Publisher’s Note: The information provided in this publication is for informational purposes only. While all efforts have been taken to ensure the technical accuracy of the material enclosed, Fluid Power Journal is not responsible for the availability, accuracy, currency, or reliability of any information, statement, opinion, or advice contained in a third party’s material. Fluid Power Journal will not be liable for any loss or damage caused by reliance on information obtained in this publication.
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When Fluid Power Was a Public Utility
By Ian J. Ford, Senior Product Manager, CFC Industrial Training
Beneath the streets of London lies a particular plexus of old cast iron pipes. Most of these precisely joined tubes now house telecommunication cables, and the derelict remainder will likely corrode and disintegrate with other forgotten infrastructure into the ancient earth that bore much of modern industry. This is the vestige of a great high-pressure hydraulic power network that provided public fluid power to industrial and commercial entities throughout the city for a century.
The London Hydraulic Power Company, established by Act of Parliament in 1884, maintained 800 psi (5.5 MPa) of hydraulic pressure to an extensive grid of mains. These mains could be tapped into and metered, not dissimilar from today’s gas and electric utility providers. At its peak, circa 1930, the London Hydraulic Power Company’s five pumping stations pumped 33 million gallons of water through 186 miles of pipe each week, powering thousands of machines. Massive vertical, weighted piston accumulators were
Sources and further reading: http://www.glias.org.uk/glias/lhp.html
also employed for short-term storage of the pressurized Thames water.
Having fluid power transmitted to shops, hotels, theatres, docks, railway yards, and factories allowed for revolutionary applications. The power transmission was affordable, reliable, clean, quiet, and efficient. Countless lifts, cranes, presses, and industrial machinery were driven in the factories and buildings that were effectively ‘plugged in’ to this hydraulic power source. Furthermore, it energized the cultural wonderment of a booming middleclass. Hotel vacuums hummed, cathedral organs thundered, theatre fire safety curtains were drawn, fire hydrants were at the ready, orchestra and theatre stages rotated and lifted, floors were lowered to form massive swimming pools – all by fluid power. Even the bascules of the famous Tower Bridge were raised and lowered with 3,000 flowing gallons.
Small shops were greatly empowered by having hydraulic power ‘on-tap’. Steam engines took up significant space and came with great health and safety risks. Later, electric motors were still far larger than hydraulic motors, and had their fair share of hazards and use limitations, particularly in damp environments. The pumping stations of the hydraulic power network were offsite from end users, creating far more hospitable working environments. It was a triumph to Victorian London and was in extensive use until it was damaged during World War II and subsequently declined.
London’s hydraulic power network was not singular. Hydraulic power networks existed in other cities in the United Kingdom: Liverpool, Hull, Birmingham, Manchester, and Glasgow. In Melbourne and Sydney, Australia. In Antwerp, Belgium; Geneva, Switzerland; and Thames and Oamaru, New Zealand. Entrepreneurs, engineers, and governments alike, recognized the immense benefit of fluid power as a prime part of a city’s industrial and
manufacturing capability. Implementation of hydraulic power as a public work helped charge the social and technical development of exceptional modern cities.
In our homes and businesses, energy and resources are effectively ‘plug-and-play’. Flip a switch for electric. Turn a knob for water. Swivel a valve for gas. Our machines and systems connect to the grid relatively easily. We take power production for granted, in some ways. Though technology and infrastructure has evolved beyond pumping and pressurizing river water, it would be short-sighted not to gaze retrospectively and admire the engineering marvel of such a system as the London Hydraulic Power network.
The London Hydraulic Power Network circa 1960. Original image source: http://douglas-self.com/ museum/power/waternetwk/waternetwk.htm
Imagine having an offsite hydraulic power unit that you do not see, hear, or in any way maintain; but its energy is at the ready for your actuators with a reasonable, metered fee. From the 1870s, until just a generation or two ago in 1977, this was a reality. The London Hydraulic Power network showed great vision. Its use traversed industry and arts, and served a city exploding with growth. Perhaps, glancing back to the past, we will adopt the same imagination and determination to prioritize local manufacturing and, in our own way, develop new foundations to support it - unto the great flourishment of our cities and communities.
Technical Editor: Dan Helgerson, CFPAI/AJPP, CFPS, CFPECS, CFPSD, CFPMT, CFPCC
Senior Marketing Consultant: Bob McKinney
Graphic Designer: Nicholas Reeder
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INTERNATIONAL FLUID POWER SOCIETY
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Tel: 856-424-8998 • Fax: 856-424-9248
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2024 BOARD OF DIRECTORS
President: Jeff Hodges, CFPAI/AJPP, CFPMHM - Altec Industries, Inc.
Immediate Past President: Scott Sardina, PE, CFPAI, CFPHS - Waterclock Engineering Corporation
First Vice President: Garrett Hoisington, CFPAI/AJPPOpen Loop Energy
Treasurer: Lisa DeBenedetto, CFPS - GS Global Resources
Vice President Certification: James O’Halek, CFPAI/AJPP - The Boeing Company
Vice President Marketing: Chauntelle Baughman, CFPHSOneHydraulics, Inc.
Vice President Education: Daniel Fernandes, CFPAI – Hawe Hydraulik
Vice President Membership: Brian Wheeler, CFPAI/AJPP - The Boeing Company
DIRECTORS-AT-LARGE
Bradlee Dittmer, CFPPS - IMI Precision Engineering Brian Kenoyer, CFPHS - CemenTech Bruce Bowe, CFPAI/AJPP - Altec Industries, Inc.
Cary Boozer, PE, CFPE - Motion Industries, Inc.
Ethan Stuart, CFPS, CFPECS - Quadrogen Power Systems
Jon Rhodes, CFPAI, CFPS, CFPECS - CFC Industrial Training
Stephen Blazer, CFPE, CFPS - Altec Industries, Inc.
Wade Lowe, CFPS - Hydraquip Distribution, Inc.
Jeff Curlee, CFPE, Cross Mobile Systems Integration Deepak Kadamanahalli, CFPS - CNH Industrial Steven Downey, CFPAI/AJPP - Hydraulex John Juhasz, CFPS - Kraft Fluid Systems
CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER (EX-OFFICIO) Donna Pollander, ACA
Fluid Power Journal (ISSN# 1073-7898) is the official publication of the International Fluid Power Society published monthly with four supplemental issues, including a Systems Integrator Directory, Off-Highway Suppliers Directory, Tech Directory, and Manufacturers Directory, by Innovative Designs & Publishing, Inc., 3245 Freemansburg Avenue, Palmer, PA 18045-7118. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part of any material in this publication is acceptable with credit. Publishers assume no liability for any information published. We reserve the right to accept or reject all advertising material and will not guarantee the return or safety of unsolicited art, photographs, or manuscripts.
NEW PROBLEM Calculate Cylinder Size For Pneumatic Door Openers
» MOST OF THE handicap doors are operated with linear actuators, however there is a much cheaper solution using pneumatics. I installed three pneumatic door openers in a church for a total of $700 that included an air compressor and handicap buttons. As I was connecting the last line, a minister walked in and told me that they just spent $14,000 for one door at a different church.
I approached the opportunity using pneumatics with a cylinder for each door that would retract when someone pushed the handicap button. The buttons have a built-in time delay making the installation very easy. I purchased a small air compressor and mounted it in a maintenance room and connected a small drain line to the bottom of the tank with a shutoff valve to drain the water occasionally. Additionally, I added a pressure regulator and the two position, three-way directional control valves connecting to the cylinders. The exact placement of the cylinders was done on AutoCAD so that the door would completely open or close at the end of the stroke.
Here is the beauty of using pneumatics. First the regulator limits the force that opens the door. If the door is locked, nothing moves and nothing breaks. If something like someone’s cane or foot gets in the way, it just stops and doesn’t burn out a motor or damage anything. The big handicap buttons are placed about waist high where people walking in with their hands full, can easily push them with any part or their body. Secondly, there isn’t any additional force required to close the door; that is done with the original door closer, so there is no additional liability. Third, I like the fact that, when the door is opened manually, there is no additional effort like the electric ones require. I did run a line from the cap end of the cylinder back inside the building with a filter/muffler on it.
Problem: Using the attached drawing, calculate the standard size pneumatic cylinders that are needed to open the doors. The cylinders retract to open the door.
For the solution, see page 19.
N (10lb) pull to normally open the door.
Using 0.345 MPa (50 PSI), what size cylinder would be needed to open the door against the normal door closer? The rod of the cylinder is 12.7 mm (1/2") in diameter.
Door Closed
Door open
Transformative Advancements in PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS
TRENDS, TECHNOLOGIES, AND INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS
By Scott Schipiour, Content Marketing Specialist, IMI
The fluid power industry is witnessing a transformative era with rapid advancements in pneumatics. As an integral part of this evolution, pneumatic systems continue to play a crucial role in various industrial applications, driven by innovative trends and technologies. This article delves into the latest developments in pneumatic systems, shedding light on innovative technology, the latest trends, and industry applications that are shaping the future of the fluid power sector.
EMERGING TRENDS IN PNEUMATICS
1. Enhanced Efficiency
One of the most significant trends in the pneumatic industry is the drive toward enhanced efficiency. Modern pneumatic systems are being designed to optimize energy consumption while maximizing performance. Incorporating energy-efficient components, such as variable speed drives and advanced air compressors, helps reduce the overall energy footprint.
2. Integration of IoT and Smart Technologies
The Internet of Things (IoT) is revolutionizing the operational capabilities of pneumatic systems. By integrating smart sensors and connectivity solutions, pneumatic systems now offer real-time monitoring and predictive maintenance. This allows for early detection of potential issues, reducing downtime and maintenance costs. Smart pneumatics also enable remote control and automation, enhancing operational flexibility and efficiency. IMI has a complete portfolio of smart, connected products from air preparation to
valves, switches, sensors, and proportional valves that provide feedback to help identify issues and failures to optimize performance.
3. Miniaturization and High-Precision Components
The demand for more compact and precise equipment is driven by several factors, including the need for space optimization, higher performance standards, and the push for more efficient processes in various industries. These factors necessitate smaller, yet highly efficient components that deliver the same or better performance in a reduced space. For example, the development of miniaturized pneumatic valves and actuators, such as IMI Norgren compact solenoid valves (diameters as small as 8mm) and the IMI Bimba Original Line® Cylinders (bore diameter as small as 5/16"), exemplifies how these innovations meet the demand by providing powerful performance in a small footprint.
“…pneumatic systems continue to play a crucial role in various industrial applications…”
TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS
1. Advanced Materials and Coatings
The use of advanced materials and coatings is significantly improving the durability and performance of pneumatic components. Materials including stainless steel and specialized polymers enhance resistance to corrosion and wear, extending the lifespan of components. For example, the IMI Bimba stainless steel cylinders are particularly suited for use in aggressive chemical settings and in food and beverage processing. Hygiene and durability are critical to offering exceptional durability and longevity, making them suitable for demanding environments.
2. Electro-Pneumatic Actuation
Electro-pneumatic actuators combine the benefits of electrical control with the power and simplicity of pneumatics. These actuators offer precise control over motion, making them suitable for a wide range of applications, from industrial automation to robotics. The integration of internal transducers enhances their accuracy and responsiveness. IMI Bimba Servo Pneumatic Control System operates with an 0-10 VDC or 4-20 mA analog command signal, providing closed loop pneumatic proportional control for all IMI Bimba position feedback actuators, including the PFCN, PFCNL, PFCL, PTF. This ultimately delivers exceptional control and flexibility, enabling seamless integration into complex systems.
3. Modular and Scalable Systems
Modular pneumatic systems are becoming increasingly popular due to their flexibility and scalability. These systems consist of
interchangeable modules that can be easily configured and expanded to meet specific application requirements. This modularity simplifies maintenance and upgrades, reducing downtime and operational costs. IMI Norgren Excelon® Plus Series Quikclamp exemplifies this by offering fast removal, replacement, and expansion of system components.
INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS
1. Automotive Manufacturing
In the automotive industry, pneumatic systems are extensively used for assembly line automation. From robotic arms to conveyor systems, pneumatics provides the necessary power and precision to streamline production processes. The integration of smart pneumatics enhances efficient operation and reduces the risk of production delays. IMI Bimba pneumatic actuators paired with IO Link Switches and IMI Norgren VR10/VR15 valve manifolds are a great option to enhance automotive manufacturing efficiency and reliability.
2. Food and Beverage Processing
Pneumatic systems are vital in the food and beverage industry, where they are used for packaging, sorting, and material handling. The use of clean and dry compressed air is critical to prevent contamination and support compliance with hygiene standards. Proper filtration is required to maintain air quality, safeguarding product integrity. IMI’s air preparation equipment, including the IMI Norgren Excelon® Plus, offers high quality air to be used in these sensitive applications, promoting safety and consistency. Excelon® Plus filters provide exceptional particulate removal and water extraction, adhering to high industry standards. Including general purpose filters for particulate and water extraction, coalescing filters for removing oil aerosols, and vapor removal filters for eliminating oil vapors, ensuring clean, instrument-grade air.
3. Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices
The pharmaceutical and medical device industries rely on pneumatic systems for various applications, including fluid handling, dispensing, and automation of laboratory equipment. The trend towards miniaturization and high-precision components is particularly beneficial in these sectors, allowing for the development of compact and reliable medical devices. IMI miniature cylinders and precise control valves, such as the IMI FAS valves, are essential in driving innovation and reliability in medical technologies as they are compact and offer high precision in many life science applications. •
Transforming Printing Technology with Precision Solenoid Valves
A global leader in Continuous Inkjet (CIJ) printing required miniature solenoid valves with greater repeatability, higher reliability, and longer operating life. IMI Norgren collaborated closely with the OEM customer to develop a precision miniature solenoid valve in a 10mm body with the smallest possible overall footprint and internal volume. This valve featured repeatable specified operating times and leak rates, an increased valve life cycle, and higher reliability to withstand clogging during continuous operation with viscous ink.
The miniature solenoid valve design needed to be compatible with MEK (Methyl ethyl ketone) based inks to compensate for the “swelling” of elastomer seals and to allow precision control of highly aggressive media. The solution was an integrated dual 10mm solenoid valve in a single assembly and housing.
This miniature integrated precision solenoid valve assembly was 100% tested to OEM customer specifications, achieving the highest quality and inspection standards. This allowed for KANBAN shipments to arrive at the customer as “door to floor” with no incoming inspection. The product represented an extension of an existing product technology platform and was co-developed over 24 months between IMI Norgren and the OEM customer project engineering team. This collaboration enabled the OEM customer to focus on its core competencies, decrease development time, launch to market faster and realize sales revenues six months sooner.
Pneumatic systems are continuing to evolve to meet the demands of modern applications. Enhanced efficiency and the integration of smart technologies are driving this evolution, paving the way for more reliable and high-performing pneumatic solutions. As these trends and technologies continue to develop, pneumatic systems will undoubtedly play an increasingly vital role in various industries, offering exceptional levels of reliability efficiency, and flexibility.
By staying abreast of these advancements and adopting cutting-edge solutions from industry leaders like IMI Norgren and IMI Bimba, businesses can ensure they remain competitive in an ever-changing landscape. Pneumatics are not going anywhere; in fact, there are still plenty of exciting opportunities for growth and innovation.
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ADDRESSING COMPONENT INTERACTION COMPLEXITY IN
By
As both the
The Growing Importance of Fluid Power Simulations
Fluid power technology encompasses the use of liquids (hydraulics) and gases (pneumatics) to transmit power. These systems have become ubiquitous in everyday life. From heavy machinery to the brakes on your car, fluid power is everywhere. With the ever-increasing pace of technology and innovation, simulations are also becoming increasingly critical to engineering success.
The most common way we think about simulations’ impact on product development is by reducing the need for physical prototypes and testing. While prototyping and physical testing are still key to the final
validation of a design, an accurate simulation allows the engineers to virtually evaluate and validate a design and, when necessary, make improvements before a single part has even been made. This reduces total project time and costs. Whether optimizing for speed, size, efficiency, cost, or something else, simulation enables the engineers to push the boundaries and try new things rapidly. Different options can be evaluated quickly and easily so that companies can be sure the development path they choose is the right one.
The Challenge of Component Interaction Complexity
One of the biggest hurdles in modern simulation is accounting for the interactions between components. Component interactions can be highly dynamic, but even in cases when the interactions aren’t particularly significant individually, once you have many elements involved, the physics can get quite complex and must be accounted for. Component variables
such as pressure drop, flow rate, and internal leakage can all impact system behavior in unexpected ways. This complexity requires a deep understanding of fluid dynamics, component design, and system integration to develop accurate simulations. You must also account for general factors of fluid compressibility, environmental factors, and temperature changes. It is critical to accurately model these factors to predict behavior.
Failing to account for these complexities can lead to inaccurate simulations, which can result in suboptimal or even dangerous designs. In the past, this has led some companies away from simulation-based design approaches and back to iterative build-and-test methodologies. As technology has improved though, simulation software has become better at accounting for these interplays and even multi-physics factors, which is continually making it easier and more efficient to simulate increasingly complex systems.
Approaches and Technologies
There are many different simulation technologies in use today. Let’s look at a few of the major ones and then discuss how they are being utilized in conjunction and, in some cases, integrated together into single packages to improve accuracy and repeatability.
Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) are related, but for simple classification purposes, FEA is for solids and CFD is for fluids. (I know the programmers out there are hating me right now, as FEA is great for heat transfer in fluids and even some fluid dynamics problems, and some mathematical approaches are technically both. But for clarity here, we will use them in this over-simplified manner.)
So then, why are we talking about FEA in an article about fluid power simulation? The simple answer is because it matters. The fluids act upon the solids and the ways in which the solids react, both to the fluid and with the environment around them. This all feeds back into the fluid, which impacts the system, and is where multibody dynamics (MBD) simulations and Hardware in Loop (HIL) testing/modeling come into play.
Multibody dynamics help to quantify the way the entire system reacts in various scenarios. This data can then feed back into the FEA and CFD analysis to quantify how they respond. This loop can be iterated until everything is accounted for. And while this is an iterative approach, it’s still faster than build-and-test approaches and provides a much better understanding of exactly what’s happening so that
Michael Hoffman, Manager of Engineering Hydraulic Systems at Bailey International
Fluid power simulations are becoming increasingly integral to modern engineering design. These days, accurate simulations can mean the difference between a functional prototype and months of iteration.
pace and complexities of fluid system design continue to rise, engineers are looking to simulation and virtual testing more than they ever have.
engineers can apply precise solutions in the right spots instead of broad catch-all solutions, which are common in build-and-test situations.
But what about the complex ways that the off-the-shelf components we’re using respond to the fluctuations in our system?
This is where HIL comes in. While it makes sense to iteratively simulate things that don’t exist, when we have access to a physical part, it’s often best to just test it. Using a good test bench, we can take the system behavior data from our simulations, subject the physical component to those conditions, and measure the way the component responds and the effects of those responses downstream. This data inherently accounts for the multibody and structural interactions within the component. This data can then be fed back into our simulations to further iterate and improve the accuracy of the results.
Modern engineering software now offers integrated tools that combine FEA, CFD, MBD, and in some cases, even HIL data. That’s right – some simulation software companies are now taking the proactive approach of aggregating the response and performance data for a wide range of components from various manufacturers and generating component-specific simulation models for use in their software. These models are created from the data shared by the manufacturer from their own HIL testing. This cooperation is great for everybody. For manufacturers, having the virtual version of their product readily available in mainline simulation software gives their product greater visibility while simultaneously lowering the bar for validating their components’ compatibility by allowing the system designer to make use of the existing test data. This integration allows for seamless multi-physics simulations, ensuring all aspects of a system are accurately modeled, which accelerates the design process for everyone involved.
The ability to accurately simulate component interactions has a profound impact on product design and development cycles. With reliable simulations, the need for iterative prototyping is significantly reduced, allowing for faster progression from concept to production. Accurate simulations enable engineers to optimize every aspect of a design, leading to higher performing, more efficient products.
Also, simulating real-world conditions allows for thorough testing and validation, ensuring products meet rigorous safety and reliability standards.
The Future Outlook for Fluid Power Simulations
The future of fluid power simulations is bright, driven by continuous technological advancements and the increasing complexity of engineering challenges. As simulation tools become more powerful and accessible, and cooperation continues to improve between component manufacturers and the simulation software companies that support the industry, engineers are increasingly able to push the boundaries of what is possible. This will lead to further innovation in product design and development.
EMERGING TRENDS
• Real-time simulations: Faster computational capabilities are enabling quicker results and real-time simulations are becoming more viable, allowing engineers to interactively explore design changes and their impacts efficiently.
• Cloud Computing: Leveraging cloud resources can dramatically increase simulation power and accessibility.
• Enhanced AI Integration: AI will continue to grow, providing even more accurate and efficient simulation tools.
The Evolving Role of Engineers
Engineers are poised to play a pivotal role in leveraging these up-and-coming technologies. Their expertise in physical systems, coupled with proficiency in advanced simulation tools, is critical to driving innovation.
Addressing the complexity of component interactions in fluid power simulations is a challenge, but advancements in computational methods, AI, and integrated simulation platforms are enabling highly accurate modeling of these interactions. This progress is revolutionizing product design and development cycles, leading to faster, safer, and more efficient engineering solutions.
To capitalize on these advancements, engineers must remain informed and continually hone their skills. By effectively learning new tools, they will be well-positioned to spearhead the next wave of innovation in fluid power technology.•
VERIFYING THE CORRECT COMPONENT OPERATION
In order to determine whether or not a component is functioning correctly, the troubleshooter must understand the behavior characteristics of each component. In addition, the troubleshooter should be familiar with the failure modes of each component and the operational characteristics of each of those modes. For example, the following items relate to pressure control valves:
1. The poppet and seat may be damaged, or contamination can prevent the poppet from seating against the seat.
2. In spool-type valves, stiction may result from contamination or varnish deposits caused by oxidized fluid, preventing the spool from partially or completely shifting, open or closed.
3. Pilot orifices may be blocked by contamination, causing the valve to malfunction.
4. Pilot pressure and drain lines may be obstructed.
5. The spring may be broken or fatigued.
6. A valve design inappropriate for the circuit may have been installed.
To be an effective troubleshooter, one must become familiar with the operating characteristics and failure modes of pumps, pressure control valves, flow control valves, directional control valves, actuators, and accessory equipment.•
TEST YOUR SKILLS
1
The troubleshooter needs to know:
A. The failure mode of each component.
B. The average ambient temperature.
C. The manufacturer of each component.
D. The water content of the fluid.
E. The physical dimensions of the pump.
See page 19 for the solution.
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MAXIMIZING EFFICIENCY & SAFETY
THE ROLE OF PRESSURE SWITCHES AND TRANSDUCERS IN THE MATERIAL HANDLING, SKI LIFTS, AND SNOW VEHICLES INDUSTRIES FOR THE FALL SEASON
By
Material handling, ski lifts, and snow vehicles are preparing for an extremely busy fall season. It is important to ensure that all equipment runs smoothly and safely, especially with the unpredictable weather. Pressure switches are integral components of both hydraulic and pneumatic systems, and play a vital role in maintaining efficiency and reliability in these industries.
The Hydraulic and Pneumatic Pressure Switches provide a variety of applications in special vehicle systems like snow blower vehicles, snow terrain vehicles, tractors for snow, salters, telehandlers, skid steer snow pushers, and much more! We also provide high-quality pressure switches for mobile cranes, lifting platforms, scissor platforms, telescope platforms, hydraulic elevators, forklift trucks, conveying belts, and hydraulic winches.
What is the importance of pressure switches in material handling?
Forklifts, conveyors, and automated storage systems depend on having pressure carefully managed to operate smoothly and effectively. They require this precise pressure control because it directly influences their efficiency and performance. The reason these machines and systems utilize hydraulic and pneumatic systems extensively is due to the exceptional capability of these systems to deliver seamless and robust movement, essential for their tasks. The oversight and regulation of these hydraulic and pneumatic systems are facilitated by pressure switches, which play a crucial role in ensuring their proper functionality and safety.
Hydraulic systems in material handling
The high power-to-weight ratio of hydraulic systems and their ability to carry heavy loads make them the preferred choice for material handling. Hydraulic systems use pressure switches to monitor pressure levels. They then activate or deactivate a system according to preset thresholds. Over-pressurization can cause system failures and hazardous situations. Pressure switches are used in forklifts to ensure the hydraulic lift is operating within safe limits. This prevents accidents and damage to equipment.
Pneumatic systems in material handling
Material handling equipment is also commonly equipped with pneumatic systems. These are known for their reliable and clean operation. These systems also use pressure switches to ensure that the air pressure remains within safe operating limits. It is especially important for conveyor systems where constant pressure is required to move materials efficiently and smoothly. Pressure switches can help prevent scenarios where inadequate or excessive pressure may cause the system or the goods to damage or stall.
Enhancing safety in ski lifts with pressure switches
Pressure switches and pressure transducers are indispensable components for ski lifts, especially as the ski season draws near. As ski resorts gear up for increased visitor traffic, the safety and reliability of ski lifts become paramount concerns. Pressure switches play a pivotal role in safeguarding against potential
accidents and ensuring the uninterrupted operation of ski resorts. By constantly monitoring pressure levels, these switches help detect any irregularities or fluctuations that could compromise the safety of passengers or disrupt the smooth functioning of the lifts. Thus, their presence is crucial not only for maintaining safety standards but also for enhancing the overall experience of skiers and visitors alike.
Hydraulic Safety System in Ski Lifts
Hydraulic systems are used by ski lifts for a variety of functions. These include adjusting the tension in cables and operating the safety bar. These systems use pressure switches to maintain the optimal hydraulic pressure. This ensures that all components work correctly. Pressure switches, for example, can monitor the hydraulic system to ensure that the cables of the ski lift are correctly tensioned. This prevents sagging and snapping.
SUCO ESI North America
Pneumatic systems in Ski Lifts
In ski lifts, pneumatic systems are used to perform functions such as opening and closing safety bars or gates. Pressure switches and transducers are used to ensure these systems work reliably and maintain consistent air pressure for these crucial safety functions. These switches monitor the air pressure and can alert operators of potential problems before they become major ones, improving overall passenger safety.
Pressure switches for optimizing snow vehicle performance
Snow vehicles, including snowmobiles and snow grooming machines, are essential for navigating the challenging terrain and harsh weather conditions of winter environments. Given the vital role these vehicles play in various activities such as transportation, rescue operations, and recreational pursuits, ensuring their reliability is paramount. Pressure switches serve as indispensable components in this regard, as they play a critical role in monitoring and regulating the hydraulic and pneumatic systems within these vehicles.
Hydraulic systems in snow vehicles
Hydraulic systems are used to control the blades and tillers of snow grooming machines, which is crucial in maintaining ski slopes. Pressure switches are used to monitor hydraulic pressure. This ensures that the components work with precision, and prevents potential failures which could lead to uneven grooming.
Pneumatic systems in snow vehicles
In the unforgiving winter weather, where temperatures plummet and snowstorms are common, the proper functioning of hydraulic and pneumatic systems is crucial for the optimal performance of snow vehicles. These systems power essential functions such as steering, braking, and lifting mechanisms, and any malfunction or failure could pose serious safety risks to operators and passengers. Pressure switches act as vigilant guardians, continuously monitoring the pressure levels within the hydraulic and pneumatic systems of snow vehicles. They detect any deviations or abnormalities that may indicate potential issues or failures, allowing for timely intervention and preventive maintenance. By ensuring that these systems are operating correctly, pressure switches contribute significantly to enhancing the reliability and safety of snow vehicles, enabling them to withstand the rigors of winter conditions and perform their duties effectively.
In snow vehicles, pneumatic systems are used to control suspension and brake systems. Pressure switches maintain the correct pressure to ensure smooth operation, safety, and comfort. In snowmobiles for example, the pressure switches within the pneumatic suspension help maintain ride quality and stability, even on rough terrain.
Choose the Right Pressure Switches to Fit Your Needs
It is important to select the right pressure switches for hydraulic or pneumatic systems used in snow vehicles, ski lifts, and material handling. It is essential to use pressure switches of high quality that provide reliable performance and durability. Consider factors like the pressure range and operating environment when choosing pressure switches.
The Future of Pressure Switches for Seasonal Industries
As technology advances, pressure switches and pressure transducers are poised to undergo further evolution and enhancement. Innovations in sensor technology and digital signal processors are driving significant improvements in the accuracy and reliability of pressure switches. These advancements enable pressure switches to provide more precise and dependable monitoring of hydraulic and pneumatic systems, ensuring optimal performance even in the most demanding conditions. By leveraging advanced sensor technology, pressure switches can detect subtle changes in pressure with greater sensitivity and responsiveness. This heightened level of sensitivity allows for more precise control and regulation of hydraulic and pneumatic systems, enhancing their efficiency and effectiveness. Additionally, the integration of digital signal processors enables pressure switches to process and analyze data more quickly and efficiently, facilitating faster response times and more proactive maintenance strategies.
The adoption of these advanced technologies is instrumental in advancing the safety and efficiency of hydraulic and pneumatic
systems across various industries. By providing more accurate and reliable monitoring capabilities, modern pressure switches help prevent equipment failures, minimize downtime, and enhance overall operational efficiency. As such, they play a crucial role in driving continuous improvement and innovation in the realm of pressure control and system monitoring.
Advanced Monitoring and Predictive maintenance
Modern pressure switches and transducers have advanced monitoring capabilities. These devices provide real-time information on pressure levels. This allows operators to closely monitor the performance of their systems. These data can be used for predictive maintenance strategies to identify potential problems before they cause system failures. Predictive maintenance reduces downtime and extends equipment lifespan, resulting in significant cost savings.
Integrating IoT with Smart Systems
Another exciting development is the integration of pressure switches with the Internet of Things and smart systems. IoT-enabled pressure switches can communicate with the central control system, providing real-time alerts and updates. This connectivity allows more automated and responsive system management. It also improves overall operational efficiency.
Environmental Considerations
Demand for environmentally friendly solutions is increasing as industries become more eco-conscious. Increasingly, pressure switches that are environmentally friendly and energy-efficient are in demand. These devices reduce the environmental impact while maintaining high-performance standards. •
ATTRIBUTES & BENEFITS OF AC- AND DC-OPERATED LVDT POSITION SENSORS
LVDTs (Linear Variable Differential Transformers) are position sensors capable of measuring displacements as small as a few micrometers (millionths of an inch) and over 500 mm (20”). In most applications, the LVDT housing is mounted to a fixed position with the measured part and mechanically linked to a movable LVDT core. As the core moves, the LVDT output changes. (See diagram 1 below)
By Michael Marciante,
Introduced during WWII as a lab measurement tool, LVDT Position Sensors now work in a variety of industrial applications ranging from measuring valve position in power turbines, feedback on the performance of medical instruments and gaging of products on automation lines.
The evolution of microprocessors and new construction materials significantly optimized LVDT performance, range, and cost of ownership, making them the choice of technology over other displacement technologies. Today, LVDT sensors are offered in high temperature versions, extended ranges, smaller strokes, radiation resistance and other characteristics to meet the requirements of a broader range of industries. They even operate as part of telemetry systems in measuring parameters and providing feedback to a remote monitoring system that stores information in the cloud for operator access or further processing.
AC and DC versions
LVDTs are available in AC and DC versions. Initially, LVDTs were AC-operated and did
not contain any internal electronics. Because it’s a transformer, an LVDT is fundamentally an AC in/AC-out device. It requires an AC excitation voltage across the primary windings and produces an AC output across the secondary windings.
An external signal conditioner supplies the excitation signal and measures output. It demodulates the low-amplitude AC output and produces a DC voltage, current, or digital output for use by meters, PLCs and other control systems. (See diagram 2.)
Diagram 1 The LVDT housing is mounted to a measured object and linked to a movable LVDT core. LVDT output changes as the core moves.
Diagram 2 The output from an LVDT signal conditioner is a linear DC signal that can be accepted by most control systems and meters.
Applications Engineer, NewTek Sensor Solutions
High-density microelectronics enabled the incorporation of signal conditioning and processing functions inside the LVDT rather than require external signal conditioning. Comprised of an AC-operated LVDT and a carrier generator/signal conditioning module, a DC-operated LVDT maintains all the desirable properties of the AC-operated LVDT, but has the simplicity of DC operation. Users can supply a DC input and measure a DC output corresponding to the core position. They possess many of the benefits of LVDT technology while offering the convenience of directly supplying and reading a DC signal. Both varieties remain on the market as they offer distinct benefits based on application. Below are distinct characteristics of each.
AC-Operated LVDT Properties
Infinite Mechanical Life and Resolution
The AC-LVDT offers frictionless operation as the coil and core structure never make contact so parts do not rub together. Void of friction, the sensor offers infinite mechanical life to sustain the long-term reliability of the systems in which
it is installed as well as infinite resolution in measuring small changes in core position. In fact, once installed, AC-LVDTs can offer decades of reliable operation over millions of cycles without the need for replacement. This feature is important when sensors are installed in inaccessible locations or embedded into structures as replacement would be time-consuming and cause downtime in operations.
Shock and Vibration Resistance
AC-operated LVDTs do not have electronic components that are affected by shock and vibration. In addition, vented designs that expose the coil assembly and equalize pressure inside and outside the sensor provide greater resistance to shock and vibration.
Wide Temperature Ranges
With electronics separated from the LVDT coils, AC-operated linear position sensors continuously operate without failure at temperatures from as low as -150°C (-238°F) to above 537°C (1000°F). The temperature range of a DC-operated LVDT is limited by the properties of its internal electronic signal conditioning module.
Smaller Package
Without requirements for internal electronics, AC-LVDTs are packaged in smaller sizes to fit into hard-to-reach installations. Miniaturized versions are lightweight and offer a compact 10 mm (3/8”) diameter for use in applications with tight space and weight restrictions.
Fast Dynamic Response
The dynamic response of an AC-operated sensor is only limited by the inertia of its core. As it is small, AC units offer a fast response that is ideal for high response dynamic measurement such as plastic injection molding machines, automation inspection equipment as well as robotic equipment requiring displacement feedback to ensure proper machinery operation.
Operation in Corrosive, Pressurized Environments
By adding a non-magnetic barrier to separate the LVDT coil from its core, the sensor core is only exposed to media while the coils are separated by a sleeve or tube construction of glass, metal or other non-magnetic material. This enables the sensor to operate in highly corrosive, pressurized environments such as underwater.
DC-Operated LVDT Properties
Pre-calibrated Analog or Digital Output
These LVDTs provide DC output corresponding to the core position directly compatible with computer-based systems and digital buses. As a result, DC versions of the LVDT are more popularly used in a wider variety of quality control, inspection equipment, and industrial metrology applications. Eliminates Need for External
Signal Conditioning
With internal electronics, DC-operated LVDTs eliminate the need to purchase and install external AC excitation, demodulation, and amplification equipment.
Reduced Configuration Time
Pre-calibrated DC-operated LVDTs incorporate electronics so signal conditioning capabilities are built right into the housing, allowing for easy and fast installation.
Higher Accuracy
With internal electronics including microprocessors, DC-operated sensors can achieve superior accuracy thanks to factory-set linearity compensation.
Lower Cost
Without the need for external amplification equipment to complete the processing
continued from page 15
system, overall costs are often reduced. DC units also can operate using as few as two conductors, reducing cabling costs and conductor penetrations for chambers and ovens. 4-20 mA Designs
DC-operated LVDTs are available with loop-powered 4-20mA current output that is less sensitive to background noise and reduces voltage drops associated with analog voltage signals. Users can use these units with longer cable runs with minimal effects of EMI or noise on the signal. Recalibration is not needed to correct for voltage drop.
How to Choose
ASK THE FOLLOWING
QUESTIONS
WHEN DECIDING ON WHICH TYPE OF LVDT WORKS FOR AN APPLICATION:
What are the temperature conditions of the application?
For environments with extreme or fluctuating temperatures, an AC-operated LVDT can be specified to operate below -20°C (-4°F) or above 85°C (185°F). AC LVDTs can achieve much wider operating temperature ranges than DC LVDTs. Is the installation in a tight, hardto-reach, or inaccessible area?
Without electronics, an AC-operated unit is more compact in size. Miniatured versions meet restrictive space requirements. AC LVDTs, in general, have a longer MTBF than DC LVDTs, making them suitable for areas with restricted access.
What is the operating environment of the application?
Applications with harsh environments such as high temperatures, vibration, and shock should consider an AC-operated LVDT as it does not contain internal electronics affected by these conditions. Applications in a light industrial setting or laboratory environment may be perfectly suitable for DC LVDTs. Is LVDT calibration possible on-site?
An AC LVDT generally requires calibration on-site. Factory calibrated with a calibration sheet included, DC LVDTs are ideal for users who do not have calibration equipment on-site.
Is easy sensor installation considered a plus for an application?
A DC-operated LVDT offers outputs that can be directly used by different control systems and offers “plug-and-play” functionality. How far from the electronics is the LVDT?
In situations where the distance between the LVDT position sensor and its associated electronics will require a cable run in excess of 30 m (100 ft), a 4-20 mA LVDT should be considered. Is an endpoint setting required?
When using a signal conditioner, users can set endpoints over the scale of the output variables. Particularly relevant in valve monitoring applications, users can set the total output range over the valve’s stroke, with a linear output at each valve position in between.
Applications of AC and DC LVDTs
Power generation environments can reach temperatures of 250°C (482°F). With electronics separated from the LVDT coils, NewTek’s AC-operated linear position sensors continuously operate in power generation stations without failure at high temperatures. While the LVDT sensor remains in a harsher environment, NewTek’s NTC-6000 LVDT Signal Conditioner (which excites the AC-operated LVDT and provides a variety of output options for use in PLCs and other control systems) operates in a less innocuous environment. By using a low operating frequency range between 2.5 kHz to 10 kHz, interference with other signals is minimized and the LVDT and signal conditioning can be separated by 100 feet or higher.
With attributes such as frictionless measurement, infinite mechanical life, excellent repeatability, and good temperature stability over extended temperature ranges, NewTek AC-operated LVDT position sensors are the ideal linear position technology for valve applications, while providing both short and long stroke measurements, typically from 1.2 mm to over 500 mm (0.050 inches to over 20 inches).
Photo 1 shows examples of NewTek spring-loaded gage heads that are used for surface measurement of paper, rubber, paneling and other materials as part of quality control processes in sawmill, wood processing, paneling, rubber, and automotive production plants.
Spring-loaded LVDTS (see photo 1) provide precision data for online parts quality control in automated assembly. They also are used for surface measurement of paper, rubber, paneling, and other materials as part of quality control processes in sawmills, wood processing and automotive production plants. (See diagram 3) When temperature exposure is not an issue, a DC-operated LVDT gage head eliminates the installation and cost of signal conditioning equipment. With electronics built into the assembly, the sensor simplifies mechanical set-up into automated machinery.
Diagram 3 shows the mechanics of how a springloaded gage head measures a surface and provides 4-20mA output to a control system.
DC-operated Linear Position Sensors offer loop-powered 4-20 mA current or 0-10 DC voltage output in providing a robust measurement signal for integration into a variety of PLCs, digital indicators, computer-based data processors and AC data collection systems. Bipolar ±10 VDC output is also available to integrate with specialized or legacy equipment. The DC-operated Position Sensors meet the requirements of industrial monitoring and feedback applications such as liquid level measurement, robotic automation, manufacturing processes and other industrial automation controls. •
Hydraulic and Pneumatic Industry Trends With NFPA
» THE LATEST DATA published by the National Fluid Power Association shows June 2024 total fluid power shipments decreasing -7.6% month over month and -16.4% year over year. 3/12 and 12/12 rates of change for total fluid power, hydraulic, and pneumatic shipments are all negative and trending downwards. The data and charts above are from NFPA’s Confidential Shipment Statistics (CSS) program where over 70 manufacturers of fluid power products report their monthly orders and shipments. More market information is available to NFPA members, allowing them to better understand trends and anticipate change in fluid power and the many customer markets it serves. Contact NFPA at 414-778-3344 for more info.
TOTAL FLUID POWER SHIPMENTS
INDEX DATA: 3 MONTH MOVING AVERAGE & 12 MONTH MOVING AVERAGE
This graph of index data is generated by the total dollar volume reported to NFPA by CSS participants. This graph uses moving averages to smooth out the data and clearly identify trends. (Base Year 2018 = 100).
SHIPMENTS: PNEUMATIC, MOBILE HYDRAULIC, AND INDUSTRIAL HYDRAULIC
INDEX DATA: 12/12 RATE OF CHANGE
Each point on this graph represents the most recent 12 months of shipments compared to the previous 12 months of shipments. For example, 7.3% (the August 2023 level of the pneumatic series) indicates that the value of pneumatic shipments from September 2022 to August 2023 were 7.3% higher than the value of pneumatic shipments from September 2021 to August 2022.
ORDERS: PNEUMATIC, MOBILE HYDRAULIC, AND INDUSTRIAL HYDRAULIC
INDEX DATA: 12/12 RATE OF CHANGE
Each point on this graph represents the most recent 12 months of orders compared to the previous 12 months of orders. For example, 8.5% (the August 2023 level of the industrial hydraulic series) indicates that the value of industrial hydraulic orders received from September 2022 to August 2023 were 8.5% higher than the value of industrial hydraulic orders received from September 2021 to August 2022.
TOTAL SHIPMENTS: JUNE 2024
This table shows various rates of change for the month of August 2023. Interpretation for each rate of change calculation:
M/M %: The percent change between the current month and the previous month.
Y/Y %: The percent change between the current month and the same month one year ago.
3/12 %: The percent change between the three most recent months and those same three months one year ago. 12/12 %: The percent change between the twelve most recent months and those same twelve months one year ago.
*Preliminary data subject to revision.
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» THE INTERNATIONAL FLUID Power Society (IFPS) is thrilled to offer an opportunity for everyone interested in exploring the world of fluid power. Every month, the IFPS hosts a free webinar that is open to the public, inviting individuals to join in on a deep dive into topics that range from Hydraulics to Actuators, Valves, Pneumatics, Contamination Control, and beyond. These webinars are led by industry experts who bring a wealth of knowledge and experience, making each session an invaluable learning experience.
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Becoming a member of the International Fluid Power Society (IFPS) offers numerous advantages for professionals in the fluid power industry. Members gain access to a wealth of educational resources, including study manuals and certification programs that are essential for advancing their careers. These certifications, such as the Hydraulic Specialist and Pneumatic Specialist, are highly respected and can significantly boost a professional's credentials.
Membership also provides valuable networking opportunities. Being part of a global community of fluid power professionals allows members to connect with peers, share insights, and collaborate on
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CONNECTOR & CONDUCTOR
Zachary Alvarez, The Boeing Company
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industry projects. This network not only helps in staying updated on the latest industry trends but also opens doors for career advancement and professional growth.
In addition to networking, IFPS members enjoy exclusive discounts on certification exams, access to industry events, and subscriptions to key publications like the Fluid Power Journal. These resources ensure that members are always informed about the latest innovations and best practices in the field. Overall, joining IFPS is a strategic move for anyone looking to enhance their knowledge, skills, and career prospects in the fluid power industry.
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HYDRAULIC SPECIALIST
Zachary Durkee, SunSource
Sam Harris, Cross Company
Nicholas Brandner, Brand Hydraulics
David Gilchrist, Oilquip, Inc.
Bryce Hill, JARP Industries
Pier-Luc Lemay, Construction Deric
Casey Plemon, Kraft Fluid Systems
MOBILE HYDRAULIC MECHANIC
Briar Schmidtzinsky, Pedernales Electric
Tommy McKee, Altec Industries, Inc.
Noe Garcia, Altec Industries, Inc.
Laine Crownover, Pedernales Electric
Colby Allgier, Altec Industries, Inc.
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Jared Schaeffer, Altec Industries, Inc.
Vince Ashley, Ameren Missouri
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Seth Foran, Ameren Illinois
Gregory Baumgartner, Altec Industries, Inc.
Corey Chipley, Altec Industries, Inc.
Dawson Sanders, Altec Industries, Inc.
Scott Ringwald, Ameren Missouri
Cody Stefanus, Ameren Missouri
Thomas King, Ameren Missouri
Patrick Simpson, Ameren Missouri
Aaron Dawdy, Ameren Illinois
Paul Harri, Ameren Illinois
Joseph Christisen, Ameren Missouri
William Meise, Altec Industries Inc
Harry Watson, Pedernales Electric
Kaden Howes, Altec Industries, Inc.
Colton Thomas, Altec Industries, Inc.
Garrett Hedrick, BGE
MOBILE MECHANIC
Kole Price, The Boeing Company
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Kole Price, The Boeing Company
» HERE IS THE SOLUTION TO AIR TEASER ON PAGE 05
Championing Safety in the Fluid Power Industry
» THE IFPS IS dedicated to ensuring the highest safety standards in the fluid power and motion control industry. With a deep commitment to protecting mechanics, technicians, engineers, and other workers, IFPS stays ahead of industry trends by offering up-to-date safety training and resources. IFPS collaborates with top industry experts to develop standard and custom safety training programs that are not only current but also easy to understand. These programs focus on practical, real-world applications, ensuring that workers are
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In addition to training, IFPS offers essential safety products, such as safety cards and posters, designed to serve as constant reminders for workers to stay vigilant. These tools are especially valuable in hazardous environments, helping to foster a culture of safety across the industry.
By prioritizing safety in everything we do, IFPS plays a crucial role in protecting workers and enhancing the overall integrity of the fluid power and motion control industry. Learn more about our safety recourse at ifps.org/safety
Find the moment (torque) required to open the door and then the pull force of the cylinder.
Metric:
44.4 N × 711.2 mm to the pivot = 31577.28 Nm.
Then divide by the perpendicular distance from the same pivot (hinge).
31,577.28 Nm/ 81.28 mm = 388.5 N.
F = PA
388.5 N / .345 MPa = 1126 mm² needed.
Now add the area of the rod. 12.7² × 0.7854 = 126.68 mm².
Adding the required area and the rod area is 1126 + 126.68 = 1252.77 mm².
Working backwards to find the diameter;
1252.77 mm / .7854 = 1595; √1595 = 39.94 mm.
The next standard size up would be a 50 mm, requiring less pressure.
US Customary:
28” × 10 lb = 280 lb.in. / 3.2” = 87.5 lbs.
F = PA
87.5 lbs / 50 psi = 1.75 in².
Now add the area of the rod. 0.5² × 0.7854 = 0.19635 in².
Adding 1.75 in² + 0.19635 in² = 1.95 in².
Find the diameter working backwards using the formula A = D² × 0.7854. 1.95 / 0.7854 = 2.48 and taking the √2.48 = 1.57”
The next standard size up would be a 2-inch cylinder, requiring less pressure.
Checking your answers 1.57” × 25.4 = 39.9 mm, the same as the metric answer.
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IFPS offers onsite review training for small groups of at least 10 persons. An IFPS accredited instructor visits your company to conduct the review. Contact kpollander@ifps.org for details of the scheduled onsite reviews listed below.
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Online Mobile Hydraulic Mechanic certification review for written test is offered through CFC Industrial Training. This course surveys the MHM Study Manual (6.5 hours) and every outcome to prepare you for the written test. Members may e-mail for a 20% coupon code off the list price. Test fees are not included.
» CFC Industrial Training – Cincinnati, Ohio – December 2-6, 2024
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TECHNOLOGY
1A Total Safety
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1006 143rd Avenue SE
Tenino, WA 98589
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2300 S. Calhoun Road
New Berlin, WI 53151
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AAA Products International
7114 Harry Hines Blvd.
Dallas, TX 75235
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P: 734-464-2030
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20 Corporate Drive
Orangeburg, NY 10962
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ABZ Incorporated
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Chantilly, VA 20151
P: 703-631-7401
F: 703-631-5282
E: mps@abzinc.com
W: abzinc.com
Ace Wire Spring & Form Co., Inc. 1105 Thompson Avenue
McKees Rocks, PA 15136
P: 412-331-3353
F: 412-331-1602
E: aceinfo@acewirespring.com
W: acewirespring.com
Activant
19 W. College Ave.
Yardley, PA 19067
P: 215-493-8900
Toll-Free: 800-776-7438
F: 215-369-4288
E: distribution@activant.com
W: distribution.activant.com
Adaconn
538 Township Line Rd.
Blue Bell, PA 19422
P: 215-643-1900
F: 215-643-4017
E: sales@adaconn.com
W: adaconn.com
Adsens Tech. Inc.
18310 Bedford Circle Industry, CA 91744
P: 626-854-2772
F: 626-854-8183
E: sales@adsens.net W: adsens.net
Advanced Control Technology 7050 E. County Road 101 Shakopee, MN 55379
Controlled Motion Solutions 4000 E. Brundage Lane Bakersfield, CA 93307 P: 800-696-6165 F: 661-324-9124
E: sales@comoso.com W: comoso.com
Copper State Fluid Power LLC 4195 S Contractors Way Tucson, AZ 85714 P: 520-777-3867 F: 520-777-4647 E: sales@copperstatefluidpwr.com W: copperstatefluidpwr.com
Cotta Transmission Company 1301 Prince Hall Drive Beloit, WI 53511-4439 P: 608-368-5600 F: 608-368-5605 E: sales@cotta.com W: cotta.com
COX Instruments 15555 N. 79th Place Scottsdale, AZ 85260 P: 480-922-7446 F: 480-948-3610 E: sales@cox-instruments.com W: cox-instruments.com
CPV Manufacturing, Inc. 851 N. Preston St. Philadelphia, PA 19104 P: 215-386-6508 215-387-9043 E: sales@cpvmfg.com W: cpvmfg.com
Reelcraft Industries, Inc. 2842 E. Business Hwy 30 Columbia City, IN 46725 P: 260-248-8188 P: 800-444-3134 F: 260-248-2605 E: reelcraft@reelcraft.com W: reelcraft.com
WorldWide Electric Corporation 3540 Winton Place Rochester, NY 14623 P: 800-808-2131
E: sales@worldwideelectric.com
W: worldwideelectric.com
World Wide Metric 37 Readington Road Branchburg, NJ 08876
P: 732-247-2300
F: 732-247-7258
E: sales@worldwidemetric.com
W: worldwidemetric.com
WP Associates 211 Hickory Point Buckhead, GA 30625
P: 706-991-9946
E: wpassociates@plantationcable.net
Y
Yates Industries 23050 East Industrial Drive St. Clair Shores, MI 48080
P: 586-778-7680 Ext. 1231 F: 586-778-6565
E: sales@yatesind.com W: yatesind.com
Young Powertech Inc. 3060 Plaza Drive
Garnet Valley, PA 19061 P: 610-558-0760 F: 610-558-0762
E: info@youngpowertech.com W: youngpowertech.com
YRG, Inc. 9101 Clubridge Drive Fort Wayne, IN 46809 P: 260-747-3482
E: sales.support@yrginc.com W: yrginc.com
Yuken/ALA Industries Limited (North America Distributor) 1150 Southpoint Circle, Suite D Valparaiso, IN 46385 P: 877-419-8536 F: 219-477-4194
E: alaindustries@yuken-usa.com W: yuken-usa.com Z
Zemarc Fluid Power 3510 E. Church Avenue Fresno, CA 93725
P: 559-264-2009
E: sales@zemarc.com
W: zemarc.com
Zemarc Fluid Power 1801 Addison Way Hayward, CA 94544
P: 510-783-3964
E: sales@zemarc.com W: zemarc.com
Zemarc Fluid Power 6431 Flotilla Street Los Angeles, CA 90040 P: 323-721-5598
E: sales@zemarc.com
W: zemarc.com
Zemarc Fluid Power 2960 Los Olivos Oxnard, CA 93036
P: 805-973-5900
E: sales@zemarc.com W: zemarc.com IS YOUR
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