The Indian Trader Newspaper – December 2020 Issue – Celebrating 51 Years!

51 Years And Still Going Strong!

www.IndianTraderNews.com

Volume 51, Number 12 / December 2020

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Post Office Box 518 / Cottonwood, AZ 86326

The Harvey Houses A Western Tradition See Page 10

Along The Old Spanish Trail See Page 8

Cattle Kate And The Johnson County War See Page 14

Woman’s Body Exhumed In Hunt for Truth See Page 6

The Fred Harvey Company was renowned for its Indian jewelry made to cater to the whims and wallets of tourists visiting the American West and eating at Harvey restaurants. Harvey jewelry remains highly collectible today. Photo courtesy of Ogg’s Hogan.

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November 2015

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THE INDIAN TRADER

December 2020 THE INDIAN TRADER

CONTACT US The Indian Trader (928) 273-2933 Email: indiantrader68@gmail.com Mail: PO Box 518, Cottonwood, AZ 86326

Mormon Historian: No Evidence That Young 1857 Massacre Blamed On Indians ���������������� 5 The Richardsons: Five Generations of Ordered NavajoThe Traders ................................................5 Upcoming Events & Shows �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 5

Upcoming Events & Shows ......................................................................................6

Woman’s Body Exhumed In Hunt for Truth �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 6

Walking Rocks on Land – Maybe When Hell Freezes Over! ......................................8

Listen - A Hopi Poem. ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 7

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Premiere Events Highlight the Autumn 2015 Auction & Show Season ....................10

Along The Old Spanish Trail, 1830 – 1849 ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 8

Business ............................................................................................15-17 The HarveyDirectory Houses: A Western Tradition ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 10 Cattle Kate And The Johnson County War �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 14 Classifieds ..............................................................................................................18 Business Directory ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 15

Order Form for Classified Ads ................................................................................18

The Legend of Mount St. Helens ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 17

Drought and Wildfires Helping Looters Search for Native Artifacts ..........................19

Classifieds ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 18

CONTACT US

Clay South Phone: (928) 273-2933 Email: indiantrader68@gmail.com Mail: PO Box 518, Cottonwood, AZ 86326

Order Form for Classified Ads �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 18

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Like Us and Follow Us on Facebook at: www.facebook.com/indiantradernews/ Publisher & Editor: Derek South Subscriptions: Lori McCall Associate Editor: Tom Surface ©2020 by THE INDIAN TRADER. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronically or mechanical, without the written permission from the publisher. Published monthly by Indian Trader, Cottonwood, Arizona 86326.

THE INDIAN TRADER December 2020

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December 2020 THE INDIAN TRADER

THE INDIAN TRADER December 2020

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Mormon Historian: No Evidence That Young

Ordered The 1857 Massacre Blamed On Indians Sacramento, California - A historian says there is not enough evidence to conclude that Brigham Young ordered the Mountain Meadows Massacre in 1857. They killed 120 Arkansas emigrants.

Richard Turley was one of three people hired by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latterday Saints to examine the massacre, including the former LDS church president’s role.

Turley, the church’s assistant historian, spoke at the annual meeting of the Mormon History Association. He said the three authors hired to do the project worked with dozens of researchers and examined documents from archives across the country, looking for evidence related to the incident. After reviewing all of the evidence, Turley concludes that Young didn’t order the southern Utah massacre. Theories that point in that direction came from “untenable theses and strained arguments,” he said.

“Some might wonder whether I would’ve had my hand slapped if I learned Brigham Young ordered the massacre,” he said. “Church leaders supported it and, to a man, were willing to accept it and follow the truth. “ One theory was that Young ordered the massacre after the Arkansas murder of church

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leader Parley Pratt. Turley said there’s no evidence of that in Young’s letters. Another theory linked the killings to a meeting between Young and tribal leaders in Utah. Turley said, “there’s no proof any of the Indian later in the meeting made it the Mountain Meadows or participated in any way in the massacre,” or that

the meeting precipitated the attack.

Ron Walker, a co-author on the project and a recently retired history professor at Brigham Young University, said time spent on the research was a “dark and lonely place where no man should have to go.”

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December 2020 THE INDIAN TRADER

Woman’s Body Exhumed In Hunt for Truth The body of a woman killed during the Revolutionary war exhumed to find out if Indians killed her Fort Edward, N. Y. – An archaeological team exhumed skeletal remains from the grave of an eighteenth century woman whose death during the Revolutionary War turned her into an early American icon.

Excavation work at Jane McCrea’s gravesite began before dawn, on a snow-covered cemetery where two workers used a chain hoist to remove the half-ton marble tombstone. The 5-foot tall marker says McCrea was 17 when Indians killed her in 1797, but nearly everything about her – including her age, appearance, and cause of death – are open to historical debate. There’s also speculation that she may be buried elsewhere, or that her remains were mingled with others interred when the cemetery was built in 1852.

“That’s as a bone,” said Matthew Rozell, a local high school teacher working on the project under the direction of David Starbuck, an assistant professor of anthropology at New Hampshire’s Plymouth State college. Small pieces of bone, coffin nails, and shredded wood were also uncovered. It was too soon to determine just whose skull was unearthed.

“The worst thing is jumping to a quick judgment,” Starbuck said before adding that he found the discovery “encouraging.”

Starbuck received permission from a descendant of McCrea to exhume her remains, in an attempt to answer some of the mystery surrounding her death. “It’s great to be able to make her more real to people.

Right now, she’s an abstract,” said Dr. Lowell J. Levine, a dental forensic expert at the state police laboratory.

Levine helped identify the remains of Nazi war criminal Josef Mengele in 1985, six years after the infamous Auschwitz doctor drowned in South America. For the McCrea project, Levine leads a forensic team that includes his wife, a hair and fiber expert, and Dr. Anthony Falsetti, director of the Human Identification Laboratory at the University of Florida.

The team will use samples from the bones to extract DNA and attempt to confirm that McCrea is, in fact, buried in the grave in this Hudson River town 45 miles north of Albany. “A study of the remains could also reveal her age, height, and how she died,” Levine said.

DNA testing is expected to take several weeks. Starbuck said a DNA sample is needed from McCrea’s descendent on the maternal line to prove her remains are buried at Fort Edward.

REMAINS OF TWO WOMEN FOUND As the day wore on the scientists found the grave that contained the co-mingled remains of two women. Starbuck believes they were McCrea and Sarah McNeil, an older woman with whom McCrea once lived.

The two friends were captured together, but McNeil survived the ordeal and died sometime after the Revolutionary War. But only one skull was found in the grave, McNeil’s, and it confirms accounts that say she was buried in one of McCrea’s earlier resting places, Starbuck said. Laboratory testing will help determine identities, but some questions may never be answered. “The cause of death? Probably not,” Starbuck said.

According to most historical accounts, McCrea was killed here by British-Allied Indians in the summer of 1777, just weeks before the Americans faced the redcoats in one of history’s most significant battles.

Some historians contend that news of her slaying enraged the faltering Americans and rallied them to nearby Bemis Heights, where the Continental Army and militias defeated the British and other German allies at Saratoga’s battles.

The victory at Saratoga convinced the French to fight against the British, providing enough support for the Americans to win the war of independence six years later.

IMAGES CHANGE In the decades after the war, McCrea’s image evolved from a young, nondescript frontier woman to a statuesque beauty with flowing, blondish hair. Artwork depicting her demise at the hands of two tomahawk -wielding Indians was famous in the 19th century as the nation expanded westward and fought with various American Indian tribes.

But the exact details of her death remained murky, and it was uncertain that her remains survived intact after two previous moves from other burial sites in Fort Edward. The second reburial occurred in 1852 when souvenir hunters reportedly stole parts of her skeleton.

At 98, Mary McCrea Deeter of Wichita, Kansas, was believed to be the oldest living McCrea descendent. Long interested in the story of her famous ancestor, she agreed to the exhumation. Her grandson, Ben Williams, even traveled from Richland, Washington, to witness the dig.

By nightfall, with samples of the remains removed, a Presbyterian service was held as the two women’s bones were reburied. They remained together, as they had been for more than 150 years, but in a modern pine coffin.

THE INDIAN TRADER December 2020

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There in the distant drums, echoing in the Mesa’s edge, the dancers will be coming soon.

The life of the Hopis; with their prayers and songs.

Along comes father sun; a part of the way that Hopi is.

In the Kiva the dancer’s line up, their hearts beat, beating time with the drums.

Mother Earth comes with her songs.

No questions, no answers.

Only the rhythm that plays along, with the darkness and the stars in the night.

Tomorrow still holds another day that only time and God can unfold.

By: Ferron Sulu – The Hopis called him “Professor”

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December 2020 THE INDIAN TRADER

Along The Old Spanish Trail, 1830 – 1849 On many old maps of the Southwest during the first half of the 19th-century, there is an arched line drawn from Los Angeles through Utah to Santa Fe, New Mexico.

When John Fremont traveled it in 1844, he called it “The Old Spanish Trail.”

Actually, the Spanish had little to do with it. During colonization, the passing of Spanish explorers, missionaries, and pioneers crisscrossed the Southwest, but none penetrated the Rocky Mountains’ natural barrier.

EARLY DEVELOPMENT During the early 1800s, California was a conglomerate of confusion. The Mexicans had assumed a patriarchal control from a lethargic Spain that had allowed her enthusiastic colonization program to deteriorate.

Russians had settled at Fort Ross, near San Francisco. Boston traders sailed around the horn. They traded with the missions, and with the Indians outside the missions, gathering furs, hides, and tallow, and sailed off for China. British hunters came south from Oregon in rollicking brigades.

And finally, across the Rocky Mountains, came the most colorful group of all… the adventure-loving “mountain men.” These “splendid wayfarers” were the real pathfinders of the west.

During the years following 1820, these buckskin-clad adventurers poured into the great basin through the Platte and the upper Rio Grande rivers. When the Colorado and Gila rivers’ southern streams had been hunted so thoroughly that the beaver became scarce, the mountain men turned westward and broke trails to the new and untested Mexican lands of California.

FIRST TRAVELERS ALONG THE OLD SANTA FE TRAIL. First among the early travelers was Jedidiah Smith, who traveled from Salt Lake City to Los Angeles in 1826.

Many followed, including such obscure names as Ewing Young, whose uncontrollable friends caused a fleeing departure, a step ahead of the authorities. William Wilfson and his party staggered over the Rockies, arriving in poor condition.

Significantly, several New Mexicans in his group had brought woolen blankets, which they could dispose of to the Indians at a great profit.

Word of this brought a caravan of New Mexican traders over the Spanish Trail with pack loads of woolen goods. When the men returned to Santa Fe in the summer of 1831, they brought a large herd of beautiful California horses and mules. Santa Fe was agog. Not only were the animals of superior quality, but more

importantly, they had been obtained so cheaply in trade for the inexpensive New Mexican blankets.

Along the Santa Fe Trail., horses were expendable. Those that did not falter along the way were often eaten by stricken travelers. Those that endured the perilous journey were all but dead from exhaustion. This necessitated the acquisition of new mounts for the return trip to Santa Fe… by one means or another.

Thus the continuing appearance of sufficient California stock in New Mexico created a mild sensation… The new breed was far superior to the horses used in the “commerce of the prairies “between Santa Fe and Missouri.

MAIN TRADE ITEMS Logically, a lively trade between the two centers quickly developed. Among the Mexicans and Indians of California, there was a high and lucrative demand for new serapes, blankets, and other woolen goods; New Mexicans needed the superior horses and mules bred in California. The Old Spanish Trail provided the main link in getting the two together.

Coarse woolen blankets were available in Santa Fe for $2 each, or less, while imitations of Navajo serapes sold for $20 or more. The real Navajo serapes were highly prized in that time and the finest brought from $50-$60. The volume of woolen goods carried westward by the heavily laden mules is indicated by the official record of importations to California during the single year of 1843 when 1,645 serapes, 341 fresadas, and 171 coverlets were brought across. These were traded for Chinese goods and, more importantly, for horses and mules.

The price of a needle in Santa Fe was then six to ten dollars; the New Mexican trade bought them in California for 3 to 5 pesos, or at the most two dollars.

But that wasn’t good enough…

Ostensibly they came to trade but quickly decided there were more lucrative means of obtaining California stock than the standard aboveboard barter. Some traded blankets for liquor that they gave as a token of friendship to the vaqueros of the ranchos and missions, and after a few hours, it was immaterial whether the New Mexicans ran off all the stock or not.

They cleverly allied themselves with the wild Tulare Indians of the interior who were happy to have a reason to commit wholesale robberies of stock from the missions and Ranchos. They even conspired with the mission Indians themselves to assist in the thefts. The traders became so troublesome that Governor Figueroa wrote to the governor of New Mexico, saying, “Every man coming from your territory is believed to be an adventurer and a thief.” Finally, it became necessary for

THE INDIAN TRADER December 2020 the government to impose strict rules and restrictions. Ultimately, trade along the Old Spanish Trail became a systematic and well-organized business rather than a loose aggregate of uncontrollable individuals.

The size of the herds taken to Santa Fe varied. Official records furnished only inaccurate information since a significant part of the stock came from the treasurer of stolen horses in the Tulare Valley. A French traveler, Duflot de Mofras, stated the caravans averaged 2,000 head annually. In 1841, a single herd estimated to contain 4,150 animals was taken east.

General John Fremont, an Army officer and noted pathfinder, described a typical mule caravan headed for California.

“Their appearance was grotesque in the extreme. Imagine upwards of 200 Mexicans dressed in every variety of costume, from the embroidered jacket of the wealthy Californian, with its silver bell-shaped buttons, to the all but lacking habiliments of the skin-clad Indians, and you may have a faint idea of their dress.

“The line of March of this strange cavalcade occupied the extent of over a mile. Many of these people had no firearms, only provided with the short bows and arrows usually carried by the New Mexican herdsman.”

“Others were armed with old English muskets, condemned long ago as unserviceable, which in all probability have been loaded for years, and now bid fair to do more damage at the stock than at the muzzle.”

“Another weapon highly prized by them was old worn out Dragoon sabers, dull and rusty, at best a most useless arm in contending with an enemy who fights only from inaccessible rocks and precipices. And when carried under the leather of the saddles and parties with all the different strength and knots with which the Mexican secure them, perfectly worthless at close order.”

INDIAN DANGERS Gen. Fremont’s description continued, “In the passing through the region’s bordering the Mohave Desert, a new difficulty was encountered. They were in the Digger Indians’ country, bands of them would appear in the hills, following stealthily and hovering about like wolves.”

“A horse or mule that lagged behind was taken off in the moment. The Paiutes are the greatest horse thieves in the continent.”

“They gathered around the camp at night and let fly a volley of arrows at the mules and horses, mortally wounding or disabling so that they would be left behind when the caravan moved on. When the danger was passed, the Indians stuffed themselves on the carcasses. It was a choice variation from their usual fare of lizards and roots in the sand.”

“Passing beyond the range of the Diggers, the caravan was to meet with Indians far more powerful and subtle, waiting for their prey.”

“Somewhere between Las Vegas and the Sevier River, an advance guard of the Utah Indians would be watching the caravan approach. Soon the traders would be intercepted by the famous Chief Walkara, who had come to levy his usual tribute upon the passing convoy.

Fremont met the Indians bent on this project, and he found them all mounted with rifles and they used them well. They were robbers of a higher order than those of the desert.

“They conducted their depredations with form and under color of trade and the toll for passing through their country. Instead of attacking and killing, they affected to purchase, taking the horses they liked and giving something nominal in return,” Fremont reported.

THE SLAVE TRADE Friendly relations between the Utah Indians and the New Mexican traders had been long-standing because of the slave trade. This was an essential facet of the caravan business, along the Old Santa Fe Trail.

The victims of this traffic or the Digger Indians whose weakness and wretched living mode made them vulnerable. However, they were often willing victims, selling their children for trinkets, bits of clothing, or horses they would kill and eat.

“The New Mexicans captured Digger slaves; the neighboring Indians did the same. Even the bold and usually high-minded old beaver hunter sometimes descends from his legitimate labor among the mountain streams.”

“If Walkara and Utah or the New Mexican traders could not get the children for slaves by peaceful means, they used force. Slave trading was so common that it was considered no more objectionable than a good buffalo or mustang hunt.”

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A soldier continued fromreported,” page 11 these poor creatures were hunted in the spring of the year after the winter’s hardships had left them weak and helpless. When they were collection of hiswere body of work for public fattened, they carried to ever Santaassembled Fe and sold in theirviewing. minority. In the New Thismarket, show continues to $100, grow girls everyonyear is one of the Mexican boys sold for the and average of $150 hundred dollars.

The national girls wereantique much inevents demand as house having the reputatop of toitsbring kind.upDue to itsservants, Southwest tion of doing better service than any others.

The prices vary, of course, according location, the show traditionally has a unique American flavor to the age and quality of the individual.

A likely girl in her teens leaning heavily on early American arts & crafts, Native brought from $300-$400.western fine art and ethnographic art, but with some American, “It was by no means an extravagant price if one took into consideration the 200 dealers in attendance, it also offered items for everyone – Herculean task of cleansing them fit for the market…” from the first time buyer to the veteran buyer and serious collectors. theTRAIL very famous decorators and interior THE END Even OF THE The war with Mexico designers attend the show, temporarily seeking justdisrupted the right business touch toalong createthe Old Spanish Trail.“perfect” After the Americanorvictory, new for era their opened in the west, and new, more the southwest native amotif clients. accessible, more direct routes for commercial traffic were essential.

This year, as in the past, the show also drew representatives of the 49ers to California and the rapid increase in populafrom With manythe of rush the major international and domestic clothing tion, the complexion of trade reversed itself. Formally vast herds of horses and and jewelry designers and their buyers. Cowboys & Indians had mules were driven from west to the east; now, vast herds of sheep and cattle were something for everybody. being driven from east to west. In places of woolen cargoes going west, gold carProceeds from the show’s general admission customers this goes were coming east. year supported theofshow’s additional beneficiaries, VSA Arts of New The tempo commercial traffic increased so quickly that routes for wagons Mexico, University of New Mexico’s Popejoy Hall SchoolTime were necessary. The first wagon train in 1849 met with disaster, all the stock died from Series and exhaustion, The Albuquerque Museum’s Magic Busout Program. thirst and and disabled wagons strung for a distance of more than 100 miles. A second attempt to find a better route met its tragic end in Death Valley.

With Army engineers’ help, new routes were soon developed, and the Old on page Spanish Trail fell into disuse. The old millcontinued caravan trade has 14 come to an end.

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December 2020 THE INDIAN TRADER

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The Harvey Houses

A Western Tradition “Until the Santa Fe Railroad and an iron-willed English man joined hands, even a condemned criminal had it better than a wanderer in the West.… At least the prisoner got one good meal a day.”

Until a generation ago, when drastic travel changes engulfed the country, the “Harvey House” was a household word. But when the passenger railroads all but vanished from the American scene, the famous eating places and the hotels associated with them, also became but pleasant memories.

Above: The Castenada (built 1899) — former Harvey House in Las Vegas, New Mexico. Photo from Wikipedia.

Right: Scene from the film The Harvey Girls (1946) featuring Judy Garland. Photo from Wikipedia.

THE MAN A young and destitute Londoner named Fred Harvey arrived in New York in 1850. His first years in America were trying, yet he was able to save enough money by working at such menial jobs as dishwashing to open a restaurant in St. Louis in 1857. His first venture enjoyed successful expansion until a combination of illness and the Civil War’s impact forced its closing.

By the time hostilities had ended, Fred Harvey had obtained work as a mail clerk, then freight agent, for the Burlington Railroad. But his real ambition remained centered around the business that had brought him success in St. Louis.

What few travelers there were in the 1870s found few hotel accommodations and only price gouging restaurants at the station stop-overs. They were subjected to outlandish prices at these cheap eateries for stale, tough, cold sandwiches called “railway pies.”

During that period in America’s history, the railroads were the country’s most significant business. And their potential growth appeared unlimited. After the first transcontinental connection was accomplished in 1869, competing railroads hurried to duplicate the feat. In addition, networks of adjoining lines stretched out like spider webs through the planes’ Buffalo country and the new cattle country of the Western frontier. Thousands of easterners were being enticed to the West by a bombardment of getting rich schemes and inviting brochures

THE INDIAN TRADER December 2020

Two fine examples of Harvey pill boxes. Fred Harvey Company jewelry is known for prolific use of the “Thunderbird” symbol. Harvey jewelry was often “stamped” silver and copper symbols adorned with turquoise stones.

depicting exaggerated tales of adventure that awaited them. Tourism suddenly became the “fashion.”

Fred Harvey recognized that the time was ripe for establishing a chain of restaurants and hotels to cater to the comfort of this rapidly increasing number of travelers. But his employer, the Burlington Railroad, failed to share his enthusiasm and regarded his proposal with a coolness that verged on ridicule.

Not to be denied, Fred Harvey sought out Charles Morse, president of the upstart Atcheson, Topeka, and Santa Fe railroad, who knew innovations in railroading had already begun to arouse his complacent competition. The two men had similar backgrounds, working themselves into essential positions from impoverished beginnings, and neither was considered a slave to convention.

Thus, there was an immediate meeting of minds, and the dream of a chain of Harvey Houses was on the brink of fruition.

THE FIRST HARVEY HOUSES During the following ten years, Harvey Houses spring up at almost every major stop on Santa Fe’s route west, culminating at Los Angeles in 1885. In Dodge City, the first was antiquated boxcars were pushed together, jacked up on blocks, and opened for business with one car serving as the dining room and the other as the kitchen. More elaborate facilities came into being from this inauspicious beginning, some being revamped or remodeled existing landmarks, and others being new structures. In addition to eating accommodations, Fred Harvey and the Santa Fe established a chain of hotels, all constructed under the close personal supervision of the exacting Fred Harvey. Some of the more famous include: The Alvarado in Albuquerque, El Navajo in Gallup, the Castanedo in Las Vegas, New Mexico, El Tovar at the Grand Canyon, El Adobe at San Juan Capistrano, California, and others.

“THE FRED HARVEY STYLE” Fred Harvey was essentially an aristocrat with the highest personal standards. These were reflected in his restaurants; above all else, he demanded his Harvey Houses be impeccably clean, serve the highest quality and widest variety of foods available, and that everyone associated with them be courteous in the extreme. This was known as the “Fred Harvey style”…

Today, we call it “class.”

Eating and cleanliness were considered inseparable. Except in Santa Fe, were more leisurely living prevailed, coats and ties were required for admittance. Such strict policies met with early resistance, naturally, but soon became accepted by everyone, including “cowboys who could be seen cleaning the mud from their boots, Irish railroad hands who were seen to wash and comb their hair, and grizzly prospectors to buy new clothes and make a trip to the barbershop before dropping in for lunch.”

It was possible to maintain quality, fair prices, and a wide variety of items because all of the equipment and much of the food was shipped with priority regularly on Santa Fe-owned boxcars to the Fred Harvey restaurants on Santa Fe-owned property. Not only was the cost minimal, but many different foods could be offered that were unavailable at the local competition without

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December 2020 THE INDIAN TRADER

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Other eateries of that period considered elaborate trimming unessential. But the Harvey houses were not just another stereotyped beanery; many were extensively furnished to illustrate the rich history of the Southwest such as El Navajo in Gallup that was studded with Indian sand paintings. The Alvarado in Albuquerque, while Fonda in Santa Fe and many others reflected the “Fred Harvey style.”

Harvey House sign, off of I-90 in Beloit, WI. Sign was dismantled a few weeks after the photo was taken. Photo taken

by Adam Lautenbach on May 27, 2006.

continued from page 12 prohibitive freight charges. Harvey’s house menus overshadowed those of any nearby restaurants.

Lastly, all employees were required to be energetic and active with subdued good humor.

Even as his empire expanded to a point where Harvey’s house had blossomed forth in every significant Midwestern city and many tiny frontier towns, Fred Harvey personally visited each one with irritating regularity to assure himself that his rules and wishes were being carried out. He was like a frontline general overseeing his troops, and there was no appeal from a Fred Harvey decision.

THE “HARVEY GIRLS “ “Cleanliness, a good meal, and a pretty face”… Those were the cornerstones of the success of Harvey’s houses. To provide the pretty faces, girls were recruited from every part of the country as hostesses, waitresses, and servers. More than any other thing, the Harvey girls were responsible for establishing a solid foundation for the Harvey house reputation.

During the 1870s and 1880s, an unmarried woman in the West was a rarity… Thus, the Harvey girls’ arrival into small frontier towns from Topeka to the coast revived the fashion of “courting “among the hardened minors and cowpoke’s and brought to the untamed west social events with all their decorum and dignity equal to those of any Eastern Metropolis.

INNOVATIONS Aside from the waitresses’ concept, the Harvey houses were responsible for many other innovations, many of which we still abide by today.

One was the “half-price meal “for small children. A youngster was considered eligible for the discount if he required a high chair, a fact that resulted in many high chairs being broken by parents attempting to stuff their older, overgrown offspring into them in a valiant effort to save 25 cents.

A second innovation that disappeared with the decline of passenger railroad travel was the peddling of newspapers, fruit, tobacco, soft drinks, and sandwiches by “hawkers” vending their wares down the railway car isles. This was a Harvey house accommodation for those who preferred to stay aboard the train. Canned milk, served by almost all restaurants in the 1880s, was replaced with fresh milk from local dairies.

Diversified menus were another innovation.

Fresh foods were shipped from distant places, and unexpected delicacies were included on the dinner menu such as quail venison, mountain trout, and other game foods. The competition was unable to approach the variety offered at the Harvey houses, much less duplicated. Beef on the hoof was brought from Kansas City and dropped off along the Santa Fe line.

Each Harvey house was decorated in a unique style appropriate to its locale, if possible.

EMPHASIS ON INDIAN ART One of the young “hawkers “employed in the Harvey house concession business was a 16-yearold immigrant named Herman Schweizer. When he advanced to the position of manager of the Coolidge, Arizona, operation, he decorated the tiny place with Indian crafts such as rugs and pottery, offered Indian jewelry for sale, and created a small Indian museum comprised of rare or otherwise outstanding items that were not for sale.

This stimulated a chain reaction and the idea of selling Indian crafts spread throughout the Harvey house system. Also, whenever there was a surplus not required for Harvey house inventories, the Indian weavers, buyers, smiths, carvers, and other artisans were encouraged to sell their wares themselves on the station platforms and in the restaurants.

Schweizer became a great authority on Indian cultures and crafts, and the items he collected formed the nucleus for one of the most exceptional collections of Indian art ever assembled. Thousands of items were saved from natural deterioration, or destruction, and preserved for posterity in the “Fred Harvey collection.”

The Fred Harvey Company was renowned for its Indian jewelry made to cater to the whims and wallets of tourists visiting the American West and eating at Harvey restaurants. Harvey jewelry remains highly collectible today. Jeff Ogg, a longtime employee of the Fred Harvey Company, proudly displays a nice collection of jewelry originally sold at Fred Harvey Company restaurants and stores at his shop – Ogg’s Hogan in Prescott, AZ – including his silver name tag (above).

THE INDIAN TRADER December 2020

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December 2020 THE INDIAN TRADER

Cattle Kate And The Johnson County War Cheyenne, WY. - James Averell and Ella “Cattle Kate” Watson, historically, might have received only small mention as two colorful characters from Wyoming’s frontier days had they have not been part of what has been described by one historian as “The most revolting crime of the Old West.“ The remaining cast in that scene played upon the frontier stage in 1889 – A.J. Bothwell, John Durbin, Bob Connor, R. M. Galbraith, Ernest McLain, and Tom Sun - all had medium to large sized cattle operations in central Wyoming where the Oregon Trail today is marked by Split Rock, Devil’s Gate, Independence Rock, and the Tom Sun ranch.

Jim Averell was a small, slender man with a lean face, and seemingly well educated. Army records indicate he served a ten-year hitch and was stationed for a time at Fort McKinney, west of Buffalo, Wyoming.

According to a Wyoming friend, Averell earned his living after Army service as a surveyor (a large cattle holder who knew him referred him as an engineer) until early 1886 when he filed for a homestead on the Sweetwater, 3 miles east of The Rock, near the Tom Sun ranch. There, on the Oregon Trail, he opened a road ranch containing a store and a saloon.

Ella Watson was born a farmer’s daughter in about 1861 in Lebanon, Kansas. A Wyoming friend describes her as being a big, handsome blonde and good company. According to Averell’s friend, Ella met him in a bawdyhouse in Rawlins sometime in 1886; he brought her to his road ranch. Another friend describes Jim and Ella as both pleasant and good-natured. Jim furnished the brains and Ella the entertainment for the road ranch business, he said.

A BUSINESS OF HER OWN In March 1888, Ella filed on a homestead a mile west of Averell’s place, where she seriously set about making improvements, though she continued help Averell in his business. For herself, she accepted calves as payment in the only trade she had known.

The late 1880s were near the end of the era of Wyoming’s “cattle Kings,” those well-to-do men who had come west to enhance their fortunes raising cattle on the territories open range. Since 1885 the Cattle Kings had been counting losses caused through an unfortunate combination of poor management, overgrazing, lousy weather, and cattle rustling.

Settlers taking up residence on tracts of grazing lands, often along the stream banks, under the Homestead Act of 1862, had been for years an irritation, but lately has become the enemy. Their stock used now-precious water and grass.

The times were desperate for the ranchers who had invested fortunes in the large herds. The line between homesteaders and rustlers became blurred in their minds – and indeed, at times in reality as well. Outside Cheyenne, the law was often ineffective and could not protect large cattle interests. Cattle Kings spoke of making their own law.

HOMESTEADER’S SPOKESMAN Jim and Ella’s homesteads were along the Sweetwater River’s rich bottomlands, a part of a vast tract of open range claim by Albert J. Bothwell, one of the largest stock owners on the Sweetwater. He tried without success to buy them out.

Ill feelings swelled between settlers and Cattle Kings. Averell, an articulate man, became the homesteader’s spokesman. He called the large cattle holders tyrants and land sharks among other colorful names, and his entertainingly descriptive remarks were published by territorial editors outside Cheyenne.

(Cheyenne papers were solidly in the Cattle Kings camp).

In a letter to the Casper Weekly Mail in April of 1889, Averell said of the large cattlemen: “they are land-grabbers, who are only camped here as speculators… they are opposed to anything that would settle and improve the country or make it anything but a cow pasture for eastern speculators.

“They advanced the idea of a poor man has nothing to say in the affairs of his country… but the future landowner in Wyoming will be the people to come. Is it not enough to excite one’s prejudice to see the Sweetwater River owned, or claimed, for a distance of 75 miles from its mouth, by three or four men?”

Averell was a man to excite prejudices of the Cattle Kings.

THE INFAMOUS DEED On a sunny Saturday afternoon in mid-July of 1889, Ella and the cowboy who worked for her, John De Corey rode to the river to buy moccasins from a party of Indians who were camped there. They passed six men, some in a wagon and some on horse-back.

When they returned, Bothwell, Sun, Connor, McLain, Galbraith, and Durbin were waiting. A 14-year-old, Gene Crowder, who said he was at Ella’s trying to catch a pony, reported the men forced Ella into the wagon and, insisting Crowder accompany them, to Averell’s place.

Averell was at his second gate when they arrived. They forced him into the buckboard with Ella. The six men, who carried Winchester rifles, threatened De Corey, telling him to take Crowder into Averell’s house and remain for the rest of the day.

De Cory and Crowder found several men in the house and reported what had happened. A cowboy, Frank Buchanan, rode out armed with only with his six-shooter. He followed the men that kidnapped Ella and Jim past Independent Rock to the river.

They entered the ford and followed the stream bed, for about 2 miles.

While still in the water, they stopped to argue for some time, but Buchanan waited to hear what was said.

Bob Conner later reported their intention had been to frighten Jim and Ella into leaving the country, and they had threatened to drown them if they did not. Connor said both Ella and Jim laughed at them, calling them land hogs and other insulting terms of an imaginative nature. Ella’s vocabulary was earthly rich.

The group proceeded up Spring Creek Canyon, Connor said, where nooses were placed around Ella and Jim’s backs, and they were given another chance to leave the country. Buchanan disputes this. He says he dismounted and crawled close enough to hear a shouted controversy as Jim sat with a rope around his neck, its other end tied to the limb of a tree, and McLain struggled to place another rope around Ella’s neck. Buchanan was able to empty his sixshooter twice in an effort to free Jim and Ella but was driven off by the six with Winchesters.

MOTIVE IS QUESTIONED Averell had no cattle in his possession, and common knowledge supported the view that Ella had purchased her cattle. Had Averell died for his words and Ella for her association with him and disregard of conventional morals? Or did they die because they held what someone else determined to have?

By the time the six men were brought to trial, the several witnesses had either disappeared or died under questionable circumstances, a remarkable coincidence that elicited many accusations. They were freed for lack of evidence.

(Ella Watson’s story was fictionalized in the famous Western author Zane Grey’s novel “The Maverick Queen.”)

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THE INDIAN TRADER December 2020 Page 20

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Page 15 THE INDIAN TRADER

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THE INDIAN TRADER December 2020

Page 17

The Legend of Mount St. Helens There is an irony in the ongoing eruption of Washington state’s Mount St. Helens. In Northwest legend, the mountain is Loo-Witt, a beautiful woman who observes passively as other mountains compete for her affection.

According to the Klikitat legend, Mount Hood and Mount Adams, both sons of the Great Spirit, fell in love with Loo-witt and, in their mutual jealousy, furiously hurled flames and rocks at each other. Their battles destroyed a natural bridge that spanned the Columbia River, and when the bridge collapsed, its stones fell into the river, creating cascades and rapids.

Throughout the conflict, Loo-Witt remained silent and inactive, for she could not bring herself to choose between the two suitors. Loo-Witt had not always been attractive. The legend relates that she was transformed from an ugly old woman into a beautiful maiden. Interestingly, geological fact parallels this part of the legend.

Scientists say that Mount St. Helens is approximately 2.500 years old. They note that it would not have been tall enough to have a permanent mantle of snow during the period of its early development. Indeed, it might well have resembled a slag heap.

Gradually the mountain reached higher and higher into the heavens, and snow graced its peaks continuously, making it the beautiful mountain it is today.

December2015 2020 THE INDIAN TRADER November

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THE INDIAN TRADER

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