I will not quit by Design Studies

I will not quit

How is it possible that the most intellectual creature to ever walk the planet Earth is destroying its only home?

Jane Goodall

waste stream streams, designers dream dreams Khoirul Zainal S3701755 (2019)

Assignment Task 3

2/ editor bio

3/ introduction

part 1

6/ cigarette butts 7/ keywords and methods 9/ impact

14/ discourses

15/ the roach tail 20/ filter factory

24/ research intentions

25/ evidence and findings 31/ speculations 33/ analysis

35/ brief conclusion 37/ concrete action 39/ start somewhere 41/ that manual work 45/ sun is my best friend 47/ art attack 49/ voila

54/ Design contributions and learning outcomes 55/ conclusion 56/ blibiliography 57/ image reference

part 2

EDITOR Khoirul is a second year Industrial Design student at RMIT university. Born and bred in Singapore, he graduated with a diploma in Product Design Innovation at Ngee Ann Polytechnic, which he soon began his career in the field by working as a Junior Design Associate with AdiDesigns. Since moving to Melbourne, he hopes to immerse himself fully in the ever vibrant art and design scene, while also hoping to one day find a specific field which he could hone and sharpen. Beyond design, Khoirul appreciates exploring new places and attempts to get better at hitting the waves.

fiq 1: Khoirul Zainal ( Source: Author)

Image source: Evie S. (Unsplash)

Waste streams are an important concern on how waste management is carried out, which leads to a major focus on environmental and social impact. As broad as the topic, waste streams are categorized into three main groups - Municipal Solid Waste(MSW), Construction and Demolition Waste, and Commercial and Industrial wastes. Though each field shares an equal amount of concern, MSW wastes will be focused in this report. In an overview, 67Mt of wastes were generated in Australia alone (2016-2017), with MSW making 13.8Mt (560 kg per capita) from the total. Additionally, 9% of the total waste generated are considered as hazardous (Blue Environment National Waste Report).

the Earth is what we all have in common Introduction In this publication we look into the waste lifecycle, specifically where uncontrolled waste ends up and how it affects the environment. Common issues include pollution, biodiversity loss, unwanted introduction of pests and litter. A main contributor to the matter are loose wastes - trash that were not properly disposed off or pushed away by natural elements such as strong winds. Majority of these wastes end up in the ocean, through drains and water channels. In perspective, around 6 million trash were collected around the USA coast in a 2017 nationwide cleanup (Ocean Conservancy annual report).

Image source: Phillipe Goulet (Unsplash)

cigarette butts Narrowed field focusing in this report will be the study of cigarette waste, specifically cigarette butts. An overview, there are around 1 billion smokers in the world today, with an estimation of trillion cigarette butts being discarded and making their way to the environment. In addition, cigarette butts carry toxic chemicals trapped in the fibers of the filters. Such chemicals work their way into waterways through drains which ends up contaminating streams, lakes and oceans. In addition, they contribute a major threat to wildlife, being mistaken as a food source. With that, the topic on cigarette butts as a waste stream will be given an in depth research, with a clearer explanation on the social and environmental impact, while also exploring ongoing conversations and discourses around innovation and solutions to counter the waste issue. Specifically, this publication explores a great diversity of design fields. Rather than limiting to only the design industry, findings from other sectors will strongly be taken into consideration. Common industry featured in this report will include fashion, building construction and architecture, sports and interactive design.

Image source: Kelly Sikkema (Unsplash)

keywords + methods

Through keywords, a narrow research and analysis of loose wastes will be defined. Keyword guides which will be applied include - waste + environment, cigarette waste impact, design innovations through cigarette upcycling, and waste solution alternatives. To aid the finding process further, highlighted keywords such as cigarette and product innovation will constantly be replaced with close synonyms to allow a broader and varied result.

For the publication, multiple research directions will be utilised to achieve optimal findings. First phase requires the use of quick and common use of research technique - inputting keywords in common search engines such as google and google scholar. Expected results should include online publications - both short and in depth, scholarly articles and academic reports. Secondary phase will require the use of the university's library resources, both on campus and online. Such information will be received from books, publications, archives reports and research notes. This phase will allow a tangible result of information as it will most likely be supported with an academic backing, receiving strong and accurate data. Furthermore, most academic resources from this channel will avoid data biases, giving the information authentic and credible results. Last phase of research input will be the use of social media, video research and audio recordings - podcasts. This method, though may not surface the most credible findings, will allow a broader collection of waste stream conversation and discourses. Additionally, with the use of topic hashtags, specific topic enquiries will be easily made and discovered, leading to more discussions for this publication.

Image source: Jasmine Sessler (Unsplash)

impact In this in depth exploration on cigarette butt discourses, the investigation what cigarette butts are, while the complications it carries in terms of toxic elements contained and reasoning impact of cigarette buds as a problematic waste stream. Cigarette emites over 5,000 harmful chemicals when lit (Cancer Research UK, 2014), which most particles gets trapped in the filter - butt. Remanence of the filter contains trapped tobacco and the cellulose acetate* filter - a key material for the recycling process. Harmful substances are leached out from the filter while entering ground waterways leading to the ocean, harming aquatic life. Such substances include: iron, chromium, cadmium, copper, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons*, nicotine, lead, strontium, manganese aluminum and ethlyphenol*. Though, the long term impact of a single butt is minimal, it is known that around 1.7 billion pounds of butts end up as litter worldwide per year.

A major issue on cigarette butt waste is not the environmental impact, but mostly through the social causes. Cigarette butts are a proven problem because in the difficulty of disposal. Though potentially million of disposal points in existence, in the US, cigarette butts account for 30% of litter count - mostly along shorelines and coasts (Richard L Barnes). There have been attempts on changing smokerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s behaviours, made through existing antilittering laws. Alternatively some communities are imposing cigarette butt abatement fees on each individual pack. But of the incentives will support a public educational campaign on the issue. Unlike other consumer products, not much efforts have been put into recycling cigarette butts, though some recycling companies are putting their interests in the cellulose acetate in the butts.

Fiq 2: Cigarett Butts Pollution Poster (Source: SurfRider Foundation) Fig 3,4: Wildlife Impact - Cigarette Butts (Source: Scott Harben)

discourses

Fig 5: Modular Simplicity (Source: Pentatonic)

Overcoming the issues brought upon with the waste stream, we look into the conversations and discourses around working on a counter solution for cigarette litter. As explained before not much effort has been made into recycling them as process proves difficult. Though the key material in the butt - cellulose acetate - could bring benefits, the trapped chemicals adds a layer of difficulty in the recycling process. However, more efforts and attention has been given to cigarette butt waste now, with many discoveries made in utilising the chemicals trapped in the recycling process. The City of Melbourne council had pushed an initiative to begin recycling cigarette butts. This massive effort is made possible with the joint partnership with Enviropoles, the organisation which collects the cigarette butts, and TerraCycle, who takes charge of the recycling process. The idea was a ripple result from pioneer cities such as Vancouver and New Orleans. Aim of the process was to convert the cigarette butts into useful, usable industrial products such as shipping pallets and furniture. This has been mirrored by the British start-up, Pantatonic. Started by partners Johann Bodecker and Jamie Hall, the duo highlights the application of a circular economy, making use of unconventional materials to be repurposed. One of the resources driven to innovate is the cigarette butts, again, focusing on the cellulose acetate as the main material to convert.

the

roach tail Cigarette butts create a major environmental problem, more specifically, it pollutes and contaminates the oceans. However, a designer from San Diego is countering the issue head on at the source. Industrial designer Taylor Lane, with the help from filmmaker friend Ben Judkins designed and created a surfboard made out of 1000 cigarette butts. The idea came about randomly for an upcycling surfboard competition organised by Vissla, which Lane won. Though no physical benefits came out from this creation, it influenced a big change in social impact. With the success on the creation of the board, Lane hopes to create an awareness of ocean and coastal wastes, including cigarette butts. His efforts in making the boards has sparked a wave of concern in the surfing world, which he hopes to transcend through influential entities in the industries. Furthermore, the boards manufactured carries the same quality, or even better than conventional surfboards, starting the conversation on an alternative material use, His process was a direct and straightforward, with the added step of adding two layers cigarette butts which are laid out flat evenly dispersed, coated with a resin. Main obstacle was keeping the layer of cigarette butts trapped in the resin, without any air holes. This was tightly observed as Lane avoided the cigarette butts to have any contact with the water, so that toxic chemicals will not be leaked out. Tools used were basic surfboard making equipment, which include an electric planer, a block plane, surfrom and curved rasp, various grits of sandpaper with sanding blocks, calipers, and shaper squares. Additionally, resin and drying trays were used for the application of the cigarette butts.

Fig 6: Taylor Lane (Source: HannahYamamoto - PARLEY) Fig 7: Roach Tail Board (Source: thecigarettsurfboard.com)

Fig 8/9/10: Roach Tail and Processes (Source: HannahYamamoto - PARLEY)

"There is a lot of work to be done, but a whole new generation cares about their future and is open to finding a new way of doing things. We have to continue to take action and inspire othersâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; especially young people. If we demand change, it will come."

taylor lane

filter factory Most solutions focus on the end game result, rather always dismissing the social problems which are the habits of the user. Isaac Monte, Belgian sustainable designer and design activist is tackling the social issue using a unique take of environmental adaptation. His creation, Filter Factory, is an answer to the impact cigarette butts have with wildlife, specifically birds. Filter Factory is a birdhouse made entirely of untreated cigarette butts. From observation and research, Monte discovered that birds confused littered butts as a food source, which ends up poisoning the creatures. However, there are some intelligent species of birds who uses the discarded butts as a building block for a nest. The use of the cigarette butts is an interesting concept as the synthetic fibers in the filters keeps the eggs warm, while trapped nicotine keeps the leaches out. The initiative was done with a disposal machine that he created, where smokers could throw their stubs which gets shredded in the process - allowing a finer material for Monte to work with. With every 300th disposal, a lucky user will get a free birdhouse from the machine. This process brings about a responsible habit to smokers, determine to dispose of their cigarette butts properly, avoiding litter. Additionally, if implemented in a broad setting, this would potentially decrease the number of wildlife consuming this toxic waste, while allowing birds to benefit most.

Fig 11: Isaac Monte (Source: ELLE Neatherlands) Fig 12: Filter Factory (Source: isaacmonte.nl)

The construction of the birdhouse was made easy and workable. Since it was required for Monte to build multiple birdhouses from this experiment, he created a process that was effortless, only using minimal tools. First stage is shredding the cigarette butts in to smaller pieces, so that the material could be used efficiently. This is done through a homemade shredder. Main construction process goes around laying the shredded buds into two faces of a self made waffle iron, shaped like a pear. Baking paper is coated on the iron before laying out the butts. Through simple technique, Monte compresses the cigarette butts with the waffle iron, heating, melting and shaping them.

Fig 13/14/15/16/17/18: Filter Factory and Prcesses(Source: isaacmonte.nl)

â&#x20AC;&#x153;It is my aim to make smokers aware of their littering behaviour and reward them for their good behaviour instead of punishing them for bad behaviour.â&#x20AC;?

research intensions Cigarette butts is a challenging waste stream to overcome. Due to the toxic nature it carries, not many dare to approach the problem head on. However, the designers and inventors above proof that such issues have to be looked up in a different angle. Using social issues as a method of problem solving, they are able to tackle the problem using innovative ideas.

Image source: Julia Engel (Unsplash)

However, through observation, most solutions listed above uses containment as a core solution. To elaborate, rather than eliminating the toxic chemicals trapped in the cigarette butts, they are covered, while the physical properties are being taken advantage off. For example, the physical properties of the cigarette butts with the toxic substances are adapted for the success for each of the prototypes above, such as the brick pavements and surf boards. However, for it to work without contaminating the environment, the cigarette butts were required to be coated with a protective layer. This leads to the question, if the toxic substances in the cigarette butts are really useful in the undertaking of the design solution. Therefore, future research intentions could be focused specifically on the hazardous elements in the cigarette butts, and how can it fully optimised as a contributor to the design innovation.

evidence and findings Designers and researches constantly attempt to find new and innovative approach in cigarette butt recycling. Though promising, due to the cellulose acetate being the compound mainly found in the filters (key material targeted to recycle into plastic products) [Karromi, 2013], the toxins trapped prove to be a blockade for the usability of the material. Such a process is difficult as there are no convenient and easy mechanisms ensuring efficient and economical separation of the used filters and the appropriate treatment of the entrapped chemicals [Novotny, et al, 2009]. Therefore, common approaches are simple and straight-forward. They mainly involve the use of the butts (as a whole), into the central material for the innovation, doing so by encapsulating the butts so as to prevent toxic leakage and exposure. San Diego designer Taylor Lane does this through The Roach Tail [Grygiel, 2017], which is a surfboard made mostly from dried cigarette butts at its core - protected and stiffen using a layer of epoxy resin. Main challenge encountered was that toxins were still able to leak out from the epoxy, staining the board and still contaminating the water[Hughes, 2017 ]. Secondary approach would be striving towards cleaning out the filters itself. Chilean designer Alexandra Guerraro has been experimenting with used filters as an alternative for clothing material [Alvarado, 2009]. She eliminated the issue of chemical contamination in the material by partnering with environmental engineer Carolina Leiva. Together, through a study, they concluded that it is possible to achieve 95% purification, through a process which involves autoclaves and washing in a polar solvent.

Fig 19/20/21: Cigarett Butt Apperal by Alexandra Guerraro (Source: Paula Alvarado treehugger)

Fortunately, current discourses on used cigarette filters goes around the usability of filters with the toxic chemical included. In a nutshell, cigarettes contain more than 4000 chemicals, with around 50 are carcinogenic [Novotny, et al, 2009]. Used filters are shown to leach out numerous chemicals such as heavy metals, nicotine and ethylphenol. Such contamination in water proves hazardous against aquatic organisms. A lab based study shows used filter leachates kills water fleas (Daphnia species) in low concentrations [Register, 2000]. Even when properly disposed, it could still prove hazardous, as young children and animals accidentally consumed them [Slaughter, Gersberg, Watanabe, Rudolph, Stransky, Novotny, 2011]. Not much exploration and attempt has been given towards toxicity focused solutions. However, below are a few case studies that has given attention to this new approach.

Butts to Bricks A team in RMIT University Australia, led by Dr Abbas Mohajerani, discovered that they are able to convert used cigarette filters as core material for bricks [Kadir, Mohajerani, Roddick, Buckeridge, 2009]. This is done through a mix paraffin wax and bitumen as support compounds. Although this method is a proposal of encapsulating the cigarette butts being encapsulated with the supportive elements, it still focuses on the use of selected elements trapped in the filter, such as arsenic, chromium, nickel and cadmium. The result comes with the bricks being strong enough to support heavy traffic, while absorbing less heat than conventional bricks, which in turn cools down the road paths.

Fig 22: Dr Abbas Mohajerani (Source: Herald Sun Australia)

anti corrosion with

filters A group of researchers from Xian Jiaotong University, China, had discovered that soaking cigarette butts in water creates a solution that can protect steel pipes from corroding [Manuel, Lucatero, Ortega, Pandiyan, Singh, Singh, Sarao, 2016]. Tobacco contains fatty acids, alkaloids and N-containing compounds at high concentrations, which exhibits electrochemical activity. This approach is done through the reuse of water extracts of cigarette butts (WECB) as corrosion inhibitors for metal surface [Zhao, Zhang, Qu, Wu, Zhang, Zhan, 2016]

Fig 23: Xian Jiatong University Campus(Source: University Website)

Based on the findings, I have discovered that not much is still done to counter the issue of toxic contamination in cigarette butts. As I highlight in this essay, the objective is to find an alternative solution in recycling/upcycling used cigarette filters, as opposed to just burning them down or encapsulating them. The findings opens a gate on a possible direction of approaching the problem. Despite that, the topic still plants a problematic sense, in which a major factor hindering the process of innovation is the chemicals involved in the waste, that amounts to more than 4000 [Novotny, et al, 2009]. Even though cigarette butts are the most littered waste in the world, there has not been much attempt to counter to problem in an innovative way. This is again due to the extreme difficulty in separating the chemicals from the fibres itself. Another contributor could be the high risk it brings about. Many of the chemicals in the used filters are extremely dangerous when directly exposed. Such undertaking needs to be supported with a professional understanding on what the chemicals are, while also being equipped with the right tools to handle such toxic elements.

Taking in the next step, I believe a clearer understanding of toxic chemical handling should be considered before moving further in the exploration of cigarette butts. Due to the hazardous effects of the chemical combination in used filters, precautions have to be taken. The aim is to utilize the negative nature of used filters as a benefit, leading to a solution in cigarette butt recycling.

Image source: Julia Engel (Unsplash)

speculations

Overall, the research and case study gathered promotes a plausibility in benefiting a solution through the focus on toxic chemicals found in cigarette butts. In addition to the critical concern cigarette butt waste weighs on the environment, it shows a good sense of emphasis and importance in further my exploration in cigarette butts recycling.

Image source Daniel Olah(Unsplash)

Analysis A possible direction in going through with the exploration, taking into consideration with the limited knowledge of chemical handling, is to rinse out as much of the toxins out from the used filters. I aim to use the raw cigarette butts fibres as a material play with. I will test my idea by mixing the collected used filters with hot water, preferably multiple times. This will be done in a controlled environment, with proper protection and space ventilation be used. Next step will be drying out the post solution butts, if needed, an oven or heater will be used.

An optimal way in looking at the issue is to give on how to suppress the major chemicals found in the used filters. Carcigonic chemicals include carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, nitrogen oxides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, ammonia, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, benzene, phenol, argon and many more [Novotny, et al, 2009]. These chemicals pose a challenge in experimentation due to exposure. Though the concept of countering such chemicals makes sense, doing it without proper preparation will not be encouraged.

This theory is simple and straightforward, however, there may be a number of possible gaps within the approach. It is still likely that major toxic chemicals will still be trapped in the fibres of the used filters. This possibly mean that the end result will not be much of a different from the bare material that is collected. Taking inspiration from Chilean designer Alexandra Guerraro, methods such using autoclaves and polar solvent might be considered [Alvarado, 2009].

conclusion

brief

In an overview, we have discussed the social and environmental impact regarding cigarette butts as a main waste stream. In addition, we were able to identify the specific elements that promotes used filters as a challenging issue in waste management. Therefore, the essay aims to shed light on toxic chemicals that has been an obstacle in the recycling/upcycling of used cigarette butts. Along with the case studies presented, making use of toxic elements in the used filters seems promising. From using butts as core materials of an innovative method of brick building, to identifying electrochemical activity in particular toxins that are usable in anti-corrosion application of metals, they proof evident in supporting the theory to this study. In spite of the findings, exploration on the theory is still limited, with most successful studies or exploration were carried out in a high grade level, supported and heavily funded by expensive means. With that, a simple experiment, which consists of draining out as much of the harmful toxins trapped in the filters as possible, will be done. A draft of the experiment will be proposed to set clear and safe perimeters. Hence, through that, we hope to achieve a result out from the norm, which could potentially contribute to further innovations in cigarette butt recycling.

Image source: K. Szkurlatowski (Freeimages)

The activity proposed goes parallel with concept of the filter factory by Isaac Monte. Taking off the logic from that experiment, I intend to mimic the approach of the toxic chemicals in the cigeratte buds as a repellent against insects. In his experiment, Monte explained that the raw unwashed butts collected were intentionally used as the building bricks of the birds nest. He further explained that the raw toxicity trapped in the fibers of the buds keeps the nest warm for the eggs, while also deters away

The concept strives for a simplistic approach. The aim of this experiment is to mimic Monteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s logic, but cultivate it on a personal and unique way.

concrete action Bucket Glue Gloves Mask Scissors Cigarette butts Balloons String Push Light Batteries Toilet Paper Brush

Activity: Design and construct an outdoor lamp shade made up of used cigarette butts. This experiment will strive for minimal tools and resources as to allow quick results. the experiment poses a potential health hazard through the toxic nature of the littered butts, therefore, safety precautions will be taken. Such precautions include having access to proper protective equipment such as masks and gloves, Fig 24: Materials and Tools (Source: Author)

start somewhere Before the activity could begin, the main material required has to be sourced out. Being a smoker myself, it was not difficult for me to collect used cigarette butts. Rest assured, I did not smoke a huge amount of cigarettes to get a reasonable amount of butts. A small portion of the total waste collected came from that. Majority of the butts collected came from my day activity of picking up cigarette litter in the streets. Based on experience, most cigarette litter was able to be salvaged from campus grounds, streets with multiple bar establishments and also housing As I had a constraint of time for the experiment, I limited my collection within a few hours. Initially, I was worried that a few hours, or even a full day would not be enough time for me to collect a suitable amount of littered cigarette butts. However, with what Melbourne had to offer, I was able to source out a bag full worth of cigarette

Fig 25: Butt Collection (Source: Author)

that

manual work Fig 26/27/28/28/30: Butt clean up (Source: Author)

First phase of the experiment was to remove the main filter from the packaging, while also clearing out any unwanted dirt elements. This is done manually, through cutting out the butts and pulling out the filter fibres. I encountered different thickness of butts, with some still holding the menthol pop residue, while the damp cigarette butts were harder to manage. After separating the fibres, I began to cut them into smaller pieces, while pulling the fibres apart so as to release as much solid contaminants as I can. Next phase will be having the fibres to go through a quick wash. Fibres are laid out in a bucket, while boiling water is poured over. I then allowed the fibres to sit in the bucket overnight before rinsing it out.

Fig 31/32/33: Butt fibre clean up (Source: Author)

After leaving the fibres sit in the water overnight, I began to rinse out the water. As the fibres acts as sponges, I had to squeeze out excess water trapped in them. This was done multiple times, so as to allow drying to be quick and easy. From observation, the colour stains of the fibres remain almost unchanged, as compared to before it went through the washing. However, the water disposed was highly contaminated, with the colour reflecting a murky brown consistency. This shows how highly toxic cigarette butts are as the cleaning process shows evident to be highly difficult and tedious. The result was not disappointing, as the aim of this experiment was to keep the toxicity in tact. The washing was done as I required excess dirt to be flushed out.

Fig 34/35/36/37: Butt fibre rinse and dry (Source: Author)

Sun is my best friend 46

As soon as the fibres were completely dried, the craft making process could commence. Before that however, I went to cut the fibres again, while manually shredding it, so I would get the best quality mix later on. This phase was typically an Art Attack activity. It involved the already shredded filter fibres, toilet rolls, balloon, and PVA glue. The activity first began by pouring about 200ml PVA glue in a bucket, while using the back of a brush tWo mix it so that it could reach that waterlike consistency. The task was not hard, however it took about 10 mins to reach such consistency. Mixing them was important as I needed the water consistency to lay down the layers of toilet paper on the balloon. If the glue is thick while the paper is laid out, the toilet roll will begin to clump while making it difficult to layer them smoothly on the balloon.

ART ATTACK

Fig 38/39/40/41/42/43/44: Butt fibre Mix and Layer (Source: Author)

I slowly begin to add the fibers in the mix like how you would add chocolate bits in a cookie dough. The process was easy. I did noticed that as I added the fibres in, the glue consistency started to thicken and clump. That was concerning, but I managed to fix the problem by adding more PVA glue. I soon started to lay out the toilet rolls, layer by layer using the PVA mix. The process was messy, but having gloves made it easy. After layering the top part of the balloon(which was only required), I left it to dry for over two days.

After leaving out to dry for two days, the shell had hardened to the level I wanted. The parts that were tucked in the bucket did not receive the proper sunlight it was required to for drying, therefore, were still wet from the PVA glue. As the shell was hard enough to proceed to the next phase, I popped the balloon as to remove the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;moldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; from the shell. The shell has shown to be a bit flimsy without the shell, almost like a weak cardboard. That quality was not an issue as the shell could still maintain its shape without the mold. A great observation, although the shell still gives hints of the cigarette odour, It was not as strong as what I expected it to be. This was probably due to the overpowering PVA scent which was masking the cigarette odour. In spite of that, I is still clear that the shell still omits a toxic nature.

VOILA! Soon after, I began to clean up the shell to make it lamp shade like. As there were excess paper in the bottom part of the shell, I got trimmed. Furthermore, I attached woolen strings by puncturing three holes on the top of the shell. The result was pleasing. To finish it off, I attached a click on the light source in the inner shell by tape. The end result came about a natural themed lamp shade - outdoor! 49

Fig 45/46/47/48/49/50: Construction (Source: Author)

Fig 51: Shade with Light in Dark Environment (Source: Author)

design contributions and learning outcomes

This activity came to a wonderful and intriguing outcome, with the process that was undertaken emits a fun and unique experience. Initial study of the subject revolves around understanding what waste streams are, while further looking into cigarette butts as a major branch. Through that, I was able to learn the impacts of said waste stream. Discourses surrounding cigarette butts prove to be substantial and critical, as it relays a major waste stream that is constantly relayed as problematic due to its toxic nature. While many approaches and innovations has been taken on to improve the life cycle of a cigarette butt, limited exploration has been centered towards design. The design experiment I undertook looks into an approach that is simple and direct. Though it is not an inventive task, it proves to relay a design concept that is contemporary, by putting focus on the material used while also achieving a product with the basis of limited tools.

Fig 52: Shade with Light in Dark Environment (Source: Author)

The study of cigarette butts as a vital waste stream, while going through the task activity, has proven to be unpredictable. As cigarette butts are the most common littered waste in the world, assumptions were made that such waste will bring in much discourses and innovations in countering said issue. Results prove to be the opposite. Therefore, leading up to the experiment, it was expected that the projected outcome will be unknown. Through the task experiment, it is clear that undertaking a core material as toxic as a cigarette butt proves to be challenging. Precautions has to be taken to safely achieve a desired result, Overall, though using the said material may not be a recommended object of a study, the process in doing so did not find complications. With that, there is a potential in exploring more.

Bibliography Conclusion This design study caourse has greatly influence on how my design thinking in future process that I will take. Before this, I greatly struggle with trying to pair design and issues. Most common understanding of design innovation would be reinvention. Such thinking is naive to me now. The course has directed me in looking beyond the complications of the issues, rather, elevate them using the elements it carries along. I have taken great inspiration by the approaches done by Isaac Monte and Taylor Lane. They promote the use of innovation through process and outcome, rather than the design. Though design will always be a key component in my development, impact and influence consideration wil I start taking into account. Once I am able to project the long term impact of my design, then I will know if such design is worth pursuing.

//Aeslina Abdul Kadir , Abbas Mohajerani , Felicity Roddick and John Buckeridge, Density, Strength, Thermal Conductivity and Leachate Characteristics of Light-Weight Fired Clay Bricks Incorporating Cigarette Butts, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 53 2009 //Andrea Chin (2013), DesignBoom, birdhouses made from cigarette butts by atelier monté //Barnes, R. (2011). Regulating the disposal of cigarette butts as toxic hazardous waste. Tobacco Control, 20(Suppl 1), I45-8. //Belhouari Y, Farnum B, Jenkins C, Kieser J, Lopez A, McCauley D, Rochman C, Schreiber Rommy, Schwartz E, Taylor H, Trott S (2017), Ocean Conservancy. International Coastal Cleanup: Summary Report for the United States. //Bruce Kennedy (2012), GreenBiz, Not Butts: The Campaign to Reduce, Recycle cigarette waste //Healton, C., Cummings, K., O’Connor, R., & Novotny, T. (2011). Butt really? The environmental impact of cigarettes. Tobacco Control, 20(Suppl 1), I1. Hon, NS. Photodegradation of Cellulose Acetate Fibers. J. Polym. Sci. A-Polym. Chem 1977, 15, 725–744. //Jun Zhao, Ningsheng Zhang, Chengtun Qu, Xinmin Wu, Juantao Zhang, Xiang Zhang, Cigarette Butts and Their Application in Corrosion Inhibition for N80 Steel at 90 °C in a Hydrochloric Acid Solution, nd. Eng. Chem. Res.20104983986-3991 //Luis Manuel Becerra Lucatero, David Turcio Ortega, Thangarasu Pandiyan, Narinder Singh, Harpreet Singh, Tejinder Pal Singh Sarao, Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials,ISSN: 0003-5599, 2016 //Mary Grygiel (2017), Parley, A SURFBOARD OF 10,000 CIGARETTE BUTTS //Novotny, T., Lum, K., Smith, E., Wang, V., & Barnes, R. (2009). Cigarettes butts and the case for an environmental policy on hazardous cigarette waste. International journal of environmental research and public health, 6(5), 16911705. //Paula Alvarado (2009), treehugger, Recycled Cigarette Butts Clothing. No kidding! //Register, K. (2000). Cigarette butts as litter-toxic as well as ugly. Underwater Naturalist, 25(2), 23-29. //Ryan Hughes (2017), The Inertia, This Surfboard Made From Cigarette Butts Is a Powerful Statement About Pollution //Slaughter, E., Gersberg, R. M., Watanabe, K., Rudolph, J., Stransky, C., & Novotny, T. E. (2011). Toxicity of cigarette butts, and their chemical components, to marine and freshwater fish. Tobacco control, 20(Suppl 1), i25-i29. //Smith, N., Lawson, J., Khangura, A., & Johnson, B. (2015, April 9). Cigarette disposal investigation and assessment [R]. doi:http://dx.doi. org/10.14288/1.0108867 //Terry Martin (2019). How Cigarette Butts Pollute the Environment, verywell mind //Thomas E. Novotny ,Kristen Lum, Elizabeth Smith, Vivian Wang, and Richard Barnes, 20091 Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2009, 6(5), 1691-1705;

image reference Unsplash.com FreeImages.com Surfrider Foundation Pentatonic Parley Elle Netharlands Isaacmonte.nl treehugger Herald Sun Aus Xian Jiatong University William Farquhar Dean Finlay