The off season offer for leisure is very poor or even nonexistent, the great majority of service providers running their activity during the summer. The impact of the seasonal character is that much greater, as at the present moment the adventure tourism supply in the Romanian south east region and in the Constanța County consists of services destined predominantly to those who are already on the Romanian sea-coast. Therefore, practicing adventure tourism does not constitute at the time being, an intrinsic motivation for potential tourists, but a means of enriching and enhancing the services and the packages for mass tourism (for the sea-coast). Within this context the issue of enhancing the use of the existing infrastructure arises (housing, food services, entertainment) – being object, during the wintertime, to a process of degradation. 2.5.1.2. THE MARKET POSITIONING OF THE MAIN TOURISM OPERATORS The adventure tourism market in Romania displays a high degree of fragmentation, being „divided” between multitudes of operators of small dimensions. They can be either travel agencies, which provide either integrated packages of services (for example, tours) and which operate in the emission areas of tourism flows (big cities, county seats), or specific service providers from tourism destinations (bike lending centers, administrators/owners of installations, diving organizers) etc. Travel agencies deliver their services both to individual consumers as well as to re-selling travel agencies – including those abroad.

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Among the most important travel agencies which offer integrated service packages for adventure tourism there are: -

Iulian Cozma Outdoor Adventures Travel Agency (www.mountainguide.ro), which benefits from the support of climber Iulian Cozma and which usually organizes, by request, week-end programs or with a duration of several days which include hiking, mountain-bike, mountain climbing or ski touring;

Adventure Tour (http://www.adventure-tour.ro/), agency which operates in the area of the Cernei Valley- Mehedinți Plateau. Among the activities which can be carried out within the programs of Adventure Tour, the most engaging ones are: escalade, zip lining (rope sliding), rappel, bouldering, rafting, canyoning, speleology, orientation, paintball, diving and mountain tourism. For all these activities the special equipment (ropes, harness, neoprene suit, helmets etc.) is provided by the organizers;

Activ Travel (http://www.activtravel.ro/), a tour-operating travel agency, of small size, specialized on eco-travel and that operates predominantly in the area of Bucovina, organizing circuits which include adventure tourism activities, like hiking, mountain-bike or rafting;

Outdoor Experience (http://www.whitewater.ro/), a niche agency, specialized in water sports (rafting, kayaking, canoe) on rivers from all over the Romanian territory (Buzău, Lăpuș, Criș, Mureș etc.);

Active Travel (http://www.activetravel.ro/), a travel agency with programs that combine mountain adventure with creative workshops (modelling, painting, photography, dancing). The programs are run in the National Park Piatra Craiului or Bucegi Mountains: the area of mountain villages Bran, Magura, Moeciu, Pestera, Sirnea, Ciocanu, Fundata, Fundățica.

The travel agencies that organize adventure tourism programs at local level are relatively few in the Constanța County. With a much greater frequency providers of individual services are found, which act in the sphere of adventure tourism without offering however integrated packages such as circuits or tours. The main categories of adventure tourism service providers are: -

Adventure Parks: Paradis Land of Neptun, Gravity Park respectively, a unit specialized in extremes sports and escalade;

Utilitarian aerodrome/airport Tuzla, which organizes entertainment flights, sea survival technique courses etc.

Diving centers and providers of training in the field of diving : Aquarius Dive Center, Nemo Diving Center, Respiro Dive Center;

Travel agencies that offer tourism programs in the Danube Delta, which include ecotourism activities (birdwatching), but also fishing activities: Delta Tour, Danube Delta Tour, Ibis Tour, Extreme Travel; Common borders. Common solutions. 64

skydiving

activities,

Non- profit nongovernmental organizations within the field of adventure tourism, like Asociația de Turism Munții Măcinului (Măcinului Mountains Tourism Association) or the Association „Off-Road in Dobrogea”.

Other providers of special services associated with adventure tourism, are the horse farm of Mangalia, the organizers of promenades for dolphin watching (Oceanic Club Constanța), organizers of off-road tours. 2.5.1.3. THE ANALYSIS OF TOURISM OPERATORS’ PERCEPTION ON THE OPPORTUNITIES AND VULNERABILITIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF OUTDOOR ADVENTURE TOURISM

The perception of tourism operators on the opportunities and vulnerabilities in the development of outdoor adventure tourism was determined by a questionnaire-based survey, conducted among 10 tourism operators with activity in the area of outdoor adventure tourism. The results show that, regarding the opportunities of development of the adventure tourism in Constanța County, opinions are divided. Thus, 36.36% of the respondents believe that the opportunities of development of adventure tourism are good, 18.18% perceive them as very low, 18.18% as being low and 27.27% as being average. It is noteworthy that no respondent considered development opportunities as very good. According to respondents, adventure sports, water sports, skydiving and hunting and fishing are activities of adventure tourism that are already practiced and that show maturity on the market, having therefore the greatest potential to contribute rapidly to the development of adventure tourism in the region. In what regards the development potential of various adventure tourism activities, on a scale from 1 to 4, the highest score was achieved by offroad activities (3.51), followed by water sports (3.33), hunting and fishing (3.33), and adventure sports (3.06). Coastal areas and tourist resorts in particular, where there are specific facilities (diving centers, adventure parks etc.) are also the ones where most of the adventure activities are concentrated. Water sports, cycling, ecotourism and trekking are perceived as the most sought-after activities, each of them being selected by over 10 per cent of respondents. Regarding the factors that favor the development of outdoor adventure tourism in Constanța County, the relatively low cost of adventure tourism services and the proper promotion of the tourism potential are seen as key elements which can be an advantage in developing this forms of tourism. Own resources are indicated as the main source of financing of the services of adventure tourism, followed by European funds. The demand for adventure tourism services in the region is perceived as rising (55%) or relatively constant (45%). The same trend is identified also in the offer, which is perceived by most respondents as increasing (54.55%) or relatively constant (36.36%). The summer period (May-September) is identified by nearly 40% of respondents as the period in which is practiced adventure tourism activities, highlighting the seasonal character of the tourism activity.

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The main vulnerabilities associated by respondents with the existence of a non-competitive disadvantage at regional level are: 

Seasonality of accommodation establishments, restaurants functioning;



Lack of a steady stream of tourists;



Lack of a support regional strategy of adventure tourism;



Inadequate promoting of the offer.

According to respondents, the main factors affecting the development of outdoor adventure tourism services are the low quality of outdoor adventure tourism services, the high costs of providing these services, the inadequate strategic framework and the inadequate specific infrastructure. Regarding the share of adventure tourism services in the offer of tourism operators, the survey results show that it does not exceed, in general, 50%. Also, 44% of respondents believe that the offer for adventure tourism should be promoted online for a maximum effectiveness, 27% consider that the promotion should be done in association with hotels, and 22% think it should be used traditional means of promotion (mass media). Estimating the potential demand for adventure tourism services, determining target segments and the inventory of attractions in the region are considered the most important aspects to be considered in developing a strategy for adventure tourism. In contrast, less important is the assessment of the competition from similar destinations. Regarding the profile of the tourist who practices activities of adventure tourism in the county of Constanta, from the perspective of tourism operators he is aged between 25 and 40 years (range indicated by 62% of respondents) are unmarried (37%), have university studies (62%), incomes of 500-1000 euro (63%) and are residents in other counties of Romania (75% of respondents). On average, half of respondents said that tourists turn to tourism operators to require strictly accommodation services, while another 50% say that tourists ask for integrated packages of adventure tourism. Finally, the ways most commonly used by tourists for information on adventure tourism services are online social networks and documentation in online environment. The research results are presented in full in the Appendices. 2.5.1.4. RISK ANALYSIS / VULNERABILITIES DIAGNOSIS General risks / vulnerabilities at region level:  Poorly developed infrastructure;  Lack of dedicated spaces for practicing this type of tourism. Risks /vulnerabilities at the level of adventure tourism activities o Water sports

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- In Romania (and generally in all the regions with coast at the Black Sea) this type of adventure tourism has a seasonal character – it cannot be practiced but in the summer season. - Water sports, as well as adventure tourism activities, mainly include the following types of activities: rafting, canoeing, diving, ski-ski jet, maritime navigation, angling etc. Of these, in Constanta County it can be practiced only canoeing, skiski jet, maritime navigation and angling and diving. All these adventure tourism activities are related to mass summer tourism, and have a rather recreational character and do not attract tourists to the area strictly for their practicing. Moreover, the marine topography of the Mediterranean is more attractive than the Black Sea, and the summer season duration is higher by comparison. In this sense, these adventure tourism activities (perhaps with the exception of maritime navigation) cannot be addressed separately from the mass summer tourism, but only as additional services to general tourism packages. o Skydiving - Due to the seasonal nature of the tourism at the Black Sea, this type of adventure tourism, although it can be practices anytime during the year, generally attracts tourists only during summer. - Similarly to water sports, skydiving in Constanta County does not attract directly tourists, but generally tourists who are on the coast of the Black Sea access, additionally to the general services of tourism, also services of this type. - Skydiving is a niche tourism activity perceived as having a high degree of risk, in this sense, it cannot attract only a limited number of tourists. - The cost of a skydiving jump may be considered high. 2.5.1.5. ANALYSIS OF TOURISTS’ AND POTENTIAL TOURISTS’ PERCEPTION ON ADVENTURE TOURISM IN ROMANIA – SOUTH-EAST REGION Sociological analysis was performed on a total of 205 respondents from Romania, who expressed their opinion about their level of satisfaction and expectations about the services of adventure tourism in the Black Sea region. The research instrument was a questionnaire, applied and promoted through online means. 1% 10%

1-3 3-6 24%

47%

6-9 >9

18%

Fig. 1. The number of tourist trips made in the last 5 years

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No trip

Regarding the number of trips for tourism purposes carried out in the last 5 years, the results showed that the most numerous (47% of respondents) have made over 9 trips in tourist interest in the last 5 years, while 24% of respondents said that they made between 3 and 6 trips in tourist interest and 18% of respondents made between 6 and 9 trips. A relatively low share of only about 1% of the persons questioned stated that they have not made any trip in tourist interest in the last 5 years. In terms of duration of trips made for tourist purposes, after the detailed analysis at the level of Romania, it was found that the largest share is allocated to tourist trips with an average duration of 3 and up to 5 days (41%), followed by trips with an average duration of 5-7 days (32%), while less frequent are the trips with an average duration of less than 3 days (11% of respondents), or more than 7 days (16%).

16%

11% <3 days 3-5 days 5-7 days

32%

41%

>7 days

Fig. 2. The average duration of trips for tourism purposes

Regarding the form of tourism practiced most frequently in the Black Sea region, respondentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; options in Romania were focused particularly on tourism for fun and entertainment (56%) and on the active and adventure tourism (15.12%). Also, coastal tourism has proven to be preferred by 14.15% of all respondents. Less practiced proved to be the tourism for health and relaxation purposes (10.73%) and the one for cultural / religious purposes (4.39%).

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60.00%

55.61%

50.00% 40.00% 30.00% 20.00%

15.12%

14.15%

10.73% 10.00%

4.39%

0.00% Tourism for fun and entertainment

Touris for health and relaation

Active and adventure tourism

Cultural/religious tourism

Coastal/seaside tourism

Fig. 3. Tourism type most frequently practiced

Considering the main method of travel planning, most respondents in Romania prefer to plan their holiday themselves, without resorting to package tourism products bought from travel agencies (about 76% of respondents), while 13% go to travel agents and only 10% to other types of arrangements or tourism products (friends, associates etc.).

9.76% 13.17% 0.98%

76.10%

Plan their own trips Planning is done by reception facilities at destination level Services are purchased from travel agencies Other arrangements (booking via friends, associations)

Fig. 4. Main travel planning means

The main sources of information accessed on tourism offers proved to be the internet (indicated by 38% of respondents), the advice of family and friends (22% of total respondents) and, to a lesser extent, the information acquired during previous visits (13%) respectively travel agencies (11%).

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Other

0.65%

Prior visits

12.50%

The advice of familly and friends

21.77%

Street advertising

1.72%

Internet - social networks, blogs, websites

38.36%

Media: TV and radio

4.96%

Tourism agencies

10.99%

Travel fairs

4.09%

Newspapers/magazines

4.96% 0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

Fig. 5. Main sources of information used by tourists

The categories of adventure activities that present an increased interest to respondents are trekking (2.74 points on a 1 to 5 scale), water sports (2.67) and winter sports (2.63). It is to be noticed that, generally, none of the activities specified in the survey received a score higher than 3 which may indicate a low interest of the tourists for such services. One of the possible explications may be the low visibility of the adventure tourism on the Romanian market, this being, by definition, a type of niche tourism. 2.06

Archaeological expeditions

2.39

Skydiving 1.78

Hunting and fishing

2.67

Water sports 2.42

Adventure sports

2.27

Off road

2.4

Biking

2.74

Trekking

2.63

Winter sports Horseback riding

2.45

Ecotourism

2.41 0

0.5

1.5

2.5

Fig. 6. The extent to which tourists are interested to practice adventure tourism activities Approximately 68% of respondents in Romania have confirmed that they practiced adventure tourism activities in the last five years, and about 60% of respondents said they were interested and very interested in tourism services packages including outdoors adventure activities, fact which highlights the potential of development of this form of tourism in Romania.

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0.98%

Not Interested

11.76%

Less Interested

28.92%

Interested

36.76%

Quite Interested

21.57%

Very Interested

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

Fig. 7. The extent to which tourists are interested in outdoors adventure tourism packages

Among the factors influencing the decision to travel, respondents indicated the attractiveness of the location (4.5 on a scale from 1 to 5), the price (4.26) as well as the quality of the services (4.18) as being relevant for choosing the destination.

Infrastructure

3.67

Quality of the provided services

4.18

The possibility of practicing outdoor adventure activities

3.59

Attractiveness of the location

4.56

Price

4.26

Fig. 8. Factors influencing the choice of destination

In addition, when tourists were asked to say the extent to which they agree or disagree with the statements relating to the existence of a fair report quality/price for the services associated with the adventure tourism, the adventure tourism activities received the highest score (2,73 on a scale from 1 to 5), followed by leisure activities (2,72).

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Fig. 9. Satisfaction with regard to the quality/price ratio

Concerning the main aspects that can be improved regarding adventure tourism services in the Black Sea Region, respondents reported mainly the need for diversifying the offer (30%), increasing the quality of accommodation services (26%) and improving accessibility (approx. 21%).

Others

2.20%

Accesibility (infrastructure)

20.55%

Accuracy of information received/accessed

20.55%

Facilities (wide range of activities that could be carried out)

30.28%

Accommodation (logistic issues)

26.42%

Fig. 10. Main aspects that can be improved on the services of adventure tourism at the Black Sea

Finally, regarding the ways to promote adventure tourism in the Black Sea region, the majority of respondents believe that the most appropriate way is that of online promoting through websites, blogs, social networking (with 4,13 points on a scale from 1 to 5), followed by promotion through travel agencies (3,48). The less appropriate ways to promote proved to be printed materials (e.g. tourism brochures, leaflets) as well as fairs and exhibitions.

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3.48

Promotion by agents

Online marketing (websites, blogs, social networking)

4.13

3.03

Exhibitions

2.76

Printed materials (ex. tourist brochures, leaflets)

Fig. 11. Promotion means perceived as the most suitable for adventure tourism in the Black Sea region

Most of the respondents are aged between 25 and 40 years (72.2%), with a distribution mostly female. Civil status is not an important factor from the perspective of adventure tourism profile (half of the respondents being married, while half being unmarried). Most adventure tourists have higher education and a monthly income of up to EUR 1.000 (25% earn between 0-500 EUR and about 47% earn between 500-100 EUR). 2.5.1.6. ANALYSIS OF TOURIST FLOWS In the case of Romania, the National Strategy for Sustainable Development55 developed in 2008 sees tourism as a priority sector, considering that it is able to contribute to the economic recovery of Romania. However, available statistics show that Romania occupies a relatively modest position on the international tourism market and tourism contributes still limited regarding the economic growth and employment. Currently, according to the data provided by the World Economic Forum (in the Report on the Global Tourism Competitiveness â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2015 edition) for 2013, the tourism industry was responsible for the realization of USD 3.15 milliards, representing 1.6% of GDP, values significantly lower than in the case of other European states. At the same time, Romanian tourism creates only 212.500 jobs, representing 2.4% of the occupied civilian population56. The fact that the impact of tourism on the economy remains limited is confirmed by the low value of receipts from tourism these (USD 1.238 mil.) being about 3 times lower than ones of Bulgaria (USD 4.059 mil.) 57 . Moreover, in the National Strategy for Sustainable Development of Romania it is stated that the Romanian tourism is characterized by poor

The Romanian Government (2008) National Strategy for Sustainable Development of Romania Horizons 2013-20202030. Bucharest 56 Idem 57 World Tourism Organization(2015) UNWTO Tourism Highlights. 2015 Edition. Report available online at http://www.eunwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284416899, accessed on September 15th 2015

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competitiveness, a low labor productivity, lack of capital investments, poor management capacity and a limited level of introduction of modern technologies (IT equipment, property management systems etc.). The flow of tourist arrivals is characterized by an oscillating trend. Thus, after a decrease of the total number of arrivals in 2010 (when it fell to about 6.07 million versus 6.14 million in 2009) tourism circulation remained on an upward trend. According to the National Statistical Institute of Romania 58 (2015 the number of tourists staying in accommodation facilities in the country was of 7.03 million in 2011, 7.68 million in 2012, 7.94 million in 2013 and 8.46 million in 2014. The same upward trend was observed also in the case of foreign tourist arrivals, their value increasing from 1.27 million in 2009 to 1.34 million in 2010, 1.52 million in 2011, 1.65 million in 2012, 1.71 million in 2013 and 1.91 million in 2014. Table 4. The evolution of the total number of tourist arrivals and the number of arrivals of foreign tourists in the period of 2009-2013 Year/Developme nt Region 2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

NorthEast

West

SouthEast

Centre

NorthWest

SouthWest

South

Bucharest -Ilfov

Total

S.T.T

656501

575118

1157087

1072785

732474

366114

591251

989805

6141135

S.T.S.

73010

119542

86106

213258

114540

18337

78816

572071

1275680

S.T.T

620961

542801

1044043

1126887

702838

337102

572912

1125213

6072757

S.T.S.

68879

116359

78552

228067

124683

16614

82329

630860

1346343

S.T.T

696188

639657

1134824

1435771

799304

426845

616401

1282616

7031606

S.T.S.

86756

132798

90451

269349

143634

27536

86668

679507

1516699

S.T.T

740577

674981

1263278

1654856

852523

454676

692810

1352788

7686489

S.T.S.

89171

146176

108635

296600

149478

46490

97392

722494

1656436

S.T.T

756006

684383

1166418

1859853

899370

460026

679360

1437737

7943153

S.T.S.

93774

140709

96223

321044

148986

44319

93558

778742

1717355

S.T.T

812880

727668

1172138

1953022

972856

484860

706229

1630262

8459915

S.T.S.

98972

145205

86769

359337

169781

40734

92641

921131

1914570

Source: National Statistical Institute of Romania (2015) *S.T.T.: total tourist arrivals (Romanian and foreign); STS.: foreign tourist arrivals.

It is noted that the share of foreign tourist arrivals in the total number of arrivals increased from 20.77% in 2009 to 21.54% in 2012 and 22.63% in 2014, indicating a beneficial evolution of Romania's position on the international market of tourism. According to Eurostat59(2015), in the year 2012, in the accommodation establishments in Romania were recorded a total of 19.3 million

National Statistical Institute of Romania (2015) Arrivals of tourists in establishments of tourist reception with functions of tourist accommodation, depending on types of structures, types of tourists, macroregions, development regions and counties, available online at http://statistici.insse.ro/shop/index.jsp?page=tempo2&lang=ro&context=63, accessed on July 21st 2015 59 Eurostat (2015) Statistics on tourism: tables and figures, material available at http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/ statisticsexplained/index.php/Tourism_statistics/ro#Baz.C4.8 3_de_date, accessed on July 21st 2015

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overnight stays, Romania hovering behind Bulgaria (21.6 million overnight stays). Regarding strictly foreign tourists, Romania maintains its position; with only 3.5 million overnight stays, a number about four times lower than the corresponding value of Bulgaria (14.4 million overnight stays). Concerning tourist arrivals in the Region of South-East, these remained relatively constant during the period 2011-2014, fluctuating around the value of 1.2 million tourists. Foreign tourist arrivals had the same evolution, which remained around the value of 86,000 over the past five years. The interest for visiting the South-East Region of Romania belongs, in particular, to Romania's residents, as collective tourist reception structures with functions of accommodation are still frequented mostly by residents. Although there are fluctuations over the years 2005- 2013 on the South-East region's share of the total of overnight stays of tourists from Romania, the level is significant, ranging between 26% and 29% of all tourist overnight stays, respectively between 13 and 19% of the total tourist arrivals in the accommodation establishments in Romania. The largest share of requests for accommodation in the tourist reception structures in the South-East Region belongs to hotels and motels (92%), followed by guesthouses and camping. Currently, it is noted that the market for tourism in the South-East Region knows an upward trend materialized both in the increase in arrivals and overnight stays of tourists and in the increase of the number of accommodations and establishments of tourist reception. 2.5.1.7. IDENTIFYING MARKET TRENDS In Romania, the number of foreign tourist arrivals has followed an upward trend during the 2005 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2008 periods, followed by a significant decrease in the number of tourist arrivals in 2009, approximately 14.5% compared to the previous year. During 2011- 2013 there was a slight recovery, with average annual growth rates of 2.2%. The largest increase in arrivals was recorded in 2007, when the number of tourism purposes arrivals increased by approximately 28% over the previous year. If we were to extrapolate the trend of tourist arrival flow in Romania for the year 2016, we would get an increase in tourist flow by 3.7% compared to 2013. Therefore, the market trend is upwards, as revealed in the graph below. Regarding the flow of departures for tourism purposes of residents abroad, there is a similar pattern to that of tourist arrivals in the country, but surpassing the overall number of in the country throughout the analyzed period. However the steepest decline was recorded in 2009, when departures of residents abroad decreased compared to the previous year by 10.3%, while the most pronounced increase was felt in 2006, when the number of tourist departures increased by almost a third. Despite the fact that in 2013 there has been a positive annual growth rate, although extremely modest (only 1.9% in the previous year), if we extrapolate the trend of departing residents abroad for tourism for the 2016 horizon, we would get a 4.3% increase compared to 2013.

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14000000 12000000 10000000 8000000 6000000 4000000 2000000 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Tourists plecari departureturisti number Touristssosiri arrivalsturisti number Numar Numar Graph 1. The flow of tourist arrivals and departures in Romania during 2005-2013 period, with trend extrapolation for the 2016 horizon Source: www.worldbank.org

As a result, both the arrivals and departures of tourists in Romania will register an upward trend in the coming years, although the growth rate of tourist arrivals will remain slightly below that of departures. Therefore, Romania will remain an emission market for international tourism and a net importer of tourism services. The analysis for outdoor adventure tourism services supply revealed a number of relevant trends for Romanian tour operators and particularly for the South Eastern region: -

Focus on short-term programs, conducted mainly over weekends. These may include, where applicable, hiking, off-road tours, mountain-biking or enduro. Most programs are provided on request, especially targeting for groups of 5 to 10 people;

Demand increase for team-building packages, targeted for companies. Outdoor adventure activities, such as: rafting, off-road, mountain-biking, each complemented by games, competitions and creative workshops, all aimed to increase group cohesion and improving the ability of individuals to work in a team.

Similarly to Bulgaria, in Romania we note the tendency of expanding adventure tourism outside mountainous environments, by providing various adventure activities available in low landscape areas or even on coastal regions: adventure parks, scuba diving and snorkeling, ecotourism, off-road etc. According to a joint George Washington University and Adventure Travel and Trade Association report, Romania is experiencing a downward trend in competitiveness on the international market of adventure tourism. As a result, within 5 years Romania has dropped four places in the developing states ranking, regressing from ninth position (2010) to position 13 (2015), as reported by the Development Index of adventure tourism. We conclude that Romania has the necessary resources to become a major player in the adventure tourism market, but its growth rate trend is slowing, as measured by the number of Common borders. Common solutions. 76

tourist arrivals. We note the need for swift measures to stimulate the development of outdoor adventure tourism, targeted equally at supply and demand spheres, focusing more on quality aspects (improving the competitiveness of Romania as destination for adventure tourism) rather than on quantity (volume growth of tourist flow). 2.5.2. BULGARIA 2.5.2.1 THE ANALYSIS OF THE MARKET FOR OUTDOOR ADVENTURE TOURISM Similarly to Romania, Bulgaria presents a wide variety of geographical landscapes which allows a multitude of adventure tourism activities. In mountainous regions, there are plenty of marked hiking and climbing trails, and also mountain-climbing equipment, such as those near the towns of Vratsa and Malyovitsa. Rafting can be practiced on fast mountain rivers, such as Struma, Mesta, and Iskar and kayaking on the Iskar and Kresna rivers. Ecotourism has a high potential for development thanks to the local biodiversity. Rodopi Mountains are known for the many species of butterflies that they shelter, but also for its species of orchids, which are unique for Europe. Moreover, a new dragonfly reservation was furnished on the coastline of the Black Sea, where tourists can engage in observation and nature photography activities on their own or in organized groups. Stara Zagora is known both for its natural beauty, and also for its rich of cultural heritage. Its proximity to the Sredna Gora Mountains makes Stara Zagora one of the most popular hiking and complementary activities, such as mountain running Bulgarian destinations. In fact, mountain running is the subject of a Bulgarian-Romanian partnership for organizing sports competitions in Stara Zagora and in the Brasov area - the project is coordinated by the Balkan Association of Athletics Federations. In Stara Zagora, tourists can engage in cycling and mountain biking in nature on the municipality marked network of bike trails. Bulgaria is crossed by two Eurovelo routes (Eurovelo 6 and 13) set by the European Cycling Federation. Moreover, mountain biking has registered a considerable boom on the international market. Stara Zagora is an important destination, covered by most amateurs in their passage to Istanbul. The development of cycling and mountain biking activities is coordinated by the Bulgarian Cycling Association, which is intensely involved in creating new spectacular trails in Bulgaria. At the local level, there are biking clubs, such as Zarata Stara Zagora, as well as a number of sport biking equipment rental shops, such as Motoroads. Off-road is practiced on the rugged terrain of Sredna Mountains, which are located at the foot of the city Stara Zagora. The main organizer of off-road activities is Off-Road Club Stara Zagora, plus a number of local car rental centers, such as 4x4 Stara Zagora and Stara Zagora Rental Car Hire. The enduro activities market also shows a high degree of development in the region of Stara Zagora, having organized one of the most important international enduro competitions. Among the main subjects involved in the organization of this competition are the Bulgarian Enduro Committee, the Bulgarian Motorcycling Federation, the Municipality of Stara Zagora, and respectively Enduro Club Crazy Job. One of the regions weak points is represented by the low visibility of its adventure tourism offer - the region is mostly associated with its cultural tourism rather than its outdoor adventure tourism. Although the network of bicycle trails developed by local authorities could constitute an example of best practices for the whole region of the Black Sea coast, there is little information online about these trails.

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Moreover, although the region is included in the itineraries of programs developed by tour operators with national coverage, information available to those who want to organize their journey on their own are relatively few and difficult to access, since information from providers of specific services (skydiving jumps, kayaking) are sometimes available only in Bulgarian. In this context, we note the need for better promotion of the outdoor adventure tourism offer, especially internationally, including the integration of their offer in transnational projects to promote adventure tourism in the Black Sea macro-region. 2.5.2.2. THE MARKET POSITIONING OF THE MAIN TOURISM OPERATORS The analysis of the main tour operators who provide adventure tourism services in various destinations in Bulgaria show a high development level and in particular their incoming segment services, targeting foreign tourists. Besides small agencies, specialized in adventure tourism activities, there are general travel agencies where adventure tourism is only part of the offer. To mention some of the tour operators which offer holiday packages for Bulgarian and foreign tourists: -

Bull Team Adventures (http://outdoor-bulgaria.com/) organizing kayaking, cannoning, hiking, mountain-biking laps and caves exploration, but also adventure camps and team-building programs; the agency is located near the Bulgarian Black Sea coast, in Varna, which allows organizing optional programs, such as excursions, for tourists who are already visiting the seaside;

Moto Roads (www.moto-roads.com), a travel agency that offers a variety of services (tours / circuits), including activities such as off-road (with SUVs and ATVs) and enduro kayaking, canoeing, hiking, mountain-bike tours and horseback riding, exploring caves, rafting. The tours are most often themed, i.e. mainly include activities belonging to a category of adventure tourism (e.g., cave exploration tours, horseback riding tours, off-road tours etc.);

Traventuria (www.traventuria.com), a travel agency that offers both tours lasting one day and more complex programs, lasting up to 12 days, which include hiking, horseback riding, kayaking.;

Bulgarian Adventure Tourism (www.batbg.com), which offers guided hiking and caving programs with of 2-6 days duration;

Cycling Bulgaria (http://cyclingbulgaria.com/), a travel agency that sells 2-7 days bike tours, which include both destinations in Bulgaria, but also Romania and Greece.

At the Stara Zagora tourist destination level, the main adventure tourism service provider is Adrenalin Club. Founded in the mid-1980s, the club offers the most diverse services, the name suggest the exact purposes of its members: parachuting, paragliding, bungee jumping, hot air balloon flights, bungee flight, rafting and safaris. A similar club is Vertikalen Sviat, offering adventure tourism in the caves and Prohodna Devetashka. Regarding enduro activities, we can find on the Stara Zagora market a number of local operators offering sports equipment, both for purchase and for rent: E-enduro, Motoroads, Motorcycle Rental Europe. However, we note the absence from the local market of Stara Zagora region of small travel agencies that provide niche tourism programs for tourists who are already visiting the destination or people from towns located near the area. There are few local organizations that

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offer bike tours or hiking programs, the market is dominated by national coverage travel agencies, offering services that cover a wider range of tourist destinations. 2.5.2.3. THE ANALYSIS OF TOURISM OPERATORSâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; PERCEPTION ON THE OPPORTUNITIES AND VULNERABILITIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF OUTDOOR ADVENTURE TOURISM

The results of the survey conducted among tour operators in Bulgaria shows that in terms of capitalizing on adventure tourism opportunities in the region of Stara Zagora, opinions are divided. Thus, 81% of respondents believe that opportunities for adventure tourism capitalization are very good and good, while 18% perceive these opportunities as small and medium. It is noteworthy that no respondent considered development opportunities as very small. Winter sports, water sports, adventure sports and riding, are already practiced adventure tourism activities and the services provided to this effect reached maturity, consequently having the greatest potential to quickly contribute to the development of adventure tourism in the region. In what regards the interest for different outdoor adventure tourism activities, on a scale from 1 to 4, the highest score was achieved by water sports (3.33), followed by adventure sports (3.24) and horse-riding (3.24). Water sports, winter sports, cycling and ecotourism are perceived as the most sought-after tourism activities, each being selected by at least 10 % of respondents. The low costs and the distinct natural landscape are seen as the main elements that constitute a competitive advantage in the development of adventure tourism in the region. According to the respondents, the funding sources used for capitalizing on these competitive advantages include their own resources (referred approx. 64% of respondents) and European funds (56%). 28% report that outdoor adventure tourism development projects are financed from national and regional public funds. The demand for adventure tourism services in the region is perceived as relatively constant (64% of respondents), on the other hand the offer for adventure tourism services in the region is perceived as rising (45%) or relatively constant (55%). Most requests for adventure tourism activities are recorded in July and August, which indicates the seasonal nature of tourism activities. A percentage of 10% of respondents believe that the region presents a competitive disadvantage compared with other similar destinations, the main obstacles perceived in developing adventure tourism being the inadequate strategic framework and legislation and inadequate infrastructure. According to the respondents, the percentage of requests for organizing adventure tourism services from the total sum of tourism services provided do not exceed 30%. Moreover, 50% of respondents believe that online is the best channel to promote adventure tourism. Determining target segments and inventory of attractions are the most important aspects to be considered when developing an adventure tourism strategy. According to respondents, most practitioners of outdoor adventure tourism are aged between 25 and 40 years, are male, have a monthly income of 500-1000 EUR and come from various Common borders. Common solutions. 79

regions of Bulgaria. When choosing a destination, the decision is in most cases influenced by the service price and the perceived quality level. The Information sources most frequently used by these tourists are online documentation, direct communication with providers of adventure tourism, and online social networks. The research results are presented in full in Appendix. 2.5.2.4. RISK ANALYSIS / VULNERABILITIES DIAGNOSIS General risks / vulnerabilities at region level:  Most tourists prefer the Black Sea coast and rarely make excursions into the interior of the country, which is not so well known;  Financial resources are limited for developing adventure tourism in the region;  The potential of the region is poorly known;  Lack of a clear vision regarding the development of adventure tourism in the area;  Lack of a system/ an organization to coordinate adventure tourism activities in the region. Risks /vulnerabilities at the level of adventure tourism activities o Cycling -

Cycling can be practiced throughout the year, but the seasonal nature of the Black Sea coast tourism limits the possibility of practicing it only during summer;

For (but not limited to) road cycling it is necessary to create adequate specialized infrastructure (routes, bike rental/parking centers, cycle tourism maps, bicycle maintenance centers etc.), and this requires large investments, involving local authorities.

o Off-road -

This type of adventure tourism has a negative impact on the environment (pollution, both air and noise, destroying the land that it is practiced on etc.);

Like all other types of tourism discussed above, although off-road activities can be practiced all year round, their potential is limited by the seasonal nature of the Black Sea.

o Riding -

Although equestrian activities can be practiced all year round, their potential is limited by the seasonal nature of the Black Sea tourism;

Providing such tourism services, involves very well-trained personnel.

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2.5.2.5. ANALYSIS OF TOURISTS’ AND POTENTIAL TOURISTS’ PERCEPTION ON ADVENTURE TOURISM IN BULGARIA – YUGOIZTOCHEN REGION A sociological research was conducted on a total of 219 respondents from Bulgaria, who expressed their opinion about their level of satisfaction and expectations about adventure tourism services in the Black Sea region. Regarding the number of tourism purposes trips carried out in the last 5 years, the results showed that the most numerous (56% of respondents) conducted between 3 and 6 tourism purposes trips in the last 5 years, while 18% of respondents said they carried out between 6 and 9 tourism purposes trips, while 16% of respondents carried over 9 trips. Approximately 9% of respondents conducted between 1 and 3 trips in the mentioned range. 1% 16%

1-3 3-6 6-9

18% 56%

>9 None

Fig. 1. The number of tourist trips made in the last 5 years

As regards to the average duration of their tourism purposes trips, following the detailed research in Bulgaria it was found that the largest share is allocated to trips with a duration of 5 and up to 7 days (62%), followed by the average travel duration of 3-5 days (27%), while less preferred option is the average travel duration of more than 7 days (7%) or less than 3 days (approximately 4% of the respondents). 4% 7% 27%

<3 days 3-5 days 5-7 days

>7 days

62%

Fig. 2. The average length of a tourism purpose trip

Regarding the most frequent forms of tourism in the Black Sea region, the Bulgarian respondents` options were directed especially to seaside tourism (38%) respectively active and adventure tourism (29%). While, tourism and leisure entertainment brought together 23% Common borders. Common solutions. 81

of respondents` answers, tourism for health and relaxation was preferred by 6% of respondents. Cultural/religious tourism obtained 3% of the total. 37.73% 29.09% 23.18%

6.82% 3.18%

Tourism for fun an entertainment

Tourism for health and relaxation

Active and adventure tourism

Cultural / religious tourism

Coastal tourism

Fig. 3. Tourism type most frequently practiced

Regarding the main travel planning forms, most respondents in Bulgaria prefer to seek tourism products marketed by travel agencies (54%) while 37% of respondents prefer to plan their own vacations. Meanwhile, 6% of respondents turn to other arrangements or tourism products (friends, associates etc.).Information sources accessed most frequently regarding tourism offers were found to be: the Internet (30%), travel agencies (21%) and the advice of family and friends (18%).

Plan their own trips

6.36%

37.73%

Planning is done by reception facitilies at the destination Services are purchased from travel agencies Other arrangements (booking via friends, associations etc.)

54.09%

1.82%

Fig. 4. Main travel planning means

Information sources accessed most frequently regarding tourism offers were found to be: the Internet (30%), travel agencies (21%) and the advice of family and friends (18%).

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Other

0.61%

Prior visits

11.80%

The advice of familly and friends

18.15%

Street advertising

2.42%

Internet - social networks, blogs, websites

30.11%

Media: TV and radio

4.54%

Tourism agencies

20.42%

Travel fairs

9.08%

Newspapers/magazines

2.87% 0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

Fig. 5. Main sources of information used by tourists

Respondents show the highest interest in water sports (rafting, canoeing, scuba diving, jet skiing, maritime shipping, fishing etc.) which received a score of 3.26 on a scale from 1 to 5, as well in adventure sports (paintball, zip lining, bungee-jumping, adventure parks etc.) with a 3.24 score. On the opposite side are trekking, skydiving and cycling, with scores between 2.4 and 2.6. 3

Archaeological expeditions 2.51

Skydiving

2.93

Hunting and fishing Water sports

3.26

Adventure sports

3.24 2.58

Off road

2.52

Biking

2.41

Trekking Winter sports

2.92

Horseback riding

2.96 2.89

Ecotourism 0

0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

Fig. 6. The extent to which tourists are interested to practice adventure tourism activities

Regarding the consumption habits of surveyed tourists, 80% of respondents in Bulgaria confirmed that they practiced adventure tourism activities in the last five years. Approximately 43% of respondents said they are very interested in holiday packages that include adventure tourism activities outdoors.

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2.73%

Not Interested

3.64%

Less Interested

18.18%

Interested

32.73%

Quite Interested

42.73%

Very Interested

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Fig. 7. The extent to which tourists are interested in outdoors adventure tourism packages

Among the factors influencing their destination choice, respondents indicated the quality of the services (with a score of 4.59 on a scale from 1 to 5), attractiveness of location (4.57%) and price (4.46%) as very relevant.

Infrastructure

4.27

Quality of the provided services

4.59

The possibility of practicing outdoor adventure activities

4.11

Attractiveness of the location

4.57

Price

4.46

Fig. 8. Factors influencing the choice of destination

At the request of stating the extent to which they agree or disagree regarding with the existence of a fair quality/price ratio for tourist accommodation, the adventure tourism services received the highest score (3.65 on a scale from 1 to 5), followed by the accommodation services (3.62), the leisure activities (3.60) and food services (3.55). Generally it can be appreciate that the level of satisfaction regarding the quality â&#x20AC;&#x201C;price ratio is a high one.

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There is a fair qualiy/price ratio for outdoor adventure tourism activities

3.65

There is a fair quality/price ratio for leisure activities

3.60

There is a fair quality/price ratio for restaurant and catering services

3.55

There is a fair quality/price ratio for accommodation services

3.62

3.50 3.52 3.54 3.56 3.58 3.60 3.62 3.64 3.66

Fig. 9. Satisfaction with regard to the quality/price ratio

Concerning the main aspects that can be improved upon regarding adventure tourism services in the Black Sea region, respondents pointed primarily to the need to improve accessibility to destinations (29%) and the need for service diversification (27%). At the same time, respondents felt that the accommodation facilities (22%) and accuracy of information access (21%) can be also improved.

Others

1.48%

Accesibility (infrastructure)

29.24%

Accuracy of information received/accessed

20.97%

Facilities (wide range of activities that could be carried out)

26.48%

Accommodation (logistic issues)

21.82%

Fig. 10. Main aspects that can be improved on the services of adventure tourism at the Black Sea

Finally, regarding promotion forms of adventure tourism in the Black Sea region, respondents consider that the most appropriate way of promotion is online (websites, blogs, social networking) (indicated by 80%) , followed by promotion through travel agencies (60% of respondents stated as very appropriate). The less appropriate promotion forms proved to be the printed materials (i.e. tourist brochures, leaflets) and fairs and exhibitions.

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4.06

Promotion by agents

Online marketing (websites, blogs, social networking)

4.52

3.98

Exhibitions

3.77

Printed materials (ex. tourist brochures, leaflets)

Fig. 11. Promotion means perceived as the most suitable for adventure tourism in the Black Sea region

Most of the respondents are aged between 24 and 40 years old (70%), with an approximately equal distribution between sexes. Relationship status is not an important factor in terms of adventure tourist profile (most respondents are married). Adventure tourists were mostly with higher education and with monthly income of 500- 1.000 Euro. 2.5.2.6. ANALYSIS OF TOURIST FLOWS In 2014, according to Eurostat, Bulgaria has registered more than 5 million tourist arrivals and over 22 million overnight stays spent. The improving economic indicators were attributed to privatizations made in the hospitality industry, most accommodation establishments are now privately owned. Today, tourism accounts for over 15% of total exports and nearly 60% of exports of services. Comparing the number of overnight stays of tourists in accommodation establishments in the Yugoiztochen region compared to other tourism regions of Bulgaria, we found that the percentage of overnight stays in the region Yugoiztochen represent approximately 23% of the total in 2014, increasing by 7% over the previous year. Furthermore, except for 2009 when there have been reductions in the number of overnight stays in Bulgaria, we noted an upward trend of the Yugoiztochen region contribution in the total number of overnight stays in Bulgaria following the whole studied period of 2005-2014, thus confirming tourism`s importance for this region. The largest share of requests for collective tourist accommodation belongs to hotels and motels (92.1%). Regarding the number of nights spent by tourists in collective tourist accommodation establishments in the region Yugoiztochen, in 2014 were 8.56 million overnight stays mainly in hotels and similar establishments (91.9%). Of the total number of overnight stays 23.1% were stays by resident tourists and with 76.9% of overnight stays to foreign tourists.

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Within the region Yugoiztochen, the County Burgas attracts the most significant share of the tourists, registering in 2014 about 1.3 million tourist arrival in accommodation units (representing 87.7% of total arrivals in the region), followed by Stara Zagora district with a share of only 7.9%. A noteworthy fact is that in 2014, in the Stara Zagora district, about 16% of the visitors were foreigners, and in terms overnight stays in the county, approximately 15% were foreign tourists. The latest statistical information, corresponding to July 2015, shows an improvement by an increasing share of foreign tourists in the county to about 21% of all tourists. Moreover, a significant share of the revenue from tourism in the county Stara Zagora in 2014, while representing only 3.2% of total tourism revenues in the region, 25% belongs to foreign tourists, while for May-July 2015 the share of revenue from foreign tourists rose to 30% of total tourism revenues recorded in the county. In conclusion, we can say that the development of tourism in Bulgaria was characterized by a steady upward trend in 2005 - 2013. Furthermore, the growth trend of the Yugoiztochen region share in the total number of overnight stays spent in Bulgaria throughout the period 2005-2014, and high share of foreign tourists in the region (and county Stara Zagora), confirms the importance of tourism for the area. 2.5.2.7. IDENTIFYING MARKET TRENDS The dynamic evolution flow of arriving tourists in Bulgaria during the years 2005 - 2013 is characterized by a steady upward trend, with average annual increases of 6.4% compared to previous years. The most significant increase in the number of tourists arriving in Bulgaria was registered in 2006 (annual growth of 6.6% compared to 2005) and in 2008, when tourist arrivals numbers grew by 12, 2% compared with the previous year. If we were to extrapolate the trend of tourist arrival flow in Bulgaria in 2016, by the year 2016 it would result a 10.3% increase in tourist flow compared to 2013. Regarding Bulgariaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s residents departing abroad for tourism, we note a fluctuating increase, characterized by more pronounced increases in the years 2005-2008, followed by more pronounced decreases during 2009-2010 and a return to previous numbers in recent years, thus in 2013 annual increase were recorded of 4.6% over the previous year. The most pronounced increase was recorded in 2008, when the number of residents departing to tourist destinations abroad increased by 26.8% compared to 2007. If we were to extrapolate the trend of departing tourists from Bulgaria for the 2016 horizon, we would obtain a 17.6% decrease in tourist flow compared to 2013.

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8000000 7000000 6000000 5000000 4000000 3000000

2000000 1000000 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Touristssosiri arrivalsturisti number Numar

Tourists plecari departureturisti number Numar

number

Graph 2. The flow of tourist arrivals and departures in Bulgaria during 2005-2013 period, with trend extrapolation for the 2016 horizon Source: www.worldbank.org

Consequently, Bulgaria will maintain its net exporter of tourism services status, and the high demand for tourism will be maintained (over 10% within 3 years). Moreover, the trend is confirmed by a report on adventure tourism developed by George Washington University and the Adventure Travel Trade Association, according to which Bulgaria is following an upward trend in the global market of adventure tourism. Therefore, Bulgaria's position in the ranking of developing states improved significantly in 2010-2015 period, the country climbed two positions in this ranking and currently holds third place in the Development Index for Adventure Tourism. Although, typically, adventure tourism was associated with activities practiced individually or in small groups, the tendency is to transform this form of tourism into an opportunity to socialize and strengthen human relationships. Thus, increasingly frequently, adventure tourism involves team activities, targeting both increasing group cohesion and personal development of its members. In this context, we have identified two specific trends for outdoor adventure tourism offers in Bulgaria: -

Assertion on the market of adventure tourism group tours. They are held for the length of 2-6 days and include hiking, climbing, mountain biking, rafting or kayaking, all carried out with an experienced guide/instructor in adventure activities in mountainous areas. Basically, the tourist places the responsibility for organizing the vacation to a specialized tour operator, acquiring an integrated package of services that includes, besides the actual activities of adventure tourism, transportation, meals (most often, breakfast or half board) accommodation. Activities frequently involve collaboration between group members, which must remain together at least during mountain climbing and work;

Assertion on the market of team-building packages. Similar adventure circuits, services such as mountain biking, rafting or canoe are integrated into one package,

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along with food and accommodation services. Outdoor adventure activities are complemented by games, competitions and creative workshops, all aimed to increase group cohesion and improving the ability of individuals to work in a team. Besides mountain guide or instructor under whose supervision the adventure tourism activities are conducted, team building activities often involve a facilitator, which monitors the progress and results of the Group and coordinates training We note, however, a high number of tour operators who target mainly non-residents tourists / foreigners. Subsequently adventure circuits have as a starting point Sofia, the capital and main airport of the country or the Bulgarian seaside. For tourists visiting on the coast or the capital for other purposes (beach, business, attending events) one day packages such as optional excursions are available. Finally, we also note that tour operators offer a relatively high number of ecotourism packages in relation to the other countries involved in the project. The most numerous are tour packages for bird-watching, which include the assistance of a specialized guide. 2.5.3. GEORGIA 2.5.3.1 THE ANALYSIS OF THE MARKET FOR OUTDOOR ADVENTURE TOURISM In Adjara region, the variety of natural and cultural heritage allows the combining of adventure tourism with cultural or gastronomic adventure activities. Thus, a bicycle or horseback tour may include visits to local wine centers, but also wine tasting and traditional gourmet cuisine experience activities. One adventure tourism activity with significant development potential is ecotourism and, particularly bird-watching. Moreover, through the organization Batumi Birding Ltd (http://www.batumibirding.com/), tourists can participate in tourism observation avifauna programs in mountain areas, including some endemic species for the Caucasus area. The presence of karsts topography allows for the development of caving tourism. These integrated circuits last 4-12 days, and involve trekking or movement by bicycle, and their routes cross one or more regions of Georgia. Such travel programs are organized from April to September, when weather conditions are favorable for outdoors movement. The offer for tourist destinations covered by most travel agencies programs includes Khevsureti, Tusheti, Khevi and Racha, where hikes, mountain-bike tours, horseback riding or canoeing tours are organized. Offers including Adjara region are less visible, due partly to the propensity of tour operators to organize tourism programs starting in the capital Tbilisi, because in Tbilisi airport is where most foreign tourists arrive. From December to April, the offer of tourist programs focuses on winter sports activities such as alpine skiing and ski touring. Locally, there are ski instructors, ski monitors and guides who ensure the safe crossing of routes to the point of descent. Hunting tourism also presents a significant development potential, thanks to the existence of hunting farms. Among the species that present valuable hunting interest are: wild boar, mouflon or chamois. Tour operators organizing such programs provide skilled tour guides and hunting dogs.

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A feature of the adventure tourism offer in Georgia is accommodation provided by the locals in guest houses. Thus, one has not only the opportunity to experience and explore the natural environment, but to come into direct contact with Georgian culture and experience the traditional lifestyle. Along with accommodation services, an important part of Georgian travel packages represents the meal. Most packages include full board meals, the meal being also provided by locals. This ensures, on the one hand, that tourists learn about local cuisine and culture and lives an experience-based journey to the tourist destination. On the other hand, appealing to local service providers and producers stimulates economic growth of the country and in particular of Adjara region. 2.5.3.2. THE MARKET POSITIONING OF THE MAIN TOURISM OPERATORS Analysis of the main tour operators on the market reveals that the Georgian adventure tourism services are generally provided by two types of organizations. On the one hand, there are incoming travel agents, who address mainly foreign tourists and can offer specialized niche activities (focusing only on adventure tourism, or just a category of activities associated with adventure tourism) or general purpose agents (providing a variety of travel programs, including cultural or recreational). On the other hand, we can distinguish a segment of small travel agencies, event organizers, NGOs or other service providers that offer highly specialized services (e.g. organizing tours for bird watching) and operate in general for the tourist destinations where they are located. Still, the market is dominated by tour operators with complex service offers, which include both adventure tourism programs and programs subsumed to other forms of tourism such as cultural tourism. Furthermore, adventure tourism activities are often combined with other activities in tour packages, such as cultural tourism services. The main operators that offer such programs include Wonderland (http://www.wonderland.ge/), Colour Tours (http://www.colourtourgeorgia.com/) ExoTours (http://exotour.ge/), Concord Travel (http://www.concordtravel.ge/) Explore Outdoor (http://exploreoutdoor.travel/) Tkemali Tour (http://tkemalitour.com/). Travel agents` offer include both pre-defined itinerary products (devising an itinerary which is promoted to its target segment, the tourists having the opportunity to enroll in the program within a certain period) and products organized on request, depending on the customer profile, availability of financial resources and time. Tour operators on the tourism destination level present a high degree of specialization. Concord Diving Club, but also other tour operators (Explore Outdoor) offer diving courses and programs both in the Black Sea close to Batumi resort, but also in caves (Prometheus Tskaltubo). In the sea, underwater diving aims at exploring wildlife, and wrecks and a mussel farm. Also niche operators promote off-road activities such as KTM Team Georgia that offers professional equipment rental.

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2.5.3.3. THE ANALYSIS OF TOURISM OPERATORSâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; PERCEPTION ON THE OPPORTUNITIES AND VULNERABILITIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF OUTDOOR ADVENTURE TOURISM

The results of the questionnaire-based survey conducted among tourism operators in Georgia show that 40% of respondents believe that opportunities to value adventure tourism opportunities are very good, and another 20% consider them to be good. Winter sports, ecotourism, water sports and hiking are types of adventure tourism activities that are already practiced in the region, thus the touristic offer already reached its maturity. Winter sports, trekking, water sports and ecotourism are among the activities with the highest development potential, achieving a score of at least 3 on a scale from 1 to 4. Moreover, winter sports, water sports, ecotourism, trekking and archeological expeditions are indicated as the most sought-after activities. According to the respondents, the most important strength of the tourism sector in Georgia is the reduced costs of practicing adventure activities. The legislative framework and the natural landscape are seen as the least important elements to be considered as an advantage when developing adventure tourism in the region. The main sources of financing identified by respondents as relevant for adventure tourism development in Georgia are own resources and government sources, European funds showing less importance. This is not by chance, but because Georgia is no EU state and EU funding is limited. Georgians tour operators perceive the demand for adventure tourism in the region as increasing. However, 60% of respondents believe that the offer for adventure tourism remains relatively constant. Tour operators in Georgia perceive the tourism demand in the region as being on the rise. Moreover, over 60% of the ones that have been interviewed consider that the outdoor adventure tourism offer is also on the rise. Unlike other countries in the Black Sea region, tour operators perceive the demand for outdoors adventure tourism as relatively evenly distributed throughout the year, highlighting the ability of adventure tourism to reduce its seasonality. 30% of respondents believe Adjara region presents a competitive disadvantage compared with other similar regions, which is due to, according to the respondents, inadequate infrastructure and lack of well-trained human resources. Respondents indicated that the main obstacles that hinder adventure tourism service development in the region are insufficient promotion (with a score of 5.4 on a scale from 1 to 7) and inadequate infrastructure (5.5). According to respondents, the percentage of requests for organizing adventure tourism packages in total tourism services rendered is 40%. Identifying adventure tourism attractions, assessing facilities and estimating potential demand are the most important aspects to be considered in developing a strategy for adventure tourism at regional level. According to respondents, most people who practice outdoor adventure tourism in Georgia are aged between 25 and 40 years, are male and come from third States. Most acquire Common borders. Common solutions. 91

integrated packages of adventure tourism, the most important criteria being price and destination. Regarding information media, tourists usually inform themselves either online or from travel agents. 2.5.3.4. RISK ANALYSIS / VULNERABILITIES DIAGNOSIS General risks / vulnerabilities at region level:  Lack of financial resources of the local population which hinders involvement in tourism activities;  Poor tourism infrastructure (accommodation facilities, spas, specific installations etc.);  Underdeveloped road infrastructure;  Insufficient professional training of human resources involved in adventure tourism;  Few low-cost flights to this region;  Reduced promotion of the region. Risks /vulnerabilities at the level of adventure tourism activities o Ecotourism (Bird-watching) -

The activity can be performed only under well-developed specific legislation, taking into account the need to protect bird species: clear access routes, well established times and locations where such activities could be set etc.

A high volume of tourists may damage the nesting birds’ environment and thus in time provoking them to avoid traffic areas and thus indirectly leading to the extinction of the tourism objective.

It is an insufficiently known activity and its knowledge and relaxation potential is not appreciated the tourists.

o Winter tourism (Ski / snowboard) -

Practicing this type of adventure tourism requires developing a complex infrastructure system, ranging from access infrastructure (roads) to existing accommodation facilities, the quality of services offered, to landscaping the slopes, ski and snowboard facilities. Such a system requires significant investment from both operators and the local authorities, and also a significant amount of time for it to become operational and reach levels when they can be successfully promoted. Investing in such a system, without the certainty of a growing demand is risky and, additionally it is difficult to recover the investment.

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2.5.3.5. ANALYSIS OF TOURISTS’ AND POTENTIAL TOURISTS’ PERCEPTION ON ADVENTURE TOURISM IN GEORGIA – ADJARA REGION A sociological research was conducted on a total of 227 respondents from Georgia, who expressed their opinion about their level of satisfaction and expectations about adventure tourism services in the Black Sea region. Regarding the number of tourism purposes trips carried out in the last 5 years, the results showed that the majority (65% of respondents) conducted between 3 and 6 tourism trips in the last 5 years. The share of respondents who said they were on over 9 tourism trips is 16%, about equal to that of the respondents who made 6-9 trips in the same period. Approximately 3% of respondents carried out between 1 and 3 trips. 0% 3% 1-3

16%

3-6

16%

6-9 65%

>9 None

Fig. 1. The number of tourist trips made in the last 5 years

Regarding the average duration of trips made for tourism purposes, following the detailed analysis of Georgia we found that the largest share is allocated to trips with an average duration of 5 and up to 7 days (75%), followed by trips with average duration of 3-5 days (18%). Less frequent are trips lasting in average more than 7 days (4%) or less than 3 days (about 3% of respondents). 4% 3%

18%

<3 days 3-5 days 5-7 days >7 days

75%

Fig. 2. The average length of trips for tourism purposes

Regarding the form of tourism most frequently practiced in the Black Sea region, choices of Georgian respondents have focused particularly on active and adventure tourism (44.05%)

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respectively on coastal tourism (40.97%). Meanwhile, tourism and leisure entertainment was indicated by 13.22% of respondents, and cultural tourism / religious purposes and health and relaxation tourism total by less than 1 %. 44.05%

40.97%

13.22%

0.88%

Tourism for fun and Tourism for health Active and adventure Cultural / religious entertainment and relaxation tourism tourism

Coastal tourism

Fig. 3. Tourism type most frequently practiced

Regarding the main travel planning forms, most respondents in Georgia prefer to turn to tourism products offered by a travel agency (81.5%) while 13% of respondents prefer to plan their own vacations. Meanwhile, 7% of respondents turn to other arrangements or tourism products (friends, associates etc.). 4.41% Plan their own trips

12.78%

1.32% Planning is done by reception facitilies at the destination Services are purchased from travel agencies

Other arrangements (booking via friends, associations etc.)

81.49%

Fig. 4. Main travel planning means

The main information sources accessed most frequently regarding travel offers proved to be the internet (indicated by 29% of respondents), travel agencies (24%), advice from family and friends (15% of total respondents) and information collected during previous visits (14%). Common borders. Common solutions. 94

Other

Prior visits

14%

The advice of familly and friends

15%

Street advertising

Internet - social networks, blogs, websites

29%

Media: TV and radio

Tourism agencies

24%

Travel fairs

11%

Newspapers/magazines

2% 0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

Fig. 5. Main sources of information used by tourists

Most interesting adventure tourism activities for the respondents were water sports (rafting, canoeing, scuba diving, jet skiing, maritime shipping, fishing etc.) with a score of 3.81 on a scale from 1 to 5, adventure sports (3.67) and winter sports (3.47). On the opposite side are activities such as trekking (2.8) and skydiving (2.92). 3.22

Archaeological expeditions

2.92

Skydiving

3.44

Hunting and fishing

3.81

Water sports

3.67

Adventure sports 3.07

Off road

2.96

Biking

2.8

Trekking Winter sports

3.47

Horseback riding

3.44

Ecotourism

3.42 0

Fig. 6. The extent to which tourists are interested to practice adventure tourism activities

In terms of adventure tourism consumption habits, 90% of respondents in Georgia confirmed that practiced adventure tourism activities in the last five years. More than half of respondents said they were very interested in holiday packages that include adventure tourism and outdoor adventure activities.

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Not Interested

0.44%

2.20%

Less Interested

5.29%

Interested

31.72%

Quite Interested

60.35%

Very Interested

0.00%

10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00%

Fig. 7. The extent to which tourists are interested in outdoors adventure tourism packages

Among factors that influence the destination choice, respondents indicated attractiveness of location (with a 4.82 score on a scale from 1 to 5) followed by price (4.74%) and quality of services (4.73%) as very relevant. The possibility of practicing adventure tourism received a relatively high score (4.5) but lesser than of the other factors.

Infrastructure

4.64

Quality of the provided services

4.73

The possibility of practicing outdoor adventure activities

4.50

Attractiveness of the location

4.82

Price

4.74

Fig. 8. Factors influencing the choice of destination

Regarding whether respondents agree or disagree about the existence of a fair service quality/price ratio, 40% of respondents believe that there is a fair quality/price for tourist accommodation and restaurant services and catering. In terms of price/quality ratio for leisure activities, 42% of respondents believe that the ratio is fair; while 41% consider that the price/quality ratio for the adventure tourism in the Black Sea region is fair.

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There is a fair quality/price ratio for outdoor adventure tourism activities

4.13

There is a fair quality/price ratio for leisure activities

4.11

There is a fair quality/price ratio for catering services

4.14

There is a fair quality/price ratio for accommodation facilities

3.99

3.90

3.95

4.00

4.05

4.10

4.15

Fig. 9. Satisfaction with regard to the quality/price ratio

The main aspects that can be improved upon, according to respondents, are diversification of activities (37%) and improving accessibility to the destination (35%). The quality of accommodation and the accuracy of accessed information were indicated by 14% of respondents.

Others

0.48%

Accesibility (infrastructure)

30.75%

Accuracy of information received/accessed

12.59%

Facilities (wide range of activities that could be carried out)

38.01%

Accommodation (logistic issues)

18.16%

0.00% 5.00%10.00%15.00%20.00%25.00%30.00%35.00%40.00%

Fig. 10. Main aspects that can be improved on the services of adventure tourism at the Black Sea

Finally, regarding promotion forms for adventure tourism in the Black Sea region, the respondents consider that the most appropriate way of promoting is online, through websites, blogs, social networking (with a score of 4.75 on a scale from 1 to 5), followed by promotion through travel agencies (4.51%). Least considered adequate promotion form for respondents from Georgia are printed materials (i.e. tourist brochures, leaflets) (4.21) and fairs and exhibitions (4.45).

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4.51

Promotion by agents

Online marketing (websites, blogs, social networking)

4.75

4.45

Exhibitions

4.21

Printed materials (ex. tourist brochures, leaflets)

Fig. 11. Promotion means perceived as the most suitable for adventure tourism in the Black Sea region

Most of the respondents are aged between 24 and 40 years old (89%), with an approximately equal distribution between sexes. Relationship status is not an important factor in terms of adventure tourism profile (most respondents are married). Adventure tourists were mostly with higher education and the monthly income of 500-1.000 Euro. 2.5.3.6. ANALYSIS OF TOURISTS FLOW According to the World Bank, the number of tourist arrivals (at border) increased from 2 million in 2010 to 2.8 million in 2011. In 2012, Georgia has recorded 4.4 million tourist arrivals at the border, 36% more tourists than in 2011. According to the National Tourism Authority, the number of tourist arrivals at the border in 2013 exceeded 5.4 million, but less than 60% of them are tourists staying in accommodation facilities in the country. Progress is still thunderous given that, with more than 10 years ago, Georgia recorded only 100,000 tourist arrivals annually. The main countries of origin for non-residents tourists are Turkey, Azerbaijan, Armenia and Ukraine. Moreover, 62% of non-resident tourists come from the CIS and 34% from European countries. The unprecedented development of the tourism industry is attributed to the political stability of the past decade and investment in infrastructure, including rehabilitation of airports and construction of hotels and resorts, especially in Tbilisi and Batumi with. The capital of Tbilisi attracts flows of 27% of tourists, 9% Kutaisi and Batumi - 7%.

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Table 5. Regional distribution of the number of tourist arrivals in Georgia

Regions

Abkhazia Adjara A/R Guria Imereti Kakheti MtskhetaMtianeti RachaLechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti SamegreloZemo Svaneti SamtskheJavakheti Tbilisi Kvemo Kartli Shida Kartli Total

Trim. II 2014 Nb. incoming % (thsd pers) 1.6 0.2 91.5 9.3 28.6 2.9 203.5 20.6 72.9 7.4

Trim. III 2014 Nb. incoming % (thsd pers.) 1.6 0.1 171.1 14.8 48.7 4.2 193.2 16.8 97.8 8.5

Trim. IV 2014 Nb. incoming % (thsd pers.) 1.0 0.1 88.3 10.6 17.2 2.1 166.2 19.9 60.9 7.3

Trim. I 2015 Nb. incoming (thsdpers.)

0.9 73.6 14.9 167.9 67.2

0.1 9.2 1.9 21.0 8.4

65.9

6.7

66.0

5.7

41.1

4.9

35.5

4.4

12.8

1.3

20.4

1.8

12.3

1.5

6.7

0.8

71.1

7.2

95.9

8.3

67.0

8.0

62.0

7.7

55.8

5.7

73.2

6.4

45.5

5.5

52.6

6.6

262.7 57.0 63.2 986.7

26.6 5.8 6.4 100.0

243.6 78.5 62.3 1,152.4

21.1 6.8 5.4 100.0

221.5 61.2 51.6 834.0

26.6 7.3 6.2 100.0

211.9 57.2 49.7 800.1

26.5 7.1 6.2 100.0

Source: www.geostat.ge (2015)

Of the total tourist arrivals, two thirds represent domestic tourism, and the other third international tourism. Among the arrivals of non-residents tourists, 27.2% are from Turkey, 26.7% from Azerbaijan, 21.8% from Armenia, 8.9% from Russia, 2.6% from Ukraine, 1.3% from Israel, 1.2% from US, 1% from Germany and 1% from Greece. Consequently the Black Sea countries are still the main market for tourism in Georgia; other states represent a total share of below 20% of tourist arrivals. Regarding the regional distribution of the number of tourist arrivals, the National Statistics Institute provides quarterly information for the period Trim. II 2014 - Trim. I 2015 deducted against Georgia regions (Table 5). The main conclusions that can be drawn from the regional analysis of the number of tourist arrivals in Georgia confirms the importance of the highly tourism region of Adjara, this being the third most popular with tourists, with a share in Trim. I, 2015 of 9.2% of all tourists. The first two positions in the ranking are occupied by Tbilisi region (with a share of 26.5%) and Imereti region (21%). The quarterly variations in the number of tourists in Adjara region highlight the seasonality

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of tourist activity, the number of arrivals in Trim. III in 2014 is about double than the rest of the analyzed intervals. 2.5.3.7. IDENTIFYING MARKET TRENDS The dynamic evolution of the number of tourist arrivals in Georgia during the years 2005 - 2013 is characterized by a continuous upward trend, with average annual growth of over 20% compared to the previous years since 2010 (+ 35.5% in 2010, + 38.9% in 2011, + 56.9% in 2012 + 21.8% and 2013). The most significant increases in the number of tourists in Georgia were recorded in 2006 (annual growth of 75.5% compared to 2005) and in 2012, when tourist arrivals grew by 56 9% compared with the previous year. If we were to extrapolate the trend of inflow of tourists in Georgia by the year 2016, it would result in a 31.3% increase in the number of tourist arrivals compared to 2013 for the 2016 horizon. Regarding Georgia residents departing abroad for tourism, it is worth noting that although rates have been increasing throughout the period analyzed, by 2010 the number of residents going abroad Georgia exceeded the number of tourist arrivals. Currently, the number of arrivals is much higher than that of departures, and Georgia is becoming a receiving country for international tourism. If in 2007 foreign tourists accounted for only 37% of all tourists accommodated in hotels, the situation changed starting with 2010. Thus, in 2013, foreign tourists accommodated in hotels in Georgia represented 62% of all tourists, it is expected this trend (increasing the share of foreign tourists) to continue in the coming years. Among foreign tourists arriving from partner countries of the Black Sea region, we note the particular higher tourism interest from Turks to Georgia, in 2013 accounting for approximately 15% of total foreign tourists accommodated in hotel establishments in Georgia. A similar trend is recorded in the region of Adjara, where the share of foreign tourists accommodated in hotel units reached in 2013 58%, although in 2007 they represented only 24% of all tourists accommodated in tourism accommodation units in the region. 8000000 7000000 6000000 5000000 4000000 3000000 2000000 1000000 0 2005

2006

2007 2008 2009 2010 Numar Tourists sosiri arrivalsturisti number

2011 2012 2013 2014 Numar Tourists plecari departureturisti number

2015

2016

Graph 3. The flow of tourist arrivals and departures in Georgia during 2005-2013 period, with trend extrapolation for the 2016 horizon Source: www.worldbank.org

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Analyzing the adventure tourism services offer reveals the following trends: 

Development of tour programs, lasting at least 7 days, which combine multiple forms of tourism: adventure tourism (rafting, caving, horseback riding, hiking), cultural (visits to archaeological sites and monasteries), rural tourism and even coastal tourism. In the case of Adjara region, famous for its wine production tradition, the activities of adventure tourism can be combined with viniculture tourism. Thus, bike or horseback tours include most times both visits to local wine centers and traditional gourmet tastings;



Development of the tourism products offer is based on authenticity, as evidenced by in the fact that most adventure travel programs include local accommodation and meals.

Overall, we find that Georgia emerged as a major player on the international adventure tourism market, registering a growth of both demand (measured by tourist arrivals) and supply.

2.5.4. REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA 2.5.4.1 THE ANALYSIS OF THE MARKET FOR OUTDOOR ADVENTURE TOURISM In 2013, Moldova was named by Lonely Planet as the most unexplored tourist destination in Europe, making it virtually an unknown country for foreign tourists60. Two years later, in 2015, Moldova advanced 28 positions in the ranking of developing states carried out by the Adventure Travel Trade Association realized (ATTA)61. The Republic of Moldova was declared by the same association as the second most improved destination in the world, recording significant progress especially in terms the subsumed indicators of Hospitality and Safety category. According to the Moldovan authorities for tourism, progress is a result of the combined efforts of Competitiveness Enhancement and Enterprise Development II (CEED II) project, funded by the US Agency for International Development (USAID)62, and the travel agencies and tour operators, which in a limited time managed to position and promote Moldova as a genuine tourism destination in the heart of Europe. The tourism offer of Moldova was defined as niche type, due to its wine, gastronomic, rural, culture and adventure tourism. These services are especially preferred by tourists from western markets, and thus the target markets for Moldova are: Germany, Britain, France, Italy and Poland. However its adventure tourism offer is still through a modest development. Mountain-biking and off-road are among the few adventure tourism activities included in tour packages. Mountain-bike tours present complex itineraries, which are carried at least partially, on the Wine Route, including wine route centers such as Cricova, Purcari and Chateau Vartely.

National Tourism Agency in the Republic Moldova (2015) Moldova’s success as a tourism destination, document available online at http://www.turism.gov.md/, accessed September 15th, 2015 61 Adventure Travel Trade Association (2015) Adventure Tourism Development Index: The 2015 Report. 5th Edition, available online at http://www.innovasjonnorge.no/Global/Reiseliv/ATDI-2015.pdf, accessed September 15th, 2015 62 National Tourism Agency in the Republic Moldova (2015) Idem 60

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2.5.4.2. THE MARKET POSITIONING OF THE MAIN TOURISM OPERATORS Moldovaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s offer for adventure tourism is relatively small, both in terms of number of active tour operators on the market and in terms of diversity of services offered. Analysis of data from bibliographic research shows that on the adventure tourism market of Moldova the following types of organizations operate: -

Specialized travel agents, offering packages that include mountain biking, caving, hiking, horseback riding, kayaking, diving, skydiving jumps (Moldova Holiday);

Travel agencies that offer ecotourism services, such as Travel International, Solei Travel Exotic Tour or Trapeza Tour;

Organizers of hiking, mountain tours, such as Travel Enjoy, Exit Point, Montana Outdoor Center Line;

Suppliers of services associated with extreme aerial sports (paragliding, skydiving jumps, pleasure flights, hot air balloon flights): Tandem Fly s Vadul Voda airfield, Fly for Fun, Aerobis;

Suppliers of fishing tourism programs, such as Labitur.

Overall, it can be noted that the adventure tourism market is still in an early stage of development, and it is expected to diversify its offer in the coming years following the continuous transition of Moldova`s tourism industry from mass tourism to niche experience-based services. 2.5.4.3. THE ANALYSIS OF TOURISM OPERATORSâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; PERCEPTION ON THE OPPORTUNITIES AND VULNERABILITIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF OUTDOOR ADVENTURE TOURISM

Regarding opportunities for improvement of adventure tourism in Moldova opinions are divided. Thus, 27% of respondents perceive that opportunities for capitalizing on adventure tourism are good, 18% perceive them as very good, 36% as average and 18% as low. Adventure sports, water sports, skydiving and hunting and fishing are already practiced adventure activities and the services provided to this effect are mature, subsequently having the greatest potential to rapidly contribute to the overall adventure tourism development in the region. On a scale of 1 to 4, the highest score regarding the development potential of adventure tourism activities was achieved by hunting and fishing (3.55), followed by skydiving (3.36) and adventure sports (3.27). Moreover, ecotourism, adventure sports, excursions, hunting and fishing, and skydiving were indicated as the most sought-after activities. The main strategic elements that constitute a competitive advantage for the development of adventure tourism in the region, are seen as reduced costs of practicing adventure tourism, adequate infrastructure, the optimal and diverse natural/cultural landscape and the appropriate legislative framework. Own resources are indicated as the main funding source for adventure tourism services. Demand for adventure tourism services in the region is perceived as relatively constant. However, according to respondents, the adventure tourism services offer in the region is Common borders. Common solutions. 102

perceived as rising. The summer period (May to September) is clearly identified as the period in which adventure tourism activities outdoors are practiced, which highlights the seasonal character of tourism demand and supply. 44% of respondents believe that compared with other similar tourist destinations, Moldova is at a significant competitive disadvantage in the field of adventure tourism, due to underdeveloped infrastructure, hotel services and lack of promotion. Moreover, respondents consider that the main obstacles affecting the development of outdoors adventure tourism in the region are insufficient promotion (with a score of 5.73 on a scale of 1 to 7), the costs of providing adventure tourism services (5.55), low demand for outdoor adventure tourism (5.36) and inadequate infrastructure (5.27). According to respondents, the percentage of requests for organized adventure tourism services don’t exceed 10% of the total of provided services. The most important aspects to be considered in developing a strategy for adventure tourism are the assessment of existing facilities, estimating the market demand, assessment of competition from similar destinations and inventory of the region's attractions objects. According to tour operators, people traveling to practice outdoor adventure tourism are most often young people aged between 24 and 40 years old, male, unmarried, with higher education. They are interested to purchase integrated packages of services and factors influencing their choice of destination are the price and quality of services. 2.5.4.4. RISK ANALYSIS / VULNERABILITIES DIAGNOSIS General risks / vulnerabilities at region level:  Lack of dedicated tourism infrastructure.  Reduced promotion of travel packages.  Insufficient professional staff training involved in the provision of specific adventure tourism.  Lack of (IT) systems and applications that would enable statistical monitoring of tourism adventure in Moldova. Risks /vulnerabilities at the level of adventure tourism activities o Hiking (Trekking) - Moldova is not a destination known for practicing trekking, hiking activities. These activities are generally associated with mountainous terrain, which limits the efficient promotion of their practice in Moldova; - Such activities involve investments in land routes, connecting them to other known landmarks and the printing of informative materials (including maps), also involves standardization by legislation of these sorts of routes depending on their degree of difficulty etc.

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Their practice requires a significant number of specialized guides, their professional training is long term process. o Hunting and Fishing - Hunting is an activity that can immediately attract controversial and hostile reactions from NGOs and the public, with negative effects on economic operators that offer such travel services; - If such tourism activities (both hunting and fishing) are not practiced in a sustainable manner, then excessive practicing may lead to limitation of resources and hinder practicing such activities in the area; - Especially for hunting it is necessary to obtain special permits and, therefore, is a niche activity. 2.5.4.5. ANALYSIS OF TOURISTS’ AND POTENTIAL TOURISTS’ PERCEPTION ON ADVENTURE TOURISM IN MOLDOVA – CENTRAL REGION A sociological research was conducted on a total of 201 respondents from Moldova, who expressed their opinion about their level of satisfaction and expectations about adventure tourism services in the Black Sea region. The survey results based on a questionnaire conducted among respondents in Moldova showed that in terms of the number of trips for tourism purposes carried out in the last 5 years, the most numerous (67% of respondents) conducted between 3 and 6 trips for tourism purposes in the last 5 years, while 16% of respondents said they conducted between 6 and 9 tourist trips. 9% of respondents have conducted between 1 and 3 tourist trips. 1% 7% 9% 16%

1-3 3-6 6-9 >9

67%

None

Fig. 1. The number of tourist trips made in the last 5 years

As regards to the average duration of trips made in tourism purposes, following a detailed analysis on the Republic of Moldova, it was found that the largest share is allocated to trips with an average duration of 5 and up to 7 days (69%), followed by the average travel duration of 3-5 days (22%), while less preferred is the average travel duration of more than 7 days (7%) or less than 3 days (about 2% of the respondents).

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2% 7% 22%

<3 days 3-5 days 5-7 days >7 days

69%

Fig. 2. The average length of trips for tourism purposes

Regarding the most popular tourism forms in the Black Sea region, options of Moldavian focused particularly on active and adventure tourism (41%) and seaside tourism 34%. Meanwhile, entertainment and recreation tourism registered 16.4% and tourism for health and relaxation was preferred by 5% of respondents. Cultural/religious tourism registered 3.5% of the total. 45.00%

41.29%

40.00% 33.83%

35.00% 30.00% 25.00% 20.00%

16.42%

15.00% 10.00%

4.98%

3.48%

5.00% 0.00% Tourism for fun and entertainment

Tourism for health and relaxation

Active and adventure tourism

Cultural / religious tourism

Coastal tourism

Fig. 3. Tourism type most frequently practiced

Regarding the main method of travel planning, most respondents from Moldova prefer to turn to tourism products offered by a travel agency (75%) while 16% of respondents prefer to plan their own vacations. Meanwhile, 6% of respondents turn to other arrangements, or tourism products (friends, associates etc.).

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Plan their own trips 16% 3%

Planning is done by reception facitilies at the destination Services are purchased from travel agencies Other arrangements (booking via friends, associations etc.)

75%

Fig. 4. Main travel planning means

The main sources of information accessed regarding tourism offers proved to be the Internet 30%, travel agencies (26%), and about the same proportion, previous visits and advice of family and friends (13,5% and 12%). Other

0.32%

Prior visits

13.55%

The advice of familly and friends Street advertising

12.26% 1.13%

Internet - social networks, blogs, websites Media: TV and radio

30.00% 4.19%

Tourism agencies

25.97%

Travel fairs Newspapers/magazines 0.00%

11.29% 1.29% 5.00% 10.00% 15.00% 20.00% 25.00% 30.00% 35.00%

Fig. 5. Main sources of information used by tourists

Regarding whether respondents are interested to practice adventure tourism activities, investigation results places at the top water sports (rafting, canoeing, scuba diving, jet skiing, fishing etc.) with a score of 3,53 on a scale from 1 to 5, adventure sports (paintball, zip lining, bungee jumping, adventure parks etc.) with a score of 3,49, ecotourism (3,41) and hunting and fishing (3,35). Less interesting are trekking, cycling and skydiving, which achieved less than 2.8. It is to be noticed though that the scores of the activities exceed 2.75 which points out to at least a moderate interest towards the adventure tourism activities.

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3.25

Archaeological expeditions 2.75

Skydiving

3.35

Hunting and fishing Water sports

3.53

Adventure sports

3.49 2.88

Off road Biking

2.76

Trekking

2.72 3.29

Winter sports

3.3

Horseback riding

3.41

Ecotourism 0

0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

Fig. 6. The extent to which tourists are interested to practice adventure tourism activities

Regarding the consumption habits of tourists, 85% of respondents in Moldova confirmed that they practiced adventure tourism activities in the last five years. Nearly half of respondents said they are very interested in holiday packages that include adventure and outdoor activities.

0.00%

Not Interested

1.49%

Less Interested

9.95%

Interested

37.31%

Quite Interested

51.24%

Very Interested

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Fig. 7. The extent to which tourists are interested in outdoors adventure tourism packages

Among the factors that influence their destination choice they respondents indicated location attractiveness (with a score of 4.72 on a scale from 1 to 5) and price (4.74) as very relevant to the decision to travel. Next position in the preferences of respondents was quality of services (4.62).

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Infrastructure

4.43

Quality of the provided services

4.62

The possibility of practicing outdoor adventure activities

4.33

Attractiveness of the location

4.72

Price

4.74

Fig. 8. Factors influencing the choice of destination

In addition, when tourists were asked to state the extent to which they agreed or disagreed with the existence of a fair quality/price ratio, the restaurant and catering services received the highest score (4.05 on a scale from 1 to 5), followed by the leisure activities (4.05) and accommodation services (4.02) and adventure tourism services (3.97). It is to be noticed that all categories received high scores which suggests a high level of satisfaction with regard to the quality-price ratio.

There is a fair qualiy/price ratio for outdoor adventure tourism activities

3.97

There is a fair quality/price ratio for leisure activities

4.03

There is a fair quality/price ratio for restaurant and catering services

4.05

There is a fair quality/price ratio for accommodation services

4.02

3.92 3.94 3.96 3.98 4.00 4.02 4.04 4.06

Fig. 9. Satisfaction with regard to the quality/price ratio

Concerning the main aspects that can be improved upon the services of adventure tourism in the Black Sea region, respondents reported mainly the need to diversify the supply of services (37%) and better accessibility (27.4%).

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Others

0.27%

Accesibility (infrastructure)

27.42%

Accuracy of information received/accessed

15.59%

Facilities (wide range of activities that could be carried out)

36.83%

Accommodation (logistic issues)

19.89%

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

Fig. 10. Main aspects that can be improved on the services of adventure tourism at the Black Sea

Finally, regarding adventure tourism in the Black Sea region promotion forms, the respondents consider that the most appropriate way of promoting is online (websites, blogs, social networks) with a score of 4.66 on a scale from 1 to 5, followed by promotion through travel agencies (4.49). The less appropriate ways to promote proved to be printed materials (4.19) and fairs and exhibitions (4.33).

4.49

Promotion by agents

Online marketing (websites, blogs, social networking)

4.66

4.33

Exhibitions

Printed materials (ex. tourist brochures, leaflets)

4.19

Fig. 11. Promotion means perceived as the most suitable for adventure tourism in the Black Sea region

Most of the respondents were aged between 24 and 40 years old (78%), with an approximately equal distribution between sexes. Relationship status is not an important factor in terms of adventure tourism profile (most respondents are married). Adventure tourists were mostly with higher education and their monthly income of 500-1000 Euro. Common borders. Common solutions. 109

2.5.4.6. ANALYSIS OF TOURIST FLOWS The number of tourist arrivals in accommodation establishments in Moldova increased from about 268,000 in 2012 to 283000 in 2015. The largest share of requests for accommodation in collective tourist accommodation structures belonging to hotels and motels (48.2%), followed by the villas, holiday villages and other rest units (17%), and holiday camps for students (16.7%). Appealing to cross data, regarding the number of tourists and excursion participants in the programs organized by travel agencies and tour operators, based on their purpose of the visits, we note that about 238,000 tourists in 2014 resorted to the services of tour operators. Moreover, we note that in 2014 the interest leisure recreation and entertainment tourism of foreign tourists increased (+ 32%) to the detriment travel for business and professional activities (-17% compared to 2013), as Table 6 illustrates. Table 6. Number of tourists and excursionists in Moldova based on the purpose of the journey

Nb. Tourists and excursionists in 2014

Nb. Tourists and excursionists in 2013

Variation% in 2014 compared to 2013

TOTAL

238053

204878

16%

Incoming (receiving foreign tourists in the country) - total

14362

13150

Leisure, recreation

8355

6343

32%

Business and professional

4952

5962

-17%

Other purposes

1055

845

25%

180646

157556

15%

178260

154310

16%

Business and professional

1144

1432

-20%

Other purposes

1242

1814

-32%

43045

34172

26%

Out of which other purposes:

Outgoing (residents departure from Republic of Moldova) - total Out of which, by purpose: Leisure, recreation

Internal tourism (residents travels inside of Republic of Moldova for tourism purposes)

Source: www.statistica.md, 2015

Regarding the number of overnight stays of tourists in collective tourist reception units with accommodation functions in 2014 there were recorded 1,514,300 overnight stays, especially due to recovery accommodation facilities (31.5%) in holiday camps for students (31.25%) and in hotels (18.3%). Of the total number of overnight stays 85.6% belongs to residents and 24.4% of overnight stays to foreign tourists. The average stay length of tourists in Moldova in 2014 was of 6.4 days. Common borders. Common solutions. 110

In terms of the number of arrivals of foreigners in the Republic of Moldova, recorded at the state border crossing in the January-June 2015 period, there were registered about 1.071 million crossings. Of the total arrivals of foreign visitors in Moldova most visits were recorded from Ukraine (41.5%), Romania (36.7%), Russian Federation (10.9%), Bulgaria (1.7%), Italy (1.2%) and Turkey (0.9%), foreign visitors preferring to travel by automobile transport (77.9% of total arrivals), air (19.6%) and rail (2.6 %). According to an assessment report by the Association of Tourism Development in Moldova, in 2013 foreign expenditures were about 2.3 times more than recorded in 2003. The motivation for foreign travels in Moldova has changed qualitatively by increasing leisure and treatment travel and visits to winemaking centers. The same report indicates that the turnover in the tourism industry reached by early last year to 150 million Euro, a figure comparable to that of wine-making industry. Also, statistical data confirms the strategic importance of the sector: in 2013, hotels and restaurants have contributed to GDP up to 0.8% compared to 0.3% registered in 2007. In conclusion, we can say that the tourism industry recorded an upward trend in Moldova, both in the number of arrivals and overnight stays in tourist reception units, and the number of people who use the services of tour operators is also increasing. Yet the country still holds a modest position on the international tourism market and even among the Black Sea countries, ranking far behind Turkey, Romania, Bulgaria and Georgia in terms of volume of tourist traffic. 2.5.4.7. IDENTIFYING MARKET TRENDS By analyzing the dynamics of the number of tourists arriving in Moldova in the period of 2005 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2013, it was found that evolution is fluctuating, registering a slight upward trend in the post-crisis period. The effects of the crisis were strongly felt in Moldovaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s` tourist activity, whereas 2008 saw the steepest fall, seeing how the number of arrivals for tourism purposes fell from the previous year by 46.2%, while the pronounced increase was felt in 2012 (annual growth of 22%). Although 2013 registered a modest positive growth rate (annual change over the previous year is 4.5%), if we were to extrapolate the flow of tourist arrivals, the trend for Moldova for the year 2016 would result in a 20 % decrease of tourist flow in 2014, compared to 2013, but still continuing with a return to an upward trend, so the number of arrivals for 2016 would be expected to return to the recorded levels of 2013. Despite this, the departing flow of residents abroad for tourism purposes has seen a strong upward trend, with an average annual growth of around 13% during 2005-2009. The most pronounced increase was in 2010, when the number of departures by residents to tourist destinations abroad increased by 25.8% compared to 2009. Starting with this year, although the growth trend is still maintained, recorded growth rates are decreasing.

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Tourists arrivals number

Tourists departure number

Graph 4. The flow of tourist arrivals and departures in Moldova during 2005-2013 period, with trend extrapolation for the 2016 horizon Source: www.worldbank.org

However, demand for adventure tourism in Moldova remains relatively low. Perhaps the most striking trend is the development of mountain biking and off-road activities and their inclusion in tours at least partially, on the Wine Route, the route including wine centers such as Cricova, Purcari and Chateau Vartely. 2.5.5. TURKEY 2.5.5.1 THE ANALYSIS OF THE MARKET FOR OUTDOOR ADVENTURE TOURISM Since Turkey is a favorite destination for seaside tourism (on the Aegean coast), and for cultural tourism, its adventure tourism offer is relatively less visible, but not nonexistent. Services for adventure tourism are often sold in package forms, consisting of circuits lasting from 5 to 21 days and may include diving, walks with kayaking along the coast, bike tours in the mountains, visits to archaeological sites and historical monuments (Ephesus) and hiking. The combination of adventure tourism with outdoor activities related to cultural tourism constitutes, in addition, a fundamental characteristic of adventure tourism services. An example of such services is the kayak rides over the ruins of Kekova, near the coast of Anatolia. One of the most popular destinations for adventure tourism in Turkey is Cappadocia, famous for hot air balloon flights. The flights are performed once a day, only at sunrise, having over 30 economic operators specialized in their organization. The price charged for a flight varies between 110 and 250 Euro depending on the degree of comfort, in most cases, the price includes, in addition to the flight itself, fare and return from and to the hotel, flight insurance, a certificate attesting the flight and snacks. Although Kastamonu region has great potential for outdoor adventure tourism development, thanks to its natural diversity and its unique features (spectacular landscape with canyons and waterfalls), its adventure tourism offer is less visible. Thus, there is little information online about the possibility of practicing adventure tourism, and those that exist are not always available in English. Moreover, specific services of adventure tourism that already exists at the tourism destination are not integrated in the offer of travel agencies and tour operators, which indicated the Common borders. Common solutions. 112

need for developing and promoting packages addressed not only for resident tourists, but especially for foreign tourists. Other weak points of the market include weak development of transport infrastructure, which makes it difficult to transfer tourists from the country's main airports (Istanbul, Ankara, Antalya) to Anatolia which is located Kastamonu region. The tourist destination can be accessed either by road from Istanbul, the distance can be traveled in about 8 hours, either by place, with connecting flights between Istanbul airport and the regional airport of Kastamonu. However, this regional airport is not open to international flights, which involves performing connecting flights by foreign tourists.

2.5.5.2. THE MARKET POSITIONING OF THE MAIN TOURISM OPERATORS The tourism market in Turkey shows a high degree of fragmentation, having over 1.000 travel agencies and tour operators. Most of the tourism offers are aimed for Aegean coast destinations and cultural tourism destinations, such as Cappadocia, Istanbul or Ankara. The number of travel agencies offering specialized adventure tourism programs of is relatively low, the Green Ilgaz Turizm main operators are: Novitas Turizm, Ankara Travel Center, Makro and EkmekĂ§iler Turizm. The most visible tour operator is probably Shashot Travel, which has a diverse array of activities, including diving, paragliding, rafting, kayaking, hiking or mountain biking. Most programs have as starting point Istanbul and are in the form of guided tours lasting 412 days. At the regional level of Kastamonu, we identified a significant number of operators of off-road, which include training schools, such as Kastamonu Off Road 4x4, Giroff, Erbaa Off Road, TokkOff, but also equipment suppliers and car rental services: 4x4 Off Road Bizz. The offers of these providers are less visible and often unavailable online in international circulation languages, which highlights the urgency for a more effective promotion of tourism and, in particular, adventure tourism activities.

2.5.5.3. THE ANALYSIS OF TOURISM OPERATORSâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; PERCEPTION ON THE OPPORTUNITIES AND VULNERABILITIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF OUTDOOR ADVENTURE TOURISM

In terms of opportunities for development of outdoor adventure tourism in Turkey, as a result of a survey-based questionnaire conducted among tour operators, we concluded that 50% of respondents consider the opportunities for improving adventure tourism are average, 30% - good, and 10% - very good. Water sports, ecotourism, hunting and fishing trips and intense adventure activities are already practiced and reached market maturity, and therefore having the greatest potential to rapidly contribute to the development of outdoor adventure tourism. On a scale of 1 to 4, the adventure tourism activities considered to have the most potential for developing are water

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sports (3.30), trekking (3.30) and off road activities (2.90). Furthermore, hiking, cycling and water sports are indicated the most requested up to date adventure tourism activities. Reduced costs of adventure tourism activities are seen as the main elements that could constitute an advantage when developing adventure tourism in the region. On the other side, the elements like infrastructure and demand for adventure tourism services are not seen as possible sources for competitive advantages in adventure tourism domain, they are noted under 5 on a scale from 1 to 8. The main funding source indicated for adventure tourism services is own resources. Demand for adventure tourism services in the region is perceived as relatively constant (60%). The supply for adventure tourism services in the region is perceived by about 30% of the respondents as growing, another 40% consider it to be constant while the 30% consider the offer is decreasing. The summer period (April to October) is clearly identified as the period in which the adventure tourism activities are practiced. Another interval indicated by the respondents is September to November. 30% of respondents believe that the region presents a competitive disadvantage compared with other similar destinations, primarily due to potential tourists` lack of knowledge about the regions` offer. The main obstacles identified in the development of adventure tourism in Turkey are: inadequate legislative and strategic framework, inadequate infrastructure and the low demand for adventure tourism services. According to respondents, the percentage of requests for organizing adventure tourism services do not exceed 35% of the total services provided. Estimating competition level from similar destinations, inventorying attractions and identifying target segments are considered the most important elements in developing a strategy. According to representatives of tour operators, most tourists seeking adventure tourism services are aged between 25 and 40 are unmarried and have an income of over 1.500 EUR.

2.5.5.4. RISK ANALYSIS / VULNERABILITIES DIAGNOSIS General risks / vulnerabilities at region level:  Underdeveloped road infrastructure  The lack of direct international flights to region  Insufficient number of personnel and staff training involved in adventure tourism services  Lack of a good strategic plan covering all partner countries and a detailed action plan for local officials and government representatives from the Black Sea region Risks /vulnerabilities at the level of adventure tourism activities o Off-road (enduro) -

This type of adventure tourism has a negative impact on the environment (pollution, both air and noise, destruction of land etc.);

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Like all other types of tourism discussed above, although off-road activities can be practiced all year round, their potential is limited by the seasonal nature of tourism in the Black Sea Region;

Limited number of tourists since these activities are niche oriented, requiring specific skills while learning and practicing these types of activities.

o Canyoning -

This type of adventure tourism activity requires specialized personnel with professional training to the highest standards in order to avoid accidents due the misuse of the equipment;

Places where to practice this type of activity are few and therefore can receive only a limited number of tourists at the same time;

Cannoning is the least known type of adventure tourism;

Cannoning poses a high degree of risk.

2.5.5.5. ANALYSIS OF TOURISTS’ AND POTENTIAL TOURISTS’ PERCEPTION ON ADVENTURE TOURISM IN TURKEY – KASTAMONU REGION A sociological research was conducted on a total of 222 respondents from Turkey, who expressed their opinion about their level of satisfaction and expectations about adventure tourism services in the Black Sea region. Regarding the number of trips carried out for tourism purposes in the last 5 years, the results showed that the most numerous (29.3% of respondents) conducted between 1 and 3 tourist trips in the last 5 years, while 28.8% of respondents said they carried out between 3 and 6 tourist trips, while 17.6% of respondents carried over 9 trips. A relatively low share of only about 7% of the sample stated that they have not made any tourism trips the last 5 years.

7% 17%

1-3 29%

3-6 6-9

18%

>9 29%

None

Fig. 1. The number of tourist trips made in the last 5 years

Regarding the traveling time length of trips carried out for tourist purposes, as a result of the detailed analysis in Turkey, it was found out that the largest share is allocated to trips with an average duration of 5 and up to 7 days (37%), followed by the average travel duration of 3-5 Common borders. Common solutions. 115

days (33%), while less frequent trips are the ones with the average length of less than 3 days (approximately 16% of the respondents), or more than 7 days (14%).

14%

16% <3 days 3-5 days 5-7 days

37%

33%

>7 days

Fig. 2. The average length of trips for tourism purposes

Regarding the most frequent forms of tourism in the Black Sea region, the choices of the respondents from Turkey were focused particularly on coastal tourism in with a share of 28%, active and adventure tourism has similar shares (27.48%). Meanwhile, entertainment and recreation tourism and cultural/religious tourism recorded 25% / 13.51% of the registered total. Health tourism and for relaxation purposes was preferred by only 5.9% of the respondents. 27.93%

27.48%

25.23%

13.51%

5.86%

Tourism for fun and Tourism for health Active and adventure Cultural / religious entertainment and relaxation tourism tourism

Coastal tourism

Fig. 3. Tourism type most frequently practiced

Regarding the main travel planning method, the majority of respondents from Turkey prefer to plan their holiday themselves, without resorting to package tourism products (about 53% of respondents), while 24% turn to other types of arrangements or tourist products (friends, associates etc.) and 20.7% of them turn to travel agents.

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Plan their own trips

24% Planning is done by reception facitilies at the destination Services are purchased from travel agencies

53% Other arrangements (booking via friends, associations etc.)

21%

Fig. 4. Main travel planning means

The most frequent sources of information accessed regarding tourism offers proved to be the Internet 36%, the advice of family and friends (23% of total respondents) and to a lesser extent travel agencies (12 %) and previous visits (11%). Other

Prior visits

11%

The advice of familly and friends

23%

Street advertising

Internet - social networks, blogs, websites

36%

Media: TV and radio

Tourism agencies

12%

Travel fairs

Newspapers/magazines

5% 0%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

Fig. 5. Main sources of information used by tourists

When asked to what extent the respondents would be interested in practicing adventure tourism activities, in the ranking of the very interested in adventure tourism option, the first position is occupied by the practice of trekking (with a score of 2.79 on a scale of 1 to 5), water sports (2.4), adventure sports (2.65). It is to be noticed that none of the activities received a higher score than 3 which indicates a moderate interest towards such activities.

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2.6

Archaeological expeditions 2.26

Skydiving

2.45

Hunting and fishing

2.74

Water sports

2.65

Adventure sports

2.43

Off road

2.55

Biking

2.79

Trekking 2.37

Winter sports 2.12

Horseback riding

2.27

Ecotourism 0

0.5

1.5

2.5

Fig. 6. The extent to which tourists are interested to practice adventure tourism activities

Regarding the habits of tourists practicing adventure tourism, 70% of respondents in Turkey have confirmed that they practiced adventure tourism activities in the last five years. 28% of respondents said they are very interested in holiday package that include adventure and outdoor activities.

Not Interested

4.07% 15.38%

Less Interested

33.03%

Interested

19.46%

Quite Interested

28.05%

Very Interested

0.00%

5.00%

10.00% 15.00% 20.00% 25.00% 30.00% 35.00%

Fig. 7. The extent to which tourists are interested in outdoors adventure tourism packages

Among the factors that influence tourism location choice, respondents indicated location attractiveness (with a score of 4.43 on a scale of 1 to 5) followed by quality of services (4.36) and price (4.24%) as very relevant in deciding.

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Infrastructure

4.08

Quality of the provided services

4.36

The possibility of practicing outdoor adventure activities

3.87

Attractiveness of the location

4.43

Price

4.24

Fig. 8. Factors influencing the choice of destination

In addition, when we asked tourists to state the extent to which they agreed or disagreed with the existence of a fair quality/price ratio, the accommodation services received the highest score (3,50 on a scale from 1 to 5), followed by the restaurant/catering services (3,47) and adventure tourism services (3,44).

There is a fair qualiy/price ratio for outdoor adventure tourism activities

3.44

There is a fair quality/price ratio for leisure activities

3.34

There is a fair quality/price ratio for restaurant and catering services

3.47

There is a fair quality/price ratio for accommodation services 3.25

3.50

3.30

3.35

3.40

3.45

3.50

3.55

Fig. 9. Satisfaction with regard to the quality/price ratio

Concerning the main adventure tourism service aspects that can be improved upon in the Black Sea region, respondents reported mainly the need to improve facilities, issues related accessibility in tourism areas and quality of accommodation services.

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Others

0.97%

Accesibility (infrastructure)

Accuracy of information received/accessed

29.04%

13.26%

Facilities (wide range of activities that could be carried out)

30.60%

Accommodation (logistic issues)

26.12%

Fig. 10. Main aspects that can be improved on the services of adventure tourism at the Black Sea

Finally, regarding promotional forms for adventure tourism in the Black Sea region, respondents consider that the most appropriate way of promoting tourism is online (websites, blogs, social networks) (with a score of 3.66 on a scale from 1 to 5), followed by fairs and exhibition (3.22) and the promotion through travel agencies (3.08). The less appropriate forms of promotion proved to be the printed materials (2.98).

Promotion by agents

3.08

Online marketing (websites, blogs, social networking)

Exhibitions

Printed materials (ex. tourist brochures, leaflets)

3.66

3.22

2.98

Fig. 11. Promotion means perceived as the most suitable for adventure tourism in the Black Sea region

Most of the respondents were aged between 24 and 40 years (62.16%), with a predominantly male cast. Relationship status is not an important factor in terms of adventure tourism profile (half of the respondents were married, while half were unmarried). Most adventure travelers have higher education and have incomes of 500-1000 Euro. Common borders. Common solutions. 120

2.5.5.6. ANALYSIS OF TOURIST FLOWS In 2014, the number of tourist arrivals to Turkey was about 41.4 million, of which 35.8 million foreign tourists and residents tourists about 5.6 million. Thus, when comparing with the previous year, the number of foreign tourists increased by about 5.5%, despite geopolitical tensions. In total, they directly generated a revenue of about 238 billion USD, with over 12 billion$ more than the previous year. Also in 2014, tourism accounted for 9% of total employment in the national economy by creating and maintaining more than one million jobs. Today, Turkey is the sixth destination in the world in terms of tourist arrivals, falling behind to France, US, China, Spain and Italy. In 2014, tourist collective reception units with accommodation functions of Kastamonu region were visited by 127,600 tourists, of which 124,700 resident tourists, representing approximately 97.7% of the total. Meanwhile, the number of nights spent by tourists in reception units with accommodation functions of tourists was 216 thousand - resident tourists representing 96.8%. We conclude that foreign tourists still have a limited share in the overall volume of tourist flow to region, and the region's attractiveness on the international tourism market is relatively low, despite the rich and varied tourism potential.

2.5.5.7. IDENTIFYING MARKET TRENDS Analyzing the dynamics of arriving tourist numbers in Turkey in the period 2005 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2013, we found out that the evolution has fluctuated, recording slight increases in the 2009 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2010 period. The steepest decline was recorded in 2007, when the number of tourist arrivals decreased compared to the previous year by 40.1%, while the most pronounced increase was felt in 2013 (annual growth of 29.7%). If we were to extrapolate the flow of tourist arrivals trend in Turkey, for the 2016 horizon, we would get a reduction in tourist flow during 2014-2015, reaching in 2016 a modest increase of only 0.5% compared to 2013. The year 2007 was not only the steepest decline year among tourists arriving in Turkey, but also the year with the highest number of Turkish resident tourist departures to foreign locations, signaling an increase of 38.1% over 2006. Also, starting with 2007 until currently, residents departing abroad for tourism has experienced an upward trend, with an average annual growth rate of about 6.4%. If we were to extrapolate the resident tourist departure trend by the year 2016, we would get an 18% increase in 2016 compared to 2013.

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50000000 45000000 40000000 35000000 30000000 25000000 20000000 15000000 10000000 5000000 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Touristssosiri arrivalsturisti number Numar

Touristsplecari departure number Numar turisti

Graph 5. The flow of tourist arrivals and departures in Turkey during 2005-2013 period, with trend extrapolation for the 2016 horizon Source: www.worldbank.org

Regarding the evolution of arriving tourist numbers in Kastamonu region, there is a trend of sustained growth throughout the analyzed period (2005-2014). The highest registered increase in arrivals of residents was in 2012 (+ 24.2% compared to the previous year), while the highest increase in foreign tourist arrivals was recorded in 2013 (+ 46% compared to the year above). Like Georgia, Turkey has a complex offer for adventure tourism services, reflected in relatively long duration programs and circuits with (over 7 days) and complex itineraries. There are many tour operators organizing tourist programs that include in whole or in part adventure tourism related activities, such as hiking, climbing, rafting and canoeing, mountain biking and off-road. The main trends that can be drawn from analyzing tour operatorsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; offers include: -

Focus of tour operators on relatively long duration programs (at least 7 days), which presuppose a complex itinerary and participation in a relatively large number of activities;

Including in the same program (circuit) activities from across multiple forms of tourism, being the most common associations being those between activities related to adventure and cultural tourism. Thus, there is a wide range of circuits that include hiking or mountain biking activities in mountain and plateau landscapes, but also, visits to historical and archaeological sites;

Diversification of optional programs available for tourists already accommodated on the Aegean coast (Antalya, Bodrum) by including in the local tour operators offer, such as one day duration rafting, scuba diving and kayaking activities

Assertion of "star" destinations for adventure tourism, such as Cappadocia, recognized worldwide for hot air balloon flights.

Overall, the market for adventure tourism in Turkey is going through a continuous development, offers tours and adventure tours are targeted mainly to foreign tourists. Thus, most programs are guided (involving the transfer of tourists in groups, which are accompanied by a specialized tour

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guide) and packages for adventure tourism are present not only in local tour operator offers, but also in large emission agencies of major markets (US, UK, Germany etc.)

2.6. SWOT ANALYSIS OF MAIN OUTDOOR ADVENTURE TOURISM OPERATORS IN THE BLACK SEA REGION

Following the content analysis of the collected data and as a direct result of bibliographic research (interviews, surveys) the following strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats were identified:

Strengths

Weaknesses

A varied landscape allows for the development of adventure tourism activities, from diving and water sports to hiking, climbing, mountain biking and offroad. Especially in Georgia and Turkey, the proximity of the mountainous landscapes to the shoreline makes possible the development of a high number of activities within a relatively narrow territory, leading to concentration of the tourism offer;

Difficult access to information about outdoor adventure tourism offer in all the five partner states;

Four of the five countries involved in the project Access to the Black Sea which allows them to receive tourists who arrive by cruise ships and are interested in engaging in one day activities near the landing site. These activities may include short hikes, off-road tours or mountain biking, water sports etc.; Unique natural features (the Danube Delta in Romania, waterfall unlawful Turkey, reserve dragonfly in Bulgaria) give the five states and, particularly, the five involved regions in the project, a clear competitive advantage; Maintaining natural and cultural landscapes unaltered, especially in areas

Inconsistent availability of statistical data regarding tourism activities in general and outdoor adventure tourism, in particular, given that three of the five countries involved in the project did not report to Eurostat (Moldova, Georgia, Turkey); The absence of a management system for outdoors adventure tourism destinations in the five partner states to ensure overall coordination of efforts in promoting outdoor adventure tourism development at a regional level; The absence of an event and adventure sports calendar to integrate various events organized by public and private operators; relatively big distance between the countries on the western shore of the Black Sea (Bulgaria, Romania and Moldova) and those located on the eastern shore (Turkey, Georgia), making it difficult to create travel packages that include services provided in each of the five countries/regions involved in the project

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with reduced tourist traffic (mountainous areas of Adjara, Georgia and Kastamonu in Turkey); the active presence of environmental NGOs in projects for tourism development and related outdoor adventure activities (mountain clubs, associations promoting specific forms of tourism); The existence of a sense of pride and belonging among residents of five regions in relation to the community they come from, which in turn stimulates the local population to promote their heritage and values. This sentiment is evident in the case of countries such as Georgia, where the majority of adventure tourism packages involve services (accommodation) provided by residents;

The seasonal nature of tourism in the Black Sea area is a limiting factor for the practice of adventure tourism activities in the area; None of region partners in the project are known in terms of a certain type of adventure tourism (existence of an adventure tourism brand to attract tourists) and, therefore, tourists visiting the area do not particularly arrive for adventure tourism, but engaging in this type of tourism is an associated product to mass tourism; Difficulties regarding ease of access of tourists to the region because of: - Underdeveloped road infrastructure serving to the tourist facilities in the region (e.g. region Kastamonu / Turkey); - Insufficient number of flights (including low-cost) directly to some partner regions (Adjara / Georgia, Kastamonu / Turkey) Tourism infrastructure in the region still underdeveloped, given the absence of facilities and equipment necessary for adventure tourism Insufficient trained personnel providing tourism services in general and especially adventure tourism Lack of financial resources to support regional investments in tourism infrastructure Lack of a strategic approach across all the regions involved, including the definition of adventure tourism packages covering the whole Black Sea region.

Opportunities

Threats

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The availability of non-refundable financing such as the CBC, allowing for the financing of joint tourism development of outdoor adventure in the Black Sea Region Identifying the best practices in development and promotion of outdoor adventure tourism that can be replicated in the regions covered by the project The existence of study programs for the field of tourism at universities in partner states (Constanta - Romania, Plovdiv Bulgarian), which would enable tour operators to access highly trained personnel;

2.7. ROAD

TO SUCCESS.

ADVENTURE

The tense geopolitical situation in Eastern Europe (Ukraine) and Middle East (Syria, Iraq) could have a negative influence on foreign tourists arrivals, especially in states located in the vicinity (Moldova bordering Ukraine, Turkey bordering Syria) Increasing of the average air temperature in the context of global warming, which lowers the quality of snow in mountainous areas and affects the potential for practicing winter sports such as skiing and snowboarding.

TOURISM BEST PRACTICES IN PARTNER

STATES

In order to define development directions based on economic practice a holistic analysis of practices is needed that have already demonstrated their viability in the adventure tourism or may have a positive impact on the development of this tourism, even if aimed at adjacent sectors. In this sense, the Partner States have identified a number of best practices that have the replication potential across the Black Sea region. In Romania, the Saxon villages in Transylvania became in the last three years, destinations not only for those traveling for cultural purposes, but for adventure enthusiasts in the context of marking and signposting routes for bicycle development projects implemented by a number of NGOs. Only in 2015, WWF-Romania and Mioritics Association launched a network of bicycle and hiking trails that cross the Natura 2000 site T창rnava Plateau H창rtibaciului-Mare in Transylvania and totaling 229 km. The routes pass through 26 villages with fortified churches and the medieval citadel of Sighisoara, linking four UNESCO monuments - Sighisoara, Viscri, Saschiz and Breite, and crosses protected areas of European and national importance. Another organization, ADEPT, is currently implementing a similar project that aims arranging more than 100 kilometers of cycle routes in the Saxon villages of Rupea and Sighisoara. The network of routes has been promoted by the organization in 2014, in Viscri, during the first international competition of mountain biking in the area, which brought together over 300 cyclists from Romania, Norway, Germany, Hungary, UK, France and USA. The competition was held on a 46 km route of which 26 km were built by the project. Since the project started, the area opened 15 new guest houses, 4 workshops for bike rental holding approximately 80 bicycles that can be rented at the price of 50 lei / day. Common borders. Common solutions. 125

In Constanta County, an example of best practice is the project implemented by the Off-Road in Dobrogea Association, which organizes one day tours with SUVs, which include stops at places like Lake Tasaul, career Sitorman, Gura Dobrogea, Gura Dobrogei, Histria, Vadu Beach. The tours target both tourists that own their own car and who pay strictly for tourism assistance, and equally for tourists who donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t own a car and implicitly pay an extra charge for transport. The project allows the exploitation of some destinations that previously were not included in tourist circuits, despite their proximity to the coast. Also, the programs organized by the OffRoad Association in Dobrudja make an important contribution to the sustainable development of the county and the region, since it involves only consuming local products and services (ex. Catering operated by local fishermen and fisheries). Finally, the project allows for the development of tourism in the off-season - off-road tours are organized even in the winter months, which contributes to reducing seasonality and extend the tourist season. Another example of best practice is the Paradise Land Adventure Park, operated by a private organization (Capitol Adventure SRL). Nestled in the woods Comorova resort of Neptun Constanta County, an area of two hectares, the adventure park totals 11 different size and degree of difficulty tracks, and adventure games, rock climbing, archery, air soft, Petanque, Tyrolean trails, suspended trails high over ten meters. Paradise Land is the second largest in the country, after the one in Brasov, and is open to the public ten months a year. The park has a total of 15 instructors who will ensure that tourists travel the trails without unpleasant incidents. In the future, they are taking into consideration setting up a mini golf area, and an area for paintball and bike trails. The importance of the park for the local economy derives from several points of view. First, the park has already demonstrated the ability to revitalize a resort that previously entered into a decline period, attracting a greater number of tourists to the resort. Secondly, given the fact that the park is open 10 months a year, it contributes to the reduction of seasonality of tourist activities and increases the use of accommodations units. The Paradise Land park example is relevant and can be replicated to all partner regions. Its positioning on the coastal area makes it easily accessible to all tourists who are not necessarily traveling for adventure tourism services. Such parks can be replicated in each of the partner regions involved in the project, in areas frequented by tourists, through initiatives of economic operators but benefiting from incentives/support from local authorities (land concession etc.). Conversely, such an adventure park can revitalize tourism areas that are not in the main tourist circuit. In Bulgaria, even Stara Zagora region, marking and arranging an integrated network of bike trails allows for engaging in safe cycling and mountain biking. However, there are a number of private operators who rent out bicycles and motorized vehicles (scooters, motorcycles, cars). An example of best practice is the Moto Roads network, operated by Motoroads EOOD (licensed tour operator), Moto Roads Motoroads BG OOD and EOOD. The network allows bicycle, cars and sports equipment rental across Bulgaria, featuring regional and local rental centers, one of which is located in Stara Zagora. The network also has an online Common borders. Common solutions. 126

platform where tourists can book bicycles and sports equipment, as well as guided tours (travel programs involving the transfer of tourists and organized groups accompanied by a guide for engaging in outdoors adventure activities). Another relevant example of best practice in adventure tourism development in Bulgaria is the series of adventure of themed tours, organized by the private ecotourism operator Spatia Wildlife Limited (http://www.spatiawildlife.com/). Its offer includes tourist programs with durations of 6-15 days for biodiversity observation and photography Bulgaria, carried on including in the region of Stara Zagora. The unique aspect of the project is to focus on a themed tours that focus on either a category of habitat (e.g. wet habitats or those with Mediterranean influences) or a class of species (birds of prey, songbirds, dragonflies etc.). Thus, the project capitalizes natural heritage elements that previously were not included in the tourism circuit, which is, incidentally, one of the main competitive advantages of Bulgaria's international tourism market. The programs are addressed mainly to foreign tourists, and most are available at rates of over 700 Euro/person, making an important contribution to the local economy. A strong point of the project is designing a tourism calendar of programs, which can be accessed online, on the tour-operators website and is available in major international languages. The analysis of this calendar reveals that the ecotourism programs provided by Spatia Wildlife run throughout the year, including in the winter months, exerting a positive impact on reducing the effects seasonality of tourist activities. This example of best practice can be replicated successfully in all five partner regions, due to geographical location in the Black Sea and outstanding biodiversity. Constanta County can take advantage of its proximity to the Danube Delta and Georgia and Turkey to the combination of high-mountain landscapes. Such initiatives can be implemented directly by interested economic operators, such services as tour operator agencies. Adjara region of Georgia offers perhaps the most relevant example of best practice in promoting the potential of the Black Sea region for adventure tourism by developing promotional online portal http: //gobatumi.com/. It is administered by the Adjara region Department of Tourism and Tourist Resorts and includes six sections: -

a description of the region for potential tourists;

a summary of the main tourist destinations in the region;

a summary of the main tourist services and activities available to tourists (a subcategory dedicated to adventure tours and circuits);

a section dedicated to accommodation services;

a section dedicated to meal and catering services;

a general information section about traveling to Georgia (visas, tourist information centers, travel agencies etc.)

The portalsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; importance derives from the fact that it builds a bridge between the interested persons to travel to Georgia and tour operators from the region who have the opportunity to promote their own offers to a broader consumer segment. The portal promotes several Common borders. Common solutions. 127

adventure tourism related activities, including ecotourism, bird-watching, adventure tours and circuits (involving hiking, mountain biking, horseback riding, caving etc.) and winter sports. The site also offers information about the main routes and itineraries for adventure tourism and offers tourists the opportunity to download online, free and in very short time, a series of maps to use on the trip. This best practice example can be replicated in each partner region in the project or be extended to a single portal covering the whole Black Sea region. Such a portal has the following advantages: is a single point to promote the region, but also readily accessible for operators, can be a platform for networking, can provide useful information to tourists. A possible project for developing such a portal should take into account the need to involve all stakeholders: public authorities, regional/local authorities, associations, operators providing tourism services (and especially adventure tourism services). A best practice example identified on the national market for adventure tourism in Georgia and that already gained international recognition is developing tourist packages combining adventure tourism with cultural tourism. Adventure circuits organized by tour operators involve accommodation and meals from locals or local producers, thus tourists having the opportunity to familiarize themselves with the traditional lifestyle and get better acquainted with the culture of the region. Moreover, such tourism products exert a significant impact on the economy of the nearby localities of the destination, seeing how the expenditures made by the tourists remain to the local suppliers and are redistributed to the community in the form of salaries or payments to purchase goods and services. The main operators offering such programs include tour operator agencies, such as Wonderland (http://www.wonderland.ge/), Colour Tours (http://www.colourtourgeorgia.com/) ExoTours (http: / /exotour.ge/), Concord Travel (http://www.concordtravel.ge/) Explore Outdoor (http://exploreoutdoor.travel/) Tkemali Tour (http://tkemalitour.com/). In the Republic of Moldova have also been identified a series of examples of good practices with significant impact on tourism development. Probably the most relevant example is the project “Hai la Țară” (Come to the countryside), under the form of a social entrepreneurship initiative. The project founder, Alexei Gutsaga, aims to contribute both to the tourism promotion from the Republic of Moldova, but also to supporting the local population from the local environment to capitalize their own households from economic point of view. The project “Hai la Țară” aims to intermediate and promote the accommodation offers of inhabitants from the rural environment, who have rooms located in their own household but which are not currently used and which they want to make available to tourists for a fee. The interface between the offer (the population from the local environment) and demand (the tourists) is an online platform, accessible for free to all internet users. As a matter of fact, “Hai la Țară” benefits from large visibility in the online environment, a real community of supporters was created around the project, reunited on socialization networks (the Facebook page of the project has at the present a number of over 13.600 supporters). Another project from the Republic of Moldova which can be an example of good paper for the Black Sea Region is “Side by Side - reţea trinodală pentru promovarea şi dezvoltarea turismului în zona transfrontalieră Galaţi–Cahul–Reni” (Side by Side – trinodal network for the tourism Common borders. Common solutions. 128

promotion and development in the cross-border area Galaţi–Cahul–Reni), implemented by Eurodevelopment Association from Galaţi, Romania, in partnership with the Agency for Crossborder Cooperation and European Integration from Cahul and the District Council Reni (Ukraine). The project is financed by the European Union through the Joint Operational Program Romania– Ukraine–Republic of Moldova 2007-2013 and it is conceived as a new initiative dedicated both to the development of cross-border cooperation from the border area Galaţi–Cahul–Reni and the development of tourism leisure potential. Although it does not aim directly the adventure tourism, the project “Side by Side” is very important for the development of destinations from the country territory because it develops a cross-border network for tourism promotion and a common tourism circuit, attractive and accessible for different categories of tourists. The project aims also to establish two tourism information centers in Cahul and Reni, to develop a leisure base at Galaţi and to connect three important points in the cross-border trinodal tourism network with the purpose of stimulating the local tourism potential and promoting a permanent common tourism product. The central idea of this example of good practice is that of creating a common tourism circuit in all states involved, supported by information centers established on its route, which introduces from the beginning a more varied offer from geographical and cultural point of view. The project can be reproduced at the level of the entire Black Sea Region, through an adventure circuit in all regions involved in the project. However, this involves a consistent coordination effort by establishing a common structure at the level of the five states that define the route, achieve, promote and manage it from the moment it becomes operational. In Turkey, the local authorities from Azdavay/Kastamonu aimed to attract tourists with sportive profile from Turkey and from other countries from the region by launching an enduro competition. Therefore, in the competitional calendar of Eastern European Enduro Championship was included a new stage, in Kastamonu, this stage taking place in the period of May 16th-17th 2015. This event is not only seen as a simple sport competition but also a means of promoting the tourism potential of Kastamonu region, by means of international sport events. The main elements for success are seen as being a very good promotion and existence of a functional partnership between the organizations involved in the project implementation. Thus, the competition takes place in the context of forming a cooperation structure between the event organizers (Turkish Motorcycle Federation, local council of Azdavay municipality, Sancaktepe Motorcycle Club) and a series of travel agencies and accommodation units that provide tourism services necessary for receiving both those who compete within the championship but also visitors/spectators. For this purpose was created and launched the webpage of the event: http://www.kastamonuenduro.com/eng/default.asp. Consequently to established tourism objectives, beyond the direct promotion of the sport event (including by creating an online registration interface for participants), the website includes webpages dedicated to the presentation of general tourism information: the presentation of the general tourism potential of Kastamonu and Azdavay area (where the sport event takes place),

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available accommodation facilities, travel agencies which can be contacted for booking tourism packages, the presentation of natural tourism objectives (caves, canyons, waterfalls). This competition is an example of good practice which can be reproduced at the level of the entire Black Sea region by identifying similar manifestations associated with adventure tourism activities (cycling, orienteering, off-road, enduro â&#x20AC;&#x201C; extension of the Eastern European Enduro Championship to the other partner regions from the project) that are carried out annually in all partner regions from the project, according to a competitional calendar, per stages.

2.8. REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS 2.8.1. ROMANIA Regional development proposals Following the analysis of priorities established through the South-Eastern Development Strategy for the programming period 2014-2020, we identified the following regional development proposals relevant for the development and promotion of outdoor adventure tourism: -

Creation and promotion of regional tourism brand that also integrates values associated with the outdoor adventure tourism;

Creation, development and promotion of tourism information and promotion centers;

Promotion of sport fishing and tourism based on hunting and fishing;

Development of tourism routes;

Development of the partnership between providers of tourism services, travel agencies, providers of transport services etc., in order to integrate services;

Promotion of ecotourism in the rural environment;

Creation, rehabilitation, modernization of public infrastructures in tourism resorts;

Foundation, development, modernization of infrastructure specific to aquatic leisure activities at maritime and fluvial level;

Foundation, development, modernization of the infrastructure of tourism for hunting and fishing;

Foundation, development of tourism ports (for leisure boats);

Fittings for the practice of aquatic sports;

Fittings for bicycle tracks, cycling routes and related infrastructure.

All these proposals are eligible for obtaining financing through the Regional Operational Program 2014-2020, Priority axis 7, major intervention fields 1 Promotion of integrated Common borders. Common solutions. 130

regional tourism (leisure tourism, scientific, educational tourism, tourism for hunting and fishing, balneal and treatment tourism, cultural tourism, oenological and gastronomic tourism etc.) and 2 (Foundation, development and modernization of tourism infrastructure). Estimated costs In Romania, the packages for adventure tourism have more often than not durations of 2-3 days, taking place during one week-end. The price of a package starts from 200 euro/person, including a guided mountain tour, half-board accommodation and, depending on the case, rafting or canoe activities. The latter can be contracted also separately, the price for a half day tour being around 50 euro, price which also includes the equipment and tourism assistance. The programs for bird watching mainly addressed to non-resident tourists can last up to 12 days and the price varies depending on the group size. Therefore, the price for participating to bird watching program in the Danube Delta is between 800 (for a group of 8 persons) and 1400 euro (for a group of 2 persons), including all-inclusive accommodation for 11 nights, tourism assistance for the entire duration of the program, boat rent and transfer from and to Tulcea. Financing sources Following the analysis, we identified the following financing sources for the financial year 2014-2020: 

Regional Operational Program 2014-2020, Priority Axis 7 “Diversification of local economies through sustainable tourism development”;



Program of Cross-border Cooperation in the Black Sea basin 2014-2020;



Program of Cross-border Cooperation Romania-Bulgaria 2014-2020;



Program of Cross-border Cooperation Romania-Ukraine-Republic of Moldova 20142020.

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 Danube Delta, with scientific attraction and high tourism potential, especially following its inclusion in 1990, together with other adjacent natural areas, in the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve.  The region benefits from an important balneal fund, with old tradition, such as Techirghiol Lake, Eforie Nord (curative mud with properties similar to that from the Dead Sea).  The region has also a promising framework for the development of hunting and fishing tourism.  Extended accommodation infrastructure, comprising 746 accommodation units  Transport infrastructure: -

an international airport (Mihail Kogălniceanu);

an international port (Constanța);

a highway which connects the Capital city to the Black Sea seaside.

2.8.2. BULGARIA Regional development proposals Following the analysis carried out, we identified the following regional development proposals: 

Development of tourism infrastructure for capitalizing tourism attractions, including by creating routes for hiking, cyclo-tourism, picnic places, founding tourism information centers, placing indicators etc.



Reconstruction and renovation of mountain cabins and shelters under public property;



Organization of regional and national events, such as festivals, sport events, competitions etc.



Implementation of modern technologies in order to improve the tourism information and promotion activities;



Development of regional identity and regional brand;



Performance of awareness activities concerning the importance of developing the adventure tourism at the level of local communities.

Estimated costs The analysis of adventure tourism offers of Bulgarian tour operators shows that an adventure circuit which includes hiking in Pirin, Rila and Rodopi Mountains, with a duration of 7 nights, starts from the price of 700 euro per person, price which includes half-board accommodation, transfer to and from airport, namely tourism assistance. When the circuit is carried out on horseback or with the bicycle, the price is approximately 800 euro, for the same program duration. A program of 4 days in the mountain area and which implies hiking, mountain cycling, rafting and speleology – all under the supervision of a specialized guide – Common borders. Common solutions. 132

exceeds 500 euro per person, the level of prices being thus superior to those associated with other forms of tourism, such as seaside tourism. The price for the participation to a bird watching circuit of 3 days (2 nights of accommodation) varies between 280 and 350 euro per person, depending on the group size and includes half-board accommodation to an accommodation unit of 3 stars, transfer to/from the airport, transport and tourism assistance provided by a specialized guide. The tourism operators from Bulgaria provide also packages for the observation of large forest fauna elements, such as the brown bear, deer or lynx, a circuit of 5 days (4 nights of half-board accommodation, transfers, tourism guide) with the price of app. 700 euro/person. Financing sources 

Regional Operational Program 2014-2020, Priority Axis 7 “Diversification of local economies through sustainable tourism development”;



Program of Cross-border Cooperation in the Black Sea basin 2014-2020;



Program of Cross-border Cooperation Romania-Bulgaria 2014-2020;



Program of Cross-border Cooperation Romania-Ukraine-Republic of Moldova 20142020.

Tourism resources The resources necessary for the implementation of regional development proposals include:  Financial resources necessary for obtaining investment, attracted by non-reimbursable programs;  Human resources, with previous training and experience in the fields of regional development, project management;  A functional partnership between local public authorities and tourism operators, established under the form of an organization for the management of destinations. Existing resources:  Mountain landscape, which allows the practicing of multiple adventure activities (mountain-bike, paraglide, off-road etc.);  Spectacular landscapes, with mountains, waterfalls etc.;  Developed access infrastructure (network of road and railway transport means);  An already functional network of routes for cyclo-tourism, developed by the local public authorities. 2.8.3. GEORGIA Regional development proposals Following the analysis carried out, we identified the following regional development proposals:

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

Visibility increase of the offer of adventure tourism activities specific to the seaside area (navigation, diving, observation of aquatic fauna);



Visibility increase of the ecotourism offer from the proximity of Batumi city, practicable outside the main tourism season (for example, Batumi Birding);



Creating, marking and signaling of tourism routes for hiking and cyclo-tourism and their promotion to accommodation units from the seaside.

Estimated costs Considering the extended mountainous landscape but also the varied offer for practicing adventure tourism, the adventure tourism programs organized by Georgian tour-operators have in general durations of at least 8 days/7 nights and include a relatively wide range of activities. Therefore, a circuit can include hiking, horse riding in the mountain area, practicing of winter sports but also one stop on the Black Sea seaside. The circuits start from a price of 500 euro/person, including accommodation and meal at the locals, transport and tourism assistance during the program. It does not include renting equipment for practicing different sports (ski in the mountain area, diving in the seaside area) and transfers to and from airport. The programs for bird watching are more expensive, they can reach 600-800 euro (8 days/7 nights), but also those for hunting, which vary between 1500 and 2000 euro/person (4 days/3 nights), depending on the used equipment and targeted species. Financing sources: 

Program of Cross-border Cooperation in the Black Sea Basin 2014-2020.

Tourism resources The resources necessary for the implementation of regional development proposals include:  Financial resources necessary for obtaining investment, attracted by non-reimbursable programs;  Human resources, with previous training and experience in the fields of regional development, project management, tourism. Existing resources:  An extended network of pensions and guest houses that facilitate the authentic experiences by the tourists;  A network of tour-operators well connected to external markets;  Mountainous landscape, which allows the practicing of adventure tourism activities specific to the mountain area (mountain-bike, horse riding)  Access to the Black Sea, which allows the practicing of adventure tourism activities specific to the seaside area (navigation, diving)  Extended network of accommodation units, made of hotels (for the seaside part) and pensions (for the mountain part) Common borders. Common solutions. 134

 Extended network of tourism operators that provide services specific to adventure tourism (incoming travel agencies)  Biodiversity that allows the practicing of bird watching  Online platform for region promotion (gobatumi) 2.8.4. REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA Regional development proposals Following the analysis carried out, we identified the following regional development proposals: 

Creating partnerships for implementation of projects in tourism with financing from national and international funds;



Elaboration and annual inclusion of new routes and tourist itineraries in the offer of tour operators;



Elaboration and implementation of electronic applications for tourist guidance and promotion;



Cross-border training of specialists in tourism;



Promotion of adventure tourism offer by a variety of means (websites, applications for mobile devices, organization of information visits at tourist destination level etc.).

Estimated costs Considering the fact the Republic of Moldova is still in the incipient phases of adventure tourism development, the implementation team could not identify integrated programs of adventure tourism organized by local tour-operators at the level of tourism destinations from the country. However, there is a relatively varied offer of cultural tours and circuits, the prices of which vary between 200 to 350 euro/person, depending on the group size. Such a circuit lasts 6 days and includes accommodation with breakfast in structures of 3 stars, transfers, guided tours (in Chișinău, Orhei, monasteries and wine making centers) and at least one tasting of wines. Financing sources: 

Program of Cross-border Cooperation in the Black Sea basin 2014-2020;



Program of Cross-border Cooperation Romania-Ukraine-Republic of Moldova.

Existing sources:  Existence of thematic routes already known on the tourism market, which can be used also for affirming certain adventure tourism activities (for example, Wine Road, which can be also covered with the bicycle)  Presence of running waters with a flow over the average allows the practicing of activities specific to rafting, canoe etc.  Presence of sinkhole, which allows the practicing of speleology  Presence of natural protected areas, which favor the practicing of ecotourism. 2.8.5. TURKEY Regional development proposals Following the analysis carried out, we identified the following regional development proposals: 

Creating, marking and signaling of routes for outdoor adventure tourism, such as those for hiking, mountain climbing, canyoning, cyclo-tourism;



Visibility increase of the region by organizing regional and national events;



Improvement of infrastructure specific to the practicing of winter sports;



Improvement of infrastructure for ecotourism, especially in the natural protected areas from the region (Kure Mountains National Park, Ilgaz National Park).

Estimated costs Among the 5 states involved in the project, Turkey is probably the state with the highest prices for adventure tourism programs. Thus, a circuit of 8 days/7 nights starts from 1000 euro/person and can include hiking, horse rising, walks with canoe-type boats and guided tours of historical sites. The price covers the accommodation at pensions and guest houses, half-board meals, transport and tourism assistance during the program. The participation to activities such as rafting and flying with the hot air balloon is paid separately, the prices starting from 40 euro/person for a rafting tour and 120-150 euro/person for a walk with the hot air balloon. Most programs have as starting point Istanbul, Ankara or the resorts from the Aegean Sea seaside (Antalya, Bodrum), the transfers not being included. Financing sources: 

Program of Cross-border Cooperation in the Black Sea basin 2014-2020;



Program of Cross-border Cooperation Bulgaria-Turkey 2014-2020.

 Human resources, with previous training and experience in the fields of regional development, project management, tourism. Existing resources:  Mountainous landscape, which allows the practicing of multiple adventure activities (mountain-bike, paraglide, off-road etc.)  Extended network of running waters, which allows the practicing of water sports;  Access to the Black Sea, which allows the practicing of specific activities (navigation, diving);  Spectacular landscapes, with mountains, waterfalls etc.  Very large biodiversity, confirmed by the presence in the region of two national parks (Kure Mountains and Ilgaz).

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SECTION III. STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES AND COURSE OF ACTION 3.1. STRATEGIC CONTEXT The strategy regarding the outdoor adventure travel development in the Black Sea Region is substantiated on a series of development needs and opportunities, determined as a result of the analysis outlined in sections I and II hereof. The main opportunities identified include: 

The general regulatory framework in the five partner states allows the implementation of business lines, projects and measures meant to develop and promote outdoor adventure travel in the Black Sea Region;



There is an increasing demand for adventure travel both worldwide and in the Black Sea Region, as shown both by specialized studies (the Global Report on Adventure Tourism, published by the Tourism World Organization63, the reports of the Adventure Travel Trade Association), and by the results of the questionnairebased survey;



The adventure travel supply in the Black Sea region is on the rise, gaining a foothold on the international tourism market; as a matter of fact, the position of the five partner states within the ranking of developing states made by ATTA significantly improved over the past 5 years, four of the five states (Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey, Georgia) being among the top 20 developing states;



The Black Sea region offers multiple opportunities for adventure travel due to its varied landscape and cultural diversity;



Although access infrastructure and specific infrastructure are somehow less developed than in other tourist destinations, this may be seen as an advantage, since a destination that is less explored is considered more attractive for outdoor adventure travel, according to a study conducted by ATTA in 201264.

The main development issues to be tackled include: 

Tourism in the region is mainly seasonal, which is shown both by the questionnairebased tourism operator survey, and by an analysis of the adventure travel supply in the partner states;



None of the partner regions is widely known on the international tourist market in terms of the adventure travel supply;

Organizația Mondială a Turismului (2014) Global Report on Adventure Tourism, raport disponibil online la pagina www.unwto.org, accesat 7 octombrie 2015 64 Adventure Travel Trade Association (2012) What significant trends are affecting your strategic marketing plans in the next 18 months?, available online at http://www.adventuretravelnews.com/what-significant-trends-are-affecting-yourstrategic-marketing-plans-in-the-next-18-months, accessed on 8 October 2015 63

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

The outdoor adventure travel market is extremely segmented, and tourism operators selling adventure travel packages rarely collaborate with each other in order to design or promote joint services.

Against such background, this document is meant to state a mission that results in seizing the identified opportunities and in minimizing or even solving development problems.

3.2. VISION The emergence of the Black Sea Region on the international market, by developing and promoting a specific offer of services and facilities for outdoor adventure travel in the five partner states: Romania (Constanța county/South-East Region), Bulgaria (Stara Zagora county/ Yugoiztochen Region), Georgia (Batumi county/Adjara Region), Republic of Moldova (Chișinău county/the Centre Region), Turkey (Kastamonu county/ Kastamonu Region).

3.3. MISSION Making a better and sustainable use of the Black Sea Region tourism sites, by developing and promoting outdoor adventure travel in Romania (Constanța county/South-East region), Bulgaria (Stara Zagora county/Yugoiztochen Region), Georgia (Batumi county/Adjara Region), Republic of Moldova (Chișinău county/the Centre Region), Turkey (Kastamonu county /Kastamonu Region). In line with the previously identified opportunities and needs, the achievement of this mission requires: 

Reducing seasonality in the tourism destinations in the Black Sea Region, by diversifying the tourism supply in Romania (Constanța county/South-East Region), Bulgaria (Stara Zagora county/Yugoiztochen Region), Georgia (Batumi county/Adjara Region), Republic of Moldova (Chișinău county/the Centre Region), Turkey (Kastamonu county/Kastamonu Region);



Increasing the use of the existing accommodation capacity during low season periods, by developing and extending outdoor tourism activities in Romania (Constanța county/South-East Region), Bulgaria (Stara Zagora county/Yugoiztochen Region), Georgia (Batumi county/Adjara Region), Republic of Moldova (Chișinău county/the Centre Region), Turkey (Kastamonu county/ Kastamonu Region);



Increasing receipts from tourism in the tourism destinations of the Black Sea Region, by promoting the outdoor adventure tourism supply in Romania (Constanța county/South-East Region), Bulgaria (Stara Zagora county/Yugoiztochen region), Georgia (Batumi county/Adjara region), Republic of Moldova (Chișinău county/the Centre Region), Turkey (Kastamonu county/ Kastamonu Region).

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3.4. STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES AND LINES OF ACTION In line with the defined mission and vision, the following strategic objectives are established:

STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE 1 (SO1): ENHANCING THE VISIBILITY OF THE BLACK SEA REGION ON THE EUROPEAN AND INTERNATIONAL ADVENTURE TOURISM MARKET Lines of action 1. Integrated and joint promotion of activities, facilities and destinations for outdoor adventure travel Description and rationale The geographic proximity of Bulgaria, Romania, Republic of Moldova, Turkey and Georgia allows the joint promotion of the outdoor adventure travel supply. The final aim of implementing this line of action is to create a brand of the Black Sea Region, under which to promote the adventure travel supply in all the regions/partner states and boost this brand on the European and international tourism market. The whole social and economic background is conducive to such an approach, due to several factors. First, the need to promote a partnership between the regions and states in the Black Sea Region is becoming increasingly pressing. The reason is that tourists coming from very remote places see their journey to Europe as an opportunity of visiting as many destinations as possible, being interested in a tourism program that includes activities in several regions and states. Second, the partnerships meant to jointly promote the adventure travel supply enable synergies between tourism operators and the organizations responsible for the management of attractions and destinations, the partner regions/states having the possibility of targeting a higher number of tourists at a cost lower than in the case of an individual promotion of each stateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s offer.

STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE 2 (OS2): DIVERSIFYING THE ADVENTURE TRAVEL OFFER IN THE BLACK SEA REGION, TO MAKE BETTER USE OF THE TOURISM POTENTIAL IN THE PARTNER REGIONS/STATES Lines of action 2. Joint design and promotion of tourism packages Description and rationale: Designing and promoting joint tourism packages that include itineraries with destinations and activities carried out in at least two of the five states in the Black Sea Region, as a natural consequence of the first line of action (Integrated and joint promotion of activities, facilities and destinations for outdoor adventure travel). Common borders. Common solutions. 140

In this respect, the following lines are targeted: 

Designing service packages that are also feasible during low season or at the beginning or at the end of season, such as off-road, horse riding, hiking. These may consist of circuits lasting for several days, meant to follow a preset route and include tourist assistance (tourist guide or group accompanying staff). This proposal was triggered by a market survey that identified the high seasonality of tourist flows in the regions forming the object of the project as a significant hindrance to tourism development in permanent regions/states, which limits the reception infrastructure’s use to several months per year only;



designing and promoting one-day activity packages (such as riding tours, cycling to nearby tourist sites, diving, bird and animal watching activities etc.), which could result in a longer stay at the destination. These packages will consist of “optional trips” that the tourists which already are at the tourist destination can buy from tourist information centers or at the reception desk of their accommodation units. The final aim is to extend and prolong the stay at the destination, by providing tourists with options for spending their spare time that complement the mass-tourism related activities (beach tourism, winter sports tourism etc.).

STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE 3 (OG3): IMPROVING THE REGIONS’ AND PARTNER STATES’ CAPACITY OF MEETING THE MARKET DEMAND FOR ADVENTURE TOURISM TO A HIGHER EXTENT AND UNDER BETTER QUALITY CONDITIONS Lines of action 3. Developing the infrastructure for outdoor adventure travel Description and rationale: This line can be implemented provided that the infrastructure necessary for adventure travel activities is created / improved, also by making the required connections between partner regions, which would enable destinations and operators in the partner regions/states to attract tourists in the low season too.

4. Inventory and promotion of best practices on the development of outdoor adventure tourism Description and rationale: An inventory of the good practice examples was already initiated in the strategy development stage, when several excellence practices at the destinations (such as micro-regions or localities that are reference destinations for adventure tourism) and at the level of operators (economic operators which showed excellence and sustainability in providing adventure Common borders. Common solutions. 141

travel specific services) were identified, based on the interviews with the project partnersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; representatives. However, this process should be conducted permanently, and the inventoried practices should be promoted to other market players, for adaptation and/or replication. The results of the inventory process will consist in good practice guidelines and in case studies/reports publicized on the project website portal, on the regional promotion website portal or on the websites of the regions included in the project. 5. Establishing partnerships and facilitating networking between adventure travel operators acting in the partner regions/states Description and rationale: The market analysis conducted prior to the strategy development process identified a lack of cooperation between the tourism operators acting on the adventure travel market as an obstacle to this sectorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s development. Setting up partnership structures between stakeholders on the adventure tourism market targets four main aspects: -

Setting up partnership structures enabling the design of adventure travel joint packages, i.e. integrating adventure tourism activities in service packages sold through travel agencies. The market analysis showed that the distribution of tourist products included in adventure travel is made either through individual operators (e.g., the organizers of adventure tours sell their product directly to the tourists which are already at the destination for seaside or mountain tourism), or through travel agencies and tour operators (which have the capacity of distributing products to tourists directly on the issuing market). The two methods are not mutually exclusive, and incorporating adventure tourism services in the tour-operatorsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; offer allows the distribution thereof to a much larger potential market.

Creating cooperation structures to attract grants and implement in partnership concrete projects of developing and promoting adventure tourism in the Black Sea Region. The cooperation structures may take the form of public-private partnerships, including local public authorities, public institutions (such as environmental agencies, administrators of protected natural areas and tourist attractions), tourism operators and non-governmental organizations acting in areas that are complementary to adventure tourism (mountain clubs, environmental protection promotion associations, ecotourism associations etc.)

Sharing adventure tourism development experiences and disseminating good practice by networking, so that the practices which have already proved their viability are identified, understood and replicated in other tourist destinations in the partner regions/states.

Setting-up an adventure tourism management system in the Black Sea region.

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6. Developing the human resources involved in adventure tourism Description and rationale: Vocational training services will be dedicated to the representatives of the economic operators that provide outdoor adventure travel related services and to decision-makers within the local public authorities responsible for tourism development and promotion. Developing the outdoor adventure tourism supply requires both measures implemented by public entities, such as local public authorities (responsible for the development of the technical-residential infrastructure, the development of specific entertainment facilities on the public domain etc.), and particularly actions that fall under the responsibility of the private sectorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s representatives (designing tourist packages, effectively organizing adventure travel programs, promoting such programs via online or traditional methods, developing specific infrastructure elements on the private domain â&#x20AC;&#x201C; including adventure parks, zip-line and paintball facilities, vessels or aircraftsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; operation etc.). Hence the need for organizing vocational training programs mainly meant for decision-makers and the representatives of the economic operators that provide outdoor adventure tourism related services. The need for organizing adventure travel training programs is all the more pressing since this form of tourism is aimed at a specific, niche segment whose needs are less known on the market and who carries out high risk activities. For this reason, service suppliers should acquire and strengthen market and business knowledge, as well as specific knowledge on how to ensure safety and security and minimize environmental impact etc. Training programs will be aimed at developing entrepreneurial skills (with a special focus on the tourism industry), improving the capacity of accessing grants, enhancing the business management capacity, acquiring the skills necessary for a better promotion of tourist products etc.

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SECTION IV. IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING OF THE STRATEGY 4.1.

IMPLEMENTATION

The Strategy is a dynamic and flexible instrument which has in view the following aspects: The Strategy envisages the development of outdoor adventure tourism in the regions and countries of the Black Sea Basin; The Strategy envisages the development of outdoor adventure tourism at the level of all the structures and entities in the Black Sea Region. Therefore, the document includes measures and actions which can be carried out by any relevant actors in the five regions/countries involved; The quick provision of funding sources to implement the Strategy is essential for the achievement of the proposed objectives and at the same time represents the main risk in implementation; The funding sources to implement the Strategy shall be provided mainly by accessing funding programs; thus, the measures and actions of the Strategy shall be implemented by means of specific projects, funded under these programs; In order to achieve the strategic objectives, it is necessary to co-opt in the Strategy implementation all the relevant actors in the region, and particularly the regional and local authorities, to implement the directions for action; Considering the joint effort needed to carry out the Strategy, which involves partners from five countries, it is necessary to identify a mechanism ensuring the coordination and effective management of the Strategy implementation. For reasons connected to the fact that the main funding sources to be accessed are those made available through the programs of the European Union, which are defined for a seven-year period (2014-2020), the Strategy implementation period must overlap with the mentioned programming period. Therefore, the Strategy envisages 5 years for implementation (20162020). In compliance with the established Directions for Action, we propose a series of specific objectives and activities for their implementation.

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1. Integrated and joint promotion of activities, facilities, and destinations for outdoor adventure tourism

Specific Objectives Specific Objective 1.1. Drawing up a joint and integrated promotion plan for outdoor adventure tourism activities, facilities, and destinations in the regions and countries object of the project Specific Objective 1.2. Designing a joint tourism brand for the Black Sea Region, based on capitalizing the adventure tourism offer

Proposed Actions: ď&#x201A;§

Designing the visual identity elements in order to build a joint tourism brand. These shall include at least 1 joint logo, 1 slogan, 1 template for online published and printed materials, and 1 script for video and audio clips.

ď&#x201A;§

Taking the stock of the main outdoor adventure tourism destinations in the partner countries, as well as of the tour operators and economic agents providing services related to outdoor adventure tourism, and including them in an online and printed catalogue. The latter shall be updated yearly and shall be structured by country and region.

ď&#x201A;§

Implementing relevant promotional instruments: -

Developing and constantly maintaining a website so that it becomes a single portal for promoting adventure tourism in the Black Sea Basin and a networking platform for economic operators and interested public authorities;

Building and developing the content of the dedicated Facebook page;

Creating dedicated accounts in other social networks: Twitter;

Making a promotional clip on outdoor adventure tourism for the entire Black Sea region, as well as for each partner region. The clips shall be published on the website and distributed through YouTube;

Drawing up a promotional brochure with information on adventure tourism from all partner regions;

Drawing up an interactive map with the main attractions, routes and/or tour operators (adventure parks, diving organizers, nautical sports equipment rental centers, bike rental centers etc.), which can be accessed both online (electronically) and in print;

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

Preparing written and graphical content for tourism online platforms (trip advisor), blogs and travel publications;

Organizing at least one study visit in each partner country for bloggers and tourism journalists from external markets;

Participating with a joint stall at minimum 1 important international adventure tourism fair (London, Berlin, Paris etc.).

Organizing and promoting annual adventure sports competitions (motocross, cycling, off-road, water sports, position determination in the mountains), with stages carried out in at least two of the five partner regions. The preparation of a common event calendar is envisaged; the partners in the five countries around the Black Sea may update it periodically.

Actors Involved: 

Regional and local public authorities;



National tourism administrations/agencies/authorities and their agencies on the field;



Non-governmental organizations in the field of tourism;



Chambers of Commerce and Industry;



Public-private associations/partnerships established between public and private entities with a view to ensure the management of the tourist destinations (e.g. tourism development and promotion associations).

Proposed Result Indicators: 

A promotion plan prepared;



Visual identity elements (logo, slogan, visual design elements) prepared and agreed upon;



Complete inventory of all destinations in the partner regions where adventure tourism can be practiced, as well as of the economic operators and service providers in the field of outdoor adventure tourism;



Marketing instruments developed: functional website having at least three components (general description of the regions as concerns adventure tourism, promotion of the offers of adventure tour operators, networking platform for the interested actors), Facebook page launched and operational, minimum 1 promotion video clip made, minimum 1 brochure design made, interactive map made, minimum 1 study visit for bloggers/journalists performed, participation with a joint stall at minimum 3 international tourism fairs.

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2. Joint design and promotion of tour packages Specific Objectives Specific Objective 2.1. Designing at least one outdoor adventure tour package in the regions object of the project Specific Objective 2.2. Integrating adventure tourism activities in the service packages commercialized through travel agencies

Proposed Actions: 

Defining packages for outdoor adventure tourism

Selecting the adventure tourism locations and activities to be included in the packages;

Defining the itinerary for each package (route, minimum duration, transport etc.)



Drawing up an itinerary for each tour package

Identifying its itinerary and destinations;

Creating partnerships between tour operators and other economic agents providing services on the itinerary;

Drawing up the adventure itinerary map (indicating the route, the locations where adventure tourism activities may take place and their types – with specific symbols, information points, duration, indicative costs, locations for accommodation etc.) – both in electronic/interactive format and printed;

Drawing up (electronic and printed) brochures describing the destinations covered;

Preparing a symbolic reward system for tourists covering the itinerary or parts of it (points received, diplomas, medals etc.);

Preparing a system for the assessment of the itinerary by the tourists covering the itinerary (collecting feedback for improvement);

Making information points on the itinerary in each partner region or contact points (contact persons) for each region;

Planning and organizing an annual adventure competition involving the coverage of the entire itinerary (eco-challenge type team competition).



Joint promotion of tour packages and itineraries

Identifying adventure tour packages;

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Carrying out a series of meetings with the adventure tourism service operators and the travel agencies with a view to develop partnerships between them to promote the adventure tour packages and itineraries, by including them in the general tour packages;

Actual commercialization of the adventure tour packages by the travel agencies as well, as a part of the general tour packages.

Actors Involved: 

Local public authorities;



Non-governmental organizations in the field of tourism;



Tour operators;



Proposed Result Indicators: 

One adventure tourism package designed for each partner region;



At least 1 itinerary for outdoor adventure tourism designed for each tour package.



At least 5 travel agencies commercialize within their general tour packages adventure tourism services which can be provided by the operators working in this field.

3. Developing the outdoor adventure tourism infrastructure

Specific Objective 3.1. Improving the adventure tourism specific infrastructure, by upgrading the existing facilities and developing new facilities Proposed Actions: 

Establishing the adventure tourism forms having a high development potential in the partner countries and able to generate the highest impact on the sustainable development with minimum investments. The possibility to connect the infrastructure elements in the partner regions shall be considered as a selection criterion (e.g. cycling routes);



Carrying out, in each country, a public consultation on the opportunity and implications of infrastructure investments. The consultation of as many stakeholders as possible and, obligatorily, of the local population and tour operators shall be considered;

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

Performing, for each country, a feasibility study and a cost-benefit analysis of the outdoor adventure tourism facilities proposed for implementation;



Establishing the partnership structures responsible for the implementation and actual performance of the infrastructure development projects. These may envisage – without being limited to – setting up biking or mountain-biking routes (marking, route signaling and levelling, where applicable), setting up climbing, zip-line or canyoning points (e.g. by installing steps, ropes and other safety means) etc.



Integrating the facilities in the public circuit and ensuring their constant maintenance.

Actors Involved: 

Local public authorities;



Non-governmental organizations in the field of tourism;



Tour operators;



Proposed Result Indicators: 

1 project for the development, expansion and modernization of the outdoor adventure tourism infrastructure implemented (1 project/partner country).

4. Inventory and promotion of best practices on the development of outdoor adventure tourism

Specific Objective 4.1. Preparing a good practice guide for developing and promoting outdoor adventure tourism Proposed Actions: 

Identifying and centralizing the best practices in developing and promoting outdoor adventure tourism internationally, at European level and in the Black Sea Region.



Preparing the good practice guide;

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Dissemination of the good practice guide to the economic operators involved in outdoor adventure tourism in the partner regions and countries.

Actors Involved: 

Local public authorities;



Non-governmental organizations in the field of tourism; Common borders. Common solutions. 149



Tour operators;



Proposed Result Indicators: 

1 good practice guide prepared and disseminated to minimum 50 tour operators in each partner region

5. Establishing partnerships and facilitating networking among adventure tour operators operating in partner regions/countries

Specific Objective 5.1. Organizing an event and developing a networking mechanism with a view to establish partnerships between the relevant actors Proposed Actions: 

Organizing an itinerant adventure tourism fair (during summer months, one event in each partner region). The preparation of the participation to the fair, the invitation of the operators, the promotion of the events and their logistic organization shall be considered.



Realizing an international networking event in the field of adventure tourism. The event concept definition, its promotion to the stakeholders and its logistic organization shall be considered.



Developing a networking and online promotion platform intended for economic operators operating in the Black Sea Region. The platform shall allow both the interaction between the registered economic operators and the promotion of their services to the general public.

Actors Involved: 

Chambers of commerce and industry;



Federations and employers’ associations in the field of tourism;



Non-governmental organizations in the field of tourism;



Tour operators;



Local public authorities.

Proposed Result Indicators: 

At least one adventure tourism fair; Common borders. Common solutions. 150



1 international networking event carried out;



1 online networking platform developed and operational, integrated in the web portal specified under specific objective no. 1.

6. Developing the human resources involved in adventure tourism

Specific Objective 6.1. Improvement of the vocational training of the human resources involved in the field of adventure tourism (employees of tour operators, managers, contractors) and other stakeholders Proposed Actions: 

Identifying the training needs of the workers, managers, contractors and other stakeholders in the field of outdoor adventure tourism;



Developing the training and counselling instruments and methods in compliance with the identified needs;



Organizing occupational training programs addressed to workers, managers, contractors and other stakeholders in the field of outdoor adventure tourism;



Organizing occupational counselling sessions addressed to workers, managers, contractors and other stakeholders in the field of outdoor adventure tourism;

Actors Involved: 

Partnerships between local public authorities and economic agents (e.g. accredited occupational training providers);



Decision makers in public authorities/institutions;



Chambers of commerce and industry;



Federations and employers’ associations in the field of tourism;



Non-governmental organizations in the field of tourism;



Tour operators

Proposed Result Indicators: 

One analysis of the training needs performed in each region;



Minimum 1 occupational training program designed and organized for employers, managers, entrepreneurs and other stakeholders.

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4.2.

RECOMMENDATIONS

FOR

THE

PROMOTION

AND

MARKETING

INSTRUMENTS

Following the analysis carried out, the following recommendations result in order to increase the visibility of the outdoor adventure tourism offer in the Black Sea region: Common website for promoting the adventure tourism offer The results of the survey carried out by the Adviserâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s team among tourists and potential tourists in the 5 partner countries show that the best way to promote outdoor adventure tourism is online promotion (websites, blogs, social networks). Moreover, the development of an online platform for promoting the adventure tourism offer in the Black Sea region was also indicated by the participants to the regional workshop as a relevant marketing instrument. The platform shall be a joint platform, i.e. it shall put together information on the outdoor adventure tourism offer (main attractions, routes and itineraries, tour operators, facilities and installations for adventure sports etc.) from all partner regions and countries. The platform shall follow the good practice example identified for the Adjara region in Georgia, which has its own tourist promotion site, including a description of the main tourist attractions, a presentation of the main tourist activities and services available for tourists (with a subcategory dedicated to adventure tours and circuits), a presentation of the main providers of tourist and complementary services, as well as a section with general information on travel restrictions, getting visas, tourist information centers etc. The platform shall make available to potential tourists all the information needed for the organization of a trip for adventure tourism purposes in the Black Sea region and shall facilitate the building and strengthening of a tourism brand at macro-regional level, the website being marked with visual identity elements agreed upon under the partnership and adopted at the level of the entire implementation area. Moreover, the platform shall offer tourists the following facilities: -

A search engine allowing to find and book accommodation, transport and other specific tourist services;

An interactive map with the main adventure tourism attractions and routes/itineraries;

Possibility to download applications for mobile devices;

Possibility to see video clips.

Social Media The promotion of outdoor adventure tourism in the Black Sea region shall be performed through the creation of dedicated accounts, common for the 5 partner regions and countries, on minimum three social networks (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram). The advantage of these networks is they allow the creation of a community of supporters which can interact and disseminate the adventure tourism information to their own contact networks. The promotion through social media doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t just involve the publication of relevant promotional messages, but also the communication with the online community by means of graphical content (visual identity elements of the project, photographs). The dissemination of information to the target Common borders. Common solutions. 152

group is quick, and in order to maximize message effectiveness the messages can be disseminated within thematic online groups and communities as well (e.g. groups of cycling fans, groups and pages of the participants to off-road and enduro competitions etc.). Blogs and Travel Websites Promotion on travel blogs and websites is an instrument increasingly used in the tourism industry, as the results of the applied survey also shows (over 50% of the respondents consider this instrument as being relevant for adventure tourism). To promote outdoor adventure tourism in the Black Sea Basin, the promotion on blogs involves the following actions: -

Creation of a database with the contact data of bloggers and tourism journalists and the transmission of periodic press releases, information and photos relevant for the outdoor adventure tourism offer of the partner regions and countries.

Organizing study visits (info trips) for bloggers and tourism journalists aiming the main outdoor adventure tourism destinations and attractions included in the products and itineraries. These visits may be organized by the concerted efforts of partner countries â&#x20AC;&#x201C; thus, in the itinerary of one visit objectives from at least two partner countries shall be included, grouped according to the geographic proximity (e.g. Romania and Bulgaria);

Establishing partnerships with tour operators and specific service providers with a view to organize study visits with costs as small as possible. A relevant example is the creation of a partnership with an airline (e.g. Turkish Airlines), providing the transport of the bloggers and journalists to and from the destination. The partnership shall bring benefits to all involved stakeholders. Thus, the representatives of the local public authorities, tour operators and non-governmental organizations from the destination shall benefit of an extended and targeted promotion of the tourist offer as a result of the dedicated articles published by the visitors. On the other hand, the airline has the opportunity to test the viability of new transport routes and to promote them among the readers and followers of travel blogs and publications.

Video files distributed online The production of promotional videos is a relevant promotion instrument for the outdoor adventure tourism, however provided that they are also distributed online, on the website or on YouTube channels. Development of mobile applications According to a study performed by da Silva and da Rocha65, mobile applications represent a tool that is more and more frequently used particularly by youths with a higher education, who represent the main target segment of adventure tourism. The promotion of the offer for

Da Silva, A.C., da Rocha H.V. (2012) â&#x20AC;&#x17E;M-Traveling: Mobile Applications in Tourismâ&#x20AC;?, a study published in the International Journal for Infonomics (IJI), Vol. 5, no. 3/4 65

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outdoor adventure tourism in the partner regions and states by online applications required the following actions: -

Development of an interactive map of the main adventure tourism routes and attractions in the partner regions and states and digitalizing it through an application that may be downloaded and run on mobile devices that have an internet connection (smartphones, tablets);

The creation of a tourism guide (written or audio) containing information on the main adventure tourism routes and attractions in the partner regions and states and digitalizing it through an application that may be downloaded and run on mobile devices that have an internet connection (smartphones, tablets);

Traditional promotion instruments: -

Participation, with a common booth in the main international tourism fairs at a European level (London, Berlin, Paris, Milano), as well as in the specialized adventure tourism and ecotourism fairs in Europe (for example, Romania participated in the past in the International Tourism Fair in Lillestrom, Norway, and presented its adventure tourism and ecotourism offer);

Creating printed information and promotion materials, distributed in tourism information centers or with the local tourism operators: leaflets, tourism guides, maps of bicycle routes, off-road etc. The leaflets shall include information on the tourism attractions at the destination, information on the existing facilities/set-ups (such as adventure parks, horse-riding centers etc.), information on the access (means of transportation, location), the tariffs charged and any events organized at the destination.

The efficiency of the promotion instruments described above depends on the development of a common tourism brand for the macro-region of the Black Sea. The creation and promotion thereof on the international tourism market will imply, in a first stage, the development of a common visual identity, based on the vision of the Strategy forming the object of this project. Target group ď&#x201A;§

The promotion activities will target three categories of clients, divided into segments, depending on the emission market: Tourists from the internal market of the partner states (resident tourists), who wish to spend their vacation in their country of residence;

ď&#x201A;§

Tourists in the Black Sea Region, travelling across partner states;

ď&#x201A;§

Tourists from the external markets, in this respect a series of priority markets for the Black Sea Region being identified: -

West-European states: Germany, Great Britain, France, Benelux;

East-Asian States: China, Japan, South Korea;

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Arab Peninsula States, with a priority particularly for Turkey and Georgia, where the geographical proximity and the existence of direct airlines facilitates tourist flows;

Russia and the states in the Community of Independent States, with a priority for the Republic of Moldova and Georgia, due to the geographical proximity and the large number of Russian speakers in the two destinations.

The promotion shall be aimed mainly at persons between 24 and 40 years of age, with a higher education and a monthly income of more than EUR 1000, who fit the profile identified in the analysis section.

4.3.

PROJECT EXAMPLES

The ideas presented below contain the general indications that may be subsequently developed to form projects. They do not contain all the elements that should be included in a project, but only starting points, in order to initiate their transformation into concrete projects. Project Idea 1 Corresponding lines of action

Promotion of adventure tourism in the Black Sea Region Integrated and joint promotion of the activities, facilities and destinations for the outdoor adventure tourism Joint design and promotion of tour packages Relevance of the The geographical proximity of Bulgaria, Romania, Republic of Moldova, idea in the and, respectively Turkey and Georgia, makes it possible to create common context of the adventure tourism packages, as well to achieve a concentrated promotion Strategy for the of the offer for this type of tourism. The implementation of this course of development of action requires the promotion of competition in adventure sports adventure (navigation, orienteering, mountain-biking) by increasing the offer of tourism and its themed events, and organizing competitions. The creation of a common objectives event calendar is considered, that the partners from the five states neighboring the Black Sea may update periodically. Objectives The general objective consists in increasing the visibility of the potential for adventure tourism in the region on the international tourism market. The specific objectives include: Creating a brand for the Black Sea Region as a destination for adventure tourism Creating an online dedicated promotion and networking platform Defining, planning and executing an integrated promotion campaign Risks The risks related to its execution are minimum and mainly refer to the effort to coordinate the implementation. Partners (target - Economic operators activating in the field of adventure tourism group) - Non-governmental organizations in the region activating in the field of tourism (including professional associations)

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Activities

Implementation term Costs

Project Idea 2 Corresponding lines of action Relevance of the idea in the context of the Strategy for the development of adventure tourism and its objectives Objectives

Risks

Regional and/or local public administration institutions A1: Identifying and securing funding sources A2: Creating a common online platform for the promotion of all adventure tourism packages in the region by the public authorities, non-governmental organizations and adventure tourism operators. A3: Creating professional marketing tools for the common promotion at international level A4: Creating an adventure tourism promotion campaign in the Black Sea Region (aiming at online promotion, media (TV, radio) promotion), organizing international exhibits and through travel agencies from the 5 partner countries) 24 months      

Web design and technical development of the portal Acquisition and hosting of the domain Maintenance and administration Data collection and adding content to the portal Region brand development Specific promotion costs

Building a bicycle route across all partner regions Developing the outdoor adventure tourism infrastructure Cycling is the most appropriate for all partner regions, as it may be practiced in all of them. Interest for cycling is growing in the entire region and in Europe in general, therefore such a network has a high probability to attract tourists in the Black Sea Region, regardless of the season.

The general objective of the project consists in creating a cycling route across all five partner regions. The specific objectives of such a network include: Increasing the infrastructure necessary to develop a cross-country cycling network (marking, signaling); Promoting the cultural/tourism objectives along the route; Facilitating the organization of specific sports competition. The project requires relatively high investments in the specific infrastructure necessary to create such a route with such a length. The main risks derive from the complexity of such an initiative that involves Common borders. Common solutions. 156

Partners (target group)

Activities

Implementation term Costs

Project Idea 3

Corresponding lines of action

the participation of significant number of authorities/organizations in each region and from the solutions to be identified to establish the route given the legal framework and physical constraints of each region. - Economic operators activating in the field of adventure tourism - Non-governmental organizations in the region activating in the field of tourism (including professional associations) - Regional and/or local public administration institutions A1: Identifying and securing the funding sources A2: Preparing a feasibility survey for the construction of the route (available options, analysis of each option, costs, cost-benefit analysis, risks etc.); A3: Choosing the best option for the network route; A4: Actually constructing the cycling routes (in each country/region) and maintaining them for an appropriate period after their completion; A5: Tourism administration and management of the routes within the network (creating a map, descriptions of the route, cultural/tourism objectives that may be visited, information points on the road, contact persons, stages, accommodation etc.) A6: Promoting the network, by: - Creating a dedicated website for the promotion of the network; - Promotion campaign in the social media; - Promotion campaign in the offline medium (press conference, organizing a launching event, promotion in at least 5 international tourism fairs A7: Project management. 36 months     

Feasibility survey. Actual construction of the route. Tourism administration and management of the route. Creation of the route website. Promotion campaign.

Development of specific infrastructure and promotion of a single adventure tourism for each region (for example, construction of trekking routes, creation of maps, construction of off-road routes etc.). Integrated and joint promotion of activities, facilities, and destinations for outdoor adventure tourism Developing the outdoor adventure tourism infrastructure Common borders. Common solutions. 157

Relevance of the idea in the context of the Strategy for the development of adventure tourism and its objectives

Objectives

Risks

Partners (target group)

Activities

Implementation

The project complies with the strategy objectives and refers to the development of the adventure tourism offer by the development of the infrastructure and the promotion of a form of adventure tourism specific for each of the partner regions. Although the market analysis revealed that the general and access infrastructure has a limited impact on the open-air adventure tourism, since a less explored destination is considered more attractive and challenging, the specific infrastructure (marking, signage, equipment rental centers) is absolutely necessary to ensure the safety and security of tourists. By adequately promoting the offer for the outdoor adventure tourism, the infrastructure elements performed with low investment effort, such as marking and signage for the cycling routes may contribute significantly to a increase in both tourist arrivals as well as in tourism receipts. The general objective of the project consists in increasing the tourism potential of each partner region through a concentrated promotion of a type of adventure tourism specific to each region. The specific objectives include: identifying and promoting the adventure tourism activity with the highest development potential for each partner region; developing an adventure tourism brand specific to each region; promoting the diversity of the Black Sea Region from the standpoint of the adventure tourism offer; improving the infrastructure specific to adventure tourism, by modernizing the existing facilities and developing new ones. The main risk of the project derives from the fact that it involves a segmentation of the Black Sea Region, which may lead to different approaches for each partner region. - Economic operators activating in the field of adventure tourism - Non-governmental organizations in the region activating in the field of tourism (including professional associations) - Regional and/or local public administration institutions A1: Identifying and securing the funding sources A2: Determining the type of adventure tourism to form the object of the promotion campaign for each partner region. A3: Contracting detailed analysis services for the type of adventure tourism chosen for each region. A4: Preparing a detailed analysis at the level of each partner region (location, facilities, infrastructure, operators etc.). A5: Contracting network promotion services. A6: Planning and performing the promotion campaign. A7: Project management. Minimum 8 months Common borders. Common solutions. 158

term Costs

Project Idea 4

Corresponding lines of action Relevance of the idea in the context of the Strategy for the development of adventure tourism and its objectives

Objectives

  

Infrastructure development. Detailed analysis at region level. Promotion campaign.

Creating adventure tourism packages for all partner region (with common promotion), proposing to interested tourists adventure tourism activities in several partner states, in the same period/during the same vacation Integrated and joint promotion of activities, facilities, and destinations for outdoor adventure tourism The project complies with the strategy objectives and refers to the development of the adventure tourism offer by promoting a form of adventure tourism specific for each of the partner regions. The idea is based on real needs identified at the level of regional, national and international markets. First, as the demand for tourism services on the Asian markets increases, there is an ever growing need to promote, within a partnership, the regions and states in the Black Sea Region. The reason is that tourists coming from great distances consider travelling to Europe an opportunity to visit as many tourism destinations as possible, and they are interested in tourism programs that include activities carried out in several regions and states. Also, the geographical proximity of the partner regions and states allows this, as a tourism package could easily include activities carried out in two countries (Romania-Bulgaria, RomaniaRepublic of Moldova, Turkey-Georgia). Secondly, the partnerships of the common promotion of the adventure tourism offer allow for creating synergies between tour operators and the organizations in charge of the management of attractions and destinations, the partner regions/states having the possibility of aiming at a larger number of tourists for a lower costs than they would have incurred by individually promoting the offer for each separate state. The general objective of the project consists in common promoting of products for outdoor adventure tourism which valorize the economic competitive advantages of all partner regions. The project will focus also on the definition of an adventure tourism itinerary which must cross all five partner states, starting from the Republic of Moldova – Chișinău, going through Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey and ending in Georgia – Batumi and it has to involve at least one adventure tourism activity per country. Such an itinerary involves an integrated, common promotion by all partner states. It must be practically be promoted in its entirety, as a complete vacation package that combines

Common borders. Common solutions. 159

Risks

Partners (target group)

Activities

adventure tourism with exceptional cultural experiences with the active visiting (through adventure) of five different states. Such an adventure itinerary addresses both foreign tourists and the tourists of the five partner states. The itinerary has to be practicable in any season. The specific objectives include: Conceiving the open-air adventure tourism packages; Conceiving and promoting the adventure itinerary. The main risks are as follows: - The coordination effort will be very high. - There have to be dedicated persons to ensure the project management. - Possibility of spreading in too many directions, thus, diluting the effort. - Public auctions must be carried out and their calendar will influence the general calendar of the project. - Economic operators activating in the field of adventure tourism - Non-governmental organizations in the region activating in the field of tourism (including professional associations) - Regional and/or local public administration institutions A1: Identifying and securing the funding sources A2: The detailed inventory of the adventure locations and the types of adventure tourism activities that may be practiced in each state, including the operators. A3: Selecting the adventure tourism locations and activities to be included in the itinerary. A4: Defining the adventure itinerary (route, minimum duration, most appropriate means of transportation from one location to the other etc.) A5: Creating a closed community of adventure tourism operators to provide services on the itinerary. They must meet certain quality criteria to be part of such community and to benefit from promotion through the project. A6: Preparing maps of the adventure itinerary (indicating the route, the localities where adventure tourism activities may be carried out and their types â&#x20AC;&#x201C; with specific symbols, information points, duration, indicative costs, accommodation etc.) â&#x20AC;&#x201C; both in electronic/interactive form, and on hard copy. A7: Preparing brochures (electronic and printed) with descriptions of the regions crossed. A8: Preparing a progress slip of the itinerary attached to the map to detail for the tourists what they need to do to follow the itinerary Common borders. Common solutions. 160

Implementation term Costs

(including a departure, intermediary and arrival registration system). A9: Creating a symbolic reward system for the tourists crossing the entire route (points, diplomas, medals etc.) and depending on the season, the number of adventure tourism activities carried out etc. A10: Creating an evaluation system of the entire system/itinerary by the tourists crossing it (feedback collection for improvement purposes). A11: Creating intermediary information/guiding points, on the itinerary, in each partner region or contact points (contact persons) for each region. The contact persons have to be trained so as to have perfect knowledge of the itinerary, operators, means of transportation etc. in order to be able to assist the tourists. A12: Planning and organizing an annual adventure competition involving crossing the entire itinerary (“eco-challenge” team competition, with a type of adventure for each region). A13: Creating a brand of the itinerary with its own visual identity (logo, slogan, description, visibility elements etc.) A14: Creating and maintaining a webpage of the itinerary (to interactively integrate all of its elements) A15: Creating the itinerary pages in the social media networks (Facebook etc.) A16: Participating in tourism fairs and in adventure tourism fairs (including those organized by ATTA) A17: Promotion video of the itinerary and its online promotion (YouTube) A18: Creating an active online and offline campaign to promote the itinerary in all five countries and in other states A19: Promoting the itinerary through sports competitions (annual adventure competitions involving crossing the entire itinerary) A20: Project Management 24 months 

Costs related to identifying the adventure itinerary - expert fees (including experts from each partner state) - indirect costs (transport, accommodation etc.)  Costs related to the creation of the adventure itinerary - expert fees (including experts from each partner state) - costs with preparing the interactive electronic map - costs with printed materials: map, progress slips, brochures etc. - training costs for the contact persons/information points  Costs with creating the symbolic reward materials Common borders. Common solutions. 161

- indirect costs (transport, accommodation etc.) - costs with the organization of a complex sports competition  Promotion costs - expert fees - website creation and maintenance costs - brand creation costs - promotion campaign costs - participation costs in tourism fairs - video materials creation costs

Project idea no. 5 Corresponding lines of action

Relevance of the idea in the context of the Strategy for the Development of Adventure Tourism and its Objectives

Objectives

Risks Partners (target

Organization and promotion of a sailing contest (possibly regularly) on the Eastern and Southern shore of the Black Sea (from the mouth of the Danube at Batumi). Integrated and joint promotion of activities, facilities, and destinations for outdoor adventure tourism. Joint design and promotion of tour packages Geographical proximity of Bulgaria, Romania, Republic of Moldova, Turkey and Georgia makes possible the organization of joint competitions, which to promote the tourism potential of the partner states. Thus, in accordance with the guideline “Integrated and joint promotion of activities, facilities and destinations for outdoor adventure tourism”, the project implies the development of an offer of thematic events, namely, the organization of competitions. It is inclusively considered to prepare a joint calendar with events, which the partners from the five states bordering the Black Sea to update on regular basis. The organized events may be included in the packages for adventure tourism organized by the tour operators, becoming an integral part of the tourism services. The general objective of the project consists in promoting the region by organizing a regular large-scale sports competition which to benefit from massive advertising. The competition might consist in yachts covering the Black Sea coastline in several stages, starting from Sulina, passing through Constanta – Varna – Istanbul and finishing in Batumi. The specific objectives include: Defining, planning and organizing the competition; Developing the infrastructure necessary for the competition; Promoting the competition. Organizing such competition requires complex logistics, adequate planning and an absolutely professional management. - Economic operators which operate in the field of adventure Common borders. Common solutions. 162

groups)

Activities

Implementation duration Costs

tourism - Non-governmental organizations from the region, which operate in the tourism sector (including professional associations) - Institutions of the regional and/or local public administrations A1: Identifying and providing funding sources A2: Establishing the route and its stages, considering all possible elements (craft mooring, accommodation of participants, intermediate points etc.). A3: Preparing the regulation of the competition. A4: Executing the infrastructure necessary for the organization of the competition. A5: Developing the website of the competition. A6: Promoting the competition. A7: Organizing the competition. A8: Conducting the first edition of the competition. 18 months     

Project idea no. 6 Corresponding lines of action Relevance of the idea in the context of the Strategy for the Development of Adventure Tourism and its Objectives

Costs for the establishment of the detailed framework of the competition Costs for the execution of the infrastructure necessary for the competition Costs for the promotion of the competition Costs regarding the organization of the competition Costs regarding the conduct of the competition

Establishment of a management system for the adventure tourism at the Black Sea. Establishing partnerships and facilitating networking among adventure tour operators operating in partner regions/countries The project meets the objectives of the Strategy regarding the Development of the Adventure Tourism in the Black Sea Region by building an institutional framework to manage it. The market analysis underlined the necessity of implementing a monitoring and control system for tourism activities. Currently, there are discrepancies between data collection and reporting modality, and the information at regional level are not always available to be accessed by using public data sources, like the statistical annuals published by the national institutes of statistics or the international bodies (Eurostat, World Tourism Organization). Besides ensuring the comparability of statistical data, the implementation of a joint management entails regular performance and update of an inventory of the tour operators, their activity and the market status (active/inactive), and also of Common borders. Common solutions. 163

Objectives

Risks Partners (target groups) Activities

Implementation duration Costs

their contact details. The general objective of the project consists in creating an information monitoring system regarding adventure tourism in the region. The specific objectives include: registering all specific operators. defining the specific statistical indicators in order to assess the contribution of the adventure tourism to the tourism development in the Black Sea region. continuously assessing the adventure tourism contribution of the Black Sea based on the collected data. establishing a permanent body which to manage the adventure tourism in the Black Sea region. The main risk is the effort of coordination between the involved organizations. - Institutions of the regional and/or local administration - Non-governmental organizations A1: Identifying and providing funding sources A2: Defining the adventure tourism management system and its elements A3: Defining the system for the assessment of the adventure tourism contribution to the tourism development of the Black Sea region A4: Implementing the management system A5: Operationalizing the management system 18 months ď&#x201A;§ ď&#x201A;§

Costs for system definition and operationalization (contracting consultancy services) Permanent costs regarding system operation (human resources, physical infrastructure etc.)

Project idea no. Promotion of an international orienteering competition organized on 7 annual basis, whether by rotation or simultaneously, in Stara Zagora (Bulgaria), Adjara (Georgia). Kastamonu (Turkey), Chisinau (Republic of Moldova) and Constanta (Romania). Corresponding Integrated and joint promotion of activities, facilities, and destinations for lines of action outdoor adventure tourism Joint design and promotion of tour packages Relevance the idea in context of Strategy for

of the the the

Geographical proximity of Bulgaria, Romania, Republic of Moldova, Turkey and Georgia makes possible the organization of joint competitions, which to promote the tourism potential of the partner states. Thus, in accordance with the guideline â&#x20AC;&#x153;Integrated and joint promotion of activities, Common borders. Common solutions. 164

Development of Adventure Tourism and its Objectives

facilities and destinations for outdoor adventure tourism”, the project implies the development of an offer of thematic events, namely, the organization of competitions. It is inclusively considered to prepare a joint calendar with events, which the partners from the five states bordering the Black Sea to update on regular basis. The organized events may be included in the packages for adventure tourism organized by the tour operators, becoming an integral part of the tourism services. Objectives The general objective of the project consists in promoting the region by organizing a regular large-scale sports competition which to benefit from massive advertising. The competition might cover a tourism orientation stage in each region/country, by teams, and the winning team shall be designated based on collecting the highest number of points. The specific objectives include: Defining the detailed framework of the competition; Developing the infrastructure necessary for the competition; Promoting the competition Risks Organizing such competition requires complex logistics, adequate planning and an absolutely professional management Partners (target - Economic operators which operate in the field of adventure tourism groups) - Non-governmental organizations from the region, which operate in the tourism sector (including professional associations) - Regional and/or local public administrations Activities A1: Identifying and providing funding sources A2: Establishing the route and its stages, considering all possible elements (accommodation of participants, intermediate points etc.). A3: Preparing the regulation of the competition. A4: Executing the infrastructure necessary for the organization of the competition. A5: Developing the website of the competition. A6: Promoting the competition. A7: Organizing the competition. A8: Conducting the first edition of the competition Implementation 12 months duration Costs  Costs for the establishment of the detailed framework of the competition  Costs for the execution of the infrastructure necessary for the competition  Costs for the promotion of the competition  Costs regarding the organization of the competition  Costs regarding the conduct of the competition Common borders. Common solutions. 165

Project idea no. 8 Corresponding lines of action Relevance of the idea in the context of the Strategy for the Development of Adventure Tourism and its Objectives

Objectives

Risks Partners (target groups)

Activities

Building a networking system in the adventure tourism field and promotion of adventure tourism in the Black Sea region at the networking events Establishing partnerships and facilitating networking among adventure tour operators operating in partner regions/countries. According to the guideline â&#x20AC;&#x153;Partnership formation and networking facilitation between adventure tourism operators who operated in the partner regions/statesâ&#x20AC;?, the absence of cooperation between the tour operators on the adventure tourism market is an impediment for the development of this sector. There are few packages for outdoor adventure tourism developed in partnership between operators from different partner regions, and the tourist flows between the partner states have as main motivation the coastal tourism or the business tourism. Therefore, it results a necessity to create partnerships and cooperation relationships between different actors from the value chain of outdoor adventure tourism in order to develop cross-national products, and the transformation of each partner region in area of reception for the tourists from other partner regions. The general objective of the project consists in the development of the adventure tourism in the Black Sea region by facilitating partnerships and networking activities between the economic operators which operate in the region and by creating platforms for their promotion on the internal and external markets. The specific objectives include: Organizing an adventure tourism fair dedicated to economic operators, having an itinerant and regular character; Organizing, on annual basis (every year in a partner region), a networking event in which to participate interested economic operators and persons/organizations which can facilitate their promotion (relevant bloggers, agencies, public institutions etc.); Development of an online networking and promotion platform dedicated to economic operators which operate in the Black Sea region. Organizing such competition requires adequate planning and an absolutely professional management - Economic operators which operate in the adventure tourism sector - Non-governmental organizations from the region, which operate in the tourism sector (including professional associations) - Institutions of the regional and/or local public administration - Specialized international associations (ATTA) - Persons who are highly visible online (bloggers) A1: Identifying and providing funding sources Common borders. Common solutions. 166

A2: Activities regarding the organization and conduction of an itinerant adventure tourism fair (in the summer, an event in each partner region): establishment of the modality of execution, organization, invitation of operators, promotion of events, conduction of events. A3: Activities regarding the organization and conduction of a networking event in the field of adventure tourism at international level: concept definition, planning, promotion, organization, conduction of the event. A relevant example is the event that will take place in May 2016, organized by the authorities from Macedonia with the contribution of ATTA: http://www.adventuretravel.biz/connect/adventurenext2016/ . A4: Activities regarding the creation of an online networking and promotion platform dedicated to the economic operators which operated in the Black Sea region: design execution, portal development, portal content development, promotion, maintenance and content update. The platform should allow the interaction between the registered economic operators and also the promotion of their services to the general public. Implementation 18 months duration Costs  Costs of organization, promotion and provision of the infrastructure necessary for the adventure tourism fairs (fees might be levied for the participation of the economic agents in the events).  Costs of organization, promotion and provision of the infrastructure necessary for the networking event  Costs of transportation, accommodation and meals of the participants invited to the networking event.  Costs of web portal design and development.  Costs of content population of the web portal  Costs of web portal maintenance.  Costs of online platform (web portal) promotion.

Project idea no. 9

Increase of the competitiveness of the tourism operators from the Black Sea region by identifying and disseminating the best practices in the field of adventure tourism Corresponding Inventory and promotion of best practices on the development of outdoor lines of action adventure tourism Relevance of the The low capacity of the tourism operators from the Black Sea region to

Common borders. Common solutions. 167

idea in the context of the Strategy for the Development of Adventure Tourism and its Objectives Objectives

Risks Partners (target groups)

Activities

Implementation duration Costs

provide services at excellency standards, which to allow them to become competitive in relation to the providers from the overseas markets, is also determined by the absence of models which the actors from the field of cultural tourism to identify with. But, the results show that there are such models, but they are very little known by the actors on the market without an adequate promotion in the partner regions and states. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the examples of good practice and to disseminate them to other actors on the market in order to adapt and/or replicate. The general objective of the project is the increase of the capacity of the economic operators to develop the outdoor adventure tourism by preparing and disseminating a good practice guide. The specific objectives include: Inventorying the best practices for the development and promotion of the outside adventure tourism; Disseminating between economic operators excellency models of development and promotion of the outside adventure tourism The inventory process might be affected by the subjectivity of the experts involved in the identification of practices - Economic operators which operate in the field of adventure tourism - Non-governmental organizations from the region, which operate in the tourism sector (including professional associations) - Institutions of the regional and/or local public administration - Specialized international associations (ATTA) - Persons who are highly visible online (bloggers) A1: Identifying and providing funding sources A2: Identifying and centralizing the best practices in the development and promotion of the outdoor adventure tourism at international and European level and in the Black Sea region. A3: Preparing a good practice guide for the development and promotion of the outside adventure tourism A4: Disseminating the good practice guide amongst the operators involved in the outside adventure tourism in the partner regions and states A5: Organizing a series of events to promote the best practices and networking in the partner regions and states (one event in each partner state) A6: Developing a web platform to promote the identified practices 12 months ď&#x201A;§

Costs associated to the documentation process (expert fees, access to international data bases). Common borders. Common solutions. 168

       Project idea no. 10 Corresponding lines of action Relevance of the idea in the context of the Strategy for the Development of Adventure Tourism and its Objectives

Costs of preparing the good practice guide. Costs of organization, promotion and provision of the infrastructure necessary to conduct the promotion events. Costs of transportation, accommodation and meals for the participants invited to the promotion events. Costs of platform design and development. Costs of platform content. Costs of platform maintenance. Costs of online platform (web portal) promotion.

Increase of the capacity of development and promotion of outdoor adventure tourism by professional training of the workers and entrepreneurs from the tourism sector Developing the human resources involved in adventure tourism The project is in accordance with the action trend “Vocational training and counselling”, which identifies the workers, managers and other decision makers of the tour operators as the main target segments for the programs of vocational training in the field of adventure tourism. Thus, the development of the supply for the outdoor adventure tourism implies measures implemented by public entities, like the local public authorities (responsible for the development of the technical and municipal infrastructure, building specific recreational facilities etc.) and especially actions which are the responsibilities of the representatives of the private sector (conception of holiday packages, actual organization of programs for adventure tourism, promotion of such programs via online or traditional means, fitting-up specific infrastructure elements on private domain – including adventure parks, equipment for zip line and paintball, operation of crafts or aircrafts etc.). From here it results the necessity of organizing vocational training programs mainly addressed to the decision makers and representatives of the economic operators which provide services associated to outside adventure tourism. The necessity of organizing vocational training programs in the field of adventure tourism is particularly urgent, because this form of tourism covers a specific niche segment, whose needs are less known on the market, carrying out activities with high risk degree. It implies for the service providers to acquire and consolidate market and business knowledge, but also of specific knowledge regarding the assurance of safety and security, minimizing the impact on the environment etc.

Objectives

The general objective consists in the improvement of the human resource competencies in the tourism sector of development and promotion of the Common borders. Common solutions. 169

Risks Partners (target groups)

Activities

Implementation duration Costs

supply for outside adventure tourism The specific objectives include: Increasing the capacity of the workers from the tourism sector to provide outside tourism services which to comply with the needs and expectations of consumers Increasing the capacity of entrepreneurs in the tourism sector to develop and operate a business in the outside adventure tourism sector The risks regarding its execution are minimal and they mainly refer to the effort of coordinating the implementation. - Economic operators which operate in the adventure tourism sector - Non-governmental organizations from the region which operate in the tourism sector (including professional associations) - Institutions of the regional and/or local public administration A1: Identifying and providing the funding sources A2: Identifying the needs of vocational training of the workers and entrepreneurs from the outside adventure tourism sector A3: Developing the instruments and methods for training and counselling in accordance with the identified needs A4: Organizing vocational training programs addressed to workers and entrepreneurs from the outdoor adventure tourism sector A5: Organizing vocational counselling sessions addressed to workers and entrepreneurs from the outdoor adventure tourism sector 24 months ď&#x201A;§ ď&#x201A;§ ď&#x201A;§

Costs of performance of a study for the identification of the training needs Costs of development of the training instruments and printing of the learning materials Costs of logistic organization of the training programs and of the vocational counselling sessions.

Common borders. Common solutions. 170

4.4.

RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING THE AVAILABLE FUNDING SOURCES

The following available funding sources were identified for the Strategy implementation period: Seq. no. 1

Funding program

Eligible actions

Eligible beneficiaries and partners

Black Sea Basing Cross-border Cooperation Programme Thematic objective “Promotion of business and entrepreneurship in the Black Sea Basin”

Amount which can be accessed

Romania – Bulgaria Crossborder Cooperation Programme (http://www.cbcromaniabulgar ia.eu/) – Axis 2 „Greener Regions”

The programme has not been yet published

Maximum 6 million Euro

Specific objective 2.1 „Improvement of sustainable use of natural and cultural heritage and resources”

- Performance of studies and strategies for the preservation and valorization of the natural and cultural heritage - Awareness actions with regard to the necessity of protecting the heritage - Promotion of tourism potential by accelerating cross-border events; - Support of tourism potential valorization through investments in sustainable tourism infrastructure

Common borders. Common solutions. 171

NGOs

Local / regional /national public authorities

(route marking and signaling etc.) - Modernization of access roads; - Development of joint products and services based on similar tourism resources; - Development of coordinated management of protected areas 3

Romania – Moldova Crossborder Cooperation Programme (http://www.ro-uamd.net/)

It is estimated that the Programme shall be approved at the end of 2015

Thematic objective no. 3: Promotion of local culture and protection of historical heritage Priority 2.1 – Promotion and preservation of the cultural and historical heritage 4

Bulgaria – Turkey Crossborder Cooperation Programme (http://www.ipacbc-bgtr.eu/) Priority axis 2 „Sustainable Tourism”

It is not yet available (the guides of the applicant have not been yet published)

- Development of infrastructure at small scale (bicycle routes, access roads, public lighting etc.); - Joint promotion of destinations and itineraries - Development of tourism products subsumed to forms of

Common borders. Common solutions. 172

Local / regional /national public authorities

Administration s of protected areas;

NGO operating in the tourism sector;

Business support organizations –

alternative tourism - Development of online platforms to promote applications for mobile devices - Organization of networking events etc.

INTERREG Europe Interregional Cooperation Programme (http://www.interreg4c.eu/) Priority axis 4.1. „Environment and efficiency of the resources”

COSME Programme – Support of competitiveness and sustainable growth in the tourism sector

It is not yet available (the guides of the applicant have not been yet published

Max. 250,000 Euro

- Protection and development of the natural and cultural heritage

- Development, testing and promotion of new holiday packages; - Integration of SMEs in the value chain of tourism products; - Creation of partnerships

Common borders. Common solutions. 173

chambers of commerce and industry; -

Destination management organizations;

Vocational training providers;

Universities;

Cultural institutions: museums, libraries etc.

National, regional or local public authorities.

Public law bodies,

Non-profit private bodies: agencies, research institutes, public policy organizations etc.

- NGOs and NGO networks - Local and central public authorities - Vocational training providers - Universities and research centers - Chambers of

and structures of cooperation between different actors from the tourism sector, including by event organization.

commerce and industry - Destination management organizations - Tour operators - SMEs from the tourism sector - Tourism authorities/agen cies/administrati ons and tourism development and promotion associations

4.5.

ACTORS INVOLVED IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STRATEGY

The main actors involved in the implementation of the Strategy are: Actors

Role in the implementation of the Strategy

Partners from the Project “Development of Outdoor Adventure Tourism Network in Black Sea Region” 



Promotion of the Strategy amongst the relevant actors (local public authorities, non-governmental organizations, chambers of commerce and industry etc.) from the five partner regions and states.

Romania -

Prefect Institution – Constanta

National Association of the Employers from the Romanian Tourism Sector

Turkey -

Governor for Special Administration of Kastamonu Province

Development Awareness Association

Special Administration of Rize Province

Bulgaria -

Stara Zagora Regional Economic Development

Stara Zagora Chamber of Commerce and Industry

Agency

Common borders. Common solutions. 174



Republic of Moldova -

Organization for the Development of Small and Medium-Size Enterprise Sector

Invento

Georgia -

International Centre for Business and Investment Development

National/regional/local public authorities with Participation and performance of the actions provided in the Strategy: responsibilities in the tourism sector 

Public authorities with tourism management - Execution of infrastructure prerogatives development/extension/modernization projects



Local and regional public authorities

- Coordination of promotion and branding efforts at tourist destination level; - Participation with resources in the conception of the packages and itineraries for outdoor adventure tourism; - Support provided to the relevant actors in order to comply with the action trends proposed in the Strategy.

Tour operators and other economic agents

Participation in carrying out the actions provided in the Strategy: - Conception and development of packages and itineraries for outdoor adventure tourism; - Implementation of infrastructure development/extension/modernization projects on private domain; - Participation with informational resources (quantitative and qualitative data).

Accredited vocational training and counselling Participation in carrying out the actions provided in the Strategy: providers - Development of specific training instruments and drawing-up learning materials; - Organization of vocational training and counselling programs, which to comply with the identified training needs.

Common borders. Common solutions. 175

Non-governmental organizations: associations Participation in carrying out the actions provided active in the tourism sector, employersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; in the Strategy: federations and organizations, chambers of - Inventory of good practices in the outdoor commerce and industry adventure tourism sector; - Creation of partnerships and networking opportunities between the actors from the outdoor adventure tourism sector; - Support provided for the compliance with the action trends proposed in the Strategy.

4.6.

RECOMMENDATIONS

REGARDING

THE

MECHANISMS

FOR

STREAMLINING THE IMPLEMENTATION, STRATEGY MONITORING AND EVALUATION

In order to streamline the implementation of the Strategy, considering the complexity of coordinating the actions and actors from five states, it is necessary to create and operate an implementation streamlining, monitoring and evaluation mechanism. For this purpose, the following activities are recommended: -

Creation and operation of a mechanism for the implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the Strategy

Description: It entails creating a responsible structure, which to streamline the implementation and also to monitor, evaluate and update the Strategy. Actions: 1. Extended definition of the mechanisms for streamlining the implementation of the Strategy (role, structures) and of its components (procedures, communication channels, communication and management instruments etc.) and also for motoring and evaluation of the Strategy. The organizational structure proposed to assure the mechanisms for the streamline of the Strategy implementation, monitoring and evaluation shall consists of: - A decision-making structure. - An (permanent) administrative structure consisting in a coordination unit and five local units in each partner region. The roles of this organizational structure shall be as follows: -

The main center of information and dissemination of information on the Strategy inside the network and to other relevant actors; Common borders. Common solutions. 176

ď&#x201A;§

Promotion of the Strategy amongst the relevant actors (local public authorities, tour operators, non-governmental organizations, chambers of commerce and industry etc.) from the five regions and partner states;

Providing support for the implementation of the strategic directions proposed in the document;

Monitoring and evaluation the implementation of the Strategy.

Making operational the mechanism of Strategy streamlining: -

Allocation of human resources necessary for the operation of administrative structure

Provision of financial resources necessary for the operation of the mechanism

Provision of material requirement for the operation of the administrative structure

Preparation of communication and working procedures within the mechanism

Monitoring of Strategy implementation

Monitoring focuses on the quantification, during the implementation of the Strategy, of the evolution regarding: -

Complying with the objectives,

Valorization of the resources,

Changes generated by the implementation of the Strategy.

Through monitoring data on the implementation of the Strategy is periodically collected in order to analyse and measure the results obtained in relation to achieving the objectives. The monitoring mechanism of the Strategy consists in: -

Collection of data based on the proposed indicators;

Analysis of the information collected;

Drafting monitoring reports;

Using the information from the reports in order to evaluate the Strategy.

In the context of this Strategy, it is recommended for the monitoring to be carried out by the permanent administrative structure, through the coordination unit and local units. A monitoring report, containing at least the following types of data, shall be prepared on regular basis (quarterly, bi-anually, anually): - Stage of the implementation of the action trends, - The following stage, - Risks and solutions to minimize them. The monitoring reports shall be disseminated to the members of the decision-making structure of the Strategy implementation mechanism. Subsequent to the submittal of the Common borders. Common solutions. 177

reports to the members of the decision-making structure, they shall organize a discussion on this subject and establish the actions to be realised in the following period and the modality to accomplish them (there may be organized live online conferences: Skype).

Evaluation of Strategy implementation

Evaluation establishes if: -

The obtained results are relevant with regard to the objectives established under the Strategy,

The resources which were use are economically capitalized in order to meet the proposed objectives,

It is necessary to adjust the Strategy (action trends),

The Strategy shall be also extended after the end of the five year implementation period.

In the context of this Strategy, it is recommended for the permanent administrative structure to use Strategy evaluation reports (intermediary and final). The evaluation reports which will be drafted: - will establish the degree of achieving the objectives of the Strategy; - will identify, if the case is, failures to focus on the objectives of the Strategy; - will propose the necessary actions for the adjusting / improving of the Strategy. Information from the evaluation reports shall be discussed by the members of the decisionmaking structure in a meeting dedicated to this subject matter. If necessary, it may be decided to adjust the line of actions, the corresponding indicators and the corresponding actions. The evaluation report shall consider the general evaluation of the Strategy and the possibility of extending it in the following period.

Common borders. Common solutions. 178

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Stănciulescu, G, State, O. (2013) Internal and international tourism operations technique (Tehnica operațiunilor de turism intern și internațional). Bucharest: CH Beck.

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Țigu, G., coord. (2003) Global tourism resources and destinations (Resurse și destinații turistice pe plan mondial). Bucharest: Uranus Publishing House.

39.

Tourism Agency of the Republic of Moldova (2015) Moldova’s Success as a Tourism Attraction (Succesul Moldovei ca destinație turistică), document available online, accessed at http://www.turism.gov.md/.

40.

Tourism Intelligence Network (2015) Adventure Tourism Goes Sustainable, work available online at http://tourismintelligence.ca/2013/07/23/adventure-tourism-goessustainable/, accessed on 9 October 2015.

41.

United Nations Development Programme (2014) 2014 Human Development Report, document available online, accessed at http://www.undp.org/.

42.

US AID Bulgaria (2014) BULGARIA: National and Regional Ecotourism Strategy Project. Sofia: US AID.

43.

World Bank (2015) Annual percentage growth rate of GDP at market prices based on constant local currency, document available online, accessed at http://data.worldbank.org/.

Common borders. Common solutions. 182

44.

World Tourism Organization (1993) Recommendations on Tourism Statistics. Madrid: WTO.

45.

World Tourism Organization (2007) Master Plan for Romania’s national tourism 2007 – 2026 (Master Planul pentru turismul național al României 2007 – 2026). Bucharest: National Tourism Authority.

46.

World Tourism Organization (2012) Application: UNWTO Capacity Building Workshop. Adventure Tourism: Understanding and Developing in Saudi Arabia, work available online at http://themis.unwto.org/event/application-unwto-capacity-buildingworkshop-adventure-tourism-understanding-and-developing-sa, accessed on 14 October 2015.

47.

World Tourism Organization (2014) Global Report on Adventure Tourism, report available online at www.unwto.org, accessed on 7 October 2015.

48.

World Tourism Organization (2015) UNWTO Tourism Highlights. 2015 Edition. Report available online at http://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284416899, accessed on 15 September 2015.

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APPENDIX Analysis of the survey on the identification of the guidelines for strategic development and promotion of the adventure tourism at the level of the partner states, survey applied to the adventure tourism operators.

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ANNEX TO THE STRATEGY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROMOTION OF OUTDOOR ADVENTURE TOURISM

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ANALYSIS OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE (ON IDENTIFYING STRATEGIC GUIDELINES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROMOTION OF OUTDOOR ADVENTURE TOURISM IN PARTNER COUNTRIES)

1. ROMANIA I.

OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS FOR ADVENTURE TOURISM IN THE REGION How do you assess the opportunities for improvement of adventure tourism in the region?

Opinions vary with 36.36% of the respondents who believe that there are good opportunities to build on the potential of adventure tourism. At the same time, 18.18% see these opportunities as being very low and 27.27% as medium. It is worth noticing that none of the respondents believed opportunities to be very good.

Which of the following types of adventure tourism do you think has the potential for development in the region?

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Adventure sports, water sports, skydiving and hunting and fishing are adventure activities already practiced, with mature services provided in these areas, therefore having the highest potential to quickly contribute to the development of adventure tourism in the region. On a scale from 1 to 4, the highest score belongs to off-road activities (3.51), followed by water sports (3.33), hunting and fishing (3.33) and adventure sports respectively (3.06). 3.

Please indicate the main locations for the conduct of adventure tourism in your region.

The areas indicated as having the highest development potential for outdoor adventure tourism are: 4.

Vama Veche Resort Neptun â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Paradis Land Adventure Park Vadu-Corbu Resorts Mamaia-Navodari Resorts Dobrogea Gorges Tuzla What are the most popular adventure tourism activities?

Water sports, biking, ecotourism and trekking are perceived as the most popular adventure tourism activities at this time, each being referred to by over 10% of the respondents.

What are the factors you consider as strengths in developing adventure tourism in the region, from those listed below? Rank the factors giving values of 1-8 (where 1 indicates the highest degree of importance).

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Low costs for practicing adventure…

4.68

Appropriate promotion of adventure…

4.68

Diverse and optimal natural/cultural…

4.59

Adequate legal and strategic framework

4.23

High demand for adventure tourism…

4.68

Appropriate infrastructure for practicing…

4.59

Well trained human resources

4.59

The strengths with the highest score are low costs for practicing adventure tourism (4.68), appropriate promotion of adventure tourism potential (4.68), high demand for adventure tourism services (4.68).

What is the main funding source used to develop adventure tourism in the region? Own resources

57.14%

National or regional public funds

14.29%

European funds

28.57%

Own resources appear to be the main source of financing adventure tourism services.

How do you think that the demand for adventure tourism in the region has evolved in the last 3 years compared to the previous period? 0%

Increasing

45%

Relatively constant 55%

Decreasing

The opinion is that the demand in adventure tourism services in the region is increasing (55%) or relatively constant (45%). Common borders. Common solutions. 189

How do you think that the offer of adventure tourism services in the region has evolved in the last 3 years compared to the previous period? 9.09%

Increasing Relatively constant 36.36%

54.55%

Decreasing

The opinion is that the offer of adventure tourism services in the region is increasing (54.55%) or relatively constant (36.36%). 9.

Which are the months of the year when you get the most requests related to adventure tourism?

May-September is clearly identified as the period when adventure tourism activities are practiced. 10. Do you think there is a significant competitive disadvantage in the field of adventure tourism of the Black Sea region compared to other similar tourist areas?

36.36%

Yes No

63.64%

Most respondents do not think that Constanta County has a material competitive disadvantage in adventure tourism compared to other similar tourist destinations.

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11. If the answer to the previous question was YES, please indicate what are the main causes in your opinion. The respondents who think that there is a competitive disadvantage indicated the following reasons:    

The seasonality of accommodation units, restaurants Lack of a constant flow of tourists Lack of a regional strategy to support adventure tourism Insufficient and defective promotion

12. What are the factors you consider as main obstacles to the development of adventure tourism in the region, from those listed below? Rank the factors giving values from 17 (where 1 indicates the highest degree of importance).

The costs of providing adventure tourism services

4.23

Defective promotion

3.60

Inadequate legal and strategic framework

4.14

Low demand for adventure tourism services

4.23

Inadequate infrastructure for practicing adventure… Poorly prepared human resources

4.14 3.96

The respondents indicated the following main weaknesses for the development of adventure services in the region: low demand for adventure tourism services, the costs of providing adventure tourism services, inadequate strategic framework and inadequate infrastructure for practicing outdoor adventure tourism respectively.

II.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ADVENTURE TOURISM

13. What is the share (%) of requests for organization of adventure tourism services in the

region in total services rendered? The respondents believe that requests for adventure services weigh between 20-50% of the total tourism services provided.

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14. What was the flow of tourists (the demand for tourism in general) managed by you in the last 5 years (number)? Tour operators handled an annual number of up to 350 tourists (per operator) who purchased products of outdoor adventure tourism. In most cases, there is a clear increase in the number of those that purchase such tourist products. 15. Taking into account the tourist profile, what do you think would be the most effective means of promoting adventure tourism packages? Over 40% of the respondents believe that online is the best means to promote adventure tourism. Other proposals include: -

Promotion campaigns in partnership with the hotels; Media promotion; Promotion events.

16. Prioritize the following answers in terms of importance for developing a strategy for adventure tourism in the region. Rank the factors giving values from 1 to 5 (where 1 indicates the highest degree of importance). Inventory of the attractions in the region for adventure tourism Assessment of competition from similar destinations

3.19

2.64

Estimation of the level of market demand

3.63

Facilities assessment and existing and planned tourism services

3.08

Establishing target market segments

3.25

The highest score, from a scale of 1 to 5, belongs to the estimation of the level of market demand (3.63), establishing target market segments (3.25) and inventory of attractions for adventure tourism. 17. Estimate the average daily cost and profit per type of adventure tourism (in Euro). Costs vary from 20-30 Euro/day for biking, trekking or ecotourism to 200-300 Euro/day for skydiving and even 5000 Euro/day for hunting and fishing activities. There is an obvious dependence between the gear required to practice adventure tourism, the level of training of human resources involved and the costs for providing such services.

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18. How long does each supply of adventure services lasts (in days)? Most adventure tourism packages take 1-4 days, confirming the data obtained from reviewing the specialized literature. However, there are also packages which may take 7-8 days, as well as one-day packages.

III.

PROFILE OF TOURISTS REQUESTING TOURISM SERVICES IN THE REGION

19. How can the tourists seeking adventure tourism services in the region be described? Age 120%

100%

100% 80% 60%

40% 20%

40 to 60 years

60+ years

I donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know/no answer

0% under 24 years

24 to 40 years

According to the respondents, the age of adventure tourists is largely between 24 to 40 years. Gender

40%

37%

35% 30%

25%

25% 20%

15% 10% 5% 0% M

I donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know/no answer

37% of the tourists are men, but 37% of the respondents did not want to answer this question.

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Civil status

60% 50% 50% 37%

40% 30% 20% 12% 10% 0% married

single

I donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know/no answer

37% of the respondents indicated that single people practice adventure tourism, while 50% did not know to answer this question.

Education

High School

College

62%

Postgraduate Other

12% 0%

I donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know/no answer

25%

62% of the respondents indicated that higher education graduates practice adventure tourism, while 25% did not know to answer this question.

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Income

70%

62%

60% 50% 40% 30% 20%

12%

10%

12%

0% under 500 Euro

500-1000Euro

1000-1500 over 1500 Euro Euro

I donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know/no answer

Over 60% of the respondents believe that adventure tourism fans have an income between 500 and 1000 Euro. 20. Tourists accessing adventure tourists offers are generally: 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

75.00%

12.50%

12.50% 0.00%

from the region from outside the region, but from the country

foreigners

I donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know/no answer

75% of the respondents indicated that tourists come from other counties in Romania rather than Constanta.

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21. What are the most requested package holidays? 37.50%

40% 35% 30%

25.00%

25% 20% 15%

12.50%

all inclusive

packages with packages just I don’t know/no outdoor with adventure answer adventure tourism activities tourism activities

10% 5%

0.00%

0% only transport

only accommodation

50% of the respondents indicated that tourists only request accommodation, while the other 50% believe the most popular services to be integrated outdoor adventure tourism packages. 22. What are the main factors influencing tourist’ decision on the selection of the location

for the practice of adventure tourism? Please mark with an „X” the answer (or answers).

Location

25.00%

Price

29.17%

Accommodation facilities

16.67%

Quality of services

20.83%

Number of services Others

8.33% 0%

The factors believed to most influence the tourists’ decision are price, location and quality of services.

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23. What are the most common ways through which tourists use the services of adventure

tourism in the region? Please mark with an â&#x20AC;&#x17E;Xâ&#x20AC;? the answer (or answers).

Online research

33.33%

Social networks/Blogs

33.33%

Travel agencies Fairs and exhibitions

19.05% 0.00%

Direct communication with providers of adventure tourism services Others

14.29% 0.00%

The most used means of information on adventure tourism services are social media and blogs, online research, followed by travel agencies and direct communication with the providers of adventure tourism services.

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2. BULGARIA I.

OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS FOR ADVENTURE TOURISM IN THE REGION How do you assess the opportunities for improvement of adventure tourism in the region? 50.00%

45.45% 36.36%

40.00% 30.00% 20.00% 10.00%

9.09%

Low

Medium

0.00% 0.00%

Very low

Good

Very good

Opinions vary with 81% of the respondents who think that opportunities to build on the potential of adventure tourism are very good and good (45% - good, 36% - very good) and 18% respectively as low and medium. It is worth noticing that none of the respondents believed opportunities to be very low.

Which of the following types of adventure tourism do you think has the potential for development in the region? Ecotourism Horseback riding Winter sports Trekking Biking Off-road Adventure sports Water sports Hunting and fishing Skydiving Archeological expeditions

3.06 3.24 3.06 3.06 3.06 3.06 3.24 3.33 3.06 2.97 2.7

Winter sports, water sports, adventure sports and horseback riding are adventure activities already practiced, with mature services provided in these areas, therefore having the highest potential to quickly contribute to the development of adventure tourism in the region. On a scale from 1 to 4, the highest score belongs to water sports (3.33), followed by adventure sports (3.24) and horseback riding (3.24).

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Please indicate the main locations for the conduct of adventure tourism in your region.

The mountain area is the most popular location for adventure tourism, followed by the Black Sea seaside. 4.

What are the most popular adventure tourism activities. Ecotourism

11.90%

Horseback riding

4.76%

Wintersports

14.29%

Trekking

7.14%

Biking

11.90%

Off road

9.52%

Adventure sports

9.52%

Water sports

Hunting and fishing

19.05% 2.38%

Skydiving

4.76%

Archeological expeditions

4.76%

Water sports, winter sports, biking and ecotourism are perceived as the most popular adventure tourism activities at this time, each being referred to by at least 10% of the respondents. 5.

Low costs for practicing adventure tourism in comparison with other regions / countries Appropriate promotion of adventure tourism potential of the region Diverse and optimal natural/cultural background to conduct adventure tourism

6.66

6.21 6.21

Adequate legal and strategic framework

5.04

High demand for adventure tourism services

5.13

Appropriate infrastructure for practicing adventure tourism

5.76

Well trained human resources

5.13

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The highest score belongs to low costs for practicing outdoor adventure tourism (6.66). Other relevant factors are natural and cultural background (6.21) and infrastructure (6.21). 6.

What is the main funding source used to develop adventure tourism in the region?

Own resources

43.75%

National or regional public funds

18.75%

European funds

37.50%

Own resources appear to be the main source of financing the development of adventure tourism services. 7.

How do you think that the demand for adventure tourism in the region has evolved in the last 3 years compared to the previous period? 0.00%

36.36%

Increasing

Relatively constant Decreasing

63.64%

The opinion is that the demand in adventure tourism services is relatively constant (64%).

How do you think that the offer of adventure tourism services in the region has evolved in the last 3 years compared to the previous period? 0.00%

Increasing 45.45% 54.55%

Relatively constant Decreasing

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The opinion is that the offer of adventure tourism services in the region is increasing (45%) or relatively constant (55%). 9.

Which are the months of the year when you get the most requests related to adventure tourism?

Summer (May-September) is clearly identified as the period when adventure tourism activities are practiced. December-March is the second most important period, associated with practicing winter sports in the mountains. 10. Do you think there is a significant competitive disadvantage in the field of adventure tourism of the Black Sea region compared to other similar tourist areas?

9.09%

Yes No

90.91%

Most respondents do not think that the Stara Zagora region has a material competitive disadvantage in adventure tourism compared to other similar tourist areas. 11. If the answer to the previous question was YES, please indicate what are the main causes in your opinion. The 10% of the respondents who think that there is a competitive disadvantage indicated the following reasons: ď&#x201A;ˇ ď&#x201A;ˇ ď&#x201A;ˇ

Regional policy Personnel training High concentration of tourist activities

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3.96

Defective promotion

4.86

Inadequate legal and strategic framework

5.94

Low demand for adventure tourism services

5.13

Inadequate infrastructure for practicing adventure tourism

5.13

Poorly prepared human resources

4.68

The respondents indicated the following main weaknesses for the development of adventure services in the region: inadequate legal and strategic framework (with 5.94 on a scale from 1 to 7), low demand for adventure tourism services (5.28), poorly prepared human resources (5.13) and inadequate infrastructure (5.13).

II.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ADVENTURE TOURISM

13. What is the share (%) of requests for organization of adventure tourism services in the region in total services rendered? Respondents believe that requests for adventure services do not weigh more than 30% in the total tourism services provided. 14. What was the flow of tourists (the demand for tourism in general) managed by you in the last 5 years (number)? In all analyzed cases, the tourist flow handled by tour operators increased every year, but there are rather big discrepancies among the operators. Thus, the annual flow of tourists practicing outdoor adventure tourism varies from 150 people to 3000 people, depending on the size and area covered by the tour operator. 15. Taking into account the tourist profile, what do you think would be the most effective means of promoting adventure tourism packages? 50% of the respondents believe that online is the best means to promote adventure tourism. Other proposals include media publicity and PR campaigns.

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3.85

Assessment of competition from similar destinations

3.52

Estimation of the level of market demand

3.52

Facilities assessment and existing and planned tourism services

3.30

Establishing target market segments

4.29

The most important aspects to consider in preparing a strategy for adventure tourism are believed to be establishing target segments and an inventory of attractions. At the other end, less important, is assessing the relevant facilities. 17. Estimate the average daily cost and profit per type of adventure tourism (in Euro). The low number of answers does not allow for relevant conclusions to be formulated on the average daily cost and profit per types of adventure tourism. 18. How long does each supply of adventure services lasts (in days)? According to the interviewed operators, most outdoor adventure tourism products take 1-7 days.

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III.

PROFILE OF TOURISTS REQUESTING TOURISM SERVICES IN THE REGION

19. How can the tourists seeking adventure tourism services in the region be described? Age

120%

100%

100% 80% 60% 40% 20%

60+ years

I don’t know/no answer

under 24 years 24 to 40 years 40 to 60 years

Interviewed tour operators believe that adventure tourism fans are largely between 24 and 40 years (100%).

Gender

70%

66%

60% 50% 40% 30% 20%

16%

I don’t know/no answer

10% 0% M

Respondents indicated that most tourists are men (66%).

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Civil status

60%

50%

single

I donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know/no answer

50% 40% 30% 20% 10%

0% married

50% of the respondents indicated that single people practice adventure tourism, while 50% did not know to answer this question.

Education

High School

33%

College

Postgraduate

Other

16%

I donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know/no answer

50%

33% of the respondents indicated that, in general, higher education graduates practice adventure tourism.

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Income

66%

70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20%

16%

10%

0% under 500 Euro 500-1000Euro 1000-1500 Euro over 1500 Euro I donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know/no answer

Over 60% of the respondents believe that adventure tourism fans have an income between 500 and 1000 Euro. 20. Tourists accessing adventure tourists offers are generally:

60% 50%

50%

50% 40%

30% 20% 10% 0%

0% from the region

from outside the region, but from the country

foreigners

I donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know/no answer

Respondents indicated that tourists come from other areas of Bulgaria rather than Stara Zagora County (50%) or are foreigners (50%).

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21. What are the most requested package holidays?

33%

35%

33%

30%

25% 20%

17%

15% 10% 5%

0% only transport

only accommodation

all inclusive

packages with packages just with I don’t know/no answer outdoor adventure tourism adventure tourism activities activities

33% of the respondents indicated that tourists ask for all inclusive packages and 33% of the tourists ask for integrated adventure tourism packages. 22.

What are the main factors influencing tourist’ decision on the selection of the location for the practice of adventure tourism? Please mark with an „X” the answer (or answers).

Location

14.29%

Price

28.57%

Accommodation facilities

14.29%

Quality of services Number of services

21.43% 7.14%

Others

14.29%

The factors believed to most influence the tourists’ decision are price, quality of services and location. The respondents also mentioned other factors such as:  

Innovation and a diversified tourism offer Transport and transfer facilities

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23.

What are the most common ways through which tourists use the services of adventure tourism in the region? Please mark with an â&#x20AC;&#x17E;Xâ&#x20AC;? the answer (or answers).

Online research

28.57%

Social networks/Blogs

21.43%

Travel agencies

14.29%

Fairs and exhibitions

7.14%

Direct communication with providers of adventure tourism services Others

28.57%

0.00%

The most often used ways to get information on tourism offers are direct communication with the providers of adventure tourism services, online research and social media respectively.

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3. GEORGIA I.

OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS FOR ADVENTURE TOURISM IN THE REGION How do you assess the opportunities for improvement of adventure tourism in the region? 45.00% 40.00% 35.00% 30.00% 25.00% 20.00% 15.00% 10.00% 5.00% 0.00%

40.00% 30.00% 20.00% 10.00%

0.00% Very low

Low

Medium

Good

Very good

40% of the respondents believe that opportunities to build on the potential of adventure tourism are very good, while 20% believe them to be good and 30% as medium. 2.

Which of the following types of adventure tourism do you think has the potential for development in the region? Ecotourism

3.20

Horseback riding

3.00

Winter sports

3.70

Trekking

3.50

Biking

2.80

Off-road

2.90

Adventure sports

2.40

Water sports

3.30

Hunting and fishing

2.80

Skydiving

1.90

Archeological expeditions

2.90

Winter sports, trekking, water sports, ecotourism, off-road and horseback riding are adventure activities already practiced, with mature services provided in these areas, therefore having the highest potential to quickly contribute to the development of adventure tourism in the region. Winter sports, trekking, water sports and ecotourism are among the activities with the highest potential, with a score above 3, on a scale of 1 to 4. Common borders. Common solutions. 209

Please indicate the main locations for the conduct of adventure tourism in your region.

The mountain area of the Adjara region was indicated by most respondents as a good destination for outdoor adventure tourism activities. 4.

What are the most popular adventure tourism activities? Ecotourism

60.00%

Horseback riding

30.00%

Wintersports

70.00%

Trekking

60.00%

Biking

40.00%

Off road Adventure sports

30.00% 0.00%

Water sports

70.00%

Hunting and fishing

Skydiving

40.00% 0.00%

Archeological expeditions

50.00%

Winter sports, water sports, ecotourism, trekking, and archaeological expeditions are indicated as being the most sought after adventure tourism activities from tour operators. 5.

6.80 6.00 5.10

Adequate legal and strategic framework

5.40

High demand for adventure tourism services

5.70

Appropriate infrastructure for practicing adventure tourism

5.80

Well trained human resources

6.20

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Low costs, well trained human resources and appropriate promotion are considered to be the most important strengths for the development of outdoor adventure tourism in Georgia. The legal framework and natural background are seen as the least important factors that can favour the development of adventure tourism in the region. 6.

What is the main funding source used to develop adventure tourism in the region?

Own resources

70.00%

National or regional public funds

40.00%

European funds

30.00%

Own resources and national or regional-public funds are indicated as being the main sources of financing for projects to develop adventure tourism services. 7.

How do you think that the demand for adventure tourism in the region has evolved in the last 3 years compared to the previous period? 0%

10%

Increasing Relatively constant Decreasing

90%

The opinion is that the demand in adventure tourism services in the region is increasing according to 90% of the interviewed tour operators.

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How do you think that the offer of adventure tourism services in the region has evolved in the last 3 years compared to the previous period? 10.00%

Increasing Relatively constant

30.00% 60.00%

Decreasing

The opinion is that the offer in adventure tourism services in the region is increasing according to about 60% of the respondents. 9.

Which are the months of the year when you get the most requests related to adventure tourism?

Summer (May-September) and December-February are identified as the periods when adventure tourism activities are practiced. We notice that adventure tourism activities are carried out throughout the entire year, with a less seasonal nature than in other countries. 10. Do you think there is a significant competitive disadvantage in the field of adventure tourism of the Black Sea region compared to other similar tourist areas?

30.00%

Yes No 70.00%

Most respondents do not think that Georgia has a material competitive disadvantage in adventure tourism compared to other similar tourist areas.

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inadequate infrastructure lack of well trained human resources.

5.10

The costs of providing adventure tourism services

5.40

Defective promotion 4.10

Inadequate legal and strategic framework

3.80

Low demand for adventure tourism services Inadequate infrastructure for practicing adventure tourism

5.50 4.70

Poorly prepared human resources

Respondents indicated that the main weaknesses to the development of adventure services in the region are defective promotion (with 5.40 on a scale from 1 to 7), inadequate infrastructure (5.50), but also costs (5.10).

II.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ADVENTURE TOURISM

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15. Taking into account the tourist profile, what do you think would be the most effective means of promoting adventure tourism packages? The means indicated by the respondents to the questionnaire included media promotion (TV) as well as online channels or tourism fairs. 16. Prioritize the following answers in terms of importance for developing a strategy for adventure tourism in the region. Rank the factors giving values from 1 to 5 (where 1 indicates the highest degree of importance). Inventory of the attractions in the region for adventure tourism Assessment of competition from similar destinations

3.71 3.14

Estimation of the level of market demand

3.71

Facilities assessment and existing and planned tourism services

3.43

Establishing target market segments

3.14

Respondents believe that inventory for the attractions for adventure tourism, estimation of the possible demand and assessment of existing facilities are the most important aspects to consider when preparing a strategy for the development of adventure tourism at regional level. 17. Estimate the average daily cost and profit per type of adventure tourism (in Euro). Respondents estimated different costs depending on the activity. They vary between 20 Euro and 350 Euro, with the highest costs being for skydiving and hunting and fishing. The profit generated by these activities was estimated at 10% of the cost of each activity. 18. How long does each supply of adventure services lasts (in days)? Most respondents stated that an activity can take about one day. Only some activities pay take several days, such as trekking and archaeological expeditions.

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III.

PROFILE OF TOURISTS REQUESTING TOURISM SERVICES IN THE REGION

19. How can the tourists seeking adventure tourism services in the region be described? Age 50%

42.86%

40%

28.57%

30%

14.29%

20% 10%

0% under 24 years 24 to 40 years 40 to 60 years

60+ years

I donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know/no answer

It is estimated that most tourists requesting adventure tourism services are between 24 and 40 years of age.

Gender 71.43%

14.29% 0% M

I donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know/no answer

About 71.43% of the respondents believe that men are interested in adventure tourism, while 14.29% of them did not know to answer to this question.

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Civil status

42.86% 28.57% 14.29%

married

single

I donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know/no answer

28.57% of the respondents indicated that single people practice adventure tourism, while 42.86% did not know to answer to this question.

Education

High School

College

14%

Postgraduate

14%

Other I donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know/no answer

42.86% 14.29%

42.86% of the respondents indicated that people with another level of education practice adventure tourism, while 14.29% stated that adventure tourism fans have postgraduate and college education to the same extent. Another 14.29% of the respondents did not know to answer to this question.

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Income

45.00% 40.00% 35.00% 30.00% 25.00% 20.00% 15.00% 10.00% 5.00% 0.00%

42.86% 28.57% 14% 0%

under 500 500-1000Euro 1000-1500 Euro Euro

over 1500 Euro

I donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know/no answer

42.86% of the respondents believe that adventure tourism fans earn less than 500 Euro, 14.29% earn 500 - 1000 Euro, and 28.57% did not know to answer.

20. Tourists accessing adventure tourists offers are generally:

70%

60%

60% 50% 40% 30%

20%

20% 10%

0% from the region from outside the region, but from the country

foreigners

I donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know/no answer

Most respondents found that tourists who access adventure tourism offers are largely foreigners.

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21. What are the most requested package holidays?

only transport

only accommodation

all inclusive packages with outdoor adventure tourism activities packages just with adventure tourism activities

I don’t know/no answer

40.00% 60.00% 0% 0%

Most respondents indicated that tourists ask for packages with outdoor adventure tourism activities. 22.

What are the main factors influencing tourist’ decision on the selection of the location for the practice of adventure tourism? Please mark with an „X” the answer (or answers).

Location

100.00%

Price

80.00%

Accommodation facilities

40.00%

Quality of services

40.00%

Number of services Others

20.00% 0.00%

The factors believed to most influence the tourists’ decision are price and location, followed by quality of services and accommodation.

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23.

What are the most common ways through which tourists use the services of adventure tourism in the region? Please mark with an â&#x20AC;&#x17E;Xâ&#x20AC;? the answer (or answers).

Online research

100.00%

Social networks/Blogs

40.00%

Travel agencies Fairs and exhibitions

60.00% 0.00%

Direct communication with providers of adventure tourism services Others

40.00% 0.00%

The most often used ways to get information on adventure tourism services are online research and travel agencies.

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4. REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA I.

OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS FOR ADVENTURE TOURISM IN THE REGION How do you assess the opportunities for improvement of adventure tourism in the region? 40.00%

36.36%

35.00% 27.27%

30.00% 25.00% 18.18%

20.00% 15.00% 10.00%

18.18%

9.09%

5.00% 0.00% Very low

Low

Medium

Good

Very good

Opinions vary with 27% of the respondents who believe that there are good opportunities to build on the potential of adventure tourism. 18% see them as being very good, 36% medium and 18% as low. 2.

Which of the following types of adventure tourism do you think has the potential for development in the region?

Adventure sports, water sports, skydiving and hunting and fishing are adventure activities already practiced, with mature services provided in these areas, therefore having the highest potential to quickly contribute to the development of adventure tourism in the region. On a scale from 1 to 4, the highest potential for development comes from hunting and fishing (3.55), followed by skydiving (3.36) and adventure sports (3.27). Ecotourism Horseback riding Winter sports Trekking Biking Off-road Adventure sports Water sports Hunting and fishing Skydiving Archeological expeditions

2.82 2.73 1.55 2.73 3.00 2.45 3.27 2.36 3.55 3.36 2.55

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Please indicate the main locations for the conduct of adventure tourism in your region.

The main destinations for adventure tourism indicated by the respondents are: 4.

The Old Orhei Nistru Floodplain Saharna Vadul lui Voda Emil Racovita Cave What are the most popular adventure tourism activities?

Ecotourism Horseback riding Wintersports Trekking Biking Off road Adventure sports Water sports Hunting and fishing Skydiving Archeological expeditions

63.64% 27.27% 27.27% 54.55% 45.45% 36.36% 72.73%

45.45% 54.55% 54.55% 18.18%

Ecotourism, adventure sports, trekking, hunting and fishing and skydiving are indicated as the most sought after adventure tourism activities at this time. 5.

6.64 6.00 6.82

Adequate legal and strategic framework

6.36

High demand for adventure tourism services

5.82

Appropriate infrastructure for practicing adventure tourism

6.18

Well trained human resources

5.64

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Low costs for practicing adventure tourism, appropriate infrastructure, the diverse and optimal natural/cultural background and the appropriate legal and strategic framework are considered to be the main advantages to develop adventure tourism in the region. 6.

What is the main funding source used to develop adventure tourism in the region?

Own resources

72.73%

National or regional public funds

45.45%

European funds

36.36%

Own resources appear to be the main source of financing adventure tourism services. 7.

How do you think that the demand for adventure tourism in the region has evolved in the last 3 years compared to the previous period?

36% Increasing Relatively constant

Decreasing 55%

The opinion is that the demand in adventure tourism services in the region is relatively constant (55%) or increasing (36%).

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How do you think that the offer of adventure tourism services in the region has evolved in the last 3 years compared to the previous period?

9.09% 27.27% Increasing Relatively constant Decreasing 63.64%

The opinion is that the offer of adventure tourism services in the region is increasing (27%) or relatively constant (about 64%). 9.

Which are the months of the year when you get the most requests related to adventure tourism?

Summer (May-September) is clearly identified as the period when adventure tourism activities are also practiced. 10. Do you think there is a significant competitive disadvantage in the field of adventure tourism of the Black Sea region compared to other similar tourist areas?

Yes 45.45%

54.55%

Most respondents (about 55%) do not think that the Republic of Moldova has a material competitive disadvantage in adventure tourism compared to other similar tourist areas. Common borders. Common solutions. 223

11. If the answer to the previous question was YES, please indicate what are the main causes in your opinion. The 44.45% of the respondents who did think that there is a competitive disadvantage indicated the following reasons: ď&#x201A;ˇ ď&#x201A;ˇ

Infrastructure and hotel services are underdeveloped Local tourism is not promoted

The costs of providing adventure tourism services

5.55

Defective promotion

5.73

Inadequate legal and strategic framework

4.73

Low demand for adventure tourism services

5.36

Inadequate infrastructure for practicing adventure tourism

5.27

Poorly prepared human resources

4.82

The respondents indicated the following main weaknesses influencing the development of adventure services in the region: defective promotion (with 5.73 on a scale of 1 to 7), costs of providing adventure tourism services (5.55), low demand for adventure tourism (5.36) and inadequate infrastructure (5.27).

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II.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ADVENTURE TOURISM

13. What is the share (%) of requests for organization of adventure tourism services in the region in total services rendered? Respondents believe that requests for adventure services do not weigh more than 10% in the total tourism services provided. 14. What was the flow of tourists (the demand for tourism in general) managed by you in the last 5 years (number)? The annual flow handled by tour operators part of the survey was maximum 100 tourists, namely strictly the participants to outdoor adventure tourism programmes. 15. Taking into account the tourist profile, what do you think would be the most effective means of promoting adventure tourism packages? Most respondents indicated online means of promotion as the most relevant for outdoor adventure tourism. 16. Prioritize the following answers in terms of importance for developing a strategy for adventure tourism in the region. Rank the factors giving values from 1 to 5 (where 1 indicates the highest degree of importance). Inventory of the attractions in the region for adventure tourism Assessment of competition from similar destinations Estimation of the level of market demand Facilities assessment and existing and planned tourism services Establishing target market segments

3.64 3.36 3.50 4.11 3.78

The most important aspects to consider in preparing a strategy for adventure tourism are believed to be assessment of existing facilities, establishing the main target market segments and an inventory of attractions in the region.

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17. Estimate the average daily cost and profit per type of adventure tourism (in Euro). The average daily cost for the interviewed tour operators is between 20-30 Euro/day, being significantly lower than operators in other countries in the Black Sea region. Similarly, profit is also rather low (max. 20 Euro/day for most adventure tourism activities). 18. How long does each supply of adventure services lasts (in days)? For most outdoor adventure tourism activities, the duration is 1-3 days, except for hunting and fishing (5 days).

III.

PROFILE OF TOURISTS REQUESTING TOURISM SERVICES IN THE REGION

19. How can the tourists seeking adventure tourism services in the region be described?

Age

100%

86%

80% 60% 40% 14%

20% 0%

0% under 24 years 24 to 40 years 40 to 60 years

60+ years

I donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know/no answer

It is estimated that most tourists requesting adventure tourism are between 24 and 40 years of age (86%).

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Gender

80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

71%

28%

0% M

I donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know/no answer

About 71% of the respondents believe that men are interested in adventure tourism, while 28% of them did not know to answer to this question.

Civil status

90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

83%

16% 0% married

single

I donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know/no answer

16% of the respondents indicated the single people practice adventure tourism.

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Education

High School

16%

College Postgraduate

33% 0%

Other

16%

I donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know/no answer

33%

35% of the respondents indicated that higher education graduates practice adventure tourism.

Income

80%

71%

70% 60% 50% 40%

28%

30% 20% 10%

500-1000Euro

1000-1500 Euro

over 1500 Euro

0% under 500 Euro

I donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know/no answer

Over 70% of the respondents believe that adventure tourism fans earn less than 500 Euro.

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20. Tourists accessing adventure tourists offers are generally:

30.00%

28.57%

foreigners

I donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know/no answer

25.00% 20.00% 14.29%

15.00% 10.00% 5.00% 0.00%

from the region from outside the region, but from the country

Respondents found that tourists who access adventure tourism offers are largely foreigners and Moldavians from Chisinau.

21. What are the most requested package holidays?

50% 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0%

42.86%

28.57%

only transport

only accommodation

28.57%

0% all inclusive

packages with packages just I donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know/no outdoor with adventure answer adventure tourism tourism activities activities

Almost 50% of the respondents indicated that tourists ask for all inclusive packages, and about 39% believe that tourists ask for integrated packages of outdoor adventure tourism.

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22.

What are the main factors influencing tourist’ decision on the selection of the location for the practice of adventure tourism? Please mark with an „X” the answer (or answers). Location

19.05%

Price

33.33%

Accommodation facilities

14.29%

Quality of services

28.57%

Number of services Others

4.76% 0%

The factors believed to most influence the tourists’ decision are price and quality of services. 23.

What are the most common ways through which tourists use the services of adventure tourism in the region? Please mark with an „X” the answer (or answers).

Online research

15.38%

Social networks/Blogs

26.92%

Travel agencies

23.08%

Fairs and exhibitions

15.38%

Direct communication with providers of adventure tourism services Others

19.23% 0.00%

The most often used ways to access adventure tourism services are social media, indicated by about 27% of the respondents.

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5. TURKEY I.

OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS FOR ADVENTURE TOURISM IN THE REGION How do you assess the opportunities for improvement of adventure tourism in the region? 60.00% 50.00% 50.00% 40.00% 30.00% 30.00% 20.00% 10.00%

10.00%

10.00% 0.00% 0.00% Very low

Low

Medium

Good

Very good

Opinions vary with 50% of the respondents who think that opportunities to build on the potential of adventure tourism are medium, 30% good, 10% very good and 10% as low. 2.

Which of the following types of adventure tourism do you think has the potential for development in the region?

Water sports, ecotourism, trekking and hunting and fishing are adventure activities already practiced, with mature services provided in these areas, therefore having the highest potential to quickly contribute to the development of adventure tourism in the region. On a scale from 1 to 4, adventure tourism activities with the highest potential for development are water sports (3.30), trekking (3.30) and off-road activities (2.90). Archeological expeditions Skydiving Hunting and fishing Water sports Adventure sports Off-road Biking Trekking Winter sports Horseback riding Ecotourism

2.50 2.30 2.50 3.30 2.60 2.90 2.70 3.30 2.40 2.70 2.60

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Please indicate the main locations for the conduct of adventure tourism in your region.

The most often mentioned destinations are in the mountain areas: The Kure Mountains National Park, Ararat, Taurus, Suphan etc. 4.

What are the most popular adventure tourism activities? Ecotourism

40.00%

Horseback riding

10.00%

Wintersports

20.00%

Trekking

60.00%

Biking

60.00%

Off road

50.00%

Adventure sports

10.00%

Water sports

60.00%

Hunting and fishing

40.00%

Skydiving Archeological expeditions

10.00% 0.00%

Trekking, biking and water sports are indicated as being the most popular adventure tourism activities as this time. 5.

6.30 5.60 4.30

Adequate legal and strategic framework

5.80

High demand for adventure tourism services

4.60

Appropriate infrastructure for practicing adventure tourism

4.60

Well trained human resources

5.10

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Low costs for practicing adventure tourism, legal framework, appropriate promotion and well trained human resources are seen as the main advantages to develop adventure tourism in the region, being scored with minimum 5 on a scale from 1 to 7. 6.

What is the main funding source used to develop adventure tourism in the region?

Own resources

90.00%

National or regional public funds

20.00%

European funds

10.00%

Own resources appear to be the main source of financing adventure tourism services. 7.

How do you think that the demand for adventure tourism in the region has evolved in the last 3 years compared to the previous period?

20%

Increasing Relatively constant Decreasing

60%

The opinion is that the demand in adventure tourism services is relatively constant (60%).

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How do you think that the offer of adventure tourism services in the region has evolved in the last 3 years compared to the previous period?

30.00%

Increasing Relatively constant Decreasing

40.00%

30% of the respondents believe that the offer of adventure tourism services in the region is increasing, another 40% believe it is constant, while 30% believe it is decreasing. 9.

Which are the months of the year when you get the most requests related to adventure tourism?

Summer (April-October) is clearly identified as the period when adventure tourism activities are practiced. Another timeframe indicated by the respondents is September-November. 10. Do you think there is a significant competitive disadvantage in the field of adventure tourism of the Black Sea region compared to other similar tourist areas? Most respondents do not think that Turkey has a material competitive disadvantage in adventure tourism compared to other similar tourist areas.

30.00% Yes No 70.00%

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11. If the answer to the previous question was YES, please indicate what are the main causes in your opinion. The 30% of the respondents who did think that there is a competitive disadvantage indicated the following reasons: ď&#x201A;ˇ ď&#x201A;ˇ ď&#x201A;ˇ

Tourists are not familiar with the area Tour operators do not provide adequate services Natural attractions and popular travel destinations.

The costs of providing adventure tourism services

4.20

Defective promotion

4.40

Inadequate legal and strategic framework

5.10

Low demand for adventure tourism services

4.90

Inadequate infrastructure for practicing adventure tourism

4.50

Poorly prepared human resources

4.40

The respondents indicated the following main weaknesses influencing the development of adventure services in the region: inadequate legal and strategic framework, low demand for adventure tourism services, inadequate infrastructure.

II.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ADVENTURE TOURISM

15. Taking into account the tourist profile, what do you think would be the most effective means of promoting adventure tourism packages? Online channels, study visits for journalists and social media are considered to be the best means to promote the offers. 16. Prioritize the following answers in terms of importance for developing a strategy for adventure tourism in the region. Rank the factors giving values from 1 to 5 (where 1 indicates the highest degree of importance). Inventory of the attractions in the region for adventure tourism Assessment of competition from similar destinations Estimation of the level of market demand Facilities assessment and existing and planned tourism services

3.43 3.71 3.14 3.14

Establishing target market segments

3.43

Assessment of competition from similar destinations, an inventory of the attractions and establishing the target segments are believed to be the most important aspects to consider in preparing a strategy. 17. Estimate the average daily cost and profit per type of adventure tourism (in Euro). Average costs are about 50-60 Euro/day for most adventure tourism activities, with a higher value (over 100 Euro/day) for winter sports, off-road and skydiving. 18. How long does each supply of adventure services lasts (in days)? In general services take 3-6 days, but there are also less lengthy programmes (1-2 days).

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III.

PROFILE OF TOURISTS REQUESTING TOURISM SERVICES IN THE REGION

19. How can the tourists seeking adventure tourism services in the region be described?

Age

90.00% 80.00% 70.00% 60.00% 50.00% 40.00% 30.00% 20.00% 10.00% 0.00%

85.71%

14.29% 0% under 24 years

24 to 40 years40 to 60 years 60+ years

0% I donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know/no answer

It is estimated that most tourists requesting adventure tourism are between 24 and 40 years of age (over 80%).

Gender

50.00% 33.33% 16.67%

I donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know/no answer

16.67% of the respondents think that women are interested in adventure tourism, while 33.33% believe that this is generally preferred by men. Common borders. Common solutions. 237

Civil status

42.86%

single

I donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know/no answer

14.29%

married

42.86% of the respondents indicated the single people practice adventure tourism.

Education

High School

14.29%

College

28.57%

Postgraduate

14.29%

Other

14.29%

I donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know/no answer

28.57%

Most of the respondents indicated that tourists are higher education graduates.

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Income

28.57%

30%

28.57%

25% 20% 14%

15%

14.29%

10% 5% 0% under 500 Euro 500-1000Euro

1000-1500 Euro

over 1500 Euro

I donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know/no answer

Most respondents believe that adventure tourism fans earn over 500 Euro. 20. Tourists accessing adventure tourists offers are generally: 80%

71.43%

70%

60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10%

14.29%

foreigners

I donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know/no answer

0% from the region from outside the region, but from the country

Respondents found that tourists who access adventure tourism offers are largely Turkish.

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21. What are the most requested package holidays?

only transport

only accommodation

all inclusive

42.86%

packages with outdoor adventure tourism activities packages just with adventure tourism activities

28.57% 14.29%

I don’t know/no answer

14.29%

42.86% of the respondents indicated that tourists ask for all inclusive packages, and about 28.57% indicated that tourists ask for integrated packages of outdoor adventure tourism. 22.

What are the main factors influencing tourist’ decision on the selection of the location for the practice of adventure tourism? Please mark with an „X” the answer (or answers).

Location

28.57%

Price

57.14%

Accommodation facilities

28.57%

Quality of services

14.29%

Number of services

0.00%

Others

0.00%

The main factor that influences the tourists’ decision on selecting the destination for adventure tourism is the price.

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23.

What are the most common ways through which tourists use the services of adventure tourism in the region? Please mark with an â&#x20AC;&#x17E;Xâ&#x20AC;? the answer (or answers).

Online research

42.86%

Social networks/Blogs

42.86%

Travel agencies

71.43%

Fairs and exhibitions

0.00%

Direct communication with providers of adventure tourism services

0.00%

Others

0.00%

The most often used ways to get information on adventure tourism services are travel agencies followed by online channels.

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Title of the project: Development of Outdoor Adventure Tourism Network in Black Sea Region (DOOA) Project co-financed by the Black Sea Basin Joint Operational Programme 2007-2013 www.blacksea-cbc.net www.blacksea-adventure.travel Beneficiary: Prefect's Institution of Constanta County Partners: Stara Zagora Regional Economic Development Agency , Bulgaria Chamber of Commerce and Industry - Stara Zagora, Bulgaria International Business Development and Investment Promotion Centre, Georgia Organization for Small and Medium Enterprises Sector Development, Republic of Moldova Kastamonu Special Provincial Administration, Turkey

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