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SEE _> OUT OF SIGHT ; N E W T E C H N O L O GY C O M M U N I CAT I O N APPROACH FOR VISUAL IMPAIRE M E N T.
TYPE _ CONFERENCE --------OUT OF SIGHT ; - - - - - - - -T H E N E W T Y P O G R A P H Y- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ----------by TYPECON SF---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -T H U R - N OV 2 1 , F R I - N OV-2 2 , S AT-2 3 -2 014 - - - - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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_CHAPTER TWO
>>_V IS UA L IMPA IR E ME NT S
_CHAPTER ONE
>> _ NE W T E CH FOR V IS UAL I MPA I R E ME N T
>> _ B R AI LL E DE V ELOPM EN T I N DIG I TAL ER A
_CHAPTER THREE
> >_ B R A ILLE CHA R ACT E R S
_CHAPTER FOUR
>>_DIFFERENT I M PA I R E M E N T S V IS IONS
_CHAPTER FIVE
03 04 05
_INTRODUCTION
00 01 02
INTRODUCTION . . .
UCTION . . .
SPECIAL DEDICATION TO: MOM DAD COUSINS FRIENDS
N O T I C E O F L I A B I L I T Y_ Information in this book is distributed on an “as is� basis, without warranty. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of the book, the author shall not have any liability to be caused directly or indirectly by the instructions contained in this book or by the computer software or hardware products described herein_
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>>CHAPTER ONE [+ N EW D EV I C ES
\ \ CO M M U NI CAT I O N I N N O V A TI O N S - SMARTPHONES - CAR FOR THE BLINDS - B R A I L L E TA B L E T
CHAPTER NEW TECHNOLOGY FOR VISUAL I M PA I R M E N T S
01
O U T O F S I G H T; THE NEW TYPOGRAPHY
_ NE W TE CH
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Not since the birth of the Braille language has there been such an exciting time for those who have lost their ability to see. Today, technology is helping the blind take part in more activities than ever before. New technology is available to do everything from read a computer screen to help with the task of creating text messages. Anyone who diagnosed as blind should invest in these programs. To make things even easier, there are new Braille keyboards. These keyboards make it exceptionally easy for students to use computers. By combining a Braille keyboard with a program like JAWS, the blind can use a computer as effectively as a seeing person. While there is no doubt that being blind is a disability, today it does not mean living life in a world of darkness. Thanks to recent technological advances, the blind can now experience the world in a whole new way.
FO R VI SUAL I MFO P A IR R EVI D SUAL Some adaptive technology for the visually impaired has many features that enable quicker or easier use by the visually impaired. Some technology can be specially adapted to assist to the special needs of the visually impaired without causing them to feel out of place, uncomfortable, or different. The special features and adaptations that these adaptive technologies can include may also increase the amount of assistance the visually impaired receives from that specific product or technology. JAWS: the most robust text reader for a computer. The program reads written words on a computer screen and makes it possible for the user to navigate the Internet. Kurzweil: This simply program allows a user to scan any written document into a computer. IT then translate the document into audible form. GOODFEEL: Blind students and musicians can use this nifty use to translate music into a format that the blind can study and play. Virgo 4: A text converter that is light years ahead of industry standards. It can also be used to create text to braille documents. A hub for imaginative new ideas, inventive tools, and professional expertise, National Braille Press developed the Center for Braille Innovation (CBI) in 2008 to break down barriers to information access for blind people by using braille and tactile-based technology. With technology changing daily, blind people need a variety of accessible and affordable braille tools to read, learn, and communicate. To see some of the projects in development at CBI, go to Products in Development.
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Yerba Buena Lane
Mission Street
YB Center for the Arts Galleries
St. Regis Museum Tower
Esplanade Moscone West
SF Museum of Modern Art
Fourth Street
Metreon
YB Center for the Arts Theater
W Hotel
Moscone North Howard Street
Moscone South
200 ft 100 m
11
Public Transpor tation
> >
BART / MUNI Just a few short blocks from the Powell or the Montgomery Street BART/MUNI stations, YBCA is also accessible from dozens of major bus lines. View the BART schedule here. View MUNI maps and schedules here.
[+ MAP _ > >
Yer ba Bu en a C en t er f or th e Ar ts
700 Howard Street, San Francisco, CA Driving Directions Driving Directions From South on 280: Go north on 280 toward downtown San Francisco. Exit left to 4th Street. Continue through light to 3rd Street and turn left. Lam Research Theater at YBCA is at 3rd and Howard.
Regis eum Tower
From South on 101: Go north towards the Bay Bridge; exit at 7th Street, veer left onto Bryant. Turn left onto 3rd Street. Lam Research Theater at YBCA is at 3rd and Howard.
Museum of ern Art
From the East: Cross the Bay Bridge; exit to the left at 5th Street. Veer right onto 5th Street going north. Turn right on Folsom; turn left on 3rd. Lam Research Theater at YBCA is at 3rd and Howard. From the North: Cross the Golden Gate Bridge. Exit at Lombard Street. Turn right onto Van Ness Avenue; Turn left onto Grove Street. Veer right as you cross Market Street onto 8th Street. Turn left onto Folsom Street. Turn left onto 3rd Street. Lam Research Theater at YBCA is at 3rd and Howard.
el
San Francisco Yerba Buena Center for the Arts
Terrace Rear Orchestra
A
B
C
Orchestra
STAGE
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>_T H U R S
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[+ S C H E D U L E 09.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00
Registration & Badge Pickup in the Theater Lobby
09.00
SESSION 1
10.00
> I N T R O D U C I N G _ > > Ty p e C o n f e r e n c e _ new approach of communication and technology for visually impaired. > Fo l l o w e d b y a v i d e o o f N e w Te c h , i n n o v a t i o n f o r Visual impairements
11.00
C o f f e e B r e a k i n T h e a t e r Te r r a c e SESSION 2
12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00
16.00
> S P E A K E R : C h r i s D o w n e y, ; N a t i o n a l B r a i l l e Te c h n o l o g y > To p i c o n b r a i l l e d e v e l o p m e n t in technology communication today
17.00
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS SESSION
17.00
18.00
> Closing Demonstration of the new devices
18.00
15.00
13
16.00
Registration & Badge Pickup in the Theater Lobby SESSION 1 Wo r k s h o p ; Braille System Experimenting with typographers, graphic designers and programmers.
D e m o n s t r a t i o n s o f t h e s o f t wa r e s ; a n d o t h e r i n n ov a t i o n d e v i c e s t o l e a r n b r a i l l e w i t h t e C o f f e e B r e a k i n T h e a t e r Te r r a c e SESSION 2 > S P E A K E R : D i c k & L i l y , Ty p o g r a p h e r s from the totalitalic project > Braille System Experimenting, for the Braille design project of Thierry Wijnberg QUESTIONS & ANSWERS SESSION > Closing Demonstration of the new devices
>_FRI
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>_SAT
09.00 10.00
enting hic mers.
f t wa r e s ; s to learn braille with technology
r Te r r a c e
y , Ty p o g r a p h e r s ject menting, roject of
11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00
R e g i st r a t i o n & B a d g e P i c k u p in the Theater Lobby SESSION 1 > Wo r k s h o p : Interactive workshop between the audience to stay connected with each others. Learning new braille development symbols with the new softwares & electronic devices in communicating w i t h o n e a n ot h e r. C o f f e e B r e a k i n T h e a t e r Te r r a c e SESSION 2
16.00
> S P E A K E R : J o n a t h a n H . S a l v i n , M D, ; W h a t ’s i t l i k e t o b e v i s u a l i m p a i r e m e n t ? > To p i c o n d i f f e r e n t v i s u a l i m p a i r e m e n t s
WERS SESSION
17.00
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS SESSION
ew devices
18.00
> Closing Demonstration of the new devices
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<h1 align="center" class="lessont(40% tle">HTML Basics: <br> Example</> REMAINING) Many people have some type of visual problem at some point in their lives. Some can no longer see objects far away. Others have problems reading small print. These types of conditions are often easily treated with eyeglasses or contact lenses. But when one or more parts of the eye or brain that are needed to process images become diseased or damaged, severe or total loss of vision can occur. In these cases, vision can’t be fully restored with medical treatment, surgery, or corrective lenses like glasses or contacts.The American Foundation for the Blind estimates that 10 million people in the United States are visually impaired. Visual impairment is a term experts use to describe any kind of vision loss, whether it’s someone who cannot see at all or someone who has partial vision loss. Some people are completely blind, but many others have what’s called legal blindness and they feel alone.
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What is low vision? Basically, “low vision” describes significant visual impairment that can’t be corrected fully with glasses, contact lenses, medication or eye surgery. It includes:Loss of best-corrected visual acuity (BVCA) to worse than 20/70 in the better eye. Significant visual field loss. Tunnel vision (lack of vision in the periphery) and blind spots are examples of visual field loss. More Low Vision Articles Buyer’s guide to low vision magnifiers.
potential
Legal blindness. In North America this is 20/200 or less central visual acuity in the better eye with best possible correction, or a visual field of 20 degrees or less. Almost total blindness. In 2010 the prevalence of visual disability in the United States was 2.1 percent. This includes both low vision and total blindness.
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Children as well as adults can be visually impaired, sometimes because of a birth defect or an injury. Children with low vision may have problems in learning concepts, and they need special instruction from their earliest years on. They also need additional help with socialization among other children and adults. But low vision more commonly affects adults and seniors. Their vision loss can be very traumatic, leading to frustration and depression. Losing the ability to drive safely, read quickly, watch television or view a computer screen can cause people with low vision to feel shut off from the world. They may be unable to get around town independently or shop for food and other necessities.
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TY PE S OF IMPA IRE ME N TS + US ER_ D EVI C E
\\ LO A
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>> HOW TO CONNECT ? [+B EN EFI T S & FU N C TI O N
> T Y PES OF VI S UAL I M PAI REM ENT S ; AM B LYOPI A_ ONE EY E FOC US B ET T ER T H AN OT H ER. REDU C ED VI S I ON I N AN EARLY C H I LD ’S EY E I N EARLY C H I LD H OOD
FOR 17
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| D E T EC T I N G . .
N E W T E C H N O LO G Y FOR VISUAL IMPAIRMENTS
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> > ADVANCE D C O MMU N IC ATIO N
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1 1 million p e ople have v i su al impaire me nt that c a n b e c orre c te d, with glasse s or c ontac t le nse s.
CESSIN
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When someone is born or develops a visual impairment, it is comforting to know that there are adaptive technological items that can be used to assist these visually impaired people. As there are many different types and severity’s of visual impairment, there are many different types of technological devices that can be used to help them live more “normal” lives. Some adaptive technology for the visually impaired is virtually undetected by others while some are more noticeable to the eyes of those around them. Not all technology for the visually impaired assist in reading and writing. Some technology is designed to help with mobility, games, and other tasks that may be hard to do otherwise. Mobility technology help visually impaired people to have the freedom to go places without having to worry about tripping, running into walls, or having difficulty. There is new technology that assists the visually impaired in being able to play games, and participate in activities that may otherwise be difficult for them to participate in due to size, colors, or any other restrictions that may cause difficulty.
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The human eye is like a camera that collects, focuses, and transmits light through a lens to create an image of its surroundings. In a camera, the image is created on film or an image sensor. In the eye, the image is created on the retina, a thin layer of light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. Like a camera, the human eye controls the amount of light that enters the eye. The iris (the colored circular part of the eye) controls the amount of light passing through the pupil. It closes up the pupil in bright light and opens it wider in dim light. The cornea is the transparent, protective surface of the eye. It helps focus light, as does the lens, which sits just behind the iris. When light enters the eye, the retina changes the light into nerve signals. The retina then sends these signals along the optic nerve (a cable of more than 1,000,000 nerve fibers) to the brain. Without a retina or optic nerve, the eye canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t communicate with the brain, making vision impossible.The human eye is like a camera that collects, focuses, and transmits light through a lens to create an image of its surroundings. In a camera, the image is created on film or an image sensor. In the eye, the image is created on the retina, a thin layer of light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. Like a camera, the human eye controls the amount of light that enters the eye. The iris (the colored circular part of the eye) controls the amount of light passing through the pupil. It closes up the pupil in bright light and opens it wider in dim light. The cornea is the transparent, protective surface of the eye. It helps focus light, as does the lens, which sits just behind the iris. When light enters the eye, the retina changes the light into nerve signals. The retina then sends these signals along the optic nerve (a cable of more than 1,000,000 nerve fibers) to the brain. Without a retina or opnerve, the eye canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t communicate with the brain, making vision impossible.
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> T Y P E S O F V I S UA L I M PA I R E M E N T S A ST I G M AT I S M _ C a u s e d b y a n e y e t h a t i s n ot c o m p l e t e l y r o u n d . T h i s i s o n e t y p e o f r e f r a c t i ve e r r o r. A s t i g m a t i s m o c c u r s i n n e a r l y e ve r y b o d y t o s o m e d e g r e e . Fo r v i s i o n p r o b l e m s d u e t o a st i g m a t i s m , g l a s s e s, c o n t a c t l e n s e s, a n d e ve n v i s i o n c o r r e c t i o n p r o c e d u r e s a r e a l l p o s s i b l e t r e a t m e n t o p t i o n s.
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>>CHAPTER TWO [+ S T U D Y OF I MP AI RE M E N TS
\ \ V I S UA L I M PA I R E M E N T S TY PE S O F E Y E I M PA I R EMENT S - BLINDNESS - C ATA R A C T S - A M B LY O P I A , E T C
CHAPTER NEW TECHNOLOGY FOR VISUAL I M PA I R M E N T S
02
O U T O F S I G H T; THE NEW TYPOGRAPHY
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Technology is improving day by day and many of the innovations are being planned for various segments of people. Many of the innovations are also invented for people. Technology is improving day by day and many of the innovations are being planned for various segments of people. Many of the innovations are also invented for people. It seems like anything and everything you could ever possibly need can be bought or researched on the internet. If you are using a standard web browser like Internet Explorer and the web page was built to support visual technology, you can purchase a screen reader. This software offers people with vision loss the opportunity to take advantage of the web by “reading” what is on the screen and speaking it to the user. Technological advances in assisted technology for visual impairment The National Library Service are forthcoming. The Telfor the Blind and Physically ecommunications Act of Handicapped (NLS) offers 1996 requires cell phones books and magazines in a spe- to be manufactured.
click,
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TRANSFORM cial format called Web-Braille.
000A0AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA0000AAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA00000000000000 0000000000AAAAAAAAAAAAACataract is a clouding of the lens of the eye. aaaaaaa aa000000000000000000000aaaaaaa0000a aDiabetic eye disease refers to a group Blindnessistheconditionoflackingvisual perception due to physiological or neurot logical factors. Various scales have been developed to describe the extent of vit sion loss and define blindness. JHGKGKt KJHKHKHLHLHLHKHHKJHJKHJKHNNKH JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJGlaut coma refers to a group of eye conditions that lead to damage to the optic nerve. 00000000000000000A0AAAAAAAAAAAA AAA0000AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA A000000000000000000000000AAAAAAA AAAAAACataract is a clouding of the lens of the eye. aaaaaaaaa0000000000000000 00000aaaaaaa0000aaDiabetic eye disease refers to a group
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Technology is improving day by day and many of the innovations are being planned for various segments of people. Many of the innovations are also invented
Braille embossers now offer graphic software which enable blind people to “see” their friends in high resolution Braille. It is expected that more websites will become user friendly as well and specialty browsers will no longer be needed.
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Not all visual impairments are the same, although the umbrella term “visual impairment” may be used to describe generally the consequence of an eye condition or disorder. The eye has different parts that work together to create our ability to see. When a part of the eye doesn’t work right or communicate well with the brain, vision is impaired. To understand the particular visual impairment a child has, it’s helpful to understand the anatomy of the eye and the functions of its different parts. Rather than go into those details here, in this general fact sheet, we’re pleased to refer you to the experts for easy-to-understand explanations and diagrams of the visual system. National Eye Institute | Visit the Institute online for a diagram of the eye, what different parts are called, and what aspect of vision each part is responsible for. Most of us are familiar with visual impairments such as nearsightedness and far-sightedness. Less familiar visual impairments include:
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GLAU 29
Glaucoma is a disease of the major nerve of vision, called the optic nerve. The optic nerve receives light-generated nerve impulses from the retina and transmits these to the brain, where we recognize those electrical signals as vision. Glaucoma is characterized by a particular pattern of progressive damage to the optic nerve that generally begins with a subtle loss of side vision (peripheral vision). If glaucoma is not diagnosed and treated, it can progress to loss of central vision and blindness. Glaucoma is usually, but not always, associated with elevated pressure in the eye (intraocular pressure). Generally, it is this elevated eye pressure that leads to damage of the eye (optic) nerve. In some cases, glaucoma may occur in the presence of normal eye pressure. This form of glaucoma is believed to be caused by poor regulation of blood flow to the optic nerve. Glaucoma is usually, but not always, associated with elevated pressure in the eye (intraocular pressure). Generally, it is this elevated eye pressure that leads to damage of the eye (optic) nerve. In some cases, glaucoma may occur in the presence of normal eye pressure. This form of glaucoma is believed to be caused by poor regulation of blood flow to the optic nerve.
LAUCOMA
Elevated pressure in the eye is the main factor leading to glaucomatous damage to the eye (optic) nerve. Glaucoma with normal intraocular pressure is discussed below in the section on the different types of glaucoma. The optic nerve, which is located in back of the eye, is the main visual nerve for the eye. This nerve transmits the images we see back to the brain for interpretation. The eye is firm and round, like a basketball. Its tone and shape are maintained by a pressure within the eye (the intraocular pressure), which normally ranges between 8 mm and 22 mm (millimeters) of mercury. When the pressure is too low, the eye becomes softer, while an elevated pressure causes the eye to become harder. The optic nerve is the most susceptible part of the eye to high pressure because the delicate fibers in this nerve are easily damaged.
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C ATA - RA CTS A cataract starts out small and at first has little effect on your vision. You may notice that your vision is blurred a little, like looking through a cloudy piece of glass or viewing an impressionist painting. A cataract may make light from the sun or a lamp seem too bright or glaring. Or you may notice when you drive at night that the oncoming headlights cause more glare than before. Colors may not appear as bright as they once did. The type of cataract you have will affect exactly which symptoms you experience and how soon they will occur. When a nuclear cataract first develops, it can bring about a temporary improvement in your near vision, called â&#x20AC;&#x153;second sight.â&#x20AC;?
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the clouded lens distorts and blocks the light, making the resulting image appear blurred or cloudy.
the normal lens focuses the light on retina.
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>>CHAPTER THREE [+ B R A I L L E
\ \ D E V E LO P M E NT BRA I LLE I N C O M M U N I CAT IO N T ECH - INTRODUCTION TO BRAILLE - B R A I L L E I N D I G I TA L E R A
CHAPTER NEW TECHNOLOGY FOR VISUAL I M PA I R M E N T S
03
O U T O F S I G H T; THE NEW TYPOGRAPHY
6 - 6.4 m m
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>
> To g et i nf or ma t i on t h rou g h ou r fi ng e r t i p s ou r fi ng e r t i p s wou l d b e come s o mu ch more va l u b l e t o u s. R e s e a rch s u g g e st s t h a t b l i nd p e op l e h ave b ett e r re ca l l i ng a b i l i t y of a t ext s et i n t h e y â&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve re a d i n t h e p a st a nd s i g h t e d .
Braille is writing system which enables blind and partially sighted people to read and write through touch. It consists of patterns of raised dots arranged in cells of up to six dots in a 3 x 2 configuration. It was devised in 1825 by Louis Braille, a blind Frenchman. The invention of Braille allow blind people to be more literate and independent. And offered an equality pace for the visually impaired. However, the problem is that the braille books are expensive to produce and require extravagant volumes of thick and oversized paper. The development of technological devices, such as audio books and text-to-speech systems, make access to information and knowledge convenient and accessible. The rise of new devices led to a debate of the importance on the role of Braille; can it fully replace the use of Braille? The replacement of Braille with these devices may led to serious illiteracy problem; flawed understanding of language itself. The development of technological devices, such as audio books and text-tospeech systems, make access to information and knowledge convenient and accessible. The rise of new devices led to a debate of the importance on the role of Braille; can it fully replace the use of Braille? The replacement of Braille with these devices may led to serious illiteracy problem; flawed understanding of language itself. This media-shifting could be an opportunity for the braille to add a new dimension to its value. Until now, Braille books were designed to function as much as possible like print books. And due to its intrinsic limitation. Expensive production cost and cumbersome volume of book , Braille characters had to stay in a single form and minimal size. But now these new technology has essentially done away with the limits of form, Braille can be explored diverse ways.
> Braille vs. Latin alphabets_ Braille is a tactile system of raised dots representing letters of the alp h a b e t . To r e a d b r a i l l e , t h e f i n g e r s gently glide over paper that has been e m b o s s e d w i t h t h e b r a i l l e c o d e . Fo r note taking, a pointed instrument is used to punch out the dots on paper held in a metal slate. The readable raised dots appear on the other side o f t h e p a p e r.
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Compare to the visual world, where we have thousands of typefaces to choose from, there is only one typical size and single form of Braille for blind people. Because of this, Braille text doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have any emphasis, hierarchy, or any characteristics. Just like the various kinds of typefaces, braille can be formed from diverse shapes, not only dots; squares, triangles, pentagons and so on are also possible.
[ CHARACTERS_BRAILLE + example_ > Braille vs. L atin alphabets
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Ty p e s o f B r a i l l e S y s t e m s
Br a ille
Swe ll Br a ille
S i m Br a ille
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Blind and visually impaired people are challenged in their daily lives by living in a sighted world. Audio tools are useful, but listening is not literacy. Everyone, blind or sighted, must be able to read and write. Even as technology has become the primary means of communication, braille remains relevant. Those who learn braille and develop fluency with technology have a significant advantage, but it must be affordable to truly level the playing field. Team CBI is hard at work striving to make that happen. Some adaptive technology for the visually impaired has many features that enable quicker or easier use by the visually impaired. Some technology can be specially adapted to assist to the special needs of the visually impaired without causing them to feel out of place, uncomfortable, or different. The special features and adaptations that these adaptive technologies can include may also increase the amount of assistance the visually impaired receives from that specific product or technology. JAWS: the most robust text reader for a computer. The program reads written words on a computer screen and makes it possible for the user to navigate the Internet. Kurzweil: This simply program allows a user to scan any written document into a computer. IT then translate the document into audible form. GOODFEEL: Blind students and musicians can use this nifty use to translate music into a format that the blind can study and play. Virgo 4: A text converter that is light years ahead of industry standards. It can also be used to create text to braille documents. A hub for imaginative new ideas, inventive tools, and professional expertise, National Braille Press developed the Center for Braille Innovation (CBI) in 2008 to break down barriers to information access for blind people by using braille and tactile-based technology. With technology changing daily, blind people need a variety of accessible and affordable braille tools to read, learn, and communicate.
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>>CHAPTER FOUR [+ B R A I L L E
\\ CHARACTERS BRA I LLE I N C O M M U N I CAT IO N T ECH - INTRODUCTION TO BRAILLE - B R A I L L E I N D I G I TA L E R A
CHAPTER NEW TECHNOLOGY FOR VISUAL I M PA I R M E N T S
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O U T O F S I G H T; THE NEW TYPOGRAPHY
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Re vis ting Braille
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Revisiting Braille is a project of Thierry Wijnberg (total italic). After a long research, involving thorough communication with blind people, seeing people and a variety of organisations related to the blind the following conclusion became apparent: even though the Braille system is a fantastic invention, that shouldn’t necessarily mean it can only be used in a functional, static way. In the seeing world people are confronted every single day with a diversity of texts, written in different fonts, sizes, shapes, alignments, 2D/3D, colours, textures, materials, degrees of sharpness, and so on. Blind people, on the other hand, always experience text through one font (the Braille dot), available in one single size and always left-aligned. Braille has proven its value as a practical system, and as such it certainly doesn’t need modifying, but isn’t there a whole different world outside this purely functional use we could still try to discover? In other words, could Braille be more than just a functional system? In order to find out if Braille could be enriched, a number of tests were designed, ranging from subtle changes in the font (like trying out new shapes instead of the Braille dot) to more extreme experiments (creating Braille with new materials, or sizes much too big to be read with the fingers). The response of the blind people participating was extremely positive. They were particularly thrilled that, for the first time in their lives, they could experience text in ways very different to those they are accostumed to. For this project Thierry Wijnberg was awarded the Paul Schuitema-prize. This is what the jury wrote: ‘Revisiting Braille’ expands the concept of typography and enables the blind to experience the emotional layer of text for the first time“. I would finally like to remark that this innovative project does not aim to change the Braille system, but purely to exploit all its possibilities.
The Braille Sy s te m The basis of the braille system is known as a braille cell. The cell is comprised of six dots numbered in a specific order. Each dot or combination of dots represents a letter of the alphabet. For example, by checking in the braille alphabet, you will see that dot 1 is the letter “a” and dots 1 and 2 the letter “b”. Numbers and punctuation signs are also represented in braille. By looking at the chart below, you will see that braille numbers are announced by a sign using dots 3, 4, 5, and 6. The use of dot 6 just before a letter indicates a capital.
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>>CHAPTER FIVE [+ D I FFER EN T I MPA I RE M E N TS V I SI O N
\ \ T Y P E S O F I M PA I R EMEN T S DI F F E RE N T TY PE S O F VIS IO NS - INTRODUCTION TO BRAILLE - B R A I L L E I N D I G I TA L E R A
CHAPTER NEW TECHNOLOGY FOR VISUAL I M PA I R M E N T S
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O U T O F S I G H T; THE NEW TYPOGRAPHY
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> T Y P E S O F V I S UA L I M PA I R E M E N T S MACULAR_ Degeneration is a gradual a n d p r o g r e s s i ve d et e r i o r a t i o n o f t h e m a c u l a , t h e m o st s e n s i t i ve r e g i o n o f t h e r et i n a . T h e c o n d i t i o n l e a d s t o p r o g r e s s i ve loss of central vision (the ability t o s e e f i n e d et a i l s d i r e c t l y i n f r o n t ) .
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Refractive Errors The most common types of visual impairments are simple refractive errors. These include nearsightedness, farsightedness, and astigmatism. In nearsightedness images are focused in front of the retina, making far away images appear blurry. Farsightedness results from an image being focused behind the retina, which means the child will have trouble focusing on objects that are close up. Astigmatism results from curvature of the cornea, which keeps light rays from focusing properly in one area of the retina. This condition results in the inability to focus on objects far or near. Fortunately, refractive errors are correctable. Many children use glasses and enjoy clear vision. These students will have no need for special services unless the refractive error is not correctable for some reason. Common Eye Conditions. A child that can clearly see objects in front of him may still have problems with his visual field. The visual field is the area within direct range of sight (without the need to turn the head or eyes in order to see something). A child with hemianopsia has problems on one side of his visual field. A child with scotomas may have spots of reduced vision within his field of vision. Some eye conditions may cause a child to have problems with all peripheral (beyond the direct line of sight) vision, creating what is known as tunnel vision. He may also experience the loss of the center of his field of vision.
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COLOPHON DESIGNED BY A I SYA Z A L I K H A P U T R I PA P E R ENTRADA BRIGHT RAG 190gm DOUBLE- SIDED PRINTER EPS ON STYLUS PR O 3800 T Y P E FA C E D SWISS 721 CHRONICLE BINDARY CALIFORNIA SERVICE OFFICE
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GRAPHICS Photography Courtsey Users of Flickr.com & Pinterest.com Graphics by Aisya Zalikha Putri Photo created and Edited by Aisya Zalikha Putri
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