51 Years And Still Going Strong!
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Volume 51, Number 3 / March 2020
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Collecting For Investment Collector’s Corner See Page 5
Indian Trader News
The Pony Express
An 18-Month Operation That Created a Lasting Legacy See Page 10
Historic Fort Verde See Page 17
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The Wagon Box Fight See Page 14
Hopalong Cassidy The Wagon inspiredBox a generation Fight near of Fort kids Phil – much Kearney, like Wyoming, the one in Augustthis 2, 1867. photoPoster (Publisher courtesy ClayofSouth the US - photo Army taken Centerjust of Military a few years History. ago!)
November 2015
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March 2020 THE INDIAN TRADER
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Collector’s Corner: Collecting For Investment The Richardsons: Five Generations of������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ Navajo Traders ................................................55 Upcoming Events & Shows �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Upcoming Events & Shows ......................................................................................66 Dead Man’s Hand �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 6
Walking Rocks on Land – Maybe When Hell Freezes Over! ......................................8
The Valenzuela Gang ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 8
Premiere Events Highlight the Autumn 2015 Auction & Show Season ....................10
The Pony Express – An 18-Month Operation That Created a Lasting Legacy ������������������������������������������ 10
Business Directory ............................................................................................15-17
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Drought and Wildfires Helping Looters Search for Native Artifacts ..........................19
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THE INDIAN TRADER March 2020
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March 2020 THE INDIAN TRADER
THE INDIAN TRADER March 2020
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Collector’s Corner
Collecting For Investment By Jim Olson
Recently, I was asked into the home of a collector to assess their collection. These folks wanted to liquidate their items by sending them to auction. They had been collecting for years. They believed in the philosophy of putting their extra money into collectibles as an investment. They were now at a point in their lives where they wanted to sell the collection, buy an RV, and travel. It was great hearing the enjoyment they had over the years of searching out and buying items for their collection. Auctions, yard sales, flea markets, crafts fairs, they were excited when relating the different stories of procurement. Unfortunately, the house was full of Bradford Exchange and Franklin Mint type of items, including hundreds of plates. They were especially excited about their “Native American” collection, which consisted of tourist type Navajo “Kachinas”, low-end split stitch baskets (along with import baskets), and dozens of signed prints by artists most people had never heard of. There were knock-off bronzes and mass produced statues made of pewter. I do not judge anybody, and this kind of stuff is fine to buy if you want decorative items that do not cost much to decorate your home. However, these types of “collectibles” are rarely a wise investment. They are decorative items, and home decor is rarely “collectible” or valuable later on. I did not have the heart to tell them that in my opinion, they had not “collected well” as far as an investment goes and there was very little monetary value in the collection. That the “tens of thousands” of dollars they thought they would get at an auction was actually a couple thousand dollars worth (at best) of yard sale or flea market items. I politely declined the consignment. This little episode got me to thinking—hence this month’s article. I am a big proponent of collecting. I have always said it is nice to be surrounded by your savings accountable while enjoying it in your home, instead of having it all locked away in a bank somewhere. However, when collecting as an investment, we need to get educated on what we are doing! One would not (or should not) invest in the stock market, not having a clue as to how the stock market works. One should not invest in real estate blindly or buy it just because it is “cheap.” As a matter of fact, a wise investor does not invest in anything without having a good knowledge of what he or she is investing in—and preferably also get some advice from an expert in the field. An educated collector would not buy “collectibles” for investment that were made in China for a corporate giant; or buy crafts from road-side vendors or spurs made in Japan, thinking they are getting a deal on them. Also remember, just because it was a “deal,” does not mean it was a good buy. One of the first rules of buying as an investment is—don’t buy junk! Know the market on things you collect. If you collect coins, know what they are worth and which ones are likely to increase in value. If you collect stamps, know the market. If buying art is your thing, most knowledgeable collectors will advise you to stay away from prints (with few exceptions). If buying Native American arts and crafts, know that even though it may be “Native American made,” that does not necessarily mean it is a collectible, learn the difference. Quality is quality, no matter who made it. Sure, buy certain items because you like them. That is perfectly ok, but do not think you are buying them as an “investment.”
Another thing to realize is what you paid for an item does not usually matter when it comes to re-selling. Remember the markets can and will change. Know the current market. Here are a few basic tenets to remember when collecting for investment: • Start small and collect what you like, but remember, quality is important. • Things made to be collectible—rarely are. This includes pretty much all kinds of commemorative and mass produced items. • Mass produced items do not necessarily just come from large companies. Check out most any gift shop for examples of crafts that are collectively mass-produced. • If a “collectible” says “Made in China” or “Made in Taiwan” on it — it’s not a collectible. It is a decor item, or an inexpensive knock-off. • There is a difference between collectibles and decor. Decor is rarely collectible, but collectibles can sometimes make great decor. • Things that have survived a long period of time and remain in good condition are often in greater demand. • While condition is a big factor in value, restoration is generally not desirable. • Rarity (or uniqueness) can be factor. Things whereby only a few have survived the test of time, or items that stand apart are generally more desirable. If there are dozens of them that all look alike, be careful. • Beware of fads in the market. In a previous article I wrote about the basics of collecting. We talked there about the many other reasons to collect besides monitory ones. And that is true. There are many reasons to collect. However, when collecting as an investment, study the market of what you are dealing in like Warren Buffet does the stock market. Otherwise, it will be hit or miss whether you actually wind up with a good investment.
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March 2020 THE INDIAN TRADER
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Dead Man’s Hand Wild Bill Hickok was gunned down by Jack McCall while playing five card draw at Nuttall & Man’s No. 10 Saloon in Deadwood, North Dakota. Legend has it that the cards Hickok was holding in his hand at the time included a pair of aces and a pair of eights, both of black suits. However, Hickok biographer Joseph Rosa states that no contemporary cite for his hand has ever been found. A poker hand that includes black suited aces and 8’s is said to be “dead man’s hand”. The earliest known reference to a “dead man’s hand” with regard to Wild Bill occurred in the 1920s. The term “dead man’s hand” goes back to at least 1886, when it was described as “three jacks and a pair of tens.” There are several different claims as to the identity of Hickok’s fifth card. The modern town of Deadwood uses a new nine of diamonds as the fifth card while the Stardust Hotel in Las Vegas used a five of diamonds. “Ripley’s Believe It or Not” shows a queen of clubs. There is even a school of thought that he had discarded a card and had not yet received his draw card, hence he only had four cards in his hand.
THE INDIAN TRADER March 2020
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8 Page 12
The Valenzuela Gang
continued from page 11
collection of his body of work ever assembled for public viewing. This show continues to grow every year and is one of the top national antique events of its kind. Due to its Southwest location, the show traditionally has a unique American flavor leaning heavily on early American arts & crafts, Native The Valenzuela Gang was one of the most notorious bunch of outlaws American, western fine art and ethnographic art, but with some that were staying in Arizona territory during 200 dealers in attendance, it also offered itemsthe for mid-1880s. everyone – A burly man namedthe Francisco Valenzuela (some name as Francisco Vega) from first time buyer to the sources veteranrecord buyerhis and serious was its leader. Thethe gang consisted Francisco and brother Inocente as collectors. Even very famousof decorators andhisinterior well as several other Hispanic gunmen, robbers and scoundrels. designers attend the show, seeking just the right touch to create The outlaws specialized in motif extortion and clients. used terrorizing methods to the “perfect” southwest or native for their persuade or else. primarily in the Goldfield Thispeople year, astoinpay theuppast, the The showgang also operated drew representatives regionmany alongof thethe Hassayampa River where they robbed,clothing and sometimes killed, from major international and domestic the placer miners. The gang was based at Weaver, a little a couple and jewelry designers and their buyers. Cowboys & Indianssettlement had of miles southeast of Antelope Station. something for everybody. Antelopefrom Station established 1863 shortly after prospectors found Proceeds thewas show’s general in admission customers this placer gold along Creek. beneficiaries, Its main purpose year supported theAntelope show’s additional VSA was Artsto of serve New as a stage stop between Prescott and Phoenix. But as more and more miners Mexico, University of New Mexico’s Popejoy Hall SchoolTime arrived in the area, the became a Program. real town with a population Series andtiny The community Albuquerqueeventually Museum’s Magic Bus around 3,500. In the early 1870s an enterprising Irishman named Charles Stanton, on page 14 who once worked at the Vulture Minecontinued near Wickenburg, moved to Antelope
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Station. He built a store so the miners would have a place where they could purchase mining equipment and other needed material. Stanton’s business became successful quickly, especially when Stanton made the store into a kind of private bank and started accepting deposits of gold for safekeeping. Unfortunately, Stanton’s insolent attitude and air of superiority did not endear him to his customers. Some called him “that Irish Lord” behind his back because he claimed royal blood which many historians dismiss. At one point, Stanton tried to name the town after himself, but a few years later the townspeople changed it back to Antelope Station. As it almost always happens whenever there is a spurt of new growth, several other businesses opened not far from Stanton’s store. One, just down the street was the store owned by “Yaqui” George Wilson and John Timmerman. On the other side of town, a combination hotel and stage station was built by a man named Will Partridge. With such new choices to pick from, some townspeople began patronizing the other businesses. Stanton was enraged and plotted on ways to put them out of business. The easiest way to do that was to Terri Schurmeier and her son with her grandson, Mac, get help from the outlaws at Weaver. future CEO and Chairman of the Cowboys & Indians empire. Stanton sent word to Francisco Valenzuela that he had a job for the outlaw gang. He asked Francisco to send a few of his men to discredit his competition. Stanton assured the outlaw chief that his men could keep anything they could steal from those businesses. The promise of more loot was attractive to the gang members, so they began harassing the owners of the two businesses competing with Stanton’s general store. When they discovered that Wilson kept several large hogs out in the back of his place, a couple of the outlaws unlatched the gate. The big pigs wandered out and eventually ended up rummaging around in the food warehouse at the back of Partridge’s property. It could have been a major catastrophe for Partridge; however, Wilson quickly took responsibility and sent word to Partridge that he would come and pay for the damage. Of course, that was not the kind of outcome Stanton was hoping for. He asked Francisco to send one of his men to tell Partridge that Mr. Wilson was planning to kill him. Alarmed, Partridge then armed himself and when Wilson knocked on his door, Partridge shot him dead with a shotgun. Local
THE INDIAN TRADER March 2020
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law enforcement quickly arrested Partridge for the murder and hustled him off to jail. After a short trial, Will Partridge was convicted and sent to the Yuma territorial prison. In the meantime, John Timmerman, Yaqui Wilson’s partner, soon found himself saddled with a huge debt after the death of Wilson. He could not afford to run the business by himself so he was forced to sell the store at auction. Barney Martin, a resident of Phoenix, became the owner of the business. But Martin had his own debts to take care of. He asked Timmerman if he could bring $700 to Wickenburg in order to pay off the note and prevent a sheriff ’s sale. Timmerman agreed and said he would do it. He saddled a mule and left immediately. When Stanton and Francisco Valenzuela heard about the transaction, they sent Juan Reval to intercept Timmerman on the road. The outlaw had no trouble catching up with the Timmerman’s mule and shot the businessman in the head. He helped himself to the $700 and left the dead man’s body lying where it fell. The next couple of weeks were hectic for Barney Martin and his family. The Valenzuela Gang members often intimidated Martin on the street and sometimes the hapless storeowner had to resort to a fistfight. His wife was insulted so much that she dreaded going to the store for food and other necessities. The children were not immune either. The outlaws pestered them and called out to them as they made their way to school. Finally, Martin had had enough. He sold his stake in the property and started preparing to return to Phoenix. He contacted his friend Capt. Calderwood and told him he would be returning soon. The Martin family loaded up a wagon and left Antelope Station that summer. They would never be heard from again. After several weeks had gone by, Capt. Calderwood made some inquiries as to the whereabouts of the Martin family. A search party later found the remains of the Martins wagon in a dry wash near the Hassayampa River. The wagon and all its contents had
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been burned to the ground. It is believed that the entire Martin family had perished with the wagon. Although it is believed the massacre of the Martin family was done by the Valenzuela Gang, only Stanton, not the outlaws, was charged with the murders. He was arrested and brought to the jail in Prescott to await trial. While he was incarcerated, some of the jailers beat him mercilessly. However, when his case finally came before a judge, none of the charges were proven and Stanton soon walked away, a free man. Francisco and Inocente Valenzuela, Elano Hernandez, Juan Reval and the rest of the Valenzuela Gang escaped capture and continued with their lawless ways. In 1887, they found out that a shipment of gold bullion, worth $7000 was going to be transported to Phoenix from the Vulture Mine, a few miles west of Wickenburg. Three members of the gang – Francisco, Inocente and a young Mexican whose name is not known – probably saw the gold being loaded into a wagon. They could see that the gold shipment would be lightly protected and how easy it would be to steal it. Josiah Gribble, the Superintendent at the Vulture Mine, was driving the wagon with the gold on board. He was accompanied by two armed guards, Mr. Johnson and Mr. Littlefield. Gribble had been warned that he was taking a risk by not using more guards, but he shrugged it off. “I have fought against thieves in Australia and South Africa,” he explained, “so I am willing to meet any thieves here in Arizona.” The outlaws ambushed the wagon just as it was fording a dry wash. Each outlaw had a target and all three were successful in killing the miners. After the smoke cleared, the outlaws grabbed the gold and rode off into the hills. After a few hours, they stopped to rest the horses and decided to divide the gold among themselves. The gold had been cast as a single gold bar, so continued on page 12
March 2020 THE INDIAN TRADER
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The Pony Express An 18-Month Operation That Created a Lasting Legacy
By Tom Surface
In existence for only 18 months between April 1860 and October 1861, the Pony Express left a lasting legacy in the lore of the Old American West. In the era before electronic communication, the Pony Express was the thread that tied the eastern U.S. to the west. Running from St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, a distance of more than 1,800 miles, the Pony Express delivered letters in just 10 days -- a speed unmatched in that period of American history. The need of a fast and reliable communications service developed as a result of the California 1849 Gold Rush, the 1847 Mormon exodus to Utah, and the thousands who moved west on the Oregon Trail. As early as the 1840s, the need for a faster mail service beyond the Rocky Mountains became clear. Initially, this need was partially filled by outfits such as the Butterfield Overland Mail Service starting in 1857 and private carriers in following years. However, in 1858 a greater need for transcontinental mail service arose when U.S. Postmaster General Joseph Holt scaled back overland mail service to California and the central region of the country. This led to the creation of the Leavenworth & Pike’s Peak Express Company by William H. Russell, Alexander
Pony Express stables at Fort Bridger, Wyoming.
Majors and William B. Waddell, later known as the Pony Express. The route had about 190 stations, with each rider riding around 75 to 100 miles, while changing horses every 10 to 15 miles. According to historical reports, the service was remarkably efficient: during its 18-month of operation, only one bag of mail was reported lost. On June 16, 1860, about ten weeks after the Pony Express began operations, Congress authorized the a bill instructing the Secretary of the Treasury to subsidize the building of a transcontinental telegraph line to connect the Missouri River and the Pacific Coast. The passage of the bill resulted in the incorporation of the Overland Telegraph Company of California and the Pacific Telegraph Company of Nebraska. While the lines were under construction, the Pony Express continued to deliver the mail. Letters and newspapers were carried the entire length of the line from St. Joseph to Sacramento. Then, on October 26, 1861, the telegraph line put San Francisco in direct contact with New York City. Two days later the Pony Express was officially terminated, but it was not until that November when the last letters completed their journey over the route, that service ceased. Most of the original trail has been obliterated either by time or human activities. Along many segments, the trail’s actual route and exact length are matters of conjecture. In the western states, the majority of the trail has been converted, over the years, to double track dirt roads. Short pristine segments, believed to be traces of the original trail, can be seen only in Utah and California. However, approximately 120 historic sites may eventually be available to the public, including 50 existing Pony Express stations or station ruins. Developed from multiple sources.
THE INDIAN TRADER March 2020
Art of the American West Sunday, March 15, 2020
Featuring important American Indian silver selections from: The Collection of Cindy Tietze-Hodosh & Stuart Hodosh Comprised of fresh-to-market, First Phase, Old Pawn and Contemporary silver jewelry. Visit www.johnmoran.com for more information Future Consignment and Auction Inquiries: Maranda Moran Head of Sale marandam@johnmoran.com
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Page 12 continued from page 9 Inocente took a small hatchet and tried to chop it into pieces. He soon found out it couldn’t be done. So, they buried the gold where they were and then rode off in three different directions. They had to hurry because they suspected Sheriff Bud Gray and his deputy Jim Murphy would be hot on their trail. The lawman spent several weeks tracking the outlaws, but they eluded capture. Eventually, all three gang members disappeared into Mexico. Francisco Valenzuela never returned to dig up the gold. He lived in Mexico for the rest of his life. His brother, Inocente, tried to sneak back into Arizona a few months later, but was seen and apprehended by a posse of lawman and killed. The third man, the young Mexican, was ultimately captured, but claimed he had been forced to take part in the robbery and was cleared of all charges. As for Charles Stanton; he usually stayed with the Lucero family in Weaver whenever he wanted to contact the Valenzuela Gang. Stanton had a character flaw – he had a fondness for young girls. One day, while staying overnight in the Lucero home, he made the mistake of molesting 14-year-old Froilano Lucero. When the girl’s three brothers found out about the incident, they vowed to shoot him dead. A few days later, Pedro Lucero got his chance. He saw Stanton riding by himself along the road. He pulled out a rifle and tried to shoot Stanton down. Unfortunately, his bullet missed. Then, on November 13, 1886, the three Lucero brothers tried again. They rode to Stanton’s store shortly after it closed for the night. They asked to buy some tobacco as an excuse to get inside. Within minutes of stepping through the doorway, the brothers drew their revolvers and fired. Stanton, who was sitting at a table reading a newspaper, fell over dead – – his body punctured with three bullets. There are still some remains of a ghost town named after Stanton.
March 2020 THE INDIAN TRADER
THE INDIAN TRADER March 2020
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March 2020 THE INDIAN TRADER
The Wagon Box Fight Red Cloud and Crazy Horse led 1,000 Sioux against Major J. W. Powell’s 32nd infantry men guarding woodcutter’s near Fort Phil Kearney in present day Wyoming on August 2, 1867. Some 3,000 other Indians, mostly women and children, lined the horizon to watch the show. Powell and his men had circled 15 wagons into a mini- fortress from which they repulsed three charges. The breachloading .50 caliber Allen-Springfield rifles that Powell’s men had were a distinct advantage over the muzzleloaders that Red Cloud initially believed the soldiers possessed. About 500 mounted warriors launched the first charge and
met the new technology head on. Instead of drawing ramrods and losing precious time, Sergeant Sam Gibson would recall, “we simply threw open the breach blocks of our new rifles to eject the empty shell and slapped in fresh ones.” Red Cloud’s nephew next led a foot charge by 700 warriors clad only in war paint; he died in the first volley. The battle then erupted into hundreds of simultaneous incidents over three hours. Archers forced their arrows to come down almost vertically inside the corral, giving the battle scene the appearance of a giant wooden porcupine. Fire arrows zipped through the air, igniting dung heaps. The Indians at last fell back into the hills at about 1:00 pm when the Fort’s howitzer was heard in the distance and Major Benjamin S. Smith approached with a relief column of 100 soldiers. Powell lost only seven men; another three were wounded, Red Cloud and his chief warriors – Crazy Horse, American Horse, and Crow King – amassed 200 dead, although other estimates ranged from as low as 62 is high as 1,137. Official Army estimates counted 60 Indians killed and 120 wounded. Red Cloud would later say that he lost the” flower about his fighting youth” that day.
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Featuring great exhibits and the finest in antique and contemporary Navajo and Two Grey Hills rugs and tapestries available. P.O. Box 8014 – Newcomb, N.M. 87455 (505) 789-3267
BILL MALONE TRADING Bill Malone
“Trader to the Navajo” 235 W. Coal Ave. Gallup, NM 87301
Phone: 505-863-3401 Email: trader@billmalonetrading.com
Navajo Rugs • Jewelry • Kachinas • Baskets • Pottery
We sell weaving supplies
SHAKOPEE TRADING POST www.shakopeetradingpost.com
• Turquoise Silver Jewelry • American Indian Beadwork • Pipestone Pipes • Drums • Pottery • Books • Collectibles 723 1st Ave. West Shakopee, Minnesota 55379 (952) 496-2263 nativeamerican@shakopeetradingpost.com
HISTORIC TOADLENA TRADING POST & WEAVING MUSEUM Featuring great exhibits and the finest in antique and contemporary Navajo and Two Grey Hills rugs and tapestries available. P.O. Box 8014 – Newcomb, N.M. 87455 (505) 789-3267
THE INDIAN TRADER March 2020
Page 17
Historic Fort Verde In 1863, the New Mexico territory was divided, creating the Arizona territory. The new territorial capital was established at Prescott in 1864. As settlers entered the rich bottomlands near the Verde River and West Clear Creek, they came into conflict with the Tonto – Apache and Yavapai Indians who were already established in the area. The Indians raided farms to steal crops and livestock and the settlers fought back, bringing about an escalation in the number of hostiles. In May 1865, the settlers demanded military protection. The early volunteer military units were composed of almost entirely Mexican recruits. Often marching barefoot and on half rations, they were known as fierce fighters. In August 1865, they established a tent camp overlooking the Farms at West Clear Creek. Camp Lincoln, the next post, was established in December 1865, and was located 1 mile north of the present site and was used from 1866 to 1871. On August 3, 1866, the soldiers went on strike because of a lack of supplies and pay, most of the men soon deserted and only five men remained at the post. A Company of US Army Regulars arrived a few months later. In 1868 the name was changed to Camp Verde. Malaria plagued the camp so much that in 1870, the Army made the decision to move again. Construction started at the present post in 1871. All the buildings were completed by 1873. There were 22 buildings arranged around the parade ground. Designed to house two companies of calvary and two of infantry, it averaged only one company of each. Camp Verde served as a staging base for military operations in the surrounding countryside. Infantry troops built a Wagon Rd., west to Fort Whipple near Prescott and East to Fort Apache. With General Crook’s construction, the movement of troops and supplies improved along the Mogollon Rim. Later the route came to be called the Crook Trail after General George Crook. Federal Indian policy centered on creating reservations as a way of IndianTrader1212 12/18/12 8:41 controlling the Indians. The Rio Verde Reservation was established in 1873 with headquarters near present-day Cottonwood. Between 1873 and 1875, nearly 1500 Indians from various bands were placed on the 800 square mile reservation. With the Army’s help, Indians built an irrigation ditch and had 56 acres Page 20 under cultivation in 1874. Page 18
The main Administration Building of Fort Verde was built in 1871 and is located in Camp Verde, Arizona. It contained the main offices. It now houses the Visitor Center of the Fort Verde Museum and contains exhibits, period artifacts from military life, and history on the Indian Scouts and Indian Wars era. Photo courtesy of Marine 69-71 at en.wikipedia.
In 1875, Congress acting on demands from businessmen in Tucson, ordered the entire population uprooted and moved to the San Carlos Agency near modern-day Globe. On July 17, 1882, the Battle of Big Dry Wash marked the last major action in the Apache wars. Camp Verde had been renamed Fort Verde in 1879 to signify permanence, but with the end of raids by 1882, the Post became less important. It was abandoned in 1891 to the Department of the Interior, which sold it at public auction in 1899. The historical site of Fort Verde State Park attracts tourist wishing to learn about life on the frontier. The Fort’s Museum, located in the old headquarters building, exhibits artifacts that explain the history and methods of frontier soldiering. Modern-day historians in period clothing, bring the Fort to life. The bugle still sounds loudly to call the officer of the day. The three officers’ AM Page 18 quarters are furnished to allow visitors to see what life was like in an isolated frontier military post. The administration building is now a museum filled with uniforms and weapons that served the soldiers every day on the post. Fort Verde is the best surviving assembly of Indian wars era military architecture in Arizona. August 2015 THE INDIAN TRADER
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November 2015
THE INDIAN TRADER
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