The Indian Trader Newspaper – July 2020 Issue – Celebrating 51 Years!

51 Years And Still Going Strong!

Volume 51, Number 7 / July 2020

www.IndianTraderNews.com

Post Office Box 518 / Cottonwood, AZ 86326

American Flags and Patriotic Symbols in American Indian Art See Page 10

Sellers Quickly Moving To Online Sales See Page 5

Annie Oakley Women’s Rights Advocate See Page 6

Rain-In-The-Face Famous Indian Chief See Page 17

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July 2020 THE INDIAN TRADER

CONTACT US The Indian Trader (928) 273-2933 Email: indiantrader68@gmail.com Mail: PO Box 518, Cottonwood, AZ 86326

Collector’s Corner: Sellers Moving To Sales ���������������������������������������������������������������������� The Richardsons: FiveQuickly Generations of Online Navajo Traders ................................................55 Annie OakleyEvents – America’s Most Famous Sharpshooter Was also a Women’s Rights Advocate ������������������������ 6 Upcoming & Shows ......................................................................................6 Early Pueblo RoomsonFull of Idols ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Walking Rocks Land – �Maybe When Hell Freezes Over! ......................................89

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Premiere Events the Autumn 2015 Auction & Show Season ....................10 American Flags and Highlight Patriotic Symbols in American Indian Art �������������������������������������������������������������� 10 Business Directory Mystery Surrounds Old ............................................................................................15-17 Indian Ruins ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 14 Classifieds ..............................................................................................................18 Business Directory ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 15 Order Classified Ads ................................................................................18 Famous Form Indian for Chiefs: Rain-In-The-Face (Hunkpapa Sioux) ���������������������������������������������������������������� 17 Drought and Wildfires Helping Looters Search for Native Artifacts ..........................19 Classifieds ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 18

CONTACT US

Clay South Phone: (928) 273-2933 Email: indiantrader68@gmail.com Mail: PO Box 518, Cottonwood, AZ 86326

Order Form for Classified Ads �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 18

The Indian Trader has a New Facebook Look To Our Loyal Indian Trader Readers:

You are invited to “Like” The Indian Trader at our newly revised Facebook page.

On our new page, we will include recent stories and news as well as a library of recent photos and contact details. Please feel free to visit our new Facebook page and let us know if there is additional content you would like us to include. Here is the link to our new page: https://www.facebook.com/theindiantrader

Like Us and Follow Us on Facebook at: www.facebook.com/indiantradernews/ Publisher & Editor: Derek South Subscriptions: Lori McCall Associate Editor: Tom Surface ©2020 by THE INDIAN TRADER. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronically or mechanical, without the written permission from the publisher. Published monthly by Indian Trader, Cottonwood, Arizona 86326.

THE INDIAN TRADER July 2020

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Collector’s Corner

Sellers Quickly Moving To Online Sales

By Jim and Bobbi Jeen Olson

Since March of 2020, there has been a massive migration by retailers into online selling due to circumstances created by Covid-19! Even before that, most retailers knew the Internet was the way of the future. However, with the stay at home orders that started taking effect in March, that learning curve was greatly sped up.

In interviews with several platforms that host online auctions for auction houses, all said they are the busiest they have ever been! A representative for one of the major online hosting platforms said that a number of auction houses he has never even heard of call him each day wanting to get set up to do online auctions.

Retail online platforms such as Etsy are experiencing similar trends. Etsy CEO Josh Silverman said in an interview that sales spiked 79% in April! He went on to say the company also sold $133 million worth of face masks during the month, which was not included in the 79% increase!

A business article in Fortune Magazine said that Amazon’s net sales rose to $46 billion for the first quarter of 2020, up from $35.8 billion for the same period last year. Nearly a 30% increase!

A Headline in Fortune also read: Walmart’s online sales surge during the pandemic, bolstering its place as a strong No. 2 to Amazon.

Even Social Media sites like Facebook and Instagram are also seeing a huge influx of individuals (not necessarily businesses) selling on those platforms. It is simply amazing the amount of people who have transitioned into online selling over the last few months. It makes you wonder how traditional brick and mortar retail will fare when things get back to “normal” (if they ever do and what ever that looks like).

When all this virus business blows over, will the new “normal” look like a hybrid of what we had before and what we are seeing now? Even though more and more items are being purchased online and delivered directly to consumers than ever before, there are some who would rather put their hands on it before they buy it. There probably always will be. However, things like trade shows and traditional brick and mortar retail will likely be in choppy water for a while. At least for those who don’t adapt…

Fortunately, Western Trading Post was already pretty well engaged in online selling before the pandemic hit. When things started shutting down in March, it was not a stretch for us to just close the front doors and double down our efforts online. It is probably something we should have done along time ago. By focusing entirely on our online efforts, sales shot through the roof! We actually had a couple of the best months we’ve ever had in April and May 2020.

I tell you this not to brag, but as a testament as to what is going on.

How long will this virus thing drag on? God only knows. Will folks change their current buying habits when they are not scared to go out to crowded public places any longer? Probably. But it will never go back to the way it was before in my opinion. By all indications, there is a big recession or possibly even a depression looming. How will that affect things? Who knows.

The future can be tricky to predict.

For the time being however, things are better than ever for those who are adept at selling online. The old timers used to say “it’s best to make hay when the sun shines.” It’s shining now for online sellers!

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Annie Oakley

America’s Most Famous Sharpshooter Was also a Women’s Rights Advocate Although Annie Oakley’s career drew to a close many years ago, most Americans know her name. Annie was famous for an uncanny proficiency with firearms – particularly rifles.

While in her mid-teens, she defeated professional marksman, Frank Butler, in a celebrated Cincinnati trap shoot still avidly recounted by shooting aficionados.

Unable to beat her, Frank joined her within a year as husband and manager.

Later, as the star of “Buffalo Bill” Cody’s Wild West Show, from 1885-1901, she thrilled audiences in the U.S., Canada, and abroad, becoming the highestpaid performer of her time. Her repertoire encompassed stunts like backward shooting (while sighting through a polished Bowie knife) and simultaneously throwing five glass balls into the air, turning a cartwheel, grabbing her Marlin 39 lever-action carbine, and shooting the balls before they hit the ground. Another crowd-dazzler was firing out the flames of burning candles.

Marvelous as these displays were, her most publicized feat accomplished during an 1891 European tour when she shot the ashes off Kaiser Wilhelm II’s lit cigarette. Later, after World War I broke out, Annie herself publicly lamented her unfailing accuracy!

LIVING LEGEND Annie became a living legend, but legends fade. A considerable number of 19th Century pioneer women forced to rely on hunting for survival developed remarkable expertise with guns.

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The 1880’s Vaudeville circuits featured no less than 16 individuals claiming the title. “Champion Lady Rifle Shot!” Annie’s shooting skill was undoubtedly genuine. But her superstardom, like that of many current celebrities, was achieved mostly through personal charisma coupled with the extraordinary promotional ability of her “imaginative” press agent, John Burket.

AS A “LIBBER” In time, Annie’s name also became linked with exquisite embroidery and fashion design talents, which she used to make costumes and haute couture gowns. But as a seamstress, the petite Ohioan (barely 5 feet tall) was not unique.

Instead, it was the “libber” behind the unique legend.

Throughout her adult life, Annie championed human rights for freedom and aiding the underprivileged. Her participation in charity fund-raisers was well known. Touring for the Red Cross and various other charities, she publicly staged substantial benefits. Her Mineola Racetrack mini-wild west show raised over $11,000 for the Occupational Therapy Society – a hefty sum back then.

But few are aware that privately she sent 18 girls through college and supported whole families over long periods.

Furthermore, despite intense performance schedules, Annie is reported never to have left a single piece of her voluminous fan mail unanswered – with many impoverished fans astonished to discover generous amounts of currency tucked inside those replies. At her performances, Annie would buy out large blocks of seats for orphans, disabled and needy children; many of her leisure hours were spent winding through city ghettos, where she tossed out coins.

In 1894, a profound friendship developed between Annie and Sioux Chief Sitting Bull, who had surrendered to U.S. forces four years earlier. Annie taught him to read and write, and in so doing, developed sympathy for Native American causes. She began protesting by letter and public statements about the government’s terrible treatment of Indians. Sitting Bull, in return, became continued on page 8

Photo opposite page: Annie Oakley - famous rifle shot and holder of the Police Gazette championship medal. 1899. Photo courtesy of the Library of Congress.

Top Right: Annie Oakley Cabinet Card Signed, circa 1880s.

Above Left: Annie Oakley shooting over her shoulder using a hand mirror.

Above Right: 1880’s poster for Buffalo Bill’s Wild West show, advertising “Miss Annie Oakley, the peerless lady wing-shot.”

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July 2020 THE INDIAN TRADER

continued from page 7 emotionally attached to her – so much so that he was persuaded to join Cody’s Wild West Show only when promised he could see her every day. Later, he adopted “Little Sure Shot,” as he called her, as his daughter in a special ceremony.

It may be a surprise to learn that one of the first personal Christmas cards ever printed contained biting social commentary and was designed and written by none other than Annie.

The card featured her photo on the cover, while the inside contained two Currier & Ives-style prints. The first, labeled “Christmas in the West,” depicted a log cabin with a woman waving to guests arriving by sleigh, while its companion, labeled “Christmas in the East,” showed a tycoon turning beggars away from his estate. Hardly a mere casual greeting to be sure!

AN UNHAPPY CHILDHOOD OF LONELINESS Underlying, Annie’s social consciousness was a childhood of loneliness and deprivation in which she was no stranger to poverty, discrimination, and injustice.

School, where peers cruelly taunted her about her family name, offered little consolation. Those taunts incidentally affected her later decision to change her surname. In time, the undertaking became an obsession, and she went to extreme lengths to alter both private and legal records– even cemetery headstones.

After Annie’s father died, at age 9, Annie offered herself as a hired helper in a private home, only to be severely abused. When she managed to run away two years later, she discovered that her mother had remarried and relocated. After she caught up with her family, the considerable burden for their support quickly fell on her.

This she accomplished in the only way she knew: sewing and hunting.

Annie’s quail (she had shot) became coveted in Cincinnati and Dayton’s plush resorts because of her Above: Annie Oakley, with gun Buffalo Bill gave her / staff photo. 1922. Photo courtesy of the Library of Congress.

ability to kill them with a rifle. Consequently, they were clean of the shot, riddling those of most other hunters. With her marksmanship, Annie alleged to have paid off the family mortgage. She never forgot these early struggles, which sparked her active protest, social injustice, and unfair working conditions.

HUMILIATING MEN Abroad, Annie defeated a string of noblemen in shooting matches, despite warnings against the impropriety of a lady publicly so “humiliating” a man, particularly of high rank. In 1887, when introduced to the Prince of Wales (later King Edward VII), Annie shocked society by ignoring his extended hand and offering hers instead to the Princess. On her European tour four years later, she wrestled Bavarian Prince Regent Luitpold to the ground, rescuing him from a bucking bronco that had become unruly during a rehearsal, she had invited him to attend. These unprecedented actions and her independence ingratiated Annie to Queen Victoria, with whom she subsequently carried on an active correspondence until she died in 1926.

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Early Pueblo Rooms Full of Idols continued from page 11

When Don Juan de Onate marched through the pueblo country of New Mexico in 1598 – 99, he remarked on a large number of painted idols found in the villages. At San Juan Bautista, he wrote, “in two rooms alone accounted for 60.”

The Spanish rushed to meet this threat and planted priests and chapels in the pueblo villages, to turn the people to the true God. The idols, by command of the Franciscan priest and the governor, were to be destroyed.

Of course, the natives did not look on their anthropomorphic carved stone, clay, and wood finish objects as “idols.” They considered them essential assets to worship (much like the ornate statues of saints in the mission churches) and vital to the health and well-being of the community, crops, and is hunting.

They concealed the carved fetishes as well as they could, first hiding them in the kivas, and then, when the priest invaded and scoured that area, in hidden places in the mountains, or buried or concealed in Pueblo hideaways.

Before the Spanish had established themselves in New Mexico, there had been “idols” in all the important places. They were kept in the houses on individual shelves or on the ground and they were kept inside kivas, some for permanent display, and some brought out for special occasions.

Luxan, a Spanish explorer who was one of the first through the Pueblo country, saw them in place but did not think of removing or destroying them.

“In front of each kiva, before going in, are a Blackstone and one Estado above the ground, and on each one is a badly painted figure of an Indian with a flaming crown,” he wrote. “Everyone has these in their house.”

A few of the early Spanish were collectors; one governor was known to have amassed an extensive collection of the curiosities. But most of the Catholic Spanish felt there was something evil and pagan about the representations of the human figure, crudely carved, that the Indians found so valuable.

They set out to destroy them outright, just as they also tried to eradicate the dances and ceremonials of the Indian people. One priest’s report in the 1660s listed 1600 masks and idols burned. Stores of them were discovered continuously, and the work seemed endless.

Wood idols were most common and were burned. Stone and clay ones were less common; they were smashed when found, although the stone ones may have more easily slipped into private collections.

The zeal of the priest to wipe out the old religion and substitute their own, coupled with the crippling burden of taxes pressed on the Indian population, led to a revolt. In 1680 the pueblos rose against the Spanish invaders and, in a bloody purge, pushed them back down the Rio Grande to El Paso. Here they were contained until 1696.

But the damage had been done. The high number of fetish figures that had been destroyed was never replaced. Many carvings of wood went on, but there was not the same zeal or feeling about it. What was more, the leaders of the revolt had mixed feelings about the old religion themselves, and discord made the return of the Spanish easier.

Today there are few early fetish carvings left. The early anthropologist, those who lived among the Pueblo people in the late 1800s, remarked that many collectors have private records; caches of fetishes hidden in the mountains were discovered from time to time and quietly absorbed. Many may still be in the Mesa crevices, waiting patiently through time, sending blessings out over uninhabited valleys.

In the Jumano area, a trove of fetishes was reported by the Spanish. Now the national monument at Gran Quivira has only one stone, a 3 ½ inch diameter black round rock coated with lime and the white cut away to reveal black. The rock shows in low relief a white nose, mouth, and two eyes.

Near Pueblo Largo, on the Rio Grande, a rock carving shows an incised figure. Pueblo Blanco and San Lazaro had several stone fetish figures in their excavated remains. The figures are startling reminiscent of the Easter Island monoliths. They have stern; stark faces once painted with red and green. At San Lazaro, the figure’s hands were also carved, at rest, on the figure’s chest. These had been painted reddish-brown.

collection of his body of work ever assembled for public viewing.

This show continues to grow every year and is one of the top national antique events of its kind. Due to its Southwest Five the figures were found in excavations at Pecos

by Kidder location, show traditionally has a unique American flavor and Lambert.

They showed the nose in relief, but eyes, ears, and mouth incised. They were leaning heavily on early American arts & crafts, Native above a fullwestern figure, the drawn up, and hands the breast in a fetal American, fineknees art and ethnographic art, crossed but withonsome or funerary position.

200 dealers in attendance, it also offered items for everyone – One Pecos figure seems to be of a hunchback; the figure also has the crest from to the Red veteran buyerstill and serious of hairthe we first thinktime of as buyer a “Mohawk.” pigment lingers on the mouth of collectors. the fetish. Even the very famous decorators and interior designers attend athefigure show,has seeking thethat rightwas touch to create At Otowi, been just found carved from a cylinder of the “perfect” southwest or native motif for their clients. hardened clay. The figure is 5 ½ inches high and one and three-quarter inch This Eyes, year, as in the and past,nose the show also drewand representatives diameter. mouth, are in relief, there are small turquoise incidents in the eyesmajor and atinternational heart. This figure extends to the waist, and the from many of the and only domestic clothing hands are placed on the breast of the carving. and jewelry designers and their buyers. Cowboys & Indians had Pecos for alsoeverybody. was the site of many baked clay figures, but these seem to date something to after the Pueblo and to general be of Mexican influence.

Molded Proceeds fromrevolt the show’s admission customers this clay figures at Aztec are of dubious date but may extend further into the past. year supported the show’s additional beneficiaries, VSA Arts of New Perhaps the predecessors of the Kachina figures, possibly the inspiration for Mexico, University of New Mexico’s Popejoy Hall SchoolTime prayers, for war, peace, or plenty, the many human fetish figures of the Pueblo Series Museum’s Magic Program. peopleand are The now Albuquerque reduced to a limited number ofBus items in collections and museums.

But reading the old accounts, one thinks of the frantic Pueblo Indians, hiding the religious treasures before the wrath of the priest. Surely somewhere in the hills, continued on page 14 there are more.

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A grouping with a Navajo weaving by Belinda Nez, Navajo pottery jar by Lorraine Williams, basket by Edith King (Southern Paiute), Sioux child’s fully beaded mocs (c. 1900), a buffalo fetish, Yakima beaded bag and loom beaded strip.

American Flags and Patriotic Symbols in American Indian Art

By T. Wallin

As I sit here writing, I’m thinking about all the celebrations that will be taking place this Fourth of July. There will be picnics, fireworks, and most of all a blaze of red, white, and blue decorations including flags flying from homes and businesses.

A couple of my friends are American Indian art collectors. They specifically collect art with American flag motifs or patriotic symbols such as eagles and U.S.A. Some of their items date to the late 1800s. One might wonder why American Indians, at that period of time, would use the American flag as a design on their clothing or weavings. A few books and academic papers have been written that explain cultural or political reasons and I’ll leave it up to our readers to further investigate. Instead, I’ll focus on the ingenuity, variety and aesthetics of these works of art.

Navajo weavers have been using flags and patriotic symbols in their

weavings since the 1870s. The flags might not always have the correct amount of stars and stripes, but it is unmistakably an American flag.

Pictorial wall hangings with eagles, shields and United States of America, meticulously woven, are a testament to the creativity and talent of the weavers.

Basketry is another of the arts that can have flags, eagles and wording.

I have seen examples of Apache, Mission, Navajo, Paiute and Makah baskets with flag and patriotic symbols. Many are done in red, white and blue, but most utilize natural colors that the weavers would commonly use. A few years ago, one of my collector friends custom-ordered a basket from Southern Paiute weaver, Edith King. He said, “It just needs a flag in it somewhere”. A year later, a fantastic, finely woven basket depicting an eagle with flags as wings came in the mail.

THE INDIAN TRADER July 2020

This page, from top left to bottom right: Top: Sioux Child’s moccasins, circa 1900.

Top Right: Apache T-necklace is by Charlene Martin.

Middle Left: Lakota Blanket strip, Late 19th century.

The 4th of July was an important Holiday on the Lakota Reservations at the turn of the century.

Bottom Right: Basket is by a Navajo artist, name unknown.

Pottery is one of the arts that rarely has patriotic symbols. A few pieces by Navajo artist, Lorraine Williams, and Hopi-Tewa artists, Jean Sahmie and Vernida Polacca, have shown up only to be snapped up by my collector buddies.

Beadwork is by far the most common media for flag depictions, which can appear on clothing of all types, cradles, bags and horse gear.

Grand, elaborate pieces by Sioux artists started to appear in the 1880s and continued through the early Reservation Period. The Plateau tribes, particularly the Yakima and Nez Perce, have created beaded bags with imaginative depictions of flying eagles, shields and flags for over 100 years. The Iroquois around Niagara Falls found a ready market for souvenir-type beaded pin cushions, wall pockets and other “whimseys.”

Tourists eagerly bought these items, many of continued on page 12

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which have American flag motifs. This tradition still continues.

A few other art forms such as Navajo folk carvings and silver jewelry, particularly bolo ties and pins, are occasionally made with patriotic designs.

So I asked my friends, “Why collect American flags?” One said that the flag could be considered a symbol of power and that American Indians using flags on items might consider it a form of protection. He also said that cultural differences may melt together as veterans honor the flag and what it stands for. This idea was similar to that of another friend. He said that he collected patriotic American Indian art because, for him, it represented the men and women who had fought and died to make this country what it is. A land of freedom.

Enjoy your Independence Day.

Left: Fully beaded Sioux cradle, circa 1915.

Middle: Miniature flagpattern Navajo beaded medicine pouch measures 3.25” x 4.25”,

by Elouise Bia. Right: Hopi-Tewa pottery canteen by Jean Sahmie.

THE INDIAN TRADER July 2020

Above: Yakima beaded bag (mid-1900s, artist unknown). Below: Apache burden basket (artist unknown).

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Mystery Surrounds Old Indian Ruins Today it is known as Bandelier National Monument, a treasure enjoyed by upwards of 100,000 visitors each year. But centuries ago, it was the site of an almost inaccessible cliff city looking down upon a network of canyons, streams, and mesas.

Great caves and kivas were gouged into the steep sides of the pink-tan cliffs, and large talus pueblos were built below to form a spectacular city in frijoles Canyon on the Pajarito plateau. And then, late in the 16th century, the site was abandoned.

Who were these early architects? Where did they come from? Why did they settle in this rugged country for their homes, and where have they gone?

The task of setting the record straight and unraveling this prehistory of the area fell to many archaeologists. It had begun when Adolph Bandelier, historian, and anthropologist for whom the monument is named, explored the ruins in the 1880s. Bandelier’s novel, “The Delight Makers,” reconstructs the way of life of the occupants.

In 1909, Edgar L. Hewett led the first archaeological expedition into the backcountry. For three years, his crews worked on probing the past from the clues of pottery fragments and tree-ring dating. The work of Bandelier and Hewett was continued by others, and literally, hundreds of excavations were made in the Pajarito area. Studies of the area by geologists, botanists, and other professionals have helped to reconstruct the history and ecology.

The story derived from the various clues tells us that the Frijoles Canyon region was first settled during the late 1100s, probably by small local groups of ancestors of today’s Pueblo Indians. During the 1200s, these local Indians were joined by an influx from the four corners area, people who having pushed their natural resources to the limit left the great centers of Mesa Verde, Chaco Canyon, and Kayenta.

The survivors of this Anasazi culture, with their well-developed farming,

hunting, and gathering skills, searched for new homes. The overall effect was a retreat for many to the striking setting of the canyon slashed slopes of the Pajarito Plateau.

During the 13th, 14th and early 15th centuries, the region became a beehive of activity as well as something of a cultural melting pot. The villagers built homes and raised corn, squash, and beans. They built their kivas from which they worshiped, and they molded and fired magnificent clay pots.

The homes these ancient people built were basically of two types; the cliff or cave-dwelling, and the masonry work Pueblo structure.

Many thousands of cave rooms exist at Bandelier. The rock which forms the walls and all the canyons in the Pajarito area is tuff, a kind of compressed volcanic ash, with many erosion cavities which can be readily enlarged. Scraping and chipping, using axes of hardened lava, these early builders level the floor and raise the ceilings of the natural cavities to make them more livable.

Probably the most impressive ruins at Bandelier are those of the great Pueblo-style dwelling. Working with rock debris lying close by, these industrious people mortared the rock chips with Adobe mud from the base of the steep cliffs. Then, using crude stone axes, they timbered the ceilings with the branches of native pinons and juniper. Above the beams, small sticks were tightly laid; then, grass or bark was spread to make a fine, waterproof layer for the ceiling, which also served as the floor for the room above. Many houses on the mesa tops and in the canyon bottom are believed to have reached heights of three stories. At least one was known to contain over 600 rooms.

These early Pueblo ancestors showed extraordinary ingenuity in coaxing an existence out of the harsh environment. Outside, in the deep gorge of Frijoles Canyon, a small stream, the Rito de los Frijoles, moistened the land.

The stream became their primary defense against hunger. Although it is believed that little if any irrigation was practiced, and the growing season was short, the people grew corn, beans, and squash in small plots along the wooded canyon floor. Each clan, or society, controlled its own plots mostly depending on late summer showers to mature the crops.

Remnants of the crops were saved for the seed to ensure food supplies for the following season. The rest of the year, diets were pieced together by gathering the abundance of plants, fruits, and nuts of the countryside and by hunting and trapping.

Despite the difficulties of their existence, the people found time to develop a spiritual life. The evidence of widespread and complex religious activity remains today in their kivas. Here, in the rugged Colace country, kivas were built not only on the canyon floor but, most extraordinarily, deeply gorges into the high cliffs. Of the thousands of kivas found throughout the lands of the present-day Pueblo Indians, only in Frijoles are kivas found in the cliffs.

After the initial resettling and early construction period, when there was a general cultural decline, the stage was set for advances in the arts and crafts.

Once again, pottery, beautifully shaped, fired, and decorated, became a fine art. Much of the magnificent ceramic ware made in Frijoles is often difficult to distinguish from the similar work of the Mesa Verde ancestral area.

The exact cause of the abandonment of this thriving, high, and seemingly safe site that represented the highest level of Pueblo culture is unknown. But by 1580 A.D. all but a few stragglers had left the Frijoles area. It is believed it was a great drought, or perhaps, with the passing years, such influences as soil eroding flash floods, soil depletion, famine, and disease, that forced the canyon dwellers to leave their homes. Even though the dates of the arrival of the Spanish coincide with the abandonment of the area, there is little evidence to hint at warfare as the cause.

As in the past, the people wondered. Once again, they found new sites to rebuild their culture. And eventually, they became identified by the Spanish given names of their pueblos. Today, legends and traditions of the presentday pueblos of Cochiti and San Ildefonso strongly suggest that most of the descendants of the ancients of Frijoles live in these two pueblos.

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505-368-5790 • 800-383-0615 www.foutztrade.com 800-950-4232 www.shipwreckbeads.com

www.hideandfur.com P.O. Box 8918, Moscow, ID 83843 • 208.882.5715

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HISTORIC TOADLENA TRADING POST & WEAVING MUSEUM Featuring great exhibits and the finest in antique and contemporary Navajo and Two Grey Hills rugs and tapestries available.

P.O. Box 8014 – Newcomb, N.M. 87455 (505) 789-3267

ORY

July2015 2020 THE INDIAN TRADER August

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BUSINESS DIRECTORY 800-950-4232 www.shipwreckbeads.com

Galaxy Leather Company November and 2015 Sales THE INDIAN TRADER James Burns Mailing Address: P.O. Box 849; Flagstaff, AZ 86002 5270 N. 89, Flagstaff, AZ 86004

EMAIL: Galaxy_S99@yahoo.com FACEBOOK: galaxyleatherandsales

OFFICE: 928-774-0533 FAX: 928-774-4438

SHAKOPEE TRADING POST www.shakopeetradingpost.com

• Turquoise Silver Jewelry • American Indian Beadwork • Pipestone Pipes • Drums • Pottery • Books • Collectibles 723 1st Ave. West Shakopee, Minnesota 55379 (952) 496-2263

800-950-4232 www.shipwreckbeads.com

nativeamerican@shakopeetradingpost.com

FOR SALE – Over 10,000 items!

Sweetgrass, Sage, Beads, Rawhide, Buckskin, Tanned Fur, Antlers, Quilts, Skulls, Teeth, Claws, Feathers, Etc. VIEW THE COMPLETE CATALOG ON THE INTERNET (PICTURES)

www.hideandfur.com P.O. Box 8918, Moscow, ID 83843 • 208.882.5715

Foutz Trading Co. P.O. Box 1904 • Hwy 64 Shiprock, NM 87420

Navajo Arts & Crafts 505-368-5790 • 800-383-0615 www.foutztrade.com

HISTORIC TOADLENA TRADING POST & WEAVING MUSEUM

Featuring great exhibits and the finest in antique and contemporary Navajo and Two Grey Hills rugs and tapestries available.

P.O. Box 8014 – Newcomb, N.M. 87455 (505) 789-3267

BILL MALONE TRADING Bill Malone

“Trader to the Navajo” 235 W. Coal Ave. Gallup, NM 87301

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We sell weaving supplies

SHAKOPEE TRADING POST www.shakopeetradingpost.com

• Turquoise Silver Jewelry • American Indian Beadwork • Pipestone Pipes • Drums • Pottery • Books • Collectibles 723 1st Ave. West Shakopee, Minnesota 55379 (952) 496-2263 nativeamerican@shakopeetradingpost.com

HISTORIC TOADLENA TRADING POST & WEAVING MUSEUM Featuring great exhibits and the finest in antique and contemporary Navajo and Two Grey Hills rugs and tapestries available.

P.O. Box 8014 – Newcomb, N.M. 87455 (505) 789-3267

THE INDIAN TRADER July 2020

Page 17

Famous Indian Chiefs

Rain-In-The-Face (Hunkpapa Sioux) David F. Barry, whose photographic work in the late 19th century has been a boon to historians for almost 100 years, once said. “One of the most savage and treacherous of the Sioux Indians was the truest friend I ever had, either white or red man. This may be a broad statement, but I am willing to confess and admit that I would trust him sooner than any white friend I ever had.” The famed photographer, “Little Shadow Catcher,” as the Indians called him, was speaking of RAIN-IN-THE-FACE, a warrior chief of the Hunkpapa Sioux.

RAIN-IN-THE-FACE, who fought in Custer’s disastrous Battle at the Little Big Horn, has had his role in that fight somewhat maligned, due to an unfortunate incident that took place three years before the defeat of the 7th Calvary. Two men were killed in 1873 while accompanying a Calvary escort for the Northern Pacific Railroad surveyors. A Calvary veterinary surgeon and a civilian trader lagged behind, and while trying to catch up with the main body were murdered.

Nearly a year and a half later, RAIN-IN-THE-FACE was overheard boasting that he killed the two stragglers. A report was sent to Lieutenant Colonel George Custer, who promptly ordered his brother, Captain Thomas Custer, to arrest RAIN-IN-THE-FACE.

The Sioux warrior was imprisoned for several months during the dead of winter, only half-clad, with no heat. He managed to escape and rejoined his people, bitterly making threats of revenge – saying that he would kill Tom Custer, cut out his heart and eat it!

The story grew and spread rapidly – among Indians and white man alike. After the complete defeat of Custer’s troops, the tale grew to even higher proportions, for Thomas Custer’s body, with his belly slashed open, was found near his famed brothers. Unfortunately for RAIN-IN-THEFACE and his future reputation, the body was not examined to determine if any vital organs had been removed.

Hearsay of the times resulted in reports that the warrior chief boasted, in the Indian fashion, of carrying out his earlier threats. Yet, it is known that he denied killing or mutilating Tom Custer to Dave Barry and at various government inquiries.

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, the poet of the day, perpetrates the tale when he wrote the poem, “The Revenge of RAIN-IN-THE-FACE” in which he identified the warrior as the killer of Custer. A poetic license requires no proof, and Henry wanted a great lyric!

In later years, due to the influence of Barry, RAIN-IN-THE-FACE was made an Indian policeman, serving many years at Standing Rock Agency. He died there at the age of 63, September 14, 1905. The whole truth undoubtedly died with him

d

le Cancel

July2015 2020 THE INDIAN TRADER November

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CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING

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July 2020 THE INDIAN TRADER

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