The Indian Trader Newspaper – Celebrating 50 Years! – December 2019 Issue by IBuildMagazines.com

50 Years And Still Going Strong!

Volume 50, Number 12 / December 2019

Montana Vigilantes Lynch Pardoned Killer

www.IndianTraderNews.com

Post Office Box 518 / Cottonwood, AZ 86326

Moving Rocks on Land

No Real Explanation How or Why See Page 5

See Page 17

Dodge City, Kansas See Page 14

$ 50 PER COPY

Ira Hayes

An American Tragedy See Page 8

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Indian Trader News

A colonist bartering with Natives outside a stockade in the winter. Christmas marketing before the days of “the high cost of living.” Published in 1913.

November 2015

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THE INDIAN TRADER

December 2019 THE INDIAN TRADER

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Laanaa yá’át’éehgo Késhmish, nił hózhó˛o˛go ch’ídoohah The Richardsons: Five Generations of and Navajo Traders (Merry Christmas Happy New................................................5 Year – Navajo) Moving RocksEvents on Land&– Shows No Real ......................................................................................6 Explanation How or Why �� 5 Upcoming Upcoming Events & Shows �� 6 Walking Rocks on Land – Maybe When Hell Freezes Over! ......................................8 Ira Hayes: An American Tragedy �� 8

Premiere Events Highlight the Autumn 2015 Auction & Show Season ....................10

Finland Museum Returns Human Remains And Burial Objects After 128 Years. �� 13

Business Directory ............................................................................................15-17

The Indian Trader (928) 273-2933 Email: indiantrader68@gmail.com Mail: PO Box 518, Cottonwood, AZ 86326 www.IndianTraderNews.com www.facebook.com/theindiantradernews/

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Publisher & Editor: Derek South Subscriptions: Lori McCall Associate Editors: Tom Surface, Danette McAfee

Dodge City, Kansas �� 14 Business Directory �� 15 Montana Vigilantes Lynch Pardoned Killer �� 17

Drought and Wildfires Helping Looters Search for Native Artifacts ..........................19

Classifieds �� 18

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US Periodicals Postage. Paid at Cottonwood, AZ, ©1998 by THE INDIAN TRADER. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronically or mechanical, without the written permission from the publisher. Published monthly by Indian Trader, Cottonwood, Arizona 86326.

THE INDIAN TRADER December 2019

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December 2019 THE INDIAN TRADER

THE INDIAN TRADER December 2019

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Moving Rocks on Land No Real Explanation How or Why By Tom Surface

For more than a century, Death Valley’s Sailing Stones “walking rocks” that leave their long, graceful trails have stumped visitors and scientists. The boulders of black dolomite appear to move on their own, sliding uphill across the playa’s flat lake bed. The trails are the only evidence the rocks move. No one has ever seen them set sail up until now. Lacking direct evidence, explanations for this geologic puzzle ran the gamut, from Earth’s magnetic field to gale-force winds to slippery algae. A SCIENTIFIC MYSTERY OR SUPERNATURAL PHENOMENON The first documented account of the sliding rock phenomenon dates to 1915, when a prospector named Joseph Crook from Fallon, Nevada visited the Racetrack Playa site in Death Valley. In the following years, the Racetrack sparked interest from geologists Jim McAllister and Allen Agnew, who mapped the bedrock of the area in 1948 and published the earliest report about the sliding rocks in a Geologic Society of America Bulletin. Naturalists from the National Park Service later wrote more detailed descriptions and Life Magazine featured a set of photographs from the Racetrack. In 1952, a National Park Service Ranger named Louis G. Kirk recorded detailed observations of rock trails -- furrow length, width, and general course. He sought simply to investigate and record evidence of the moving rock phenomenon, not to hypothesize or create an extensive scientific report. Speculation about how the stones move started at this time. Various and sometimes idiosyncratic possible explanations have been put forward over the years that have ranged from the supernatural to the very complex. Most hypotheses by interested geologists pointed to strong winds when the mud is wet are at least in part responsible. However, some stones weigh as much as a human, which some researchers feel is too heavy for the area’s wind to move. After extensive track mapping and research on rotation of the tracks in relation to ice flow rotation, geologist George M. Stanley in his 1955 research maintained that ice sheets around the stones either help to catch the wind or that ice floes initiate rock movement. Researchers and their theories continued to speculate throughout the 1970s, 80s and 90s. Theories ranged from wind drag and ice floes to mud slides and supernatural phenomenon. Yet through all of these educated theories and speculations, no one had ever actually seem the rocks move! It wasn’t until August 2014 when a news articles reported the mystery solved. The story reported that researchers observed rock movements using GPS and time-lapse photography. The research team, led by cousins James and Richard Norris witnessed and documented rock movement on December 20, 2013 that involved more than 60 rocks. The report went on

Sailing stone photo by wikipedia user Lgcharlot.

to claim that some rocks moved as much as 735 feet between December 2013 and January 2014 in multiple move events. These observations contradicted earlier hypotheses of winds or thick ice floating rocks off the surface. Instead, rocks move when large ice sheets a few millimeters thick floating in an ephemeral winter pond start to break up during sunny days. These thin floating ice panels, frozen during cold winter nights, are driven by light winds and shove rocks at up to five meters per minute. Some GPS measured moves lasted up to 16 minutes, and a number of stones moved more than 5 times during the existence of the playa pond in the winter of 2013-14. ONE OF THE STRANGEST PLACES ON EARTH In a terrain known for its barren and bizarre geology, Death Valley’s Racetrack Playa is one of the strangest. Reaching Racetrack Playa requires a bone-jarring ride down a 28-mile gravel road. The dry lake is 3 miles long, is nearly flat as a tabletop, and is littered with a few hundred rocks. Some are as small as baseballs, but other boulders weigh as much as 700 lbs. Even the largest rocks trail long furrows behind them. Some trails are short while continued on page 6

December 2019 THE INDIAN TRADER

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others stretch twice the length of a football field. Other trails sharply zig and zag, suggesting quick changes in direction. Mysteriously, some trails are missing rocks! The playa occasionally floods in winter, from rain or melted snow. Sitting at 3,608 feet (1,100 meters) above sea level and ringed by mountains, nighttime temperatures can drop below freezing, sheeting the temporary lake in thin ice or freezing it solid. A rare combination of water and ice combines to move the rocks, the researchers said. The playa lake needs to be deep enough for floating ice, but shallow enough to leave the rocks exposed. The surface ice should be thin “windowpane” ice, but strong enough to break into big panels that can bully the rocks. Finally, the freezing nights need to be followed by sunny days with light winds, which drive the cracking ice across the lake. A series of wet winter storms created the perfect conditions from December 2013 through February 2014. Hundreds of rocks scooted across Racetrack Playa five times in 10 weeks. In December 2013, the Norris research team hit pay dirt. They discovered the playa was slicked with water three inches deep. Overnight, the pond froze and when the sun rose the next morning and cracked the ice, the rocks set sail. It was all caught on camera. Hundreds of rocks were in motion. Some rocks moved in concert, even though they were hundreds of feet apart, while others creeped along independently. The rocks crept along at a few inches per second, pushed by winds of about 10 mph. The creeping could barely be detected from a distance. In the end some of the rocks ended up traveling more than 200 feet and they remained in motion for a few seconds up to 16 minutes. They would often move more than once before reaching their final resting place. By itself, the ice carved furrows that resemble the rockless trails. The remains were blown up into shattered piles on the playa’s far shore. THE SCIENTIFIC EXPLANATION FOR LAYMEN In a nutshell, the playa is very dry, getting only a few centimeters of rain per year. In the winter, when it does rain, the slightly tilted playa gets accumulations of water a few centimeters thick at one end. It gets cold enough for the water to freeze on top. When the Sun comes out, the ice begins to melt, forming large chunks called rafts. The wind blows these rafts (which are typically a few millimeters thick), which then hit the rocks and push on them. The ground is softened by the water, so the rocks can move more easily ... and then they do. Wind alone couldn’t do it, and the ice wasn’t acting as a buoyancy agent, either. It was basically sheer muscle power, surprisingly, given how fragile one might think that ice was. This is one of the main reasons why no one seriously considered this as an explanation before this. “I know there are people who like the mystery of it and will probably be somewhat disappointed that we’ve solved it,” Richard Norris said. “It’s a fascinating process, and in many ways I hope that there’s more to be discovered.”

Compiled from multiple sources

Editor’s Note: We here at The Indian Trader are definitely not geologists – but, we still have some unanswered unknowns… 1) If there is water that freezes and it facilitates the wind to push a 700 pound rock on the race track and sometimes uphill, wouldn’t it also freeze the rocks in place at the same time? 2) Where did the rocks that traveled and then disappeared go? 3) Do the rocks make a noise when no one is around to hear it? H’mmmm.

THE INDIAN TRADER December 2019

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December 2019 THE INDIAN TRADER

Ira Hayes: An American Tragedy By Tom Surface

Pima Indian Became a National Hero During World War II

Ira Hayes, left, a Pima Indian survivor of the Mt. Suribachi Flag-raising, and Sgt. Henry Reed, Indian veteran of Bataan Death March, call on Los Angeles Mayor Bowron. They were there on a trip to protest court rulings discriminating against their race in housing.

“Call him drunken Ira Hayes. He won’t answer anymore. Not the whiskey drinkin’ Indian. Nor the Marine who went to war.” So go the lyrics of the “Ballad of Ira Hayes,” a song made famous by Johnny Cash back in the 1960s’. Throughout the centuries, much notoriety has been made of ancient Greek and Roman Tragedies. Some are real, but most are myth. Unfortunately, the story of Ira Hayes qualifies as a true-to-life American Tragedy. Hayes was an Akimel O’odham (Pima) born at Sacaton, Arizona, on January 12, 1923. In 1932, the family moved a few miles southward to Bapchule. Both Sacaton and Bapchule are located within the boundaries of the Gila River Indian Reservation in south central Arizona. After finishing only two years of high school, he dropped out, and in the spring of 1942 went to work as a carpenter in the Civilian Conservation Corps – part of President Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal program. Only a few months later in August 1942, Hayes enlisted in the Marine Corps Reserve at Phoenix, Arizona, for the duration of the National Emergency. Following boot camp at the Marine Corps Recruit Depot at San Diego, Pvt. Hayes was assigned to the Parachute Training School at Camp Gillespie Marine Corps Base in San Diego. That November, “Chief Falling Cloud” (his unit nickname) qualified as a parachutist and was promoted to Private First Class. On December 2, 1942, he sailed with his unit to the Pacific Theater and saw action on Noumea, New Caledonia. In April of 1943, his unit took part in combat operations on the island of Vella Lavella, part of the Solomon Islands, and upon securing that island was moved north to Bougainville, New Guinea, where he saw a full share of combat through mid-January 1944. By the time he returned to the States for

THE INDIAN TRADER December 2019

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R & R in February 1944, he had seen 11 months of action and participated in two major campaigns. But more was yet to come. INSTANT CELEBRITY After his parachute unit was disbanded, Pfc. Hayes sailed with his company for Hawaii for more training. He sailed from Hawaii in January 1945 in route to the volcanic atoll called Iwo Jima. He went ashore on D-day - February 19, 1945 - and took part in the intense fighting until March 26.

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December 2019 THE INDIAN TRADER

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It was on this volcanic rock that he became a national figure and household name. On February 23, 1945, to lift the fighting Marines’ morale and signal the end of Japanese control, Pfc. Hayes and five others raised the U. S. flag atop Mount Suribuchi, the very visible hilltop on the island of Iwo Jima. According to reports, 250 Marines battled their way up, but only 27 returned. In fact, three of the six men were killed while raising the flag. This heroic act was photographed by Associated Press Photographer Joe Rosenthal. (A second re-enactment was also done to be sure he got a good shot). This photograph transformed Ira Hayes’ life forever. The iconic photo became a national symbol of U.S. determination and rallying cry to win the war. The War Department needed heroes and the three surviving flag raisers were chosen. They went to Washington and met President Truman. The Treasury Department needed money and initiated a war bond drive. The heroes, including Hayes, were paraded through 32 cities. John Bradley and Ira Hayes resented the public displays in which they were the pawns. Rene Gagnon enjoyed it and hoped to build his future on it. Everybody wanted to meet and shake the hand of the Pima Marine Warrior. But Hayes was very uncomfortable in his new-found notoriety. He also felt pangs of guilt that he was being wined and dined, while so many of his friends and comrades lie dead on the islands throughout the Pacific. Hayes was quoted; “The real heroes were my good buddies who died during the battles.” In late May 1945, Hayes rejoined his unit and was quickly promoted to corporal. With the dropping of the atom bombs on Japan, and Japan’s surrender, an all-out invasion of the Japanese mainland was no longer needed. With the end of the war, Corporal Hayes and his unit participated in the occupation of Japan. On October 25, 1945, Hayes boarded his eleventh and last ship to return to his homeland for the third time. Landing at San Francisco on November 9, he was honorably discharged on December 1, 1945. Corporal Hayes was awarded a Letter of Commendation with Commendation Ribbon by the Commanding General, Fleet Marine Force, Pacific, Lieutenant General Roy S. Geiger, continued on page 12

Seventh War Loan Drive Poster (May 11–July 4, 1945) commemorating the raising of the flag at Iwo Jima. Pfc Hayes is on far left.

THE INDIAN TRADER December 2019

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Page 12 continued from page 10 for his “meritorious and efficient performance of duty” while serving with a Marine infantry battalion. “This commendation is awarded for duty during operations against the enemy on Vella Lavella and Bougainville, British Solomon Islands, from 15 August to 15 December 1943. Also, for performance of duty on Iwo Jima, Volcano Islands, from 19 February to 27 March 1945.” His decorations and medals included the Commendation Ribbon with “V” combat device, Presidential Unit Citation with one star (for Iwo Jima), AsiaticPacific Campaign Medal with four stars (for Vella Lavella, Bougainville, Consolidation of the Northern Solomons, and Iwo Jima), American Campaign Medal, and the World War II Victory Medal. POST-WAR TROUBLES Following his discharge from the Marine Corps, Hayes struggled with his fame. He was never comfortable with his celebrity status. Hayes attempted to lead a normal civilian life after the war. He was never able to do that. Hayes once told a friend; “I kept getting hundreds of letters. People would drive through the reservation, walk up to me and ask, “Are you the Indian who raised the flag on Iwo Jima?” In 1949, he portrayed himself raising the flag in the John Wayne movie, “Sands of Iwo Jima.” Hayes turned to alcohol to try and help ease the pain of his survivor’s guilt and the traumas he had experienced. After this, Hayes was unable to hold on to a steady job for a long period, as he descended deeper into alcoholism. He was arrested 52 times for alcohol intoxication in public at various places in the country. Hayes held a variety of jobs, including being a chauffeur to Elizabeth Martin, former wife of Dean Martin, where he lived in her Beverly Hills home for several months. However, he could not stop drinking. Referring to his alcoholism, he once said: “I was sick. I guess I was about to crack up thinking about all my good buddies. They were better men than me and they’re not coming back, much less back to the White House, like me.” He came to regret being part of the historic photo, once despairing, “Sometimes I wish that guy had never made that picture.”

December 2019 THE INDIAN TRADER Hayes was sober when he attended the dedication of the Marine Corps War Memorial in Arlington, VA, on November 10, 1954, where President Eisenhower praised him as a hero. A reporter there approached Hayes and asked him, “How do you like the pomp and circumstance?” Hayes hung his head and said, “I The west side of the Marine Corps War Memorial in don’t. I am not a hero but Arlington County, Virginia. the brave men who died deserved this honor.” On January 24, 1955, just ten weeks after the dedication, Ira Hayes died of exposure to cold and alcohol poisoning in a drainage ditch near his home in Sacaton, AZ. He was buried with full military honors at Arlington National Cemetery on February 2, 1955. At his funeral, fellow Marine and Iwo Jima veteran Rene Gagnon said; “Let’s say he had a little dream in his heart that someday the Indian would be like the white man — be able to walk all over the United States.” Corporal Ira Hayes was finally at peace and reunited with many of his comrades-in-arms. Hayes was commemorated in art and film, before and after his death. In addition to being immortalized on the Marine Corps War Memorial, he was also the subject of a 1961 feature film “The Outsider,” starring Tony Curtis as Hayes. In 2006, Hayes was portrayed by Adam Beach in the World War II movie “Flags of our Fathers,” directed by Clint Eastwood. And, there is “The Ballad of Ira Hayes,” which became a nationwide hit for Johnny Cash in 1964 --“He died drunk early one morning. Alone in the land he’d fought to save. Two inches of water in a lonely ditch was the grave for Ira Hayes.”

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November 2015

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Finland Museum Returns Human Remains And Burial Objects After 128 Years

continued from page 11

collection of his body of work ever assembled for public viewing. This show continues to grow every year and is one of the top national antique events of its kind. Due to its Southwest location, the show traditionally has a unique American flavor leaning heavily on early American arts & crafts, Native American, western fine art and ethnographic art, but with some Back inin1891 there were a lotoffered of excavating studies–in and around 200 dealers attendance, it also items forand everyone Mesa Verde ruins nearbuyer Cortez, from the first time to Colorado. the veteran buyer and serious One excavation being conducted by an archaeologist collectors. Even thewas very famous decorators and interiorfrom Finland, Gustav Nordenskjold. In 1891 the dig, he packed up the designers attend the show, seekingafter justcompleting the right touch to create remains and southwest burial objects to bemotif shipped to Finland, the “perfect” or native for their clients. but the local police Thishim year,asashein tried the past, the show arrested to ship them.also Hedrew wasrepresentatives later allowed to ship them from of the international clothing items being when many it turned outmajor that there were noand lawsdomestic against excavated and jewelry designers and their buyers. Cowboys & Indians had shipped overseas. something everybody. Thesefor sacred items were later given to Finland’s National Museum. Proceeds128 fromyears, the show’s general admission customers this Fast forward Finland and the U.S. Government have reached an year supported show’s additional beneficiaries, VSAartifacts Arts of New agreement to the return Nordenskjold’s Mesa Verde back where they Mexico, University of New Mexico’s Popejoy Hall SchoolTime rightfully belong. SeriesThe and The Albuquerque Museum’s Magic Bus Program. White House announced the agreement on October 2, 2019, during a press conference. The efforts to return the items began in 2016, when the tribes with a connection to Mesa Verde began talks with the Finnish continued on page 14 museum to catalog tribal objects. The inventory was completed last year.

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December 2019 THE INDIAN TRADER

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Dodge City, Kansas Dodge City, the “Bibulous Babylon of the Plains,” became the most famous town in the West. According to a reporter for the North Topeka Times, Dodge City was “a perfect paradise for gamblers, cut throats, and ‘girls.’” “The town is full of prostitutes and every house is a brothel,” stated leading citizen Robert M. Wright. As far away as Washington, D.C., the Evening Star issued a simple indictment: “Dodge City is a wicked little town.” The wicked little town began to develop in 1872, a few miles west of Fort Dodge, which had been founded in 1865. The Santa Fe Railroad reached the site in 1872, and, characteristically, a saloon was built beside the tracks. This railhead provided a shipping point for buffalo hides: 200,000 hides were loaded onto railroad cars during the winter of 1872-73. For the first few years of its existence, the community was called “Buffalo City.” There was no raunchier group on the frontier than buffalo hunters, who caroused wildly through the ramshackle town. Gunfight victims were dumped into Boot Hill, just west of town. When a vigilante committee was established to curb the unbridled violence, it was quickly infiltrated and dispersed. Under the onslaught of hide hunters, buffalo herds vanished quickly. However, in 1876, herds of Texas longhorns began to be driven to the railhead at Dodge, and a new industry vitalized the town. Stock pens were built, and the Western Trail was blazed from South Texas. Shorter drives were made from Tascosa, only 250 miles to the south. To greet the cattle trade, Dodge City expanded with more substantial buildings. Wright, Beverly & Co., Dodge’s most prominent mercantile business, was housed in a two-story frame building, which the owners rebuilt with bricks during the cattle boom. Wright, Beverly & Co. stood on a

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prominent corner of Front Street, north of the railroad tracks. Also, north of the tracks were other stores, the big Dodge City Hotel, and the more genteel saloons such as the Long Branch, the Alamo and the Alhambra. Below the tracks, on the south side of the Plaza, were rowdier houses of entertainment. Decent women and children stayed north of the tracks, while roistering cowboys, gamblers, shady ladies and assorted other ruffians enjoyed the sinful pleasures of the Lady Gay, the Comique Theatre, the Lone Star Saloon and the Green Front Saloon. Through the years, a western Who’s Who walked across Dodge City’s Plaza. Doc Holliday and Luke Short gambled in Dodge, and Short wounded an adversary in a gunfight. Bat Masterson, Bill Tilghman and Wyatt and Morgan Earp wore badges in Dodge. Bat’s brothers, Ed and Jim, were involved in several gunfights while serving on the Dodge police force, and Ed was fatally wounded during a Front Street shootout in which he pumped slugs into his two antagonists. After being replaced on the police force in 1884 by Tom Nixon, Mysterious Dave Mather engaged in two shoot-outs with Nixon, killing him on the second try. In 1884, Dodge City imported 12 bulls for a widely publicized bullfight. But Mayor Ab Webster was notified by the S.P.C.A. and a U.S. district attorney that bullfighting was illegal in the United States. “Hell,” retorted the mayor, “Dodge City ain’t in the United States.” The bullfight was held as scheduled before an appreciative crowd. In 1885, the Western Trail closed. Without cattle herds and cowboys, the “Bibulous Babylon of the Plains” quietly moved toward respectability.

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HISTORIC TOADLENA TRADING POST & WEAVING MUSEUM

Featuring great exhibits and the finest in antique and contemporary Navajo and Two Grey Hills rugs and tapestries available. P.O. Box 8014800-950-4232 – Newcomb, N.M. 87455 www.shipwreckbeads.com (505) 789-3267

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TANNING, DRESSING, & TAXIDERMY 208-245-4753 eidnesfur.com

Foutz Trading Co. P.O. Box 1904 • Hwy 64 Shiprock, NM 87420

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723 1st Ave. West Shakopee, Minnesota 55379 (952) 496-2263 nativeamerican@shakopeetradingpost.com

BILL MALONE TRADING Bill Malone

“Trader to the Navajo” 235 W. Coal Ave. Gallup, NM 87301

Phone: 505-863-3401 Email: trader@billmalonetrading.com

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We sell weaving supplies

SHAKOPEE TRADING POST www.shakopeetradingpost.com

• Turquoise Silver Jewelry • American Indian Beadwork • Pipestone Pipes • Drums • Pottery • Books • Collectibles 723 1st Ave. West Shakopee, Minnesota 55379 (952) 496-2263 nativeamerican@shakopeetradingpost.com

FOR SALE – Over 10,000 items! Sweetgrass, Sage, Beads, Rawhide, Buckskin, Tanned Fur, Antlers, Quilts, Skulls, Teeth, Claws, Feathers, Etc. VIEW THE COMPLETE CATALOG ON THE INTERNET (PICTURES)

www.hideandfur.com P.O. Box 8918, Moscow, ID 83843 • 208.882.5715

THE INDIAN TRADER December 2019

Page 17

Montana Vigilantes Lynch Pardoned Killer The tradition of vigilante justice in Montana began in the 1860s in what was then a remote part of the eastern Idaho Territory. At this point in history, the territorial courts had very little power in the remote mining camps of what would eventually become western Montana. Vigilantes in Montana first came into existence to bring order to what was a lawless community. The Montana Vigilantes have been both celebrated and condemned throughout history. Some believe that they hung innocent people to further their own personal interest, while others believe that they were normal people standing up to the entirely unchecked criminal element of their society. Estimates vary, but it is believed that between the years 1863 and 1865, anywhere from 15 to 35 people were killed due to the actions of the vigilantes. In Helena, on November 29, 1865, a drifter named James B. Daniels stabbed and killed another man, Andrew Gartley, during a drunken brawl in a saloon. Daniels was arrested by a deputy United States marshal, and the vigilantes stood back waiting to see how Justice Lyman Munson would handle the case. At trial a month later, after a change of venue to Virginia City, Daniels was convicted of manslaughter, sentenced to three years in jail, and fined one thousand dollars. Though fairly lenient, the punishment satisfied the vigilantes, who generally cared more about crimes against property—especially their own—than the inevitable fights of young men in bars. Some of Daniels’ friends, however, thought he had acted in self-defense and petitioned acting governor Thomas Meagher for a pardon, setting the stage for a terrible fiasco. Meagher signed the reprieve for Daniels and ordered him released immediately. His Page reason 20 was a belief that the victim had instigated the fight, but some believed Meagher stated was moved by empathy for a fellow Irishman, or for the thirty-two men, mostly Irish and

Democrats, who signed the pardon petition. A newspaper editor suggested the governor might have been misled by “evil counselors.” Justice Munson insisted in later years that Meagher had acted on drunken impulse or, as he put it, “while under the influence of an unfortunate habit.” Whatever his motive, the fact was Meagher had grossly exceeded his authority. Under territorial law, he had the right to suspend the death penalty in capital cases and refer appeals to the president of the United States. But he had no power to lift a sentence or release a prisoner. Hastening to the capital at Virginia City, Justice Munson confronted Meagher and found him “still in his debauch,” refusing to rescind his decision. Munson ordered the prisoner re-arrested. But by then Daniels was headed back to Helena, where he had threatened to get even with the men who testified against him. A few days later, on March 2, 1866, vigilantes seized him and hanged him with his pardon in his pocket. The lynching of Daniels triggered an open debate about the practice of vigilante justice in Montana. The lawyers involved in the case held an “indignation” meeting in Helena to vent their anger at the outcome, with a large audience in attendance. A correspondent calling himself “Index” wrote the Virginia City, Montana, Post in defense of the vigilantes, explaining that they had reacted to the sight of Daniels back in Helena “as if returning to triumph over those whose feelings he had outraged, and whose lives he had threatened.” But Nathaniel Langford, one of the early vigilante leaders, called the affair an “irreparable error.” The debate continued for the next several years, with the people of Montana treated to the spectacle of advocates and opponents of vigilantism arguing back and forth in August 2015 THE INDIAN TRADER newspaper articles and public notices. As authorities stepped up enforcement of the law and the courts became more legitimate, the vigilante movement eventually died out in Montana.

BUSINESS DIRECTORY SHAKOPEE TRADING POST www.shakopeetradingpost.com

• Turquoise Silver Jewelry • American Indian Beadwork • Pipestone Pipes • Drums • Pottery • Books • Collectibles 723 1st Ave. West Shakopee, Minnesota 55379 (952) 496-2263

IndianTrader1212

12/18/12

8:41 AM

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nativeamerican@shakopeetradingpost.com

FOR SALE – Over 10,000 items! Sweetgrass, Sage, Beads, Rawhide, Buckskin, Tanned Fur, Antlers, Quilts, Skulls, Teeth, Claws, Feathers, Etc. VIEW THE COMPLETE CATALOG ON THE INTERNET (PICTURES)

www.hideandfur.com P.O. Box 8918, Moscow, ID 83843 • 208.882.5715

Page 18

BUSINESS DIRECTORY 800-950-4232 www.shipwreckbeads.com

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December2015 2019 THE INDIAN TRADER November

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CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING

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November 2015

THE INDIAN TRADER

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