The Indian Trader Newspaper – April 2020 Issue – Celebrating 51 Years!

51 Years And Still Going Strong!

Volume 51, Number 4 / April 2020

The Legend Behind Pendleton Blankets

www.IndianTraderNews.com

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Post Office Box 518 / Cottonwood, AZ 86326

Lebel’s 30th Annual Mesa Old West Show & Auction See Page 10

See Page 12

The Importance of Provenance Collector’s Corner See Page 5

Indian Trader News

Hopalong Cassidy inspired a generation of kids – much like the one in this photo (Publisher Clay South - photo taken just a few years ago!)

A Frank Rinehart photograph from the U.S. Indian Congress of 1898, reproduced by George Marsden.

November 2015

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THE INDIAN TRADER

April 2020 THE INDIAN TRADER

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Collector’s Corner: TheFive Importance of Provenance ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� The Richardsons: Generations of Navajo Traders ................................................55 Upcoming Events & Shows �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 6

Upcoming Events & Shows ......................................................................................6

The Indian Trader (928) 273-2933 Email: indiantrader68@gmail.com Mail: PO Box 518, Cottonwood, AZ 86326 www.IndianTraderNews.com www.facebook.com/theindiantradernews/

Johnny Ringo Found Dead In West Turkey Creek Canyon ����������������������������������������������������������������������� 6

Walking Rocks on Land – Maybe When Hell Freezes Over! ......................................8

Smoki Museum Gets a Name Change ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 8

Premiere Events Highlight the Autumn 2015 Auction & Show Season ....................10

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Misunderstanding Leads to War – Cochise and the Calvary ��������������������������������������������������������������������� 9

Business Directory ............................................................................................15-17 Lebel’s 30th Annual Mesa Old West Show & Auction Launches the 2020 Events Season ������������������������� 10

Postmaster Send Change of Addresses To: PO Box 518, Cottonwood, Arizona 86326

The Legend Behind Pendleton Indian Trade Blankets ���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 12 Classifieds ..............................................................................................................18

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Order Form for Classified Ads ................................................................................18

The Mayberry Murders (The First Mass Murders?) ������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 17

Drought and Wildfires Helping Looters Search for Native Artifacts ..........................19

Classifieds ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 18

CONTACT US

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Order Form for Classified Ads �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 18

The Indian Trader has a New Facebook Look To Our Loyal Indian Trader Readers:

You are invited to “Like” The Indian Trader at our newly revised Facebook page.

On our new page, we will include recent stories and news as well as a library of recent photos and contact details. Please feel free to visit our new Facebook page and let us know if there is additional content you would like us to include. Here is the link to our new page: https://www.facebook.com/theindiantrader

Publisher & Editor: Derek South Subscriptions: Lori McCall Associate Editor: Tom Surface US Periodicals Postage. Paid at Cottonwood, AZ, ©1998 by THE INDIAN TRADER. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronically or mechanical, without the written permission from the publisher. Published monthly by Indian Trader, Cottonwood, Arizona 86326.

THE INDIAN TRADER April 2020

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April 2020 THE INDIAN TRADER

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SUNWEST www.sunwestsilver.com

info@sunwestsilver.com

1 (800) 771-3781

SUNWEST SILVER CO 324 LOMAS BLVD NW, ALBUQUERQUE NM 87102

THE INDIAN TRADER April 2020

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Collector’s Corner

The Importance of Provenance

By Jim Olson

One picture of Billy the Kid is worth over 2 million dollars. Another is hardly worth anything. The difference—provenance!

According to the dictionary, the word “provenance” is a noun that means: 1. ORIGIN or SOURCE; 2.

The history of ownership of a valued object or work of art or literature.

Why is provenance so important to collectors? First and foremost, it is the act of being reasonably assured we know the origin of something in a recognized and generally accepted manner. Basically, being comfortable with the authenticity of an item. The more we are assured it is authentic, the more value the marketplace will allow on the item. So authenticity, which of course leads to value, are two of the main reasons provenance is important to collectors.

A fine example of just how important provenance is — is the Billy the Kid photo. There was an authenticated photo that sold at auction in 2011 for $2.3 million! It had solid provenance. There was a chain of ownership established back to the time it was taken. A copy of the photograph appeared publicly on Jan. 8, 1881, in the “Boston Illustrated Police News.”

Sheriff Pat Garrett used the image twice in his book, “The Authentic Life of Billy the Kid.” The provenance was accepted as iron clad by the collecting world.

On the other hand, there have been a number of other photographs which some claim are also of Billy the Kid. Some even had pretty convincing circumstantial evidence they were of Billy. But just because an old photo looks like him, does not convince the marketplace that it is him.

Circumstantial evidence and looking similar to the authenticated photo is a good story, but a long way from convincing the marketplace to shell out big money for it. In this example, solid provenance is about a 2 million dollar difference in the value placed upon the items by the marketplace.

Hallmarked vs. unsigned vintage Native American jewelry is another great example. Most collectors of vintage Native American silver know that much of it was not signed in the early days. As a matter of fact, from the 1970s to current, most Native jewelry is hallmarked, but before that, the opposite was true. Collectors still pay good money for the old, unsigned pieces though, just based on the quality of a piece.

However, there were a few people hallmarking early on. And those pieces now bring a premium because there is provenance. For example, you can take two bracelets that look almost identical and both are quality works.

One is signed by the Hopi silversmith Morris Robinson, and the other has no hallmarks. The signed one will bring at least twice as much in today’s market. The reason, we know who made it. We can tie it to a certain person in history. The other item may be just as good of quality as far as workmanship goes, but it is speculation as to who made it. We can say it was most likely Native-made based on the construction and style, but there is no where near the degree of certainty you get with a hallmarked piece.

Old bits and spurs are another prime example. There were a lot of old, handmade bits and spurs from the late 1800s and early 1900s that were

not hallmarked. However, some were. Even though there are those who can identify (with a fair amount of accuracy) who a particular spur maker was by the style and engraving. Though, items made by guys who were hallmarking back then will realize a premium in today’s marketplace.

G.S. Garcia is a prime example. Most of the items produced in his shop were marked with the hallmark of his shop and they bring top dollar prices because we know where they were made. We know he hired the best bit and spur makers available and they put the G.S. Garcia brand on the items. Although, there were makers who produced just as nice of items, the ones made in and marked by the G.S. Garcia shop will bring more.... much more. The reason it brings higher market value -- there is provenance (a hallmark) tying the Garcia items to a certain point in history. There is no speculation and the market responds accordingly.

Besides the importance of provenance through documentation of who made a particular item, historical provenance is also very important. An item that can be tied to a certain event in history will always bring more than a like-kind item with no story behind it. But again, provenance is extremely important. Just because it has a good story, or the seller says it was used in a certain historical event, does not necessarily make it more valuable.

The more evidence you have tying it to a particular event, the better the marketplace will respond with regards to value.

The importance of provenance as to the authenticity and value of a piece is critical. But there is another essential element. Is the provenance real? Any time money is involved, especially when the amounts can be significant, there are people who try to manipulate the system. Fake hallmarks, fake documents, conjured up stories, hearsay, and much more is often passed off as potential provenance. So buyers and collectors should beware and do your due diligence. Educate yourself on the items you intend to collect. When possible, trade with reputable dealers, auctions and sellers.

We always advise buyers and collectors to keep as much documentation as possible with the piece. At the very least, get a written receipt with a basic description and the amount paid. If possible, write down the history that came with it or print out any research you find on the item. It may help tremendously at some point in the future.

Remember, don’t just buy the story; buy the item based on its provenance. With any type of collectible or historical item, the more iron clad the provenance, the more substantial value tit will garner in the marketplace.

April 2020 THE INDIAN TRADER

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Due to the recent COVID-19 situation we urge you to verify dates before planning your trip. Thank you.

March 20–21 MUSEUM OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE (Formally Smoki Museum) ART & NAVAJO RUG AUCTION Smoki Museum Prescott, Arizona www.museumofindigenouspeople.org April 4 NAVAJO RUG AND INDIAN JEWELRY SALE Natural History Museum of Utah Salt Lake City, Utah Info @ 801-585-3684 April 11 WESTERN TRADING POST AUCTION Casa Grande, Arizona Info @ 520-426-7702 April 23 – 25 GATHERING OF NATIONS POW-WOW AT EXPO NEW MEXICO (cancelled) Albuquerque, New Mexico Info @ www.gatheringofnations.com May 2 FRIENDS OF HUBBELL NATIVE ART AUCTION Gallup Community Center 410 Bataan Veterans Street Preview 9-11:00 am Auction @ 12:00 noon www.friendsofhubbell.org May 15–16 NEW MEXICO FIBER CRAWL TEXTILE AUCTION Historic Plaza Hotel Las Vegas, New Mexico May 15th, Preview 2:00 – 8:00 pm May 16th, Preview 9:00 am, Auction at noon May 16 WESTERN TRADING POST AUCTION Casa Grande, Arizona Info @ 520-426-7702 Do you have an Event or Show coming up?

Please let us know at indiantrader68@gmail.com

Johnny Ringo Found Dead

In West Turkey Creek Canyon In the late afternoon of July outside working on a well. Worley’s 13, 1882, John Yoast, a Teamster helper had just been lowered down hauling wood in a wagon, heard inside the well. Cooley rode up a single pistol shot somewhere and without a word shot Worley in the Rustlers Park region of dead. The man inside the well the Chiricahua Mountains. lost his grip on his lifeline and The next day, Yoast, who tumbled to the bottom. The was a curious kind of man, gang left him there to die. drove his team up to West Cooley scalped Worley’s Turkey Creek Canyon body. The next day, they to investigate. There tracked down and killed he found a man’s body Peter Bader, Williamson’s propped upright among alleged killer. The gang some blackjack oaks. He also killed a man named realized that it was long Daniel Hoerster, whom dead since his dog started they suspected of being in sniffing the man’s face the group that attacked the and he did not move. The deputy. lifeless body had apparently The Germans, of been sitting there in the heat course, retaliated.

A posse The only known photograph of of the desert sun for at least 24 led by Sheriff John Clark John Peters Ringo probably hours and was beginning to turn ambushed two of Cooley’s taken circa 1880. black. Later, when the body was men – Mose Beard and George finally identified, it turned out to be Gladden. A shootout occurred and the corpse of the notorious outlaw and Beard was killed. Gladden managed to gunman, Johnny Ringo. escape, although seriously wounded. The posse Johnny Ringo was born May 3, 1850, in Wayne included Charles Bader, brother to Cooley’s second County, Indiana. His birth name was John Peters victim, Peter Bader. Cooley and his gang then tried Ringgold. He spent most of his early life in a small to kill more of the mob involved with the rancher’s settlement called Greens Fork. When he turned 19, he death. The Germans captured and hanged two more of went to Texas to find work on a cattle ranch. It was Cooley’s confederates. The killing continued on both about this time when he changed the spelling of his sides for the next several months. The Texas Rangers last name to “Ringo”. Almost as soon as he arrived in knew about the range war in Mason County, but did Texas, Ringo became friendly with Scott Cooley, an little to stop it, because most were friends of Cooley. ex-Texas Ranger and the adopted son of rancher Tim Finally, in December 1875, Cooley, as well as Ringo, Williamson. both suspected in several other murders in the Mason Conflict between German landowners and Texas County war, were apprehended and arrested by Sheriff cowmen had been simmering in Mason County for A.J. Strickland. They were thrown into jail, but a few some time. In May 1875, it flared into a full-blown days later, they managed to escape when some friends range war. As a result, Cooley’s life changed dramatically. broke them out of the jailhouse.

First, two cowboys working on the Williamson Ranch The Mason County war fizzled out in November were falsely accused of cattle rustling and put in jail. A 1876. By then, at least a dozen men had been killed.

German mob descended on the jail a few hours later. Scott Cooley had disappeared and was believed to be They yanked the two men out and lynched them. A dead. Ringo was arrested and placed behind bars once short time later, Deputy Sheriff John Worley arrested again. For a time he shared a cell with a notorious Williamson for the same crime. As the deputy and his killer named John Wesley Hardin. Eventually, Ringo prisoner were riding back to town, a bunch of hostile was acquitted of all charges. After he got out of prison, German cattlemen ambushed them. Some held guns he went to Loyal Valley, Texas, where he was elected on the deputy as others took Williamson away. A County Constable. Two years later he resigned and German farmer named Peter “Bad Man” Bader shot went west.

Williamson to death during the fracas. Cooley blamed In December 1879, Ringo showed up in Arizona Deputy Sheriff Worley for Williamson’s death because territory. He was first seen in a Stafford saloon where he had German ancestry. he asked a man named Louis Hancock to join him for Cooley decided to avenge Williamson’s murder a shot of whiskey. Hancock however refused to drink by taking matters into his own hands. He recruited such strong spirits and said he would rather drink several men to join his gang of toughs. They included beer. According to the December 14, 1879, edition Johnny Ringo, George Gladden, and John and Mose of the Arizona daily Star, “Ringo struck Hancock Beard. The gang began searching the countryside for over the head with his pistol and then fired, the ball those responsible for the death of Williamson, Cooley’s taking effect in the lower end of the left ear, and passed stepfather. Cooley and his “posse“first went to Worley’s through the flesh part of his neck, half inch more in the home where they found the deputy and another man neck, would have killed him.’ Sheriff Charles Schibell

THE INDIAN TRADER April 2020 arrested Ringo for the shooting, but the outlaw made bond and was released. He was scheduled to appear before the Pima County grand jury in March 1880, but he did not show up. District Attorney Hugh Farley revoked the bond and issued a warrant for his arrest.

Ringo next turned up in the boomtown of Tombstone, where he joined with the Clanton gang, which was rustling cattle along the international border with Mexico. Although Ringo had a reputation as a cold-blooded killer in Texas, there seems to be no record of him killing anyone in the territory of Arizona.

But getting back to the mysterious circumstances about Ringo’s death; when John Yoast found the outlaw’s lifeless body in a West Turkey Creek ravine, Lawmen from several jurisdictions spent a considerable amount of time investigating the death. Yoast told the coroner that the dead man had been wearing “a light hat, blue shirt, vest, pants and drawers. On his feet were a pair of hose (socks) and an undershirt torn up so as to protect his feet. He had evidently traveled but a short distance in this footgear. His revolver he grasped in his right hand, his rifle resting against the tree close to him. He had on two cartridge belts, the belt for revolver cartridges being buckled on upside down.” Although the coroner ruled Ringo committed suicide, because of the bullet hole in his right temple, questions remain unanswered.

According to the July 22, 1882 issue of the Tombstone Weekly Epitaph; “many people who were intimately acquainted with him in life, has serious doubts that he took his own life, while an equally large number say that he frequently threatened to commit suicide, and that event was expected at any time. The circumstances of the case hardly leave room for doubt as to his self- destruction. He was about 200 feet from water, and was acquainted with every inch of the country, so that it was almost impossible for him to lose himself. He was found in the midst of a clump of oaks, sprouting from the same stem, but diverging outward leaving an open space in the center. On top of the main stem and between the spreading boughs, was a large stone upon which he was found sitting with his body leaning back against a tree.”

Steve Gatto, who researches and writes about incidents in the Old West, speculated that Ringo’s boots might have been giving him trouble, so he probably sat down to take them off, he would have tied them to his saddle. When the bay horse wandered away, Ringo realized he couldn’t go after the animal in bare feet.

He probably took off his undershirt and ripped it into strips so he could make moccasins to protect his feet, but soon realized he still couldn’t catch the horse.

With no water, except half a bottle of whiskey, he probably went crazy and shot himself. The coroner’s report seems to back this up. It said Ringo walked only a short distance wearing that footgear.

Another strange thing about Ringo’s corpse, Gatto said, is that the body looked as if someone tried to scalp it. According to the corner report, a portion of Ringo’s forehead had been sliced off. Apparently, someone tried to scalp the corpse and botched the job. Gatto wondered if John Yoast tried to take a souvenir.

The suicide theory doesn’t stand up to scrutiny either. Gatto noted that there were no powder burns on Ringo’s temple, suggesting that he might have been shot from a distance. The coroners jury made no mention of the absence or presence of powder

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collection of his body of work ever assembled for public viewing.

This show continues to grow every year and is one of the top national antique events of its kind. Due to its Southwest location, the show traditionally has a unique American flavor leaning heavily on early American arts & crafts, Native American, western fine art and ethnographic art, but with some 200 dealers in attendance, it also offered items for everyone – from the first time buyer to the veteran buyer and serious collectors. Even the very famous decorators and interior Ringo’s Gravejust andthe Memoryplate in Cochise designers attend theJohn show, seeking right touch to createCounty, Arizona. the “perfect” southwest or native motif for their clients.

This year, as in the past, the show also drew representatives burns. Plus, Ringo’s body was lying in the hot sun and was decomposing rapidly. from An many of about the major international andTombstone domestic Epitaph clothingshortly after his article Ringo, printed by the and jewelry theirinbuyers.

Cowboys Indians had Arizona, better demise, said; designers “there are and few men Cochise County, & or southeastern something for everybody. known. He was recognized by friends and foes as a recklessly brave man who would go any distancefrom or undergo any general hardshipadmission to serve acustomers friend or this punish an enemy.

Proceeds the show’s Many friends will mourn Ringo and many others will take secret delight in learning year supported the show’s additional beneficiaries, VSA Arts of New of his death.”

Mexico, University of New Mexico’s Popejoy Hall SchoolTime is buried 30 miles south of Wilcox on the slopes of the SeriesJohnny and TheRingo Albuquerque Museum’s Magic Bus Program.

Chiricahua Mountains. The grave is a few feet away from the place where the outlaw’s remains were found and is marked by a large white rock. An inscription on the rock reads; “John Ringo July 13, 1882.” Since the grave is on private land, continued on page 14 visitors are asked to keep it short and not picnic on the property.

Original Native American Art & Jewelry Pendleton Robes and Shawls Native American Music Flutes • Pottery Rugs • Native American Church supplies Carvings • Native Bookstore Enamel and Cast Iron Ware On the corner of Nizhoni and Highway 602 in Gallup POB 636 • Gallup, NM 87305

505-863-4434 www.etanner.com Where you can always pawn for cash, and make a great deal

April 2020 THE INDIAN TRADER

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Smoki Museum Gets a Name Change The Smoki Museum is now …

MUSEUM OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE 99 Years ago in 1921, a small group of citizens came together to save Prescott’s Rodeo from financial disaster. Their name became the “Smoki People” nearly two years later. They performed imitations of Native dance and ceremony for nearly 70 years. Thirty years ago, in 1990, amidst protest and aging members, their performances stopped. Since 1935, the Smoki Museum, which housed the cultural resource materials gifted to the institution, has opened its doors to thousands and thousands of people will the purpose of educating about Native cultures, past and present. And now, for 85 years, leadership of the museum has sought to make it a better place, in all aspects.

“It brings true purpose and a clear mission for our museum.”

Eric Costanios (Pacific Islander), Trustee Over sixteen years ago, as our Native American Advisory Committee met, we formally changed the mission of the museum “To instill understanding and respect for the indigenous cultures of the southwest.” At the same time, discussions on whether to change the museum’s name was also considered.

However, we had a story to tell – that of Prescott’s “Smoki People” – founders of our institution. Our advisors told us to tell that story – openly, factually, honestly, and from many different points of view, and we have.

What the Smoki People did is now part of Prescott’s unique history, and this institution will continue to preserve their story so that future generations may learn from it. But as an institution, we are no longer about a group of Anglo citizens that sought to replicate Native ceremony. Today, we view ourselves as an institution of education, where our primary responsibility is to present Native art, history and culture of the southwest from Native speakers, educators, and authorities. We do not hold a “collection” but rather care for cultural resource materials in the most respectful ways possible.

We took a lesson from the Wheelwright Museum of the American Indian in Santa Fe. They started as a repository of Diné (Navajo) ceremonial items. Once the ceremonial objects had been repatriated to the Navajo People, they still had valuable resources to share and educate the public. After several iterations, a new name solidified their purpose and goals. Development of our new name came about through a series of meetings with members of our Native Advisory Committee, Native board members, staff, community leaders, and marketing professionals. Words like “Native” “Indigenous” “Indian” and many more required careful and thoughtful discussion. We acknowledge our presence upon the land of the Yavapai People, and honor their culture. Our cultural resource materials are about many different cultures over a vast time period, from California to Texas, and Colorado to Mexico.

Manuel Lucero, IV (Cherokee), Assistant Director, said of the name change, “The new name accurately reflects who and what the museum is today and going forward into the future.” In museums across the country, a new buzz-word is “decolonization” - in other words – changing the voice within museums from that of the academic or outsider, to that of the people

represented. As staff listened to a recent presentation on the subject, we learned that as an institution, we have actively engaged in that process for well over a decade. However, having an institution with a made-up name, having no meaning to the people we represent, was contrary to our goals and objectives. The Board of Trustees agreed, committees were formed, and meetings held.

On December 12th, after a unanimous Board vote to approve the new name, the “Smoki Museum” sign on Gurley Street blew down in a cold winter’s wind.

When asked what the name change means to them as Native Board Members we received the following responses: From Irene Stonecipher, (Chumash), Secretary, Board of Trustees, “It means the museum is stepping up and accepting the responsibility to eradicate misconceptions about Native people through enlightenment and education.”

From Barb Karkula (Citizen Band Potawatami), Vice President, Board of Trustees, “It lifts my heart to know we are moving forward, shaking the dust of the past off our feet.”

From Eric Costanios (Pacific Islander), Trustee, “It brings true purpose and a clear mission for our museum.”

THE INDIAN TRADER April 2020

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Misunderstanding Leads to War –

Cochise and the Calvary By the mid-19th century, Cochise had become a prominent leader in the Chiricahua band of Apache Indians living in southern Arizona and northern Mexico. Like many other Chiricahua Apache, Cochise resented the encroachment of Mexican and American settlers on their traditional lands. Cochise led numerous raids on the settlers living on both sides of the border, and Mexicans and Americans alike began to call for retribution and military protection.

The war between the U.S. Government and Cochise, however, resulted from a misunderstanding. In October 1860, a band of Apache attacked the ranch of an Irish American named John Ward and kidnapped his adopted son, Felix Tellez. Although Ward had been away at the time of the raid, he believed that Cochise had been the leader of the raiding Apache. Ward demanded that the US Army rescue the kidnapped boy and bring Cochise to justice. The military obliged by dispatching a force under the command of Lt. George Bascom. Unaware that they were in any danger, Cochise and many of his top men responded to Bascom’s invitation to join him for a night of entertainment at a nearby stage station. When the Apache arrived, Bascom’s soldiers arrested them. Cochise told Bascom that he had not been responsible for the kidnapping, but the Lt. refused to believe him. He ordered Cochise be kept as a hostage until the boy was returned, but Cochise manage to escape.

During the next decade, Cochise and his warriors increased their raids on American settlements and fought occasional skirmishes with soldiers. Panicked settlers abandoned their homes, and the Apache raids took hundreds of lives, and caused hundreds of thousands of dollars in property damages. By 1872, the US was anxious for peace, and the government offered Cochise and his people a huge reservation in the southeast corner of Arizona territory if they would cease hostilities. Cochise agreed, saying; “the white man and the Indian drink of the same water, eat of the same bread, and be at peace.”

In 1874, he became seriously ill, possibly with stomach cancer and died on June 8 of that year. That night his warriors painted his body yellow, black, and vermillion, and took him deep into the Dragoon Mountains. They lowered his body and weapons into a rocky crevice, the exact location of which remains unknown. Today, however, that section of the Dragoon Mountains is known as Cochise’s Stronghold.

About a decade after Cochise died, Felix Tellez – the boy whose kidnapping had started a war, resurfaced as an Apache speaking Scout for the US Army. He reported that a group of Western Apache, not Cochise, had kidnapped him.

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April 2020 THE INDIAN TRADER

Lebel’s 30th Annual Mesa Old West Show &

Auction Launches the 2020 Events Season

By Tom Surface

Lively Bidding and Solid Sales Kick Off the New Year Brian Lebel’s Old West Shows and Auction took center stage in Mesa, Arizona, in late January, providing a solid start to the 2020 show and auction season. According to information provided by Lebel’s auction team, the two-day Auction netted more than $1.3 million in live sales, with over 95 percent of the lots gaveled “sold.” Additionally, many Show event participants reported enjoying a continuing uptick in buyer interest and stronger sales over recent years.

AUCTION WAS A COLLECTORS PARADISE The two-day auction, January 24-25, featured more that 600 lots up for bidding. The first day featured some 200 plus lots from the Cordy Rich Collection of American Firearms. Cordy was a renowned firearms collector from New York State. His uniquely American collection included arms from the 1700s through the Civil War, Wild West, and into the 1960s. Online and in-person bidding was brisk with most items meeting or exceeding estimated values. A strong bid of $40,000 went to a factory engraved Colt 1860 Army Revolver. However, according to the Lebel’s team, the highlight of the auction was a Henry Repeating Rifle

Jesus M. Tapia (1856 - 1931) Filigreed Spurs. Sold for $29,500.

that gaveled sold at $70,800 including buyer’s premium. However, there were a number of relative bargains realized during the first day’s auction.

A 1921 Baby Hammerless sold for only $100, while a Boy’s Long Gun went for $200. Several highly collectable firearms sold in the $300 to $400 range including a Remington Pocket Revolver, a Colt 220 Revolver, and a Springfield 1861 Musket.

Day 2 of the auction encompassed a wide selection of premiere Western Americana and Native American offerings. The items ranged from highly prized boots, spurs, saddles and firearms, to movie and TV memorabilia, original western oil painting and photography, and Native American textiles and arts. Movie memorabilia from Clint Eastwood, Roy Rogers, Dale Evans, Peter Brown (“Laredo”), and Jamie Foxx (“Django”) were up for grabs. Two great deals of the night turned out to be Rusty’s Iconic Kids Cavalry Shirt and Scarf from the 1950s TV show “Rin-Tin-

THE INDIAN TRADER April 2020

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From Left to Right, Top to Bottom: Dale Harwood 1999 TCAA Exhibition Saddle – Sold for $26,550; Jamie Foxx’s “Django” Hat. – Sold for $4,750; A Rare John Cox Canon City Prison Pistol Bit – Sold for $23,600; Peter Brown’s “Laredo” Gun Rig & Hat – Sold for $500; Clint Eastwood “Pale Rider” Hat – Sold for $6,500; Henry Repeating Rifle – Sold for $70,800; and a Figural Yavapai Olla Basket – Sold for $1,100.

Tin” that went for $300 and the outfit worn by actress Gail Davis in the “Annie Oakley’s TV Show” auctioned at $600. The top bid on day two of the auction was reserved for a Henry Repeating Rifle that garnered a final bid of $60,000. A Northwest Coast Carved Flintlock Rifle and Flask went for $32,500 while a nice pair of Jesus Tapia Spurs earned a top bid of $25,000. Original artwork by well-known western artists held its value throughout the auction as did ornate parade saddles and silver spurs.

Overall, auction prices were solid but there were also a number of “great” deals for discerning collectors.

Factory Engraved, Colt Model 1860 Army Revolver. Sold for $47,200.

MESA CIVIC CENTER HOSTS OLD WEST SHOW Some 180 vendors descended of the Mesa Civic Center for two days of selling, buying, bartering, and exchanging “tall tales.” Sellers and visitors roamed the aisles of endless kiosks and stands bartering over Western Americana collectibles, historical artifacts, cowboy gear, Native American arts, antique firearms, movie memorabilia, books and ephemera, boots, and literally anything associated with the Old Lee Aaker’s Iconic Shirt from “RinTin-Tin.” Sold for $300.

West.

According to several vendors contacted by “The Indian Trader,” attendance was good and buyer interest and sales were stronger than other recent shows and events. Interest in high-quality Western Americana memorabilia, Western-themed art and jewelry, and Native American collectables remains robust.

Lebel’s next auction and show – the Cody Old West Show & Auction – will take place at the Santa Fe Community Center in Santa Fe, NM, June 26-28, 2020. For more information go to: www.oldwestevents.com.

April 2020 THE INDIAN TRADER

Page 12

The Legend Behind Pendleton Indian Trade Blankets

By Tom Surface

Pendleton Blankets are synonymous with Native Americans. It is definitely the most recognized name when it comes to American Indian Trade Blankets. These beautiful wool blankets with lots of color and different patterns were designed for tribes across the West and Midwest.

Opening his first mill in Salem, Oregon, in 1889, founder Thomas Kay processed almost four million pounds of wool during the first year of the mill’s operation. Most all of it made ready for blanket production. This ultimately led to the company’s first slogan, “From the sheep’s back to your back.”

Now headquartered in Portland, Oregon, the original plants in Pendleton, Oregon, and Washougal, Washington, are among the few woolen mills still in operation in the United States and Pendleton woolen fabrics and blankets are still woven in these Pacific Northwest mills.

The cover of the Pendleton Woolen Mills catalog, circa 1901. This 24-page catalog offered blankets and photographs of the Plateau Indians by Major Lee Morehouse.

Photograph of Thomas Lister Kay, founder of the Thomas Kay Woolen Mill in Salem, Oregon.

THE STORY BEHIND INDIAN TRADE BLANKETS In pre-Columbus North America, Indian blankets were made from hides or pelts of smaller animals which had been sewn together or woven from wool, feathers, down, bark and cotton and, in some areas, shredded cedar bark.

When the Europeans came to America and bartered with the native peoples, wool blankets had great value in trading and the brighter the better. Most of the earlier trading blankets were plaids and block designs like the traditional Hudson’s

Pendleton was inspired by designs like this one on a turn-of-the-century Navajo blanket.

Bay blankets. By the turn of the 20th Century the woven Pendleton Indian blankets, with their brilliant colors and sharp details, became very popular after their introduction into what was known as the “Indian trade.”

The Pendleton Blanket legend was born at a woolen mill in Pendleton, Oregon, in the early 1900s. The mill began producing striking wool blankets with vivid colors and authentic Native American Indian designs for the Umatilla, Cayuse and Walla Walla Indian tribes in the Northwest. The popularity of the “Pendleton Blanket” began to spread to other tribes and local white settlers. Tourists venturing to the area also purchased the weavings as souvenirs to take home.

During this time, there were more than 300,000 Indians in the United States from many different tribes. Every tribe had different coloring and designs that were specific just to their tribe and their people. In order to make sure that these designs were made correctly, Pendleton sent out representatives to different tribes to determine what needed to be done for that specific tribe. The goal for Pendleton Mills was to weave “the correct designs and color demands by the Indians of the different tribes.”

While doing this, the company discovered that “robes with colors acceptable to the Crows in the North were unpopular and not sellable to the Navajos in the Southwest.” To correct this problem, the company

THE INDIAN TRADER April 2020

Page 13

dispatched design reps to the Native tribes in the American Southwest to develop ideas for designs and colors that might specifically appeal to the tribes of this region. Soon after, trade blankets expanded from the Native nations in the Northwest to the Navajo, Hopi and Zuni nations.

These Pendleton blankets soon became basic wearing apparel and as a standard of value for trading and credit among Native Americans. The blankets also became prized for ceremonial use.

Carloads of blankets traveled from Pendleton, Oregon, to the Southwest tribes to be exchanged for silver jewelry, wool, pottery or other items of value. The colorful blankets were integrated into everyday and ceremonial uses; part of a dowry, weddings, gift giving, pow-wows, dance prizes, naming ceremonies, funerals and memorials (sometimes blankets are continued on page 14

April 2020 THE INDIAN TRADER

Page 14

Pendleton Trivia In 1960, a little-known singing group known as the Pendletones was formed, taking their name from the classic Pendleton wool plaid shirt.

This group later changed their name to The Beach Boys and the Pendleton shirt became popular among American surf scene.

continued from page 13 packed in a coffin or a coffin is lined with a blanket to keep the loved one warm on his journey).

The value of the blanket is practical from an economic standpoint.

For a time, there were two things acquired by young Native people for security in case of economic hardship; a Bulova watch for a man and a good blanket for a woman; either one of which could be pawned for a fair amount of money to tide them over to better times. Rarely did the owner not return to reclaim the blanket as soon as possible. One of the reasons for the popularity of these products is the care taken by the pattern designers to learn about the native mythologies and design preferences of their customers.

Pendleton celebrated its 130th birthday in 2019 and continues to produce what are now called “Indian Pattern Blankets”, robes and shawls, which are highly prized by many Native American. In the twenty-first century, the company is still privately held and operated by the sixth generation of the Bishop family.

Editor’s Note: On a recent trip to the Hopi Reservation, I traded for a vintage Pendleton Indian Blanket. I traded bingo supplies, a pair of work boots, a pocketknife, and winter jacket for an older (1950s-1960s), but well-cared-for Pendleton. I traded as much as for the story behind the blanket as the item itself. For years, the blanket was used as a shawl and coat by one of the family’s grandmothers. When she passed on to the next world, a small piece was clipped from the corner to go on the journey with her.

Compiled from multiple sources

Pendleton Woolen Mills retail store at the original Pendleton, Oregon mill.

Photo courtesy of Cullen328, Wikipedia.

RY

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THE INDIAN TRADER April 2020

Page 17

The Mayberry Murders (The First Mass Murders?)

In 1885, Bonita City, New Mexico, was a beautiful little mining town high among the pines between Carrizozo and Ruidoso. The town was a collection of log cabins, a saloon, a store, post office, and a large adobe house that served as a hotel.

The hotel was owned by Mr. and Mrs. John Mayberry. The Mayberry’s had three children; Johnny, 17, Eddy, 7, and grown daughter Nellie. At the time there were two permanent guests, Martin Nelson, a friendly young man, age 24, and Dr. R. E. Flynn, a physician from Cincinnati.

In the early morning of May 5, 1885, Martin Nelson took a 38 caliber rifle and walked to the closed door of the Mayberry boys, who were sleeping. At a loud knock, Johnny Mayberry woke up and called, “who’s there?” Receiving no answer, he went to the door and opened it.

Martin Nelson shot him. Though badly wounded, Johnny struggled with his attacker for possession of the gun, but a second shot ended his life. Eddie was screaming in his bed. Another bullet killed him instantly. Dr. Flynn heard the commotion and ran out into the hall. There he met Nelson and was quickly felled by another shot. Mr. Mayberry, rushing up the stairs, met the same fate.

Nelson then went after Nellie and Mrs. Mayberry. Nellie was hit with a bullet in the side and left for dead. Mrs. Mayberry was shot in the chest, IndianTrader1212 but managed to flee. She ran to a neighboring cabin, but the12/18/12 frightened8:41 residents would not let her in. Nelson caught up with her, shot her, and threw her body in a ditch. Then he went on a rampage through the town.

He came upon the saloon owner in the street and killed him with one shot.

The proprietor of the general store grabbed a gun, but wasn’t fast enough Page 20 Page 18

and became the next victim.

Nelson took off and at first light, a heavily armed group of citizens found him on the hillside above the town. A sharpshooter took Nelson out with one shot at long distance.

Nellie Mayberry survived her wound. The seven victims and the assailant were buried. The town of Bonito City never recovered. There were rumors that the town was haunted. The hotel closed and no one would set foot inside. People reported hearing moans and muffled shots inside the dark interior of the building.

AM Page 18years later, the Southern Pacific Railroad planned to build a dam Some nearby and the town would be underwater. Before the dam was built, all of the buildings were dismantled and the bodies in the cemetery were moved to a neighboring community. No one knows what caused Martin Nelson to go on his pointless shooting spree. Bonito City is gone, but the mystery remains.

August 2015 THE INDIAN TRADER

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