NAMHANSANSEONG
Republic of Korea, Doo-Won Cho
Contents
Description of Property
Proposed Criteria
Integrity & Authenticity OUV Components - Military Landscape Components - Governing Landscape Components - Folk Landscape Components
Conservation Management
1. Description of the Property
3
17th Century World map
Source: L’asie, Nicolas Sanson, 1652
17th Century Joseon (Korea) History of Korea
Silla (BC57-935AD)
Baekje (BC37-660AD)
Goguryo (BC18-668AD)
Unified Silla (668-935AD)
Goryo (918-1392AD)
Joseon (1392-1910AD) Source: dtv-Atlas zur Weltgeschichte, 2007
Location of Namhansanseong & Second Manchu Invasion of Korea
Location of Namhansanseong
First and Second Manchu Invasion of Korea In 17th Century
Geographical Situation of Namhansanseong as an Emergency Capital History of Korea
Silla (BC57-935AD)
Baekje (BC37-660AD)
Goguryo (BC18-668AD)
Unified Silla (668-935AD)
Goryo (918-1392AD)
Joseon (1392-1910AD) Old map of magistrate Gwangju, Paldogunhyeonjido, 1770 (source: Kyujanggak Institite for Korean Studies)
Namhansanseong (Historic Site No. 57)
Old map of the Namhansanseong from Records of magistrate Gwangju, Gwangjubueupji, 1899 (source: The Academy of Korean Studies)
Bird Eye View of Namhansanseong Source: Basic Plan on Comprehensive Improvement of Namhansanseong, 2012
Main Fortress Extended Defensive Wall Mt. Cheongrayngsan
Beolbong Peak
Mountain Fortress City
South Outworks
Outwork Mt. Geomdansan
9
Bird Eye View of Namhansanseong Source: Basic Plan on Comprehensive Improvement of Namhansanseong, 2012
Main Fortress Extended Defensive Wall
Mountain Fortress City
South Outworks
Outwork
10
Scale and building age of Namhansanseong Area Fortress Body
Length(m)
Area(m2)
Remarks
7,545
2,126,637
1st South Outwork
426
2,381
Assumed to be 1638, Expanded and renovated in 1638 and 1779
2nd South Outwork
318
3,583
Assumed to be 1638
3rd South Outwork
125
839
Janggyeongsa-sinji Outwork
159
1,447
Yeonjubong Outwork
315
865
Bongam Extended Defensive Wall
2,120
7,137
Hanbong Extended Defensive Wall
1,093
-
Sinnam Outwork East Observation Tower
134
1,381
Sinnam Outwork West Observation Tower
121
998
12,356
2,145,268
Total
Constructed in 1624
Constructed in 1624 when the Fortress Body was built. Constructed in 1686, expanded battery in 1705 Constructed in 1693 Constructed Sinnam Outwork in 1719 2 Observation Posts were constructed in Sinnam Outwork in 1753 -
List of designated Cultural Heritage No.
Subject
Date of designation
Historic Site
No.57
Namhansanseong
1963. 1. 21
Historic Site
No.480
Namhansanseong Emergency Palace
2007. 6. 8
Tangible Cultural Heritage of Gyeonggi-do Province
No.1 No.2 No.3 No.4 No.5 No.6
Sueojangdae Post Sungryeoljeon Shrine Cheongryangdang Shrine Hyeonjeolsa Shrine Chimgwaejeong Arsenal Yeonmugwan Pavilion
1972. 5. 4
Gyeonggi-do Province Intangible Cultural Property
No.13
Namhansanseong Soju
1994.12.24
Cultural Heritage Material of Gyeonggi-do Province
No.14 No.15
Jisudang Pondside Pavilion Janggyeongsa Temple
1983. 9. 19
No.111 No.119
Site of Mangwolsa Temple Site of Gaewonsa Temple
1988. 12. 12 1989. 12. 29
No.1
Rite at Sungryeoljeon Shrine
2008.4.21
No.2
Rite at Hyeonjeolsa Shrine
2008.4.21
Classification
Photo
National
Provincial
Local
Monument of Gyeonggi-do Province Local Intangible cultural heritage of Gwangju City Local Intangible cultural heritage of Gwangju City
12
List of designated Cultural Heritage No.
Subject
Date of designation
Historic Site
No.57
Namhansanseong
1963. 1. 21
Historic Site
No.480
Namhansanseong Emergency Palace
2007. 6. 8
Tangible Cultural Heritage of Gyeonggi-do Province
No.1 No.2 No.3 No.4 No.5 No.6
Sueojangdae Post Sungryeoljeon Shrine Cheongryangdang Shrine Hyeonjeolsa Shrine Chimgwaejeong Arsenal Yeonmugwan Pavilion
1972. 5. 4
Gyeonggi-do Province Intangible Cultural Property
No.13
Namhansanseong Soju
1994.12.24
Cultural Heritage Material of Gyeonggi-do Province
No.14 No.15
Jisudang Pondside Pavilion Janggyeongsa Temple
1983. 9. 19
No.111 No.119
Site of Mangwolsa Temple Site of Gaewonsa Temple
1988. 12. 12 1989. 12. 29
No.1
Rite at Sungryeoljeon Shrine
2008.4.21
No.2
Rite at Hyeonjeolsa Shrine
2008.4.21
Classification
Photo
National
Provincial
Local
Monument of Gyeonggi-do Province Local Intangible cultural heritage of Gwangju City Local Intangible cultural heritage of Gwangju City
13
List of designated Cultural Heritage No.
Subject
Date of designation
Historic Site
No.57
Namhansanseong
1963. 1. 21
Historic Site
No.480
Namhansanseong Emergency Palace
2007. 6. 8
Tangible Cultural Heritage of Gyeonggi-do Province
No.1 No.2 No.3 No.4 No.5 No.6
Sueojangdae Post Sungryeoljeon Shrine Cheongryangdang Shrine Hyeonjeolsa Shrine Chimgwaejeong Arsenal Yeonmugwan Pavilion
1972. 5. 4
Gyeonggi-do Province Intangible Cultural Property
No.13
Namhansanseong Soju
1994.12.24
Cultural Heritage Material of Gyeonggi-do Province
No.14 No.15
Jisudang Pondside Pavilion Janggyeongsa Temple
1983. 9. 19
No.111 No.119
Site of Mangwolsa Temple Site of Gaewonsa Temple
1988. 12. 12 1989. 12. 29
No.1
Rite at Sungryeoljeon Shrine
2008.4.21
No.2
Rite at Hyeonjeolsa Shrine
2008.4.21
Classification
Photo
National
Provincial
Local
Monument of Gyeonggi-do Province Local Intangible cultural heritage of Gwangju City Local Intangible cultural heritage of Gwangju City
14
View of Namhansanseong, 1909
View of Namhansanseong, 1909
Royal Ancestral Shrine Fortress Wall
Namhansanseong Emergency Palace
Administrations & Village
2. Proposed Criteria
17
Criteria (ii) (ii) Criteria Criteria (ii) exhibit an important interchange of human values, over a span of time or within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town-planning or landscape design.
Namhansanseong is a result of interchange between Korea, China and Japan during 16th~18th centuries in its fortress layout and architecture. It is utilizing natural topography for the layout of city to signify the authority of the King, even following basic principles of city construction in East Asian region. It is evidence of application the fortress system of China into the Korean geographical features.
Xanadu(1256), China(2012) ▶ Capital construction plan of Gaogonggi▼
▲ Namhanjido (Map of Namhansanseong) Early 17th Century | Kyujanggak Institute for Korean Studies at Seoul National University
Criteria (ii)(iv) Criteria Criteria (iv) be an outstanding example of a type of building, architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates (a) significant stage(s) in human history.
Namhansanseong preserves the long standing technical history of fortress building in the region. It preserves the distinct features of walls constructed since the 7th century down to the 19th century especially so in the development of warfare. It preserves administrative, military facilities and domestic urban infrastructure laid out during the 17th century in the function of the city.
Unified Silla Period 7th Century- Corn kernel shaped stone
1686- uncut rectangular stones
1624 – Coursed bond walls shaped like ĺ“
1709 – Rectangular stones
1638- irregular broken stones
1753-uncut large rectangular stones
3. Integrity & Authenticity
20
Integrity • All components comprising the Outstanding Universal Value of Namhansanseong are included in the property in its entirety with adequate conservation measures. • The buffer zone extends to include the entire surrounding area which is a provincial park designated around the mountain. • The protection measures for the entire property are all executed by a single entity, the Namhansanseong Culture and Tourism Initiatives.
Authenticity Namhansanseong maintains its authenticity as a natural barrier, an architectural structure, and as a township. The fortress and the fortress town still maintain its historic components in most of the aspects of authenticity.
Old map of the Namhansanseong from Records of magistrate Gwangju, Gwangjubueupji, 1899 (source: The Academy of Korean Studies)
Authenticity Form and Design •The terrain intact is an important part of the fortress rampart. •Namhansanseong underwent a number of additions and reinforcements to the original walls to increase its defensive functions up until the early 20th century. Materials and Substance •Stones are from gneiss in the surroundings, with some granite stones originated from 7th century •Parapets made of grey bricks, assembled by thick mortars which are composed of granite soil, quicklime in addition with tung oil. Use and function •The fortress intended to defend the capital city of Joseon, and still maintains its military functions in the national defense system. •The town inside the fortress is inhabited and the city functions are self-supported. •The fortress walls are still utilized as the borders that divide the municipality of Seongnam City, Gwangju City and Hanam City. Traditions, techniques and Management System •Periodical differences are portrayed in each part of the walls. •1624-1626: rectangular shaped stones slightly leaning inwards to the top of the wall •After 1636: introduction of artillery in the warfare and larger rocks were used for stronger platform •18th century: large stones in a more irregular manner so as to firmly support the wall structure •Namhansanseong has been managed by monk soldiers temples. •It was a seat of special government administrative unit in charge of military defense called ‘Sueoyeong’. Location and Settings •It has strategic location in 25 km distance to southeast of Seoul. •The Hangang River, Gyeongancheon Stream and Tancheon Stream functioned as a natural moat. •Namhansanseong was an important traffic intersection connecting the capital to the southern provinces. •After the 18th century, Namhansanseong had remained as the largest city in the southeast region of Gyeonggi Province Language and Other Forms of Intangible Heritage •The fortress was not only for the emergency use of the nobility but was the actual daily living ground for the commoners, thus resulting in a wide mixture of beliefs and thoughts. Spirit, Feeling and Other Internal and External Factors •Namhansanseong is a historic place which played a pivotal role in resisting foreign powers and displaying the spirit of independence. •Namhansanseong become symbol of resistance from the Korean people. •It is not remembered by the victories won here but rather by the humiliation and lessons learnt from the painful history
23
4. Components related to OUV
24
4-1. Military Landscape Components
25
Location of Main Gates
Namhanjido (Map of Namhansanseong) Early 17th Century | Kyujanggak Institute for Korean Studies at Seoul National University
Main Gate
Location of Auxiliary Gates
Namhanjido (Map of Namhansanseong) Early 17th Century | Kyujanggak Institute for Korean Studies at Seoul National University
Location of Auxiliary Gates
29
Auxiliary Gate
Location of Outworks
Illustration of an outwork from the chinese book Mubiji, 1621
Namhanjido (Map of Namhansanseong) Early 17th Century | Painted on Paper | 132Ă—83.5 | Housed in the Kyujanggak Institute for Korean Studies at Seoul National University
Ongseong (甕城, Outwork)
Outworks
▲Yeongjubong Outwork
▼3rd South Outwork
▲ 1st South Outwork
▼ Janggyeongsa Sinji Outwork
Ongseong (甕城), 2. South Outwork
Defining Terminology with ICOFORT Experts
â–˛ 2012 Namhansanseong International Symposium
â–ź 2013 Namhansanseong International Symposium
35
Detail of Outwork
Various Elements
▲Pohyeol(砲穴), Casemated embrasure for gun-firing ▼Poru(砲壘), Redoubt
▲Sugu(水口), Water Drain Hole ▼Sumun(水門), Water Gate
Seongbyeok(城壁), Fortress Wall
Yeojang (女牆), parapet
Yeojang (女牆), parapet Chongan(銃眼), Short-range gun-firing embrasure, Long-range gun-firing embrasure
Seongbyeok(城壁), Fortress Wall
Firearms of Namhansanseong Ø Manufacture of Bullang-gi 200 piece in 1692 Ø Manufacture of Bullang-gi 160, Byeoljapo 480, Hyeonjachongtong 3piece in 1713 Ø Possession of Bow 14,665, Spear 2,793, Sword 10,240, Firearms 45,161 piece in 1846 Hyeonjachongtong(Cannon, 18~19C) Jochong(Matchlock, 16~19C) Length 90~120cm Range 100~150m Amount 6,364 piece
Length 95cm Range 1,500m Amount 34 Piece
Bullang-gi(Breech-loading Cannon, 16~17C) Cheonbochong(Matchlock, 18C) Length 140~200cm Range 200~300m Amount 100 piece
Length Range Amount
81.3 ~ 97cm 500~600m 466 Piece
Hojunpo(Small Sized Cannon, 17C) Length Range Amount
60~70cm 400~500m 400 Piece
39
South Outwork Ă˜ Ă˜
South Outworks
They had Redoubts for shooting Bullang-gi(breech-loading cannon), faced the enemy of their front and side , and allowed cross-shooting with adjacent Redoubts. It was to build up Killing Zone in the front and side of Redoubts.
380m
270m
Killing Zone
500~600m
40
Sueojangdae Post, West Command Post
1909
2012
(Gyeonggi-do Province Tangible Cultural Property No. 1)
41
Yeonmugwan, Pavilion for Command and Military training
1958
2012
(Gyeonggi-do Province Tangible Cultural Property No. 6)
42
Chimgwaejeong Arsenal
Early 20th Century
2012
(Gyeonggi-do Province Tangible Cultural Property No. 5)
43
Location of Military Buddhist Temples
Namhanjido (Map of Namhansanseong) Early 17th Century | Kyujanggak Institute for Korean Studies at Seoul National University
Location of Military Buddhist Temples
Military Buddhist Temples
▲Gaewonsa Temple
▼Janggyeongsa Temple
▲Mangwolsa Temple
▼Site of Hanheungsa Temple
4-2. Governing Landscape Components
47
Location of Namhansanseong Emergency Palace
Royal Ancestral Shrines
Market Government Office Complex Altar for State Deities of Earth and Grain
Namhanjido (Map of Namhansanseong) Early 17th Century | Kyujanggak Institute for Korean Studies at Seoul National University
Namhansanseong Emergency Palace, Historic Site No. 480
Namhansanseong Emergency Palace, Historic Site No. 480 Royal Ancestral Shrines
King’s living Qurter
King’s Office Qurter
Service Area
Sungryeoljeon Shrine
1937
2010
(Gyeonggi-do Province Tangible Cultural Property No. 2)
51
Hyeonjeolsa Shrine
1959
2012
(Gyeonggi-do Province Tangible Cultural Property No. 4)
52
4-3. Folk Landscape Components
53
Intangible Cultural heritages
Sacrificial Rite
Sacrificial Rite
at Sungryeoljeon Shrine
at Sungryeoljeon Shrine
(Gwangju City Local Intangible Cultural Property No. 1)
(Gwangju City Local Intangible Cultural Property No. 2)
54
Intangible Cultural heritages
Suryukjae,
Shamanic Ritual
the Buddhist ritual held
in Cheongryangdang Shrine (2011)
at Janggyeongsa temple
55
Intangible Cultural heritages
Haedonghwa Game (Burning Torch)
Totem Poles Festival
56
Culture & Life
Residential event of
Gardening
Kimchi making & sharing
of Namhansan Elementary School
(UNESCO World Intangible Cultural Heritage)
57
5. Conservation Management
58
Organization Chart of Management of Namhansanseong
Cultural Heritage Administration of Korea (Supervision, Approval)
Gyeonggi-do Province (Policy, Budget) Consignment & Entrustment of conservation management
Namhansanseong Management Committee (Deliberation, Consultation)
Namhansanseong Executive Committee (Review, Adjustment)
Namhansanseong Culture & Tourism Initiatives (Conservation•Management)
Namhansanseong Cultural Heritage Guardians
Gwanju City, Seongnam City, Hanam City (Local Government for Management)
Namhansanseong Provincial Park Management Office
(Monitoring, Suggestion)
(Provincial Park Management) 59
Namhansanseong Culture & Tourism Initiatives 1. 사업단 현황 Structure :
1 Director, 2 Teams(Cultural Program Team & Cultural Heritage Team)
Total 38 Staffs Operation separately of assistant manpower for world heritage nomination(2), Educator for cultural heritage exploration (2), Patrol for Namhansanseong cultural heritage, Emergency repair and daily maintenance(20) Cultural Program Team(8)
• Monitoring of World Heritage and international exchange · Formulation, execution and management of budget and establishment of a plan on funds receipts and disbursement · Consultations with related institutions including governments, Committee, related organizations and secretariat · Establishment and adjustment of mid-to-long-term plans and project plans · Pursuit and support for residents-collaborative projects (guardians, village events and etc.) · Research on historical material on Namhansanseong and establishment of archives · Development of specialties of Namhansanseong and improvement of restaurants in Namhansanseong · Development and operation of experience education programs on history and ecology · Implementation of residents-collaborative cultural property projects and special exploration programs
Cultural Heritage Team(6)
· Conservation and management of Namhansanseong Emergency Palace (Employment and management of staff for Namhansanseong Emergency Palace) · Establishment of a comprehensive mid-to-long-term plan for Namhansanseong · Maintenance and management of information boards of cultural heritage · Establishment of repair and maintenance of provincedesignated cultural heritage and disaster prevention system · Namhansanseong fortress conservation management · Basis research on Namhansanseong based on guidelines for conservation and management of the fortress · Inspection and regular patrol on cultural heritage in the fortress · Maintenance of Namhansanseong Emergency Palace areas (Provision of subsidy for Traditional Korean houses) 60
Organization Chart of Namhansanseong Culture & Tourism Initiatives
Director . Jeon Jongdeok of Namhansanseong Culture & Torism Initiative
Yoo Namgeon Vice Manager Volunteer management
Chief Manager . Won Junho
Manager . Noh HyeonKyun
of Cultural Programs Division of Namhansanseong Culture & Tourism Initiative
of Cultural Heritage Division of Namhansanseong Culture & Initiative
Yi HyeonKyeong Choi Dongwook Contract Management
Treasurer
Jeong Jisun Business Plan Management
Park Sangyong Cho Doowon Curator
World Heritage Nomination
Seo Hyun
An Seminar
History Archive Researcher
World Heritage Nomination Assistant Researcher
Kwon Jihye Culture & Education Program Tutor
Yi Kyeongmi Culture & Education Program Tutor
Jeong Heungtaek Culture & Education Program
Shin Myeonjong
Jung Jaehun
Kim Taewan
Kim Younghak
Jang Yoonjin
In charge of Namhansanseong Emergency Palace
In charge of Namhansanseong designated Cultural Heritage
In charge of Namhansanseong Traditional Park Management
In charge of Namhansanseong Fortress
In charge of sites of Military Buddhist Temples
Organization Chart of Namhansanseong Culture & Tourism Initiatives
Security Team
Repair Team Emergency Repair Team
Yim Deokbin
Song Minjong
Yoo Jaecheol
Heo Bongmoo
Lee Sinjae
Son Seonsoo
An Homyeong
Chief Manager. Song Gwangheon
Noh Chunsik
Chief Manager. Kim Yeongseok Kim Hyosuk
Gang Jonggu Kim Yangsub Yoon Sungbum
Jeon Seungsoo Park Taegue Hong Jongsub
Jo Soohwan Lee Cheolwoo
Special Repair Team
Joo Myeongyeol
Choi Changho
Ticket Agent
Um Jinsun
Cultural Heritage Interpreter
Gang Changhee
Kim Hyeongran
Namhansanseong Culture & Tourism Initiatives 1. 사업단 현황 Annual Budget from 2010 to 2015
2010
Total 1
2011
(Unit: million Won (thousand US$))
2012
2013
2014
2015 plan
5,572 (5,256)
6,833 (6,446) 6,298 (5,941)
5,112 (4,822)
4,103 (3,870)
6,590 (6,053)
1,845 (1,740)
2,322 (2,190) 1,961 (1,850)
1,723 (1,625)
1,477 (1,393)
1,355 (1,243)
870 (820)
630 (594)
300 (283)
300 (283)
4,251 (4,010) 3,467 (3,270)
2,759 (2,602)
2,325 (2,193)
4,935 (4,527)
Operating expenses of the NCTI
2
Expenses of World heritage nomination
2,887 (2,723)
3,
Expenses of conservation management of cultural heritage
2,685 (2,533)
260 (245)
63
Conservation Management in Namhansanseong
▲ Signboard Improvement Project in Namhansanseong Provincial Park
▲ Pine tree Plantation Project in Namhansanseong Provincial Park
▲ Fire surveillance on cultural heritage
▲ Namhansanseong Security Office
Residents-collaborative projects
Participa tion Cultural Heritage Keeper
Exploration of Cultural heritage
Rite at Sungryeoljeon
Archaeological Camp
Promotion Food Culture
Solbaram Bookstore
Village Newspaper
Old Photo Collection
History Academy
Cultural Heritage Map
Interpreters Workshop
Coopera tion
Education
Newsletter 65
Namhansanseong Provincial Park Management
66
Boundary of the nominated Property
67
World Heritage Nomination Process of Namhansanseong Year
Month
Nomination for the World Heritage tentative list
9.
Plan of a mid-to-long-term roadmap for conservation and management
Namhansanseong Culture & Tourism Initiative(NCTI)
1.
Priority site to be nominated for the World heritage list
Cultural Heritage Administration of Korea(CHA)
3.
Preparation of Nomination Dossier
NCTI
5.
Reconstruction of Namhansanseong Emergency palace and Maintenance of surrounding Park area of Namhansanseong Emergency palace
NCTI
5.
Establishment of Namhansanseong World Heritage Nomination Committee(33 members)
1.
Submission of Nomination Dossier
9.
Technical Evaluation on Site
6.
World Heritage Inscription during the 38th World Heritage Committee
2012
2013 2014
Note
2. 2010
2011
Contents
CHA
Gyeonggi-do Province CHA ICOMOS WHC World Heritage Inscription
Establishment of Namhansanseong World Heritage nomination Committee
Preparation of Nomination Dossier
Priority site to be nominated for the World Heritage list Inscription on the World Heritage tentative list
2010.2
2011. 1
2011. 3
2012. 5
2014. 6
68
69