Health Light by Design Studies

HEALTH LIGHT DESIGN Design For Health

By Tony Lin Cooper Cox Janelle Farley

Effects Of Lighting On Patients Moods and Experience In Radiotherapy Rooms

Table of Contents 06

Author Biography

Introduction

Research Methodology

Practices Precedent Already Existing Effects On People

Peter Mac

Next Step Proposition

Introduction Into Research

Design Proposition

Prototyping

Final Outcome

Our learning Experience

Reference

Author Biography

Tony Lin

Janelle Farley

Cooper Cox

Hi, Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;m an Industrial Design student from at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology in first year second semester learning design for health. Never thought about the aspect of this design, created an interesting topic to further understand. This course has lead me in a series of directions in order to better understand the situations with in the hospitals. It has been an interesting journey to being able to go out the hospital and to truly understand the process to creating this research book into coming up with a design proposition and finding that gap in the market which is needed to improve the patients experiences.

I am currently studying a Bachelor of Industrial Design at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology of which one of my current courses involve Design in Health. Having acquired many new skills and much knowledge throughout my first year, I have developed a strong liking for sustainable design and hope to spend my future years discovering and designing products and systems which will not only be of a critical role and benefit society but will also have a positive impact on the environment. Thereby, I hope to be achieving a goal where all society, animals and nature can thrive. I found the course Design for Health very interesting as it not only opened up the new design avenue of healthcare, of which I had never considered, but through firsthand research I was learnt about how basic characteristics such as the brightness of a light or colours used can have such a big impact on the design and should always be carefully chosen and considered. Thereby providing me with skills and knowledge I shall be using throughout all of my designs in the future

I am a student at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology and studies Industrial Design. The main interests in my course which I would like to explore further is user-centred design and its ability to make activities easier for people. The reasoning behind this is the joy I get out of connecting with people to either help them or just to discover more about them. This class has revealed new horizons for me as Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve never considered the medical to be an area of design I was interested in, but by the end of this task ive found myself wondering about other areas of improvement within this setting.

Introduction

For our Design Research Proposition during our introduction into the salutogenesis design in the hospital one of the things that really stuck out to us was about the support of human health and wellbeing and focusing on improving this environment. Through further discussion into finding problems which were prominent we found a path which was not focused on as much and research wasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t put into practice but had a lot of potential in the wellbeing and atmosphere it creates. This is why we wanted to focus on the importance of lighting in this surrounding as an area of inquiry we were quite curious about. The journey through critical annotations of hospital ideas, concepts and practices which focus on ways other places tackle the issue through journals and studies done. The way we can use this research and experience first hand and documentations of the hospital and how we felt helped us to guide in a direction where we have research and knowledge to go into proposition we will be developing on.

Research Methodology

To get a broad idea into further research in hospitals we first looked into stress reducing effects and artificial nature in a hospital room, sustainable healthcare architecture and light for health in care in order to see a gap needed to be filled in the hospitals.

Stress-Reducing Effects of Real and Artificial Nature in a Hospital Waiting Room

Effects of Indoor Lighting on Mood and Cognition

Hospital encounters are generally characterized by fear, anxiety, stress, and uncertainty, these negative psychological feelings can have a deleterious effect on health and recovery. In an attempt to reduce these we need to look at health benefits and wellbeing through design of the environment and aesthetics. Aesthetics are important during a waiting room increasing the patient or visitors secureness, comfort and relaxation as to minimise feelings of anxiety. One important investigation shows the effects of using natural elements in healthcare environments as exposed to natural environment recover sooner from stress than from urban environment. “Real plants” reported that it lower levels of experienced of stress and were able to increase pain tolerance. One other study showed that patients undergoing bone marrow aspiration and biopsy experienced reduced pain when watching a nature scene. Which the people in the hospital prefer natural environments because of their potential to provide restoration from stress. The research also showed that perceived attractiveness of environments is related to psychological wellbeing. In current study provides that the relation between plants and stress would be mediated by the perceived attractiveness of the waiting room. In order to investigate these hypotheses, a field experiment was conducted in two waiting rooms of a Dutch hospital. The results highlight the effects that hospital environments can have on the feelings of patients. In conclusion, adding an element of nature to the hospital interior turns out to be an effective means to reduce negative psychological feelings of patients. But, an interesting fact that both real indoor plants and posters of plants were equally effective in reducing stress in patients. Much research on indoor plants in hospitals has focused on health risks rather than on health benefits.

This article explores the effects of indoor lighting on cognitive performance and mood of 96 subjects, males and females, aged between 18-25. The article describes an experiment in which the illuminance levels are varied to be either dim, 300lx, or bright, 1500lx, in two colours, warm white or cool white. The results of the first half showed that the least negative mood enhancer light was the warm light. These results were significant enough to conclude that indoor lighting does play a significant role in emotions and cognitions of males and females and therefore should be taken heavily into consideration.

which is critical for our assignment as, whilst we want patients, visitors and staff to have positive moods, it is also critical for those who need to be alert and to be provided with adequate lighting to enable them to effectively complete their jobs. The results are beneficial as they propose that the foundation of any relaxation room is a dim and warm light. This provides us with a new opportunity to research which type of lighting is actually best.

The article explains and displays the results of the experiments in detail. The method and results are displayed statistically and graphically. Whilst the sample size is sufficient it is not representative of the entire population as it only consists of people aged 18-55, therefore lacking a representation of younger and older generations. The researcher uses the same people to complete the second half of the experiment, thereby causing the results to be of a consistent nature. Although the results are noteworthy, there are discrepancies as it is questionable if the results reflect what is actually the most effective mood enhancer overall, or if it is simply the best of the two variables tested. Another limitation of the research is that the emotions and previous mental states of the participants are not taken into consideration which effects the reliability of the results. Furthermore, since we do not know the states of their minds, we do not know if the results are fully applicable to our topic. The article acknowledges the paper’s limitations and even states that “the criteria for good indoor lighting may be revised, and should take into consideration females’ and males’ emotional and cognitive responses as well.” This ability of the authors to critique their work shows how the report is written in an unbiased manner. The findings from this article assist our research as they not only desWnts’ cognitive abilities

Energy Efficient Lighting System Design for Hospital Diagnostic and Treatment Room This article claims that lighting must be suitable for three different categories of people; it should consider the comfort of patients, deliver critical visual requirements for hospital staff, and provide comfort and visual need for visitors. Although it is important to achieve these requirements the lighting system must also achieve considerable energy cost savings. This article acknowledges that hospital lighting has two main functions; to provide adequate lighting for task requirements in each area of the hospital and to create a visually pleasing and satisfying environment in which the lighting influences human emotions and feelings of well-being.

it easy to locate the most relevant information. It references previous works to support claims and arguments and provides a new insight to extend on these afore-mentioned works, thereby resulting in a modern study. It also includes graphs and tables which present the findings in an easily understandable manner, along with graphical representations of room layouts and lighting effects to eliminate any ambiguity the reader might have about what is being described. While all results are presented in a logical and tabled format, however, the equations and explanations are not consistent with the easy understandable nature and tend to use confusing and complex theories and math equations to describe the research.

A comprehensible report format with subtitles makes This article is useful as it not only introduces us to which lighting is effective for improving patientsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; moods and well-being but also educates us on the limitations which certain choices of lighting may possess. It also highlights how such variables like costs, energy usage and meeting the needs for various purposes, which include workers completing their jobs and visitors having a pleasant experience. It also meets the needs of patients who want to sleep as opposed to the light required by workers who are trying to stay awake. This article also provides us not only with an insight to which lighting is good but also suggests which lighting to avoid due to causing discomfort.

Children and young people’s preference for thematic design and colour for their hospital environment

Colour and lighting in hospital design

This study aims to assess young people’s colour preference within a small hospital ward. The context behind this study is that it was noticed that the community did not have a significant part within the planning for their town/city and by giving people a say in what happens within their town/city gives a larger sense of connection and community.within the study it mentions that children's wards within hospitals are designed by adults, these adults were using vibrant primary colours such as red and blue, which all may represent warm and the ocean, can also represent anger and sadness respectively. Children within these wards also stated that the use of these colours with Disney characters made the ward feel too childish. Two forms of testing were used, first, an interview that explored the overall colour choices of the patients involved, and derived from that information, a questionnaire was used to minimise the range of results. The overall findings of the study were that blues were the most popular followed by a range of pastel colours ranging from yellow to pink.

The key idea behind this study is to establish that colour and lighting improve the recovery rates of patients within hospitals. The studies overview states that these factors are not a cure but it is established that poor conditions and monotone colours tend to slow the recovery rates within patients. Over the studies 12month period it had three aims, to provide evidence-based design research results on colour and lighting, to create a guidance document on the use of colour design and lighting. And to deliver for use by NHS staff as well as built environment professionals. At the conclusion of the study, it was found that “cool colours” such as blues and greens promoted calming environments for people as well as boosting concentration for office workers. And neutral colours such as grey and white actually decreased concentration. The study also found that grey or neutral colours were excellent for physical appraisals as opposed to colours which made it difficult to identify skin tone for example.

Hospital lighting and its association with sleep, mood and pain in medical inpatients.

The aim behind this study was to see how light exposure affects sleep patterns within adult inpatients thus altering their mood, pain levels and relationships. The team behind this study wanted to see if the level of light pollution within hospitals i.e from hallways or machines was causing patients within said hospitals to experience discomfort affecting sleep, circadian rhythmicity, mood and pain. The way this was tested was by using a sample of 23 women and 17 men who were admitted to a largely academic hospital, they were placed within the experiment for 72hours where continuous monitoring of sleep cycles and light levels were taken in conjunction with a pain score and Profile Of Mood Brief, to fully understand what the inpatient was feeling. At the conclusion of the study, it was found that further investigation was needed to determine if the manipulation of light exposure would be beneficial to inpatients by aiding sleep-wake disturbances, mood and pain.

Sustainable Healthcare Architecture by Sara Bensalem

Healing architecture: a study on the physical aspects of healing environment in hospital design by Srazali Aripin

This research looks into healthcare facility as not only in sustainability but also beneficial to the patient and fosters a healing environment. Sustainable Architecture looks further than the building ecology or energy efficiency, and towards the end userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s experience, placing people at the centre of the design process. It looks into how the mind has the power to heal, fostering an environment that promotes mental wellness should translate to the physical healing of the body. Architecture has shown that the environment that people create has profound impacts on the human psyche. This can be improved by including natural ventilation and day lighting. Sustainable designs of workplaces have shown that productivity levels increase. An average of 70-90% of a day humans stay indoors. But, humans are not adapted to live in artificial environments of the past 40 years have led to the sick building syndrome, while shelter is a natural and instinctive aspect of people. The way we need to create a healing environment is to think about patients, stall and visitors. The patients wants privacy, dignity and company. While we can create a sustainable architecture by including natural lighting, ventilations, user controls and clean indoor/outdoor environments.

Through my research into the studies of healing architecture the books talks about creating an environment physically healthy and psychologically appropriate. But the healthcare needs to be both focus more on functional and psychological as most designers are paying less attention towards the ultimate aim of creating a healing environment. Critique includes terms of â&#x20AC;&#x153;confusing, dull shabby, windowless, long circulation, glare and little natural light, poor lighting, noisy, sleep deprivation, isolation, physical restraint and want of informationâ&#x20AC;? of a hospital. This can been fixed with careful consideration of physical aspect by creating a healing environment. Which the first section the researcher looked into was the study of daylight in hospital design. This is an important role in the hospitals healing environment. As the exposure to natural light provides positive impact on human health. It affects our circadian rhythm. As one suggests that light is the most important environmental input in controlling bodily function after food. Healing needs optimum level of comfort and care physically, socially and symbolically. The hospital wards indoor environment and window design plays a big part in allowing this daylight/natural light. One important issue to look into is lighting stratifies with the combination of daylight and artificial light which has positive impact on managing behavioural distances. As the appropriate balance of daylight and artificial light provides positively affect. Issue to look into light is glare control, flickering-free lighting, orientation of the light, colour rendering and temperature. Daylight plays a positive impact of patients outcomes in

restoring benefits to other user in environment. As hospitals access to natural light claims 70% medical staff has a positive impact on their work. So it not only benefits the patients but also the staff, workers and visitors in their emotions and mentality. Building orientation is important in affecting the quality of daylight and outside view. Colour is also a factor. Patients are satisfied with pastel colour whereas colours like dark colours like dark green increasing luminance contrast with adjust windows and also gives an effect on perception of patients skin colour.

Light for Health and Care

The Impact of Light on Outcomes in Healthcare Settings by Anjali Joseph

One research looked into LED lights as comparison to normal light bulbs. These lights have carriable light colours, can be controlled and versatility and high lighting quality. Light is important time base for circadian system which is sleep wake rhythm. Studies also show that elders need larger amount of light if not enough daylight they can experience night time insomnia and stress. Lighting levels up to 1500 lux is recommended as it has the most benefits at that lighting. Colour temperatures are important in mimicking natural changes over the course of the day. In the morning a warm light is most suitable and Foster lights in evenings improve the well-being and relaxation. blush lights for last nights. Lights and sense well-being are closely linked. It is important in avoiding glare means preventing accidents. Emotional accent lights provides welcome whereas contrast lights in sterile environments. Lights during the night is important in night shifts. The biorhythms of our body are not designed for night shifts the pulse rates heighten and body temperature decreases the night.

The research looked into the way light impacts human health and performance and the linking light between daylight and artificial light for healthcare improvements. Light is critical to human functioning in that it allows us to see things and perform activities. But it is also important because it affects human beings psychologically and physiologically. The higher lighting levels are linked better performance of complex visual tasks. The light requirement by humans increases with the age as needing to be exposed to vitamin D and metabolism within the body. It is also needed for treatment for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Lighting is also important in the fact that it reduces depression among patients with seasonal affective disorder and bipolar depression. Studies has also proven that it decreases the lengths of stay in hospitals. It is most important as it improves sleep and circadian rhythm by effectively as the efficiency of sleep improves from increasing it from 77.5% to 90%. Light also lessens agitation among dementia patients and eases the pain. Also for the staff it improves adjusting to night shifts. Whereas light is important bright light in mornings are more effective than bright light in the evenings in reducing depressions. The patients outcome of daylight has less perceived stress and pain and studies show 22% less analgesic mediation are taken per hour. Ways to optimise healthcare is for the windows to access natural light in with controlling glare and temperature. Orientate patients rooms to maximize early morning sun exposure. Adequate lighting staff work areas and high lightings for complex visual tasks.

Impact of Lighting Arrangements and Illuminances on Different Impressions of a Room. This article discusses how electric light has blurred the boundaries of day and night, making it difficult to synchronise biological processes, and how the timing of lighting interferes with circadian rhythms which include hormone secretion, gene expression, cellular function and wake behaviour. This article aims to educate the reader about solutions on how to avoid the dangerous effects of artificial lighting. The disturbance of oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s circadian rhythm can lead to the development of certain cancers, metabolic dysfunctions and mood disorders. This article highlights how mood regulation is also influenced by artificial light at night- time and there is strong evidence that links this alteration of emotion to the circadian disruption. It claims that many mood disorders are characterised by circadian and sleep rhythm disruptions or caused by an irregular light cycle as light at night can have a negative affect on oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mood. The researchers explore this first-hand by testing how rodents react to different lights and they further explore how this relates to humans. A great depth of research and detailed findings are included to explain the basis and background knowledge of the study design so that the information is easily understandable. The article also contains well thought out graphic representations which instil the important findings and act as compelling evidence. It uses scientific language and evidence to support its discussion of the brain and which parts are affected. It further explains the functions of the brains in detail and describes how lighting effects these functions. Within this article, much of the evidence of the effects of aberrant light exposure is from study-

ing model organisms such as rodents. While mice are similar to humans in their nocturnal nature, they are dissimilar to humans in many other ways. These experiments cannot be fully verified as the rodents are naturally unable to talk about how their mood swings were effected by the lighting. This article is beneficial as it focusses more on the timing of lighting and how it affects mood as opposed to just the type of lighting and dimness and colour. Although the discussion here revolves around the timing of lighting, this article still supports our main hypothesis, that lighting does affect mood overall. When it does briefly discuss how lighting colour affects mood, interestingly, it relates it to how it makes us sleep and how it interferes with our circadian rhythm. This differs to the other articles which mainly base their research on the patientsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; descriptions of how they feel. In this manner, it provides more of a why answer as opposed to just a statement answer and can be used as the backbone for our assignment. It is also useful for its suggested solutions it provided, especially in terms of hospitals where it recommends that blue light blocking glass or sleep masks should be considered to reduce the bright light required by the nurses which affect the vulnerable patients.

Practices Precedent Already Existing Effects On People

Hotel Lighting and experience

Day Care Centre Lighting

Hotel lighting and experience are important as the first impressions count Reception acts as a hotel’s business card. This is where guests are welcomed and initially find their bearings. A friendly welcome and pleasant lighting, assist communicative processes. Guests entering the hotel for the first time to check in are unconsciously guided by the backlit reception desk. In addition, a recurring “luminous field” element is incorporated to good effect. Directional light from downlights ensures adequate illuminance in conformity with relevant standards. The information then talks about the human energy balance where lighting solutions for the balance between environment, energy and the individual. An emotionally captivating lighting atmosphere transforms a stay into an experience Hotel and Wellness Energy efficiency Intelligent control systems exploit the potential to save energy as reduced brightness levels and lighting scenes which are individually adapted to suit a particular activity Multifunctional, zoned lighting concepts and sophisticated LED solutions boost efficiency still further. This is why technology interfaces including, the iPod and WLAN Internet access, have become standard facilities in the premium hotel segment as have an intuitively operated lighting management system and dynamic LED lighting solutions.

Lights play a vital role not only in terms of your day care setup, but also when it comes to your well-being. In order to make sure that you have adequate lighting throughout the day, make sure you have several different light sources such as windows, overhead lighting, night lights. Avoid using colourful overhead lighting or light fixtures as your main source of lighting. Although they can be very appealing for the eyes since they come in several adorable shapes (flower, sun, cloud, moon, etc.), they do not represent good light sources. However, they can be used in your naptime area. It is also important to mention that colourful overhead lighting and lamp shades diffuse colour along with light. Often, the colour makes a room seem darker. Visual comfort is an important consideration. Extreme brightness contrasts cause discomfort and fatigue, e.g., dark ceilings often cause discomfort, due to brightness between ceiling and lighting fixtures. Daylight emphasizes cool colours, and incandescent lamps emphasize warm colours. Mercury vapor and fluorescent lights, depending on the colour correction, tends to flatter cool colours, and produce a crisper atmosphere. The reflectance of the room surfaces greatly affect the overall efficiency of the lighting. However, glossy tablesshould be avoided because of glare. Recommended reflectance are 20-50% for the floor, 70-90% for the ceiling, 50-70% for a wall with windows, 15-20% for the opposite wall without windows, 35-50% for a desk or table top. Colour, particularly strong colours, can involve personal preference, and is subject to many individual whims. Therefore, providing for colour changes can satisfy both children’s and teachers’ need for colour variation and give a high degree of stimulation to the environment. Because it is subjective, it is also liable to criticism or emotional differences. Colour is dependent on light in order to be seen, and depending on the warmness or coolness of the source, be it natural or artificial, results can be startlingly different. For example, reds look excellent under warm white incandescent or any other warm light source, e.g., fluorescent, while blues look great under natural light or a cool white fluorescent lamp. What research that has been conducted seems to indicate that warmer colours are preferred by younger children, with a gradual preference change to the cooler colours after age 6.

Chromotherapy

Theme Parks

Airfield Lighting Control & Monitoring System

Radiation Therapy and You - National Cancer Institute.

Chromotherapy (colour therapy) is a therapeutic system based on the idea that colours form electric impulses in our brains that stimulate hormonal and biochemical processes which affect mood and can calm or stimulate us. It works by providing colours to the aura around the body which then transfers the energy to the physical body. Each colour has its unique frequency and therefore different form of energy. These different colours can either heal, soothe, energise or regulate mood. Colour therapy is widely used in many spas and relaxation clinics. In particular, Spa de Marrakech, located in the Dandenong Ranges, uses colour therapy to realign the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;energy centresâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; within the body. Different colours are incorporated such as: yellow, which stimulates the mind, helps recover self-confidence, removes toxins and cellulitis and cleanses the skin; blue, which is used for relaxation and improving quality of sleep; and violet, which tones down the nervous system and relieves stress and anxiety.

Immeasurable hours are spent on the design of theme parks to ensure that users have the best experience possible. A major design element is the colour and lighting of theme parks which are heavily used to influence the mood of the visitor and make them feel as though they are in a fantasy land. Theme parks such as Disney Land have even made shows entirely out of lights which attract numerous people every year to watch and fall in love with the light shows. They also use trimmable LED light strips for rides such as Ferris Wheels to create various effects. These lights are all used in ways which bring feelings of joy, happiness and delight. There is also a large use of projectors within rides, in particular on river rides, for which the colour blue is often used to create a sense of relaxation and calm. The use of lighting and colour in theme parks plays a large role in how visitors can go from feeling calm and relaxed on one ride to pumped up with adrenaline or fear a short time afterwards on a different ride.

Replacement of The Airfield Lighting Control & Monitoring System (ALCMS) At Changi Airport Lights along airstrips are crucial for the success of airports, without them airports wouldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t function at night and accidents would occur. By using hundreds of bright lights with different colours and patterns, airports are able to taxi, take-off and land planes. Through the use of all the different lights both in colour and shape, pilots are able to understand the runway they are working with. The different meanings behind these lights are as follows: Green lights that are set in a line, indicate the beginning of the available landing distance. Elevated Yellow lights indicate the last 600m of the runway and are placed 60m apart from each other. Precision Approach Path Indicator Lights (PAPI) are white lights that are set to precise angles to indicate to the pilot whether or not they are approaching the runway at the right angle. Red in-ground lights are placed in a straight line and used to indicate the end of the runway. The colour red is also used to show the space before the available landing area, but instead, are placed in rectangles of 4 x 9. Alternating red and green in-ground lights are used to replicate the centre of the taxi path for the pilots to stick to. Blue above ground lights is used alongside the red and green lights to indicate the edge of the taxi path. Other White lights are used to light signs, such as runway numbers, taxi directions and taxiway locations. It should be noted that in-ground lights can be made directional allowing for the runway to be approached from the other end if conditions make it necessary.

Radiation therapy is a process that requires precision as it is the process of firing radiation at cells within the body, hopefully shrinking them to nothing. This process is most notable within cancer treatment and is used in an attempt to expel the cancer cells from the body completely before spreading too far. Within radiation therapy, lights are used to assure that this radiation is being fired at the right parts of the body, as radiation does not only destroy cancer cells, but it destroys all cells. So by using lights/ lasers to align the tool on the body it ensures that the treatment is dissolving the correct cells.

Peter Mac

Through our trip to both Peter MacCallum and Royal Melbourne Hospital it brought to us an area to look into and also a deeper understanding of lighting the environment presented in these two locations. From the outside of Peter MacCallum curved designed architecture minimises wind effects and assist in the self-shading roof, providing an optimum of daylight in the core of the building without increasing heating or cooling. This curved design incorporates throughout the whole building, walking in you are greeted with large open areas making it warm and welcoming. Apart from the timber, a palette of blue, green all work to create a calming atmosphere. There is a roof terrace with more than 100 native and exotic plants allowing patients to walk out and experience the nature surrounding them. Through our research on cove lighting and the way it is calm and soothing to the eye. We get to see this practice seen during the trip as we experience first hand atmosphere on low strip LED lights stretched around the timber seats and also on the roof giving off a soft but bright interior making it feel relaxed. Looking at the waiting rooms, prominent colours of green are seen to show a growing and harmony environment to reduce stress. Entertainment such as fish tanks, library books, tvs and also play area are placed to keep the patientâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mind focusing on something else. From questioning the reception about the lighting used in the radiotherapy rooms the nurse stated that there are not any special lighting used within these rooms. We can use this in our advantage to consider what can be changed and improved to create a more stress free environment while in the process.

Next Step For Proposition

After deciding to tailor our design for radiation patients, we are currently working on a design which uses lighting and colour the create a pleasant atmosphere for patients to spend time and promote a more positive mood and create a sense of well-being. Our group is currently looking at how radiation patients are feeling and how their emotions affect what type of space they would enjoy spending time in and make them feel how they want to feel. We are also looking at the treatment may affect their sensation and perception to lighting and colour and match this information with a lighting and colour scheme that would provide them with the most pleasant mood and a happier place or friends and family to visit. Our next step is to design a methodology to reach our final outcome and design of a room for radiation patients, which will involve us critically analysing every step and aspect and always looking at new ways to improve our work. We will finalise our design which will be a spin off of a dim, warm, indirect light and this will then be prototyped, along with a colour scheme, to show the class so that they can not only experience our design but also hopefully give us constructive criticism and ideas on how to improve. All of this is then to be documented which will involve an explanation of our research processes and how our design will ultimately contribute to radiation patients and improve their mental health.

Introduction Into Research

In Australia, there are, on average, over 11 million admissions to hospital every year. Of this 11 million (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2018), every person reacts differently to the hospital environment and the presence of their illness, with the majority of these reactions and emotions being of a negative and unhappy nature. While admission in hospital can already be a frightening and sad experience for many, further to this, some patients undergo treatment and medication such as radiation for cancer which can artificially cause them physical pain and to feel excessively fatigued, anxious and depressed (Dalke, Little, Niemann, Camgoz, Steadman, Hill & Stott, 2006). These physical and emotional pain experienced from radiation therapy has a great effect on the well-being of radiation patients and leads to a majority of them spending their time in hospital with this pain and therefore having a negative hospital experience. Studies suggest that environmental factors such as lighting and colour which can also affect peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s emotions and reactions such as their moods, sleep patterns and overall well-being. Due to a non-existent consideration for the environment in which radiation patients spend their time, there presents an opportunity to improve their well-being and hospital experience. This essay explores how colour and lighting can be used in the environment to positively affect patientsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; moods which leads them to experiencing an improved hospital experience and hastens their recovery, therefore aiding the main purpose of a hospital, to help and save people.

Lighting can also play a large role as a mood influencer as it can be applied in a hospital setting to not only make the space more inviting and friendly, but also to counteract the negative moods of patients and provide them with the best experience. “To determine a person’s underlying motivation, identifying the need can be the first step to understanding… examining the motivation a person may have for a behaviour” (Gorman & Sultan, 2008). Having the right environmental surroundings of lighting and colour, certain emotional reactions of patients, whether naturally or artificially induced, can be suppressed. When designing a hospital, the main criteria is to promote positive wellbeing. Many negative emotions arise in patients due to them feeling as though they have been removed from

stay and wellbeing of hospital patients but can ultimately increase recovery rates and decrease stay time. In addition, research of Plesanton’s studies shows the way blue light was effective in treating human disease and pain. Examples of blue light in the treatment have been seen in a wide variety of psychological problems, including addictions, eating disorders, impotence, and depression. As a result, colour is becoming widely accepted as a therapeutic tool with various medical applications stated by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science in the 1990s). In order to understand the choice of light, we have selected we need to look into the impact of colour lighting in health. Chromotherapy is seen in treatment trough

everyday life, thus leading to a sense of having no control over their lives. Therefore, to increase well-being amongst patients, a mixture of natural and artificial lighting should be designed which can be controlled by the individual patients. (Dalke, Little, Niemann, Camgoz, Steadman, Hill, & Stott, 2006). Colours such as purple, green and blue bring about the feeling of calm and relaxation, therefore when the patients are stressed or anxious these colour surroundings and lighting can be used to calm the patient. Other options can be used such as cove lighting and dim warm lighting to also enhance a sense of calm. Warm colours can be used to eliminate depression and purple tones can be used to help with loneliness (Get Self Help, 2018). Through the careful and particular application and installation of lighting and colour, patients’ moods can be influenced in a positive manner which can not only improve the

spectrum colour of electromagnetic radiation to cure disease. Colours of reds, greens, blues and their combined derivatives with light source are applied to provide the necessary healing energy required by the body. This shows how this way of medication is effective and can be improvised into our own research studies of creating an environment of heightening the condition of the human body to its most suitable state. In studies by McDonald, most of those exposed to blue light for variable periods of up to 15 min experienced a significant degree of pain relief. It was concluded that the pain reduction was directly related both to the blue light and the length of exposure to it. Blue light is also used in healing injured tissue and preventing scar tissue, as well as for burns and lung conditions (Azeemi, Khawaja Shamsuddin 1999).

Radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumours, being such a complex and timely process patients receiving the treatment must remain as still as possible to ensure that the right cells are targeted within the body. In order to fully understand the patient experience, a paper conducted by Cancer Nursing in 2002, 33 patient testimonies, ranging from different ages 35 - 77 were gathered, comparing common side effects from treatment. Mouth sores and general pain were some of the most recorded side effects of the therapy, resulting in discomfort for patients during recurring treatment (RosePed, A., Bellm, L., Epstein, J., Trotti, A., Gwede, C. and Fuchs, H. 2002 ). During the discomfort of therapy, subtle lighting could be used to make

of pain it is encountering. When subjects were given a blue stimulus during the application of pain, patients recorded the pain as cold, contrary to this, a red stimulus was recorded as a hot pain (Moseley and Arntz, 2007). Based on this evidence it can be gathered that light can be used to remap pain experienced by patients, perhaps tricking the brain into thinking it is experiencing a pain it can deal with. By giving the ill personsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; the choice of deciding the lighting environment within the room, they are able to decide exactly how they feel within their treatment room.

the patient feel more relaxed, turning the room from a treatment room into a relaxation room.

500ms pain was applied to their hand. Within the study it was discovered that the colour of light can alter how the brain interprets the type of pain it is encountering. When subjects were given a blue stimulus during the application of pain, patients recorded the pain as cold, contrary to this, a red stimulus was recorded as a hot pain (Moseley and Arntz, 2007). Based on this evidence it can be gathered that light can be used to remap pain experienced by patients, perhaps tricking the brain into thinking it is experiencing a pain it can deal with. By giving the ill personsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; the choice of deciding the lighting environment within the room, they are able to decide exactly how they feel within their treatment room.

Whilst light can affect sleep cycles resulting in discomfort, it also affects how the body reacts to pain. Through a 2007 study, red and blue lights were used as a stimulus for the patient when a 500ms pain was applied to their hand. Within the study it was discovered that the colour of light can alter how the brain interprets the type

Whilst light can affect sleep cycles resulting in discomfort, it also affects how the body reacts to pain. Through a 2007 study, red and blue lights were used as a stimulus for the patient when a

Positive moods are strongly correlated to faster recovery rates. The effective use of colour and lighting not only increases the positivity of patients’ moods but can ultimately quicken their recovery and shorten their hospital stay time. An effective combination of artificial light and natural light, where a patient spends a substantial amount of time exposed to a Wnatural environment, for example, the sunlight entering through windows, has the ability to inspire confidence in one’s well being. This use of lighting can have dramatic effects on the rate of recovery as opposed to patients whose rooms overlook a static urban scene (Dalke, Little, Niemann, Camgoz, Steadman, Hill, & Stott, 2006). The misery that the latter of these patients experience can potentially increase their stay in the hospital and decrease

and visited Peter Mac Hospital we discovered that there was no specialised environmental design for radiation patients to improve their moods. Therefore, there is a gap in treatment whereby patients could be experiencing an increase in moods which can then be led to and increase in their recovery time. It is essential that the design of a hospital incorporates the effective use of lighting to create an environment for everyone which is inducive to better health.

their recovery rate. Well devised and careful management of these psychosocial problems, however, can improve the patients’ chances of healing (Gorman & Sultan, 2008). An improved quality of lighting can aid recovery rates by initially providing the hospital staff with a visually enhanced environment, thereby influencing staff morale and productivity. This has a flow-on effect of an increase in positive emotions in patients. Studies have reported that just by enhancing the visual environment through an appropriate uses of colour, lighting, artwork and provision of sunlight, recovery rates are able to be improved by 10% (Dalke, Little, Niemann, Camgoz, Steadman, Hill & Stott, 2006). When we conducted research

patients, such as those undergoing radiation, tend to have negative responses to the treatment, and become affected both emotionally and physically. However, pre-existing precedents such as chromotherapy and strong evidence suggests that the type of colour and lighting used in an environment can influence one’s mood and wellbeing and which, when used correctly in a hospital environment, can be influenced, through the use of lighting and colour, in ways which can promote happiness, security and positive emotions. This results in not only a more attractive, positive space for all building users, but the increase in positive moods in patients can increase their recovery rates and decrease their stay time, therefore, improving the hospital experience.

Use of correct lighting and colour implementation in hospital spaces can not only look more pleasant but provide potential life-changing reactions. As a hospital is often associated with illness and death it is often perceived as a gloomy place, causing patients to have feelings of dejection. Many

Design Proposition

Within the field of health care, we discovered a research gap and opportunity to improve the environment and care of cancer radiation patients. Upon visiting Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, we became aware that, despite that cancer and radiation therapy is one of the most intense illnesses and experiences a person can undergo, there was no specialised space designed to help aid them in dealing with the emotional and physical effects of treatment. Radiation is not only stressful on the patient and family but also causes side effects such as tiredness, breathing problems, loss of appetite and nausea (Cancer Council, 2018) all of which add up to the patient experiencing a substantially negative hospital experience. The lack of a specialised recovery environment provided to radiation patients enforces them with negative wellbeing and as a result, may well be slowing down their recovery. Through the implementation of small environmental changes such as enhancing the visual environment through an appropriate uses of colour, lighting, artwork and provision of sunlight, recovery rates are able to be improved by 10% (Dalke, Little, Niemann, Camgoz, Steadman, Hill & Stott, 2006), therefore highlighting the importance of this research gap and improving these patients hospital experience.

After discovering the lack of environmental care for radiation patients and the correlation to higher recovery rates, we began intensely researching and articulated a design proposition whereby we would use specialised lighting and

colours to create an environment which would specifically cater for radiation patients and improve their quality of time in hospital and recovery wards. Hospital patients often find it frustrating being put into an environment in which they have little control over and due to the nature of cancer it is often a very stressful and unpleasant time for the patient whereby they find it difficult to relax and feel comfortable. Taking these into consideration, we have designed our solution to involve lighting which has been statistically proved to promote a pleasant environment which evokes feelings of relaxation and calmness. This type of lighting would include varies dimness levels (majority on the dimmer side) and have a selection of colours such as purple, green and blue all of which the settings are controlled by the patient and options will be easily understandable and located on a wireless remote control as well as options and suggested setting would be provided on an easily readable chart to help them chose which setting would be best for the current situation. This design would be the first of its kind and would be available and offered to all hospital wards which house radiation patients. It is not only easily installable and in various locations through the use of hooks, but it is also cost-effective and cheaper to install at approximately $40 per room and due to the lighting being LED with is extremely energy efficient and will be up to 85% cheaper to run than an incandescent bulb (Hipages). As mass manufacturing is yet to be commenced the design is still available for feature alterations and feedback from hospitals on what they believe to be best for operation in the environment. 39

Prototyping

WHAT LIGHTING TODAY???

SOLIDWORKS Educational Product. For Instructional Use Only.

41 SOLIDWORKS Educational Product. For Instructional Use Only.

Final Outcome Features Colour Changes Adjusting

Our design will be used in the patients hospital room where they will be spending most of their time. It will be available before their treatment to assist with decision making, calming of nerve and other pre treatment symptoms, or will also be used afterwards to help relax patients, reduce pain and stress. Our deign is adaptable and can be placed either on floor or on the wall. It is also a simple design which will not permanently damage any walls or flooring. It will not replace traditional lighting however an be used with tradition lighting on or off. As mentioned previously our final outcome will involve a simple, long LED light strip. This with a range of features all of which is easily controllable by a wireless medium size remote 100mm long which the patient will be able to have control over. Some patients may not know what light they may desire and which will best suit them therefore there shall be a chart provided to help them choose which light is best for them. The features of the light include: Colour changes: -purple -green -blue -warm regular lighting (2000K) -cool regular lighting (2000K) Dimness: -lowest dimness (50 Lux) -low to medium (150 Lux) -medium (300 Lux) -medium to high (750 Lux) -high (1400 Lux) Remote: -wireless remoteSS Figure 2. Green Cove Lighting. Reprinted from Royal York Dentistry Care, by -charge through a USB-C http://sgilighting.ca/project/royal-york -5 settings for colour and dimness SGiLighing, 2016, Retrieved from dentistry-centre/ Features of design of cover light -has a curve to blend in with hospital room and isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t bulky to look at -designed so that the LED lighting can not be seen directly and just the illuminance (not harsh to look at)

Figure 1. Purple Cove Lighting. Reprinted from Royal York Dentistry Care, by SGiLighing, 2016, Retrieved from http://sgilighting.ca/project/royal-yorkdentistry-centre/

Figure 3. Blue Cove Lighting. Reprinted from Royal York Dentistry Care, by SGiLighing, 2016, Retrieved from http://sgilighting.ca/project/royal-yorkdentistry-centre/

Our Learning Experience Conclusion

Throughout our learning experience we learnt the value of teamwork and sharing ideas. Through our excursion to the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre we learnt how valuable it is to put yourself in the environment which you will be designing for. From walking around the centre for a few hours we were able to take notes and what we saw and what we felt. We were also able to speak to workers who informed us of the systems already in place so that our designs would not be a remake of what already exists. Having done a little bit of research about how colours promote certain feelings and we were able to experience colours such as purple and green and feel instantly as though we were relaxed. Throughout the research experience we divided topics up among the three of us and each did intensive research just on our topic allowing for our group, when together and discussing, to have a deep insight into the entire topic as opposed to each of us all having the same broad shallow knowledge. Although each person only knowing a lot about one aspect of the topic be not be beneficial for every assignment, due to us having great communication skills and always being available to share our part of knowledge to the other members when needed this worked very well for us and would use this method again.

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2018). Admitted Patient Care 2016-17. Retrieved from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/hospitals/ahs-2016-17-admitted-patient-care/contents/table-of-contents#targetText=In%202016%E2%80%9317%2C%20there%20were%2011.0%20million%20hospitalisations%20in,Australia's%20public%20and%20private%20hospitals ROSE-PED, A. M., BELLM, L. A., EPSTEIN, J. B., TROTTI, A., GWEDE, C. AND FUCHS, H. J. Complications of Radiation Therapy for Head and Neck Cancers: The Patient’s Perspective In-text: (Rose-Ped et al., 2002) Your Bibliography: Rose-Ped, A., Bellm, L., Epstein, J., Trotti, A., Gwede, C. and Fuchs, H. (2002). Complications of Radiation Therapy for Head and Neck Cancers. Cancer Nursing, 25(6), pp.461-467.

References

HOSPITAL LIGHTING DISRUPTS SLEEP CYCLES AND INCREASES FATIGUE In-text: (Hospital lighting disrupts sleep cycles and increases fatigue, 2013) Your Bibliography: Hospital lighting disrupts sleep cycles and increases fatigue. (2013). Nursing Standard, 28(13), pp.16-16. MOSELEY, L. G. AND ARNTZ, A. The context of a noxious stimulus affects the pain it evokes In-text: (Moseley and Arntz, 2007) Your Bibliography: Moseley, L. and Arntz, A. (2007). The context of a noxious stimulus affects the pain it evokes. Pain, 133(1), pp.64-71. American Research Journal of Pharmacy Volume 1, Issue 2, 2015 Somia Gul, Rabia Khalid Nadeem and Anum Aslam “Chromo therapy- An Effective Treatment Option or Just a Myth?? Critical Analysis on the Effectiveness of Chromo Therapy” Dalke, H., Little, J., Niemann, E., Camgoz, N., Steadman, G., Hill, S. & Stott, L. (2006). Colour and Lighting in Hospital Design. Optics and Laser Technology, 38(4-6), 343-365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. optlastec.2005.06.040 Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2005 December Samina T. Yousuf Azeemi* and S. Mohsin Raza

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