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Volume 52, Number 1 / January 2021

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The Molly Hootch Case and Hopi Rebellion Against Forced Schooling See Page 10

Killer

Pre-Historic Find Uncovers Earliest Evidence of Human Massacre

Blizzards of 1931

See Page 8

Wreak Havoc on Southwest Tribes See Page 6

Whatever Happened to AIM? See Page 5

Indian Trader News

Collection of Mimbres Pottery courtesy of Allard Auctions, Inc.

November 2015

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THE INDIAN TRADER

January 2021 THE INDIAN TRADER

Bob Ford Shot and Killed James �� The Richardsons: FiveJesse Generations of Navajo Traders ................................................55 Upcoming Events & Shows �� 5

Upcoming Events & Shows ......................................................................................6

Killer Blizzards of 1931 Wreak Havoc on Southwest Tribes �� 6

Walking Rocks on Land – Maybe When Hell Freezes Over! ......................................8 Pre-Historic Find Uncovers Earliest Evidence of Human Massacre. �� 8

www.IndianTraderNews.com

The Molly Hootch and Hopithe Rebellion Against Forced Schooling 10 Premiere EventsCase Highlight Autumn 2015 Auction &�� Show Season ....................10 The Clements; Big and Little �� 12

Business Directory ............................................................................................15-17

Jesse James Attempts Suicide �� 14

Classifieds ..............................................................................................................18 Business Directory �� 15 Oldest American Traced toAds Blackfeet Member in Montana �� 17 Order Form forDNA Classified ................................................................................18 Car Keys �� 17

Drought and Wildfires Helping Looters Search for Native Artifacts ..........................19

Classifieds �� 18

Clay South Phone: (928) 273-2933 Email: indiantrader68@gmail.com Mail: PO Box 518, Cottonwood, AZ 86326

Order Form for Classified Ads �� 18

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Like Us and Follow Us on Facebook at: www.facebook.com/indiantradernews/ Publisher & Editor: Derek South Subscriptions: Lori McCall Associate Editor: Tom Surface ©2020 by THE INDIAN TRADER. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronically or mechanical, without the written permission from the publisher. Published monthly by Indian Trader, Cottonwood, Arizona 86326.

THE INDIAN TRADER January 2021

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January 2021 THE INDIAN TRADER

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Bob Ford Shot and Killed Jesse James By 1882, Jesse James and his gang had wreaked enough havoc to receive over $50,000 in rewards on the outlaw’s head - dead or alive. This was a serious amount of money in those days. The outlaws being outlaws, it wasn’t long before one of them decided to cash in. Brothers Bob and Charles Ford joined Jesse’s gang, intent on getting close enough to Jesse to shoot him and collect the reward money. On April 3, 1882, Jesse had finished breakfast and met in his living room with the Ford brothers to go over a bank holdup plan for the next day. When Jesse stood up on a chair to straighten a picture, Bob Ford saw his chance. He drew his revolver, walked up behind Jesse put a bullet through the back of his head. The two brothers ran to the nearby telegraph office to announce that Jesse James was dead. Bob Ford telegraphed Missouri Governor, Thomas T. Crittenden, stating, “I have killed Jesse James.” Ford expected success and fame due to his deed, but things didn’t work out as he planned. Jesse and Frank James were folk heroes in Missouri and very

Due to the recent COVID-19 situation we urge you to verify dates before planning your trip. Thank you. January 19-20 15th ANNUAL COWBOY COLLECTORS GATHERING Early entry – Tuesday, Show Day – Wednesday Findley Toyota Center, Prescott Valley, Arizona Info @ 928-517-1442 or 928-517-1142 January 23 BRIAN LEBELS OLD WEST AUCTION Mesa, Arizona Info @ 480-898-8300 (On-line sales only) February 13 WESTERN TRADING POST AUCTION Live Simulcast Auction, Casa Grande, Arizona Info @ 520-426-7702 February – March 2021 ALLARDS BIG SPRING AUCTION Info@allardauctions.com Do you have an Event or Show coming up? Please let us know at indiantrader68@gmail.com

popular among the common folk. When word spread that Bob Ford had killed Jesse, the local sheriff arrested him for murder. He was tried and convicted by a jury but was pardoned by Governor Crittenden. Public opinion was so strong against him that Ford was forced to leave Missouri. Charles Ford committed suicide in 1884. After traveling with P. T. Barnum’s sideshow, where he proudly narrated his epic version of Jesse James’s killing, Bob Ford moved

to Colorado. He opened up a saloon in the mining town of Creed. He married one of the dancers and tried to start a new life. In June 1892, a former lawman named Edward Kelly strolled into Ford’s establishment and accused Ford of telling lies about him. The two men scuffled, and Ford had Kelly thrown out of the bar. Kelly went across the street, picked up a shotgun, and went back to the saloon, where he shot Ford dead.

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Killer Blizzards of 1931 Wreak Havoc on Southwest Tribes By Tom Surface

Series of Snow, Wind and Ice Storms Turn the Great Southwest into an Arctic Landscape

Starting in mid-October of 1931 and continuing in rapid secession into late January 1932, snowstorms of “biblical” proportion hit the American Southwest, paralyzing residents throughout the region. The heavy snows crystallized, drifted over roads and trails, and froze solid, rendering routes to and from many reservations completely impassable for long periods. Particularly hard hit were the Native Americans living on the remote and sparsely populated vast expanses of their reservations. The Navajo, Zuni, Hopi, and Utes were stranded for weeks without food and with no way to save or feed their flocks of sheep, cattle, and horses. The first storm that hit the region in the third week of October caught the residents unprepared. Remember, all the modern forecasting tools and instant communications we enjoy today did not exist in the 1930s. Reservation residents were caught unaware and not ready for the weeks of brutal conditions that ensued. Drifts of more than 15 feet blocked the roads, cutting off the reservations and trading posts from their fragile supply lifelines. When the series of storms hit, herds of sheep (more than half a million head) and cattle were smothered and froze to death under mounds of drifting snow. Those that survived starved to death with their food source of grass and vegetation covered in ice and snow. Some Navajos even reported seeing starving crows fly into herds of sheep to pick out the eyes of sheep, even those that were alive. It also forced the wolf population in southern Utah down from the mountains to the lower expanses of Arizona to seek food by preying on the Indians’ livestock herds. STORIES OF SURVIVAL The Indian Agency at Keams Canyon, Arizona, reported that some Hopi men and women walked more than 25 miles into the trading post for non-perishable canned goods before supplies were exhausted. They would then turn right around and trek back to their homes with

THE INDIAN TRADER January 2021 their rations in packs on their backs. Gladwell “Toney” Richardson, whose family ran a number of trading posts on the reservations, recounted a harrowing experience he survived during one of the storms. He returned from a trip to get the mail from the post office at Redlake (Arizona) some 28 miles from his trading post at Inscription House near the Utah border. The roads were impassable, so he decided to walk. Some 11 miles into his trek, he injured his leg falling over a sharp ridge of ice, and realized he was in real trouble. A storm was blowing in that afternoon, and he knew he was not going to get back. Cold and exhausted, he came upon an abandoned “travelers” hogan mostly buried in the snow. Richardson dug his way into the dilapidated structure. He started a fire but was soon visited by a pack of - supposedly eradicated - hungry gray wolves. A wolf fell through the roof ’s smoke hole and raced out the door. Later that night, several more wolves appeared on the top, so he built a bigger fire to keep them at bay. When several finally broke through, the growling pack, teeth showing, looked at him for their next meal. One wolf was injured and bleeding from the fall, and the pack immediately pounced, ripping it apart for the fresh meat. Richardson seized the opportunity and climbed through the roof hole to escape. Sitting on top of the structure for the rest of the night in sub-zero conditions, Richardson said he heard the crunching of teeth on the bone for hours. The next morning, after the wolves had eaten two of their own and departed, Toney met up with a couple of Navajos who sent word to his Inscription House Trading Post that sent a horse for him to ride home. Philip Johnston, the son of a reservation missionary, was on a hunting trip along the Mogollon Rim with 14 Navajos. They were ill-prepared for the storm. Johnston, who later became an Army Lt. Col. and was the catalyst behind the Navajo Code Talkers program during World War II, told his story a few years later to the Los Angeles Times Magazine. They were buried under the cascade of snow that fell overnight and woke up barely alive - quivering and shaking. None of them were dressed for brutal winter conditions. Some were practically nude – wearing only their traditional loincloths. Forty miles of snow lay between the campsite and their homes near the Little Colorado River. They had only five days of food that they soon consumed in two. The deer they were hunting had fled to the lower canyons, and they survived for nine days on jackrabbits, and wild piñon nuts dug from nests of woodrats. Even the Black Mountain Navajos living near the Utah border - who had escaped round-up and captured by Kit Carson’s troops in the 1860s and still lived as government resisters - sent a runner to Fort Defiance, New Mexico, to seek help. Just surviving was becoming increasingly difficult as the days rolled on. A 1931 newsreel – “Indians Trapped in New Mexico Blizzard” – shows cowboys on horseback and horse-drawn wagons south of Gallup forging through deep snowbanks. The video records them rescuing Zunis and Navajos’ stranded bodies and recovering bodies near Thunder Mountain, and taking them to the McKinley County Trading Post. As the calendar turned to 1932, conditions did not improve. Temperatures plunged to 30 degrees below zero with continuous wicked winds. And the snows continued. In New Mexico, the Zuni Indians became increasingly

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angry, blaming the horrible storms on their elders’ decision to let Zuni dancers attend the Hopi rain dances in October. “Now some of our Zunis say this was too much of a slam at the inadequacy of our Zuni rain gods, so the latter brought about this storm to teach the Zunis a lesson,” noted an article in Christian Indian Magazine. “OPERATION BREAD” – THE ARMY’S FIRST SUPPLY AIRDROP A major catastrophe was taking place throughout Indian Country. Food supplies were exhausted, livestock starving and dead, and there was no end in sight to the brutal winter conditions. Chances of rescue and re-supply lessened each passing day. As hope waned, Commissioner of Indian Affairs C.J. Rhodes wangled food supplies and sent an urgent request for U.S. Army Air Corps support. On January 16, 1932, his request was answered with the deployment of six Curtiss B-2 Condor bombers from the 11th Bomber Squadron out of California’s March Field to Barrigan Airport in Winslow, Arizona. Unofficially dubbed “Operation Bread,” the planes were dispatched over four days, covering an operational area from 50 miles east of the Arizona-New Mexico border west to the Grand Canyon, and from the Utah border in the north to Holbrook, Arizona, along Route 66 to the south. The planes carried 1,000 pounds of supplies on each flight and an Indian guide to serve as assistant navigator. The big bi-planes circled hogans and trading posts, dropping bags of flour, dried fruit and beans, coffee, sugar, sowbelly, salt, and canned goods. Many drops were less than successful, either missing their targets or packages were exploding on impact, scattering their contents over vast distances and rendering the supply useless. After the initial drops, the supply personnel adjusted the packaging to lessen the loss upon impact. Still, the Indians did not know what to make of these monsters in the sky and the gifts they dropped. Some had never seen an airplane before, much less flying low-level and directly overhead. The lack of communications on the reservations only made matters worse. Some thought it was a trick from the Great White Father in Washington, and the food was poisoned. A few opted to continue to eat the remains of their frozen sheep. Still, others wanted to know why there was no candy! The Winslow Daily Mail newspaper reported that the dropped provisions were usually left alone until one Indian, probably an elder, tiptoed out to inspect the packages. He would then wave back to the hogans, and the Indians would make a wild dash to the packages, hauling them around to their homes. Word quickly spread of “food from the sky,” and residents began sending up smoke signals to direct the planes to their locations. After four days and 32 sorties, dropping some 15 tons of food over the reservations, the Gallup Independent declared the 11th Bomber Squadron “victors in their battle to push back the hoary hand of winter.” The Army Air Corps history records the event as “a unique act of humanitarianism – machines designed to destroy an enemy, were saving Native Americans.” But the Army’s “flying bread line” came toward the end of the long battle of winter survival, arriving too late to save many Indians and most of their treasured livestock. According to an article in Arizona Highways magazine, “Many thousands of sheep and other stock, staples of Navajo life, died from starvation. The effects of the Blizzard of 1931 continued to ripple through the southwest Native American community for a very long time.”

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January 2021 THE INDIAN TRADER

A close-up image of the skull of a male skeleton from the Nataruk site. The skull has multiple lesions on the front and left side consistent with wounds from a blunt implement such as a club. (Marta Mirazon Lahr, enhanced by Fabio Lahr)

Pre-Historic Find Uncovers Earliest

Evidence of Human Massacre African Hunter-Gatherers Site Shows 10,000-Year-Old Mutilations By Tom Surface

Bodies pin-cushioned by projectile points, skulls smashed by blunt force, and hapless victims—including a pregnant woman—abused with their hands bound before receiving the fatal blow. This violent scene resembles the darker side of modern warfare. But it instead describes the grizzly demise of a group of African hunter-gatherers some 10,000 years ago. They are the victims of the earliest scientifically dated evidence for human group conflict—what we now refer to as war. This scene was recently uncovered at Nataruk, Kenya, west of Kenya’s Lake Turkana. It provides conclusive evidence that such brutal behavior occurred among

nomadic peoples, long before most historic record of violence and war. The find provides distressing clues that could help answer questions that have long plagued humanity: Why do we go to war, and where did human group violence originate? “The injuries suffered by the people of Nataruk—men and women, pregnant or not, young and old— are shocking for their mercilessness,” says Marta Mirazon Lahr of the University of Cambridge. She is the co-author of the study of the find that was published recently in the journal Nature. “What we see at the prehistoric site of Nataruk is no different from the fights, wars and conquests that shaped so much of our history, and indeed sadly continue to shape our lives.” Nataruk’s prehistoric killers did not bury their victims’ bodies. Instead their remains were preserved after being submerged in a now dried lagoon, near the lakeshore where they lived their final, terrifying moments during the wetter period of the late Pleistocene to early Holocene. Researchers discovered the bones in 2012, identifying at least 27 individuals on the edge of a depression. The fossilized bodies were dated by radiocarbon dating and other scientific techniques and were determined to be approximately 9,500 to 10,500 years old.

THE INDIAN TRADER January 2021 Of the 27 individuals found, eight were male and eight female, with five adults of unknown gender. The site also contained the partial remains of six children. Twelve of the skeletons were in a relatively complete state, and ten of those showed very clear evidence that they had met a violent end. In the paper, the researchers describe “extreme blunt-force trauma to crania and cheekbones, broken hands, knees and ribs, arrow lesions to the neck, and stone projectile tips lodged in the skull and thorax of two men.” Four of them, including a late-term pregnant woman, appear to have had their hands bound. This female skeleton was found reclining on her left elbow, with fractures on the knees and possibly the left foot. The position of the hands suggests her wrists may have been bound, Lahr believes. The murderers’ motives are lost in the mists of time, but the massacre seems to have been premeditated. The killers carried weapons they wouldn’t have used for hunting and fishing, including clubs of various sizes and a combination of close-proximity weapons like knives and distance weapons, including the arrow projectiles she calls a hallmark of inter-group conflict. “This suggests premeditation and planning,” Mirazon Lahr notes. Other, isolated examples of period violence have previously been found in the area, and

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continued from page 11 those featured projectiles crafted of obsidian, which is rare in the area but also seen in the Nataruk wounds. collection of his body of work ever assembled publicmay viewing. This suggests that thefor attackers have been from anThis show continues to grow every year and isattacks one ofwere the likely a feature other area, and that multiple of lifeofatits that time.Due to its Southwest top national antique events kind. “This implies thatAmerican the resources the people of Nalocation, the show traditionally has a unique flavor taruk had at the time were valuable and leaning heavily on early American arts & crafts, Native worth fighting for,and whether it was water, dried meat or fish, gathered American, western fine art ethnographic art, but with some nuts or indeed women and children. This shows that 200 dealers in attendance, it also offered items for everyone – two of the conditions associated with warfare among from the first time buyer to the veteran buyer and serious settled societies—control of territory and resources— collectors. Even the very were famous probably decorators the same forand theseinterior hunter-gatherers, and designers attend the show, seeking just the right touch to create that we have underestimated their role in prehistory.” the “perfect” southwest or native motif for their clients. Luke Glowacki, an anthropologist with Harvard This year, as in the past, the show also drew of representatives University’s Department Human Evolutionary Biolnoted that the was eye-opening befrom many of the majorogy, international andNataruk domesticfind clothing cause it is the first really good fossil and jewelry designers and their buyers. Cowboys & Indiansevidence had for warfare among ancient hunter-gatherers and comes from a place something for everybody. where there is still, today, ongoing intergroup violence.” Proceeds from the show’s general admission customers this But, Mirazon Lahr also points out that there is year supported the show’s additional beneficiaries, VSA Arts of New another aspect of human behavior that has also stood Mexico, University of New Mexico’s Popejoy Hall SchoolTime test of time. “We should also not forget that huThis female skeleton was found reclining onAlbuquerque her left the Museum’s Series and The Magic Program. mans, uniquely in theBus animal world, are also capable of elbow, with fractures on the knees and possibly the left foot. The position of the hands suggests her wrists may have been bound. (Marta Mirazon Lahr)

extraordinary acts of altruism, compassion and caring. Clearly both are part of our nature.” continued on page 14 Compiled from multiple sources

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January 2021 THE INDIAN TRADER

The Molly Hootch Case and Hopi Rebellion Against Forced Schooling By Ron Pecina. Art by Neil David Sr., Hopi/Tewa

Thank you Molly Hootch, for your effort clarifying the issues that vindicated the rebellious actions of the Hopi Indians over a century earlier. Molly was one of 27 teenage plaintiffs in a milestone case against the State of Alaska. The case addressed the problem of Native American children who lived in remote areas without local educational facilities being sent away for schooling. Historically, forced schooling and separation of school age children from their families has been a problem for Native Americans reaching beyond the impact on the Hopi Indians, but the Hopi story is a fascinating one. So, thanks Molly; but before we shed final light on your case, we need to set the background of demands of the U.S. Government, the impact on the Hopi Indians, and the actions by the government and the Hopi to resolve the decades of conflict. From the 1880s forced schooling was of great concern to the Hopi living in the Third Mesa village of Oraibi on the most isolated part of the Hopi Reservation. They believed the government plan to Americanize the Hopi would breakdown the family unit and eventually result in loss of cultural identity. However, the Hopi have survived years of conflict with government edicts and remain known as the “Peaceful Ones.” Cultural mixing between the Hopi Indians and the surrounding white society started with the beginning of trade with the white man. The first trading posts available to the Hopi Indians were located on U.S. military outposts and on Navajo territory surrounding the Hopi Reservation. In 1874 Thomas Keam built a cattle ranch and trading post in a canyon below Antelope Mesa on the eastern approach to the Hopi land. Keam, a successful and trusted businessman, traded with the Navajo and Hopi Indians and the surrounding American society. The locality was quickly recognized as a business center and known as Keams Canyon. The Keams Canyon Boarding School was established here in 1887 with planned housing for up to 150 students. In 1889 Keam sold his trading post complex of about fifteen buildings and land to the Indian Agency for use as their regional headquarters. The buildings were used as offices, workshops and living quarters. Keam built a

Somber parents and younger brothers and sisters watch the departing military caravan with wagons filled with school-bound children.

Searching for the Children. Searchers moved blankets and hides to find the opening to the storage room. They found children hidden in sacks behind bundles and sacks of dried corn and beans.

new trading center two miles closer to the mouth of the canyon, the site of today’s Keams Canyon shopping center. As the United States grew in population and coast to coast dominance, greater restrictions were forced on the Indian Nations including the Hopi who remained isolated from the American society. By 1880 attempts to accelerate assimilation and Americanization of the Indians led to poorly planned laws followed by the Dawes Act (1887) and Bursum Bill (1921) which were countered with the Hopi’s refusal to comply. Issues like forced schooling, religious freedom, breakup of tribal land into parcels owned by individuals, and infringement on lands considered tribal, sacred, or preserves as hunting territory were paramount to the Hopi and threatened their cultural identity. This hostility led to periodic rebellion—ranging from refusal to follow laws for school attendance to pulling up government surveyors’ stakes when tribal and clan land was being taken under the Dawes Act for redistribution to individual ownership. From 1875 the U.S. Indian Agency had an intermittent presence at Keams Canyon. Six day-schools were opened across the three Hopi mesas for the younger children. The Keams Canyon Boarding School opened in October 1887 and was organized to teach the American way and demand exclusive use of the English language. Initial attendance was about fifty children. A small number of parents, mostly from the eastern Hopi villages closer to the white man’s towns, had seen the benefits of American schooling and industrial training and agreed to send their children to the school if they could see them regularly. Hopi living on the distant Second and Third Mesas were more conservative and suspicious of the so-called benefits of the white man’s world. Hopi from Oraibi, with a population almost equal to all of First and Second Mesa, refused to send their children to the boarding school. Oraibi’s economy was a subsistence economy with walking the primary means of transportation. Parental travel to the Keams Canyon school would be a

THE INDIAN TRADER January 2021 multi-day venture; and alternately, during school breaks for the white manâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s holidays going home visits by the children was equally unrealistic. Parents were reluctant to send their children away from home knowing they would not see them for at least one year and possibly as much as four. Also, of concern was the probability of Hopi cultural collapse. Children would be forced into American dress, haircuts, and observe the white manâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s holy days while sacred periods of Hopi celebrations were not recognized. Mistreatment, overcrowding, and unsanitary conditions and fear of spread of diseases brought by the white man was also a problem in poorly managed boarding schools. Federal rulings and government set quotas for attendance often resulted in harsh interpretation of methods of collecting the children for school, even to forced intrusion into Hopi homes. The army was used to enforce the law for required schooling. In 1894 troops were dispatched to Oraibi to demonstrate government authority and intimidate the people. Hoping to end over fifteen years of violating federal laws and continuing anti-government hostility and rebellion, nineteen Hopi leaders from Oraibi were arrested for sedition and imprisoned on Alcatraz Island. The struggle between the Hopi and the United States government continued and Leo Crane, the Indian Agent, wrote of the events in 1911. The Secretary of the Interior ordered troops to the Third Mesa village of Hotevilla to enforce federal rulings for education and gather the school age children and take them to the Keams Canyon Boarding School. (Hotevilla was established in 1906 when Oraibi split. The conservative residents, about half the population, were forced from the village because they remained opposed to the American sociopolitical rulings to assimilate them.) Parents hid their children to prevent forced collection by the U.S. military. Wisely, the Indian Agent requested the troops to remain in the background while he and his helpers gathered the youngsters in a house-to-house search. The children were brought before physicians from the Indian Service, and only those fit were held and then transported in wagons to Keams Canyon by the Indian Police and U. S. Cavalry. The group stopped in Oraibi and the children slept at the Oraibi day school that first night. The forty-mile journey to Keams Canyon started the next day. Returning to our opening thoughts, in 1972 a civil action suit, Tobeluk vs. Lind, was initiated by Alaska Native children of secondary school age to require the provision of secondary schools in their communities of residence. It was widely known as the Molly Hootch case after the first plaintiff named. Native American children living in remote Alaskan villages had the choice of traveling hundreds or even thousands of miles to a boarding school or end their education. Issues followed the complaints made by the Hopi Indians almost a century earlier. These included forced assimilation--even to the level of cultural extinction--and trauma caused by being forced to leave their homes and families during their formative years. Additionally, cultural differences in living away from their family and place of origin could lead to mistreatment and an excessive dropout rate. As a result of the civil action suit and the Alaska Supreme Court decision, the signing of the Tobeluk Consent Decree in 1976 committed the government to build local high schools in Alaska. Again, thank you Molly Hootch for your participation in the civil action suit, a milestone on the path to justice paved by the century-old Hopi resistance, resolving the issue of forced education and justifying the rebellious Hopi behavior that resulted in foolish federal imprisonment of Hopi leaders. The Hopi Tribeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s struggle for a local high school on the Hopi Reservation was finally resolved when in August 1986 a multimillion-dollar school funded by the Bureau of Indian Education was dedicated on 880 acres of land that clans from the First Mesa community of Polacca identified to be used for the Hopi Junior/Senior High School. The school was designed to accommodate 800 students in grades 7 through 12. Five hundred and fifty students attended the school the first year. Over the years, attendance has been as high as 770. Students are bussed to and from the school daily, even from the Hopi village of Moencopi some 80 miles away.

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January 2021 THE INDIAN TRADER

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The Clements; Big and Little Emmanuelle “Big Mannen” Clements was a tough Texas cattle man who was never afraid to use his gun when the situation required. He and his son, little Mannen, were related to two of the West’s most dangerous gunman, John Wesley Hardin and “Killin” Jim Miller. Big Mannen and his brothers, Gyp, Jim, and Joe were brought up on a cattle ranch south of Smiley, Texas. In July 1871, while leading a trail drive toward Abilene, Mannen clashed with two of his cowboys as the party entered Indian Territory. The two cowhands Adolph and Joseph Shadden, resisted orders, and Mannen angrily went for his guns. There was an exchange of shots, both Shadden brothers were killed, and the trail drive proceeded towards Kansas anymore orderly fashion. The same year, Mannens’ younger cousin, fugitive John Wesley Hardin, came to stay on the Clements ranch. Harden went up the Chisholm Trail with a Clements herd and later assisted the Clements boys in the notorious Sutton – Taylor feud. Mannen and his brothers were involved in several ambushes and sieges on the side of the Taylor’s, who were their relatives by marriage. Throughout the 1870s Clements and his brothers were active in driving herds to the Kansas rail heads. By 1880, Mannen had accumulated large herds of horses on his McCulloch County ranch, although it was suspected that these herds were the result of rustling. In 1887 he ran for Sheriff of newly formed Runnels County, and during the campaign he clashed with Ballinger city Marshall John Townsend. While drinking in Ballenger’s Senate Saloon, Clements was approached by Townsend. Gun fire broke out, and Big Mannen Clements was shot to death. Shortly thereafter, Townsend was shot, gunned down from an ambush by 19-yearold Kellan Jim Miller, who worked on Mannen’s ranch. Miller, arguably the West most treacherous assassin, eventually married Mennen’s daughter, Sallie. Sallie’s brother, Little Mannen, admired his brother-in-law’s style and tried to emulate it, stating, “For $300 I cut anybody into with a sawed-off shotgun.” In July 1872, Little Mannen killed a man named Patterson, and later in the year he helped his cousin Wes Harden escape from jail by slipping him a file, then pulling

Mannen became involved with the racket to smuggle Chinese people into the United States, and there were rumors that he was blackmailing Albert B. Fall, a New Mexico rancher and politician, for his possible involvement in the murder of the famous law man, Pat Garrett. On December 29, 1908, little Mannen Clements met a predictable end. He entered El Paso’s Coney Island saloon and began talking with another patron. About 10 minutes later, there was a shot, and Mannen dropped dead with a bullet in his head. The circumstances of his murder were unclear, and no one was indicted. It has been reported that Little Mannen was probably shot by a hired killer – most likely bartender Joe Brown.

Emmanuelle Clements

him out between the jagged bars with a lariat. Little Mannen was indicted for the Patterson killing five years later, and he found himself in jail in Austin Texas, with Hardin, John Ringo, Bill Taylor, and members of the Sam Bass Gang. Little Mannen, however, was fortunate to be acquitted after a one day trial. Little Mannen was hired to kill a hard criminal named Pink Taylor and Murphy Ville, in Southwest Texas. He climbed into a tree overlooking the saloon frequented by Taylor, and when his prey appeared, he blazed way through a window. Little Mannen succeeded in killing the wrong man, however, and he immediately fled town, turning up in El Paso. Despite his relatives, and despite the trio’s rumored illegal activities, Little Mannen wore the badge of El Paso lawman for the next 14 years. In 1908 he was indicted for armed robbery, but he was acquitted after dire threats were made against any juror who dared to vote against him. His career as a law officer was ruined, however, and he turned increasingly to drink.

Emmanuelle Clements

THE INDIAN TRADER January 2021

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January 2021 THE INDIAN TRADER

Jesse James Attempts Suicide Brother Frank and Sister Susie Assist in Saving Him Distraught by his sister Susie’s impending marriage to Allen Parmer, a man he despised, and suffering badly with wounds from fighting for the Confederates, as a member of Quantrill’s Raiders Civil War, Jesse James tried to commit suicide. At the time, the outlaw was hiding in his Uncle George Hite’s home in Logan County, Kentucky. After arguing with his sister, James rode into town and bought 16 grains of morphine and downed it when he returned to Hite’s place. A local doctor, D. J. Simmons, helped revive the outlaw. His account of the incident, reprinted from the Kansas City Journal, May 6, 1882. It was 7 o’clock when I arrived and found him. James, apparently in the embrace of death, in a profound stupor, insensible to his surroundings, except under the influence of the strongest excitement; pulse slow, full and very forcible, and respiration of that grave and slow, characteristic of opium poisoning. Some degree of tolerance to the drug was acquired by a resort to it some weeks previously to mitigate the suffering incident’s violence to the chest wound. I found willing and competent assistance in Frank and Susie, whose attentions and ministrations were ongoing throughout the night. In addition to the usual antidotal remedies, it was imperatively necessary to combat the poison’s narcotic influence by all sorts of mental and physical excitement that can be brought to bear. When we had used appeals and stimulants for some hours, and he failed to respond to them, I appealed to Frank if there’s anything or any subject that would be likely to excite him. Suggesting that unless he has aroused for some time longer until the drug had been partially eliminated from the system, he will die. Then the force of habit manifested itself in a striking degree. I shall never forget the powerful excitement he invents and the prompt response he continued to make when Frank would whisper certain words to him, as individual persons who were very obnoxious to him were coming. It was essential to escape or defend against death. Whenever he seemed to sink into the malignant narcissism, Frank’s ballistics would for hours bring him to his feet, and he would call for his pistols and hold them while carried around the room between two assistants, every few seconds relapsing into a profound slumber, even while walking, but instantly aroused again by the same talisman. His eyelids seemed to have millstones suspended from them, and he couldn’t keep them open for two seconds at a time. About 4:00 AM, all efforts to stay awake proved futile; his pulse had reduced in volume to a mere thread, his breathing was feeble and very slow, and it seemed the Death Angel was hovering over him. I suggested to Frank that we leave him alone a while and let him rest; that he, in all probability, would die; possibly just now rest might be an advantage to him.

While his sister and friends were hovering over him, Frank sat mute and stared at the foot of the bed. With his eyes fixed on the floor still is a statue. If I were an artist, I could paint a picture as he does that, so indelibly was his appearance and pressed upon my memory. His arms folded on his breast, his ordinary penetrating eyes vacant, his massive jaw and beautifully outlined lips sternly and firmly compressed, his oval face and features well exposed from being cleaned shaven – – I thought I had never seen a more handsome man and at the same time one exhibiting more sternness and firmness of character. I sat with my finger on his pulse for perhaps half an hour, when it began to show evidence of improvement with more significant regularity and with more frequent and natural breathing. When this improvement had continued till there can be no longer any doubt of its existence, we communicated that fact to the relatives and friends. Within an hour, he was sleeping a natural and refreshing sleep, which he very much needed, from the exhaustion induced by his long-continued efforts to keep awake and moving. By 6 o’clock, he aroused and recognized his friends, and by the time breakfast was announced, he was ready for a hearty meal. When in thoroughly awakened consciousness, he expressed considerable emotion of joy that he had failed in his self-destruction efforts and was profuse in his thanks to Mrs. Hite and all parties for their strenuous efforts through the night. He evinced both shame and contrition for his actions. There was little resemblance between the brothers. Jessie was taller and more slender with dark hair and eyebrows and rather hazel eyes; Frank had light hair and blue eyes, asymmetrical and beautiful form, and vigorous health, and exhibiting evidence of great physical endurance. Both were eminently handsome and of easy, polished, pleasant, and agreeable bearings, as different in appearance from their caricatures. Some of their biographer’s illustrator pages, as their manners, differed from the ordinary conception of a western rough and tough bully.

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THE INDIAN TRADER January 2021 Page 20

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August 2015

Page 15 THE INDIAN TRADER

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THE INDIAN TRADER January 2021

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Oldest American DNA Traced to Blackfeet Member in Montana Results Indicate Migration from South America not Northern Asia Darrell “Dusty” Crawford, a member of the Blackfeet Nation in Montana, has traced his ancestors’ lineage in North America back 17,000 years! Crawford’s DNA was recently traced back some 55 generations with 99 percent accuracy by CRI Genetics, an ancestry research company. The test also revealed the origins of his Blackfeet ancestors are from the Pacific Islands. From there they presumably traveled along the coast of South America into what is now North America. The length of Crawford’s lineage is so rare that the company told Crawford’s family that this kind of success was “like finding Big Foot.” The DNA test focused on Crawford’s line of female ancestors and indicates that he is part of a DNA group that originally was in the Arizona region before migrating north. Crawford’s DNA group’s closest relatives outside the Americas are in Southeast Asia. “Today, this Native American line is found only in the Americas, with a strong frequency peak on the eastern coast of North America,” CRI Genetics reported. “Its path from the Americas is somewhat of a mystery as there are no frequencies of this particular DNA group in either Alaska or Canada.” These genetic tests are reshaping scientific understanding of when Native Americans came and by what route. Other research has suggested that humans reached North America between 24,000 and 40,000 years ago and most likely from Asia via the Bering land bridge during the Ice Age. The Blackfeet Native Americans were skilled hunters. They primarily hunted American bison (buffalo) like many other Plains tribes and traveled in groups, when hunting, to cover as much territory as possible. In the 1800s, when white men also began hunting buffalo herds, the population rapidly decreased. Many Blackfeet starved to death because of their dependence on the nearly extinct animal. The Blackfeet tribes are very spiritual and

Car Keys They weren’t in my pockets. Suddenly I realized I must have left them in the car. Frantically, I headed for the parking lot. My husband scolded me many times for leaving my keys in the car’s ignition. He’s afraid that the car could be stolen. As I looked around the parking lot, I realized he was right. The parking lot was empty. I immediately called the police. I gave them my location, confessed that I had left my keys in the car, and that it had been stolen . Then I made the most difficult call of all to my husband: “I left my keys in the car and it’s been stolen.” There was a moment of silence. I thought the call had been disconnected, but then I heard his voice. “Are you kidding me?” he barked, “I dropped you off!” Now it was my turn to be silent. Embarrassed, I said, “Well, come and get me.” He retorted, “I will, as soon as I convince this cop that I didn’t steal your damn car!” Welcome to the Golden Years!

believe in supernatural powers. Among their beliefs is that everything has a spirit, whether alive or inanimate. The Blackfeet tribe’s most important spiritual ceremony is the Sun Dance, also known as the Medicine Lodge Ceremony. It takes place over an eight-day period in the summer and centers around dancing, singing, prayer and fasting, and the buffalo is the highlight of the ceremony. The ceremony was deemed illegal by the U.S. government from the 1890s until 1934, when it was restored. The Blackfeet Confederacy is a historic collective name for the four bands that make up the Blackfeet people: three First Nation groups in the Canadian provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and British Columbia and one federally recognized tribe in Montana. Developed from multiple sources

January2015 2021 THE INDIAN TRADER November

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THE INDIAN TRADER

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