The Iceland Geothermal Cluster Initiative
“Coming together is a beginning, staying together is progress, working together is success.” Henry Ford (1863-1947)
The Iceland Geothermal Cluster Initiative Reykjavik, Iceland, March 2013 Hákon Gunnarsson and Þóra Margrét Þorgeirsdóttir ©2013 Iceland Geothermal Publisher: Iceland Geothermal - Telephone +354-571-1330 - www.icelandgeothermal.is Layout and printing: Oddi, an environmentally certified printing company The use of the content from this publication is allowed, provided that the source is stated.
Content The Iceland Geothermal cluster initiative; origin and development . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 The Iceland Geothermal cluster initiative; about the ten collaborative projects . . . . 6 The development of geothermal energy utilization in Iceland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 The Icelandic geothermal cluster from various angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Energy Audit & Law firms
Technical Consulting
Cluster Associations (Iceland Geothermal, GEORG, Samorka, Jarðhitafélag Íslands)
Industry News
Service Providers GeoScience
Drilling
Insurance
Business Consulting
Financing
Local Consumers (Direct)
Construction
District Heating Knowledge
Core functions
Geothermal Research
Geothermal Resource Exploration
Industry, Fish farming, Agriculture Geothermal Energy Production
Transmission & Distribution
Recreation and Health, Tourism
Local Consumers (Indirect)
Training & Education
Industry Pipes
Turbines and Generators
Other Equipment
Retail Electricity
Equipment Suppliers and Maintainance Related clusters
Mining
Government
Oil & Gas
Other Electricity Generation
Licensing
Market Regulation
Economic Development
Figure 1: The cluster map of the Icelandic geothermal cluster Figure 11: A mapping of the Icelandic geothermal cluster42 3
The Iceland Geothermal cluster initiative; origin and development Iceland Geothermal is a general-type organization established in February 2013 around an industry-driven cluster cooperation in the field of geothermal energy. There were 43 founding members who reflected the large breadth of companies, associations and institutions that belong to the Icelandic geothermal cluster.
The purpose of the organization is to stimulate competitiveness within the Icelandic geothermal cluster with added value in the sector and improved utilization of the resource in mind. The cluster cooperation is based on constructional and developmental work that has been going on since October 2009, as shown in Figure 2.
The cluster cooperation is based on ten defined cooperative projects all of which aim to strengthen the infrastructure of the Icelandic geothermal cluster. They are the outcome of a special workshop that was held among the cluster members in May 2011 and the cluster members have been working on them actively since September 2011. The titles of the projects can be seen in Figure 3. The cluster members participate in the cooperation usually in two ways: On the one hand, by participating in the work of the cooperative projects and on the other hand by paying a financial contribution which is used to operate the cooperation platform and emphasizes the ownership of the cluster members of the platform. The projects bring benefits mainly in two ways. Firstly, through the active participation and initiative
Iceland Geothermal Cluster Initiative November 1st 2010 Iceland Geothermal Conference 2010. Prof. Porter and Dr. Ketels presented the results of the cluster mapping.
2009
2010
PHASE 1: October 2009 - October 2010 Mapping and profiling of the Icelandic geothermal cluster in cooperation with Prof. Michael Porter and Dr. Christian Ketels, Harvard Business School.
May 4th 2011 Geothermal cluster workshop. Cooperation projects defined.
June 28th 2011 Iceland Geothermal cluster initiative, a project-based cluster cooperation, established.
2011 PHASE 2: November 2010 - June 2011 Platform creation. Formation of a steering committee. Geothermal cluster workshop and cooperation projects defined.
“Coming together is a beginning. Keeping together is progress. Working together is success.� Henry Ford (1863-1947)
Figure 2: The development of the Iceland Geothermal cluster initiative 4
February 15th 2013 A legal entity for the Iceland Geothermal cluster initiative established.
2012 PHASE 3: July 2011 - ... Implementation. Formation of a formal cluster cooperation platform. Cooperation projects carried out.
2013
March 5-8th 2013 Iceland Geothermal Conference 2013. An international conference on geothermal, hosted by the Iceland Geothermal initiative.
of different cluster members; only so is it possible to reveal the needs and different views of cluster members and ensure the realization and implementation of the cooperative projects. Secondly, through an active cluster management that works constantly towards furthering the projects in collaboration with cluster members. Gekon ltd. has played the role of the cluster manager of the Iceland Geothermal cluster initiative and worked on its development since 2009. Thus, the employees of Gekon have facilitated, supported and organized the work of the cluster members in the ten cooperative projects. Also, they have followed up discussions by project work, intermediary sessions, etc. to ensure the success of the projects. Furthermore, the cluster manager has taken care to integrate and coordinate the project work as needed, maintained the
website of the cluster cooperation and organized various events associated with the cluster cooperation.
In March 2011, seven key members of the cluster formed a special steering committee to oversee the development and realization of the cluster cooperation. Upon the establishment of the organization in February 2013, however, the steering committee was abolished but instead a board of nine members was appointed, serving the traditional role of a board of directors. All individuals, firms, associations, institutions and others who wish to work towards the goals of the organization are welcome to become members of it. Interested parties are advised to contact the employees of Gekon, the cluster manager of Iceland Geothermal, by emailing gekon@gekon.is.
Of clusters and cluster cooperations A cluster can be defined as a geographically group of companies and associated institutions in a particular field, linked by commonalities and complementarities.1 Clusters are not created, rather they emerge where there is already a sufficient number of firms competing among themselves that have much to gain from their business environment being conducive to an improved competitiveness of each of them. In order to enhance the business environment and infrastructure of a cluster further, a cluster cooperation can be founded, which involves bringing together various Âactors within the relevant cluster, such as manufacturers, suppliers, service providers, distributors, researchers, educational institutions, financial institutions, associations, the government and government agencies. Cooperation between these different cluster members can, inter alia, result in strengthened knowledge acquisition within the cluster in addition to the pooling of understanding, skills, insights and techniques in different areas. At the same time, the cluster needs the presence of an active competition, which is the driving force and prerequisite that individuals constantly seek to improve their work and increase their productivity, thereby enhancing their competitive advantage. This shows that by the formation and development of a cluster, a certain whole is created which is much stronger than the individual entities.2 1 Porter, M. E. (2008). On competition. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. 2 Porter, M. E. (2008). On competition. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
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The Iceland Geothermal cluster initiative; about the ten collaborative projects As mentioned above, there are ten cooperative projects of the Iceland Geothermal cluster initiative and each of them will be described here briefly.
1. Diverse usage The diverse usage of the geothermal resource is one of the strengths of the Icelandic geothermal cluster. The main focus of the diverse usage project has primarily been the construction and development of the Reykjanes Resource Park in accordance with the ideas that Albert Albertsson of HS Orka has had and worked by during the past decades. They posit geothermal energy as the foundation and the premise is that the waste of one firm becomes an input into the production process of another firm.
2. Project management Generally, a large number of people with different backgrounds are involved in geothermal projects, such as experts in the fields of geology, physics, chemistry, engineering, project management, hardware, financing and operation - as well as municipal councillors and experts at the administrative level. In order to create a common ground and understanding among the different parties of the nature and development of geothermal projects, the project management group of Iceland Geothermal has headed a work on the definition of 60-70 activities that need to be undertaken in the case of geothermal projects.
• • •
environment are exposed to during both the drilling and operation of the boreholes. The procedures/standards could raise entry barriers for competitors. The procedures/standards could be one way of defining Icelandic expertise in geothermal energy. The procedures/standards could enable the transfer of knowledge between generations.
4. Equipment; development and maintenance Equipment and maintenance for geothermal utilization is considered to be one of the weaknesses of the Icelandic geothermal cluster. Energy companies, machine shops and other cluster members have expressed an interest in advancing this aspect of the cluster. The cluster cooperation platform is used for this purpose, e.g. in relation to the advancement of maintenance services of Icelandic entities in power plants and to the realization of innovation and development projects in the field of geothermal energy.
5. Recruitment and education The recruitment group of Iceland Geothermal has implemented a special approach to the establishment and operation of an educational fund for students studying in the field of renewable energy. The purpose of the project includes:
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• •
3. Drillings
To make the development of human resources and recruitment within the geothermal cluster more focused. To strengthen the image of geothermal energy and enthusiasm for it. To promote collaboration between educational institutions at the tertiary and secondary levels in order to increase the efficiency and development of strong study lines in the field of renewable energy. To strengthen links between educational institutions and the economy.
A group of drilling experts has examined the possibilities and opportunities for defining Icelandic procedures for drillings, or even Icelandic borehole standards. Examples of benefits from such work include the following:
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•
6. The Iceland Geothermal conference
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Iceland has no rules on drillings, e.g. on the finishing of boreholes, security and maintenance. Old holes, potentially dangerous, abound. Procedures/standards could minimize the damage that people and the
The conferences Iceland Geothermal 2010 and Iceland Geothermal 2013 have already been held successfully. The aim is establishing an event under the banner of Iceland Geothermal
Research and Networking
which positions itself as one of the main events in the field of geothermal energy in the world. It has been decided that the next Iceland Geothermal conference will be held in April 2016. The idea behind these events is to provide a platform to market both Icelandic geothermal knowledge and the utilization of geothermal energy in general. Also, to promote the knowledge and understanding of the participants of the specialized and diverse aspects of geothermal projects.
7. The operational environment of the geothermal cluster Improvements of the operational environment of the geothermal cluster are considered to be a key priority to minimizing the risks of geothermal projects. A stable environment for geothermal projects needs to be created for the sake of predictability. Also, the arrangement concerning the issuance of permits, environmental assessments and planning processes must take the dynamic nature of geothermal projects into account. There are opportunities for simplification, without the quality of administration having to suffer. Within the cluster cooperation, recommendations for improvement are being formulated in a formal conversation between the government, municipalities, energy companies, consultants and other interested parties. This work is, inter alia, based on the work phases that have been defined by the project management group.
8. Data collection In Iceland, relatively good and diverse information regarding the utilization of the geothermal resource is collected. However, statistical data on value creation within the geothermal industry in Iceland is scarce and this is to be redressed by the data collection project of Iceland Geothermal. The goal is to annually collect data on the number, qualifications and salaries of employees within the geothermal cluster, revenue from domestic and foreign operations of the cluster members, their manpower needs and so on. Also, public attitudes towards geothermal utilization are measured on a regular basis. This gives a certain picture of the size of the cluster, value creation within it, the main weaknesses and strengths at any given time and its evolution from one year to the next. In this way, the cluster members get, inter alia, the opportunity to monitor the performance of the cluster and react timely, if required, in an informed manner.
9. Cluster networking
Research and
Cluster Expansion
Cluster
Innovation and One of the most important Expansion Policy Action Networking Technology roles of the cluster manager involves a strong and Innovation and Policy Action good communication with Technology the cluster members and Commercial Education and the development of trust Training Cooperation Commercial Education and towards them so that he Training Cooperation stays well informed about the needs and views of the cluster members. Moreover, Usage 1.Diverce Usage 1.Diverce 2.Project Management the cluster manager needs Management 2.Project 3.Drillings to work continuously on 3.Drillings 4.Equipment:Development and Maintenance strengthening the network 4.Equipment:Development 5. Recruitment/Education of the cluster members and Maintenance and 6. Iceland Geothermal Conference promoting the geothermal 7. OperationalEnvironment Education 5. Recruitment/ 8. Data Collection cluster to the outside Geothermal Conference 6. Iceland 9. Cluster Networking world. Among issues in 7. OperationalEnvironment 10. Financing this context, the cluster 8. Data Collection manager has issued a 9. Cluster Networking newsletter with information 10. Financing about the furthering of the Figure 3: The projects of the Icecooperation, maintained the land Geothermal cluster initiative website of the cooperation, held events on various issues related to geothermal and the cluster ideology, organized field trips, gone to a number of company visits, communicated information to cluster members of geothermal energy-related projects and more. Furthermore, the cluster manager has interacted extensively with foreign entities interested in the Icelandic geothermal knowledge and the cluster cooperation.
10. Financing The funding of geothermal projects both in this country and abroad is difficult. Due to the small population of this country, it is necessary to involve as many banks and financial institutions in the country as possible. Also, there is insufficient interaction between investors and experts in the energy sector. With these factors in mind, an overall picture of the funding of geothermal projects and the traditional funding process has been drawn up.
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The development of geothermal energy utilization in Iceland
that Ingólfur Arnarson, the first settler in Iceland, saw rising from hot springs as he approached the shore.
For a long time after, the geothermal heat was mainly
Geothermal energy has played an important role in the lives of Icelanders since ancient times, as is reflected in the large useful for washing and bathing. However, by far the biggest number of place names that derive from it. Most prominently, progress in the utilization of geothermal heat in Iceland only occurred in the last century, especially in its latter half. this involves the capital Reykjavík (“The Bay of Smokes”), The The Development Development ofofthe theIcelandic Icelandic Geothermal Geothermal Cluster Cluster which it is said received its name from the steam (smoke) The first use of geothermal heat in Icelandic greenhouses
The Development of1930-1994 the Icelandic Geothermal Cluster Foundations: Foundations: 1930-1994
Commercia Commerci Co
Foundations: 1930-1994 1996 1996
1930 1930
Extensive Extensive distribution distribution 1978 1978 of of hothot water water UNUN UniversityUniversity1995 1995 1930 forfor house house heating heating geothermal geothermal Samorka Samorka 1946 1946 Extensive distribution began began in Reykjavík in Reykjavík 1978 training training program program established established by by district 1958 1958 of Reykjavík hotReykjavík water district UN University- a merger established established a merger of of two two heating heating service service The The firstfirst drill drill capable capable for house heating geothermal federations federations 1946 established of of drilling drilling more more than than began inestablished Reykjavík training program Reykjavík 1958 2000 2000 m deep mdistrict deep used used established heating service The first drill capable for for thethe first first time time in in 1974 1974 1981 1981 established of drilling more than Iceland Iceland HSHS Orka’s Orka’s People People started started 2000 m deep used predecessor predecessor bathing bathing for the first time in 1974 established established 1981 in the in the Iceland HSLagoon Orka’s People started Blue Blue Lagoon predecessor bathing established in the Blue Lagoon
1930 1930
1940 1940
1930
1950 1950
1960 1960
1940
1970 1970
1950
1980 1980
1960
1973 1973
Global oil oil 1965 1965 Global crisis crisis Landsvirkjun Landsvirkjun established established
1965 1977 1977
1945 1945
A State A State drilling drilling company company established established
1945
A State drilling company established
Landsvirkjun Krafla Krafla established Power Power plant plant
1969 1969
1990 1990
1970
1993 1993
1755-1756
Outdoor Outdoor gardening gardening experiments experiments utilizing utilizing geothermal geothermal energy First attempt at drilling for hot energy water in Reykjavik and Reykjanes
1908 1908
19th century
First First utilization utilization of geothermal of geothermal forgardening for space space heating, heating, a farmer a farmer near near Reykjavik Reykjavik energy Outdoor experiments utilizing geothermal
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Svartsengi Power plant
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Svartsengi Power plant
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Krafla Krafla Power Power plant plant
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Nesjavellir Nesjavellir Power Power plant plant
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Iceland´s capital is named after the steam rising from hot springs. The Reykjavík capital (“The Bay of Smokes”) received its name from the steam (smoke) that Ingólfur First First attempt attempt at drilling at drilling forfor hothot water water in Reykjavik insettler Reykjavik and Reykjanes Reykjanes Arnarson, the first inand Iceland, saw rising from hot springs as he approached the shore.
19th 19th century century
1990
Global oil crisis
Settlement SettlementininIceland Iceland 1980 Iceland´s Iceland´s capital capital is named is named after after thethe steam steam rising rising from from hothot springs. springs. Svartsengi Figure 4: The development of the Iceland Geothermal cluster 1930-2013 TheThe Reykjavík Reykjavík capital capital (“The (“The BayBay of Smokes”) of Smokes”) received received its its name name from from thethe steam steam (smoke) (smoke) that that Ingólfur Ingólfur Power plant Arnarson, settler in Iceland, rising from springs as he approached shore. Arnarson, thethe firstfirst settler in Iceland, sawsaw rising hothot springs as he approached thethe shore. Settlement infrom Iceland
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1996 1996 1997 1997 1998 1998 1999 1999 2000 2000 2001 2001 2002 2002 20
Svartsengi Svartsengi Power Power plant plant
Krafla Svartsengi Svartsengi Bjarnarflag Bjarnarflag Power plantplant Power Power plant Power Power plant plant 1978 1978 1969 Svartsengi Svartsengi Bjarnarflag Power Power plant plant Power plant 1978 Svartsengi 1980 1980 Power plant Svartsengi Svartsengi Power Power plant plant
1755-1756 1755-1756
1995 1995
1980
1973
Private Private parties parties in EEA in EEA authorized authorized 1996 to to acquire acquire shares shares in in power power companies. companies. Private parties Icelandic Icelandic Drilling Drilling in EEA authorized Company Company fully fully to acquire shares in power companies. privatized privatized Icelandic Drilling 1999 1999 Company fully OR OR established established privatized through through a merger a merger 1999 of of Reykjavik Reykjavik District District Heating Heating and and Reykjavik ReykjavikOR established 1995 through a merger Electricity Electricity Samorka of Reykjavik District established by Heating and Reykjavik 202 a merger of two 1997 1997 ElectricityNew New El federations ÍSOR’s ÍSOR’s ActAct este 2000 2000 predecessor predecessor competit compe The The Iceland Iceland 1997 starts starts to to part pa Deep Deep Drilling Drilling ÍSOR’s operate operate onon electricit electr 2000 project project predecessor an an open open The Icela founded founded starts to market market Deep Dril operate on projec an open founde market
2000
Húsavík Húsavík Power Power plant plant
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Nesjavellir 1999 1999 Power2001 plant 2001 Svartsengi Svartsengi Nesjavellir Nesjavellir Power Power plant plant Power Power plant plant
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Svartsengi Power plant
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P
was at the start of the 20th century; at about the same time people started to use geothermal heat for space heating and swimming pools. The oil crises in the seventies accelerated the further development of geothermal utilization for space heating in the country. At that time, the Icelandic government put a big emphasis on reducing oil imports and pushing further geothermal research and the development of geothermal heating utilities.
ommercial mmercial Growth: Growth:1995-2013 1995-2013 Commercial Growth: 1995-2013 2007 2007
Geothermal heat has also been used for the production of electricity. The first geothermal power plant was built in 1969; today there are seven of them. Their installed capacity in year 2011 was 663 MWe; in that year 40% of geothermal utilization in Iceland was for electricity production.3
2010 2010
First First privately privately owned owned The The firstfirst shares shares in an in an Icelandic Icelandic Iceland Iceland Geothermal Geothermal 2007 power power company company 2010 Conference Conference First privately owned The first shares in an Icelandic Iceland Geothermal power company Conference
2008 2008
2006 2006
The resource has furthermore been used for snow melting, aquaculture, greenhouse cultivation, industrial drying and manufacture of skin care products, salt and methanol to name a few. 2013
Reykjavík Reykjavík Geothermal Geothermal Íslandsbanki’s Íslandsbanki’s 2008 established. established. Iceland Iceland predecessor predecessor 2013 2013 Reykjavík Green Green Energy Energy 2006 starts starts providing providing Iceland Iceland 1999 Group Group established. established. Geothermal Íslandsbanki’s specialized specialized Geothermal Geothermal OR established Consolidation Consolidation established. Iceland financial financial services services to to predecessor Conference Conference rough a merger among engineering engineering Green Energy starts providing thethe geothermal geothermal among Reykjavik District Group established. firms firms specialized market market 2011 2011 ing and Reykjavik Consolidation financial services to 2003 2003 The The Iceland Iceland ElectricityNew engineering the geothermal New Electricity Electricity 2009 2009among Geothermal Geothermal firms market ActAct establishes establishes First First foreign foreign 2011 Cluster Cluster 2003 competition competition in one in one acquisition acquisition The Iceland Initative Initative nd New Electricity part part of of thethe 2009 of of shares shares in in Geothermal formed formed ging electricity electricity market market Act establishes First foreign an an Icelandic Icelandic Cluster 2000 competition in one acquisition power power Initative The Iceland d part of the of shares in company company formed Deep Drilling electricity market an Icelandic project power founded company
Iceland Geothermal The Conference
time axis of Figure 4 gives a rough overview of the history of geothermal energy in Iceland since 1930. The lower part of the axis shows the development of geothermal power plants.
2001 2001 2002 2002 2003 2003 2004 2004 2005 2005 2006 2006 2007 2007 2008 2008 2009 2009 2010 2010 2011 2011 2012 2012 2013 2013
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ellir plant 001 2001 Nesjavellir sjavellir ower er plant plant
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Nesjavellir Nesjavellir Power Power plant plant
Hellisheiði Hellisheiði Power Power plant plant
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Power Power plant plant Nesjavellir Hellisheiði Hellisheiði Power plant and and 2006 Reykjanes Reykjanes Hellisheiði Power Power plants plants and Reykjanes Power plants
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Hellisheiði Power plant
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Svartsengi Svartsengi and and Hellisheiði Hellisheiði Power Power plants plants
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Svartsengi and Hellisheiði Power plants
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Hellisheiði Power plant
The period 1930-1995 can best be described as a time of build-up of the geothermal energy in Iceland, sporting the first utilities, the first power plants, the establishment of energy companies, etc. However, the years from 1995 to the present have been more characterized by the development 2013 of the commercial environment of geothermal energy utilization. This can be seen, for example, by mergers as well as the commercialization and privatization of various companies and institutions during the period. At the same time, there were some changes in the regulatory environment of the Icelandic energy market. This progress, here described briefly, has led to the formation of the Icelandic geothermal cluster with all the diverse usage, knowledge and experience that exist within it today. 3 Orkustofnun. (2012). Orkutölur 2012. Reykjavík: Höfundur.
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The Icelandic geothermal cluster from various angles Industry-driven and research driven cluster cooperationss Research driven cluster initiative
In Iceland, there is one Icelandic geothermal cluster. Within it, there are two approaches to cluster cooperation that are managed by each its cluster manager; on the one hand, research-driven cluster cooperation (GEORG) and on the other hand, industry-driven cluster cooperation (Iceland Geothermal).
The Icelandic Geothermal Cluster
Technology “push”
The two parties interact well as can be seen inter alia by the fact that GEORG has an observer on the board of Iceland Geothermal - and vice versa. Furthermore, the organizations have been working on joint grant applications and intend to collaborate methodically on issues of education, data collection and innovation within the geothermal cluster. Marketing “pull”
The image of geothermal energy in Iceland Industry driven cluster initiative Figure 21: Interaction between GEORG and Iceland Geothermal68
Figure 5: The interacation between GEORG and Iceland Geothermal
The image of geothermal in Iceland has been discussed within the Iceland Geothermal cluster initiative and most have considered it to be negative 1 QUESTION in the mind of the public. This has caused some concerns, as the image may, inter alia, affect the progress of geothermal energy utilization and the Feb. ’13 43,5% 46,3% 6,3% interest of young people to pursue education in the field.
The data collection group therefore had Capacent Gallup perform online polls in February 2012 and February 2013. The sample consisted of 1350 people (2011) and 1479 people (2012), 18 years and older from all of the country, selected randomly 48,7% Feb. ’12 from the Attitude group of Capacent Gallup. The response rate in both cases40,2% was slightly over 60%. The results from9,8% the polls can be seen in Figure 6. Very big opportunities
Fairly big opportunities
Neither nor
Fairly little opportunities
Very little opportunities
Question 1 Question 2 How big or little opportunities do you think there are for value creation 2 QUESTION How positive or negative are you towards the utilization of in activities related to the utilization of geothermal energy in Iceland? geothermal energy in Iceland?
1 QUESTION
Feb. ’13
43,5%
46,3%
Feb. ’12
40,2%
48,7%
Very big opportunities
Fairly big opportunities
Neither nor
Fairly little opportunities
6,3%
9,8%
Very little opportunities
Mynd 6: The results from the polls 2012 og 2013 2 QUESTION
Feb. ’13
46,3%
41,6%
42,7%
41,1%
8,6%
10 Feb. ’12
Very positive
Fairly positive
Fairly positive
Fairly negative
11,8%
Very negative
3,8%
Feb. ’13
46,3%
41,6%
Feb. ’12
42,7%
41,1%
Very positive
Fairly positive
Fairly positive
Fairly negative
8,6%
11,8%
Very negative
3,8%
Exciting job opportunities within the geothermal cluster The geothermal cluster is an exciting field of work with countless opportunities. It offers a variety of jobs in a green, global, diverse and rapidly expanding field that relies constantly on the knowledge and experience of personnel with vocational and technical education. In the winter of 2012 to 2013, 25 companies that have a strong presence within the geothermal cluster were asked about their projected manpower need in the years 2013-2015. The response rate was 70%. The results of the survey are shown in Figure 7. 40
Earth science specialists
70
Engineers Specialists with other science or technology education at the university level than above
50
Specialists with other university education than above (e.g., business administrators, lawyers, etc.)
20
Electric craftsmen (e.g. electricians, electro-mechanic technicians, electronics engineers, etc.)
30 70
Engineer officers and/or metal craftsmen Skilled employees with other vocational education at the secondary level than above
40
Unskilled workers
30
Other unskilled employees
30
Number of positions
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Figure 7: Estimated number of geothermal positions for which new employees will be hired in the years 2013-2015 11
For further information please visit our websites: www.icelandgeothermal.is www.geothermalconference.is
Our publications about the Iceland Geothermal Cluster Initiative can be found on www.icelandgeothermal.is: The Icelandic Geothermal Cluster; Mapping and Mobilization (2011). The Iceland Geothermal Cluster Initiative July 2011-April 2012; Status Report (2012).
There are ten good reasons to participate in the Iceland Geothermal cluster initiative: 1. To shape and take part in value-adding cooperative projects and innovation with other cluster members. 2. To present your views to other cluster members. 3. To follow up and influence the evolution of the cluster and the cluster cooperation. 4. To reinforce your network and interaction with other clusters members. 5. To exchange knowledge, experience and connections with other cluster members. 6. For information about potential projects and events associated with geothermal energy. 7. To promote and advertise your activities and logo. 8. To participate in the advancement of the infrastructure and the competitiveness of the cluster. 9. To increase the interest of young people to work on the field of geothermal. 10. To strengthen the image of Iceland as a global geothermal pioneer.