equidad: volume 2 : no. 1 : march, 2001

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MECOVI NEWS*

The Rio Meetings of the Network on Inequality and Poverty

JOSE ANTONIO MEJIA

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esponding to a call from Peru’s new government, Gilberto Moncada left as coordinator of the MECOVI Program at IDB to become director of Peru’s Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. José Antonio Mejía was appointed acting coordinator of the MECOVI Program. • Under the framework of the MECOVI Program, Guatemala’s Instituto Nacional de Estadística finalized the fieldwork for the country’s living conditions survey, the Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones de Vida. The thematic richness of this survey-covering social capital, adverse shocks, safety and crime, ethnicity, and other topics-positions it as the basic tool for the formulation of social policies and the preparation of Guatemala’s poverty reduction strategy. • The MECOVI Program’s Sixth Regional Workshop took place on 14-16th of November 2000 in Buenos Aires. Its central topic was “Social Indicators for Development.” Representatives from 18 countries participated in the event. • The MECOVI Program’s Fifth Regional Training Course is scheduled for April 16 to May 4, 2001 in Buenos Aires. The course is being organized in cooperation with Argentina’s Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos. For more information, visit http://. • In coordination with the World Bank Institute and the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States, the MECOVI Program has scheduled a training course for March 16 to April 6, 2001 in Saint Lucia. The course is expected to attract participants from most English-speaking Caribbean countries and from Suriname.

*MECOVI is the Program for the Improvement of Surveys and the Measurement of Living Conditions in Latin America. It is sponsored by the IDB, the World Bank and the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean.

Ethics and Development Continued from page 1

Research and publications

The discussion also pointed to the need to overcome reductionism. Analyses and policies should take into account more than just economic variables, reflecting issues such as politics, institutions, human capital, social capital, the environment, and values. A one-dimensional focus weakens analysis and results in inefficient policies. A wider vision would enable better, more integrated development. The responsibilities of the main social actors were also discussed. Singer exhorted that ethics should influence individual behavior, claiming that “those that decide the destiny of millions of people who live in absolute poverty should show their attitude toward the inequity and selfishness in their own lives.” Themes that should be actively debated include the social responsibility of managers, the elimination of corruption in public office, consistent ethical behavior in political leaders, and the potential of volunteer efforts in civil society. Stiglitz suggested establishing an ethical code for economic policy advisers. The code’s first article: not to impose economic theories that do not have full empirical validation. The meeting also examined the global economy. Though there are exceptional opportunities for scientific and technological advances, there are also serious risks—such as the vulnerability of the poor, severe inequalities like those in Latin America (the world’s most inequitable region), and tendencies toward excluding large groups of people. Sigrun Mogedal (Norway’s Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs) urged that these issues be discussed frankly because “to ignore the complaints of the poor is a violation of principles of human rights.” Aylwin and Alfonsín warned about globalization without solidarity, and asked that international cooperation be strongly reinforced. Society’s goals were also taken into consideration. For Martin, the poverty in today’s world is an insult to human dignity and to divinity. Freedom will readily advance only in societies with full access to health and education, opportunities for all, and active participation. According to Sen, today’s huge inequalities threaten freedom: “If freedom is really important, it is not correct to reserve it for some few chosen…inequality is a central concern from the perspective of freedom.” A consensus emerged at the meeting that the debate on ethics must be given greater visibility. Doing so could increase trust, foster civic participation, and help in the assumption of responsibilities by key social actors. This debate has ancient roots, for in the Bible it is written: “Do not disregard your neighbor’s blood” (Leviticus 19:16).

• Equalizing Opportunities for Human Development (in One Country), John E. Roemer This paper proposes that the three most important inputs into human development are education, qualityadjusted years of life, and income. It outlines how a country can use its national budget to equalize opportunities for education and quality-adjusted life years, and its fiscal system to equalize opportunities for income. The paper also addresses the political feasibility of implementing such programs. It concludes with a discussion of the data needed to perform these computations, and of the challenge of equalizing opportunities across countries.

Bernardo Kliksberg was General Coordinator of the International Meeting on “Ethics and Development” and is the Coordinator of the Inter-American Institute for Social Development (INDES) of the IDB.

• Rising Inequality in Mexico: Returns to Household Characteristics and the “Chiapas Effect,” César Bouillon, Arianna Legovini, and Nora Lustig Using data from Mexican household surveys, the authors decompose the effects of returns to household characteristics and geographic variables in 1984-94. Household characteristics explain the largest share of the changes in inequality, but deteriorating conditions in the rural South account for a significant portion of the country’s rising income inequality. For more information on these publications—along with many other studies, working papers, technical notes, and information about events involving the Poverty and Inequality Advisory Unit—visit http://www.iadb.org/sds/pov. Or, write the IDB, Poverty and Inequality Advisory Unit,: 1300 New York Avenue, NW Stop E0421,Washington, D.C. 20577.

Inter-American Development Bank

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ARIANNA LEGOVINI

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inutes after the October 11 announcement that he was a winner of the 2000 Nobel Prize in economics, Professor James Heckman opened the Rio de Janeiro meetings of the Network on Inequality and Poverty. The network, cosponsored by the Latin American and Caribbean Economic Association (LACEA), the IDB, and the World Bank, promotes high-quality analysis of poverty and inequality and strengthens research capacity in the region by sponsoring projects led by top academics and encouraging crosscountry collaboration. In his keynote address Dr. Heckman, professor of economics and Professor James Heckman delivering the Keynote director of social program evaluation at Address at the NIP 2000 meetings. the University of Chicago, spoke about econometric policy evaluation—a subject to which he has contributed more than anyone, revolutionizing how public policy is assessed. It is an issue of central importance to institutions (like the IDB) interested in monitoring the public programs financed by their projects and to governments facing greater demands for accountability in the use of public funds. The rest of the day’s discussions focused on crime and child labor. Presentations by François Bourguignon (Delta, Paris) and Andrew Morrison (IDB) provided a methodological framework for studying the social impact of crime, supported by applications to Colombia and Mexico. These presentations were part of a project funded by the Network on Inequality and Poverty to rigorously analyze crime in order to assess its economic costs in the region and thus its importance for public policy. The session on child labor was led by Sonya Bhalotra (Cambridge University), who presented a conceptual framework for analyzing the causes of child labor and their implications for policy. A paper on Mexico’s Progresa program suggested that giving poor families incentives to invest in their children’s human capital can help lower the number of working children. A paper by Luis Felipe López Calva (Colegio de México) titled “A Social Stigma Model of Child Labor” was awarded one of two awards for best paper. The other award went to Samuel Freije (Cornell University) for “Measuring Income Mobility and Poverty Dynamics in Venezuela.” All the papers presented in Rio can be downloaded from http://www.nip.cl/. During 2001 the network will sponsor two events, one in collaboration with the LACEA Political Economy Group on the delivery of social services (to be held in Lima, Peru on June 21-22) and one in conjunction with the LACEA annual meetings (in Montevideo, Uruguay on October 17) on social exclusion, the distributional implications of privatization, and impact evaluations of poverty programs.

Arianna Legovini was the coordinator of the 2000 meetings of the LACEA/IDB/WB Network on Inequality and Poverty.

Upcoming events The Socially Responsive Globalization seminar will be held on 18 March 2001 in conjunction with the IDB’s Annual Meetings in Santiago, Chile. The seminar will present multiple perspectives on globalization’s effects on social conditions, labor markets, and regional disparities, and spell out the tradeoffs inherent to globalization. Speakers will discuss the role of international regulations and public goods in promoting social responsiveness in an integrating global economy. The third meeting of the Social Equity Forum will be held on 16-17 March 2001 in conjunction with the IDB’s Annual Meetings in Santiago, Chile. Members of the forum include economic, finance, planning, and line ministers, leaders of civil society groups, academics, opinion makers, and leaders from inside and outside government who have promoted or implemented equity-enhancing reforms in the region.The meeting will focus on the role of political actors and legislative processes in implementing a social equity agenda.

Did you know? Latin America and the Caribbean is the world’s poorest region when poverty is measured using country-specific relative poverty lines. But when poverty is measured using the international $1 a day poverty line, the region falls in the middle of the ranking. Thus Latin America and the Caribbean is not so much a poor region as one with a very unequal distribution of income. Poverty incidence by region, 1998 (percentage of population)

Region Relative poverty Latin America and the Caribbean 51.4 Sub-Saharan Africa 50.5 South Asia 40.2 Europe and Central Asia 25.6 East Asia and Pacific 19.6 Middle East and North Africa 10.8 Total

32.1

Absolute poverty 15.6 46.3 40.0 5.1 15.3 1.9 24.0

Note:These are preliminary estimates, based on income or consumption data from countries for which data from one survey were available for 1985-98. Relative poverty lines are equal to one-third of each country’s average per capita consumption in 1993 at 1993 purchasing power parity (PPP) if that figure was higher than $1 a day. Otherwise the $1 a day poverty line was used.The absolute poverty line is $1.08 a day per capita at 1993 PPP. Source: World Bank 2000, World Development Report 2000/2001: Attacking Poverty.

Poverty and Inequality Unit • March 2001

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Inter-American Development Bank Sustainable Development Department Poverty and Inequality Unit

March 2001, Vol. 11, Number 1

Social Policy with Economic Responsibility / Economic Policy with Social Responsibility

The Forgotten Relationship between Ethics and Development BERNARDO KLIKSBERG

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The New Economy’s Impact on Equity in Labor Markets— and the Implications for Public Policy

Education—a Tool for Equitable Growth: Lessons from Mexico and Taiwan CESAR BOUILLON, ARIANNA LEGOVINI, AND NORA LUSTIG

atin America is showing a thirst for ethics. Citizens are demanding that corruption be eradicated, that leaders behave ethically, and that organizations and policies be founded on ethical bases. The Latinobarómetro survey has found low levels of trust in institutions and leaders— undermining effective governance. Responding to these concerns, IDB President Enrique Iglesias, with support from Norway organized an international meeting on ethics and development held on December 7 and 8, 2000 at IDB headquarters. Among the participants were Nobel prize-winner Amartya Sen, former Chilean President Patricio Aylwin and former Argentine President Raul Alfonsín, Secretary of Peace and Justice of the Vatican Diarmuid Martin, philosophers Edgard Morin and Peter Singer, former World Bank Chief Economist Joseph Stiglitz, religious leaders, ministers, mayors, and academics. Together they analyzed a topic that, Sen said, “makes a fundamental difference in the economy.” The meeting focused on several concerns. Current risks were emphasized, including growing poverty among Latin American children, increasing numbers of street children, high youth unemployment, the deterioration of the family due to poverty, and rising crime. All these issues, besides being economic and social problems, have an ethical dimension. They affect the conception of life in a democratic society, they are morally unacceptable, and they urgently require solutions. They generate countless sufferings every day, causing irreparable damage. Morin noted that “we believed that the locomotive of economic development would take us to human development, but this is not the case, and we have to humanize the development process.”

dvances in information technology are revolutionizing production and significantly increasing productivity. This “new economy” could widen the opportunity gap facing different groups and challenge the limitations of old labor institutions in addressing increased employment mobility and uncertainty. Thus there is a need to reform labor market institutions and ease disparities in access to education and telecommunications. These were the themes of the second meeting of the Social Equity Forum, and IDB initiative aimed at bringing social equity to the fore of economic and social policy discussions in Latin America and the Caribbean. The meeting was opened by Enrique Iglesias, President of the IDB, and Eduardo Aninat, President of the Forum and Deputy Managing Director of the IMF, together with Forum Coordinators Nora Lustig, Senior and Chief of the IDB’s Poverty and Inequality Unit, and Nancy Birdsall, Senior Associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and Special Advisor to President Iglesias. The meeting discussed the different effects of information technology on equity in the labor market. Increasing demand for skilled labor and decreasing job tenure and rapid obsolescence of knowledge tend to increase inequality. Better access to information on job and business opportunities, decentralization of public and private management, and faceless

assive investment in education is one mechanism for achieving growth with greater equity. This lesson is clear from Taiwan (China), where income inequality has been low and constant since the 1970s. In Mexico greater progress on education would have helped contain the increase in income inequality between 1984 and 1994. In Taiwan earnings inequality fell slightly between 1979 and 1994, with the Gini coefficient dropping 2.4 percentage points (table 1). Per capita household income inequality increased slightly, with the Gini rising 2.1 percentage points. Mexico, by contrast, saw a much bigger increase in inequality between 1984 and 1994, with the Gini coefficient rising 8 percentage points for earnings and 6 points for per capita household income. In both economies these changes in income inequality occurred at the same time as a substantial increase in average education levels. But Taiwan’s average years of schooling jumped 50 percent, far outpacing Mexico’s 24 percent increase. In both economies the increase in schooling was accompanied by an improvement in the distribution of education. In both Mexico and Taiwan a widening gap in the returns to skills—as measured by education—contributed to higher inequality in individual earnings and per capita household income (see table 1). Behind these trends in returns to schooling lies the skill-biased nature of technical change—and in Mexico, to a lesser extent, the costs of trade liberalization.

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OMAR ARIAS, ARIANNA LEGOVINI, AND NORA LUSTIG

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