002 - Modals - YDS by Fatih Kiraz - If Yayınları

IF YAYINLARI GRAMMAR PACK - 2 modals

IF YAYINLARI ‐ GRAMMAR PACK – 2 | MODALS 1.

CAN & BE ABLE TO ........................................................................................................................................................................ 2

COULD ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 3

MUST ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4

HAVE TO ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 5

SHOULD .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 6

HAD BETTER .................................................................................................................................................................................... 7

MAY ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8

MIGHT ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 9

PERFECT MODALS ...................................................................................................................................................................... 10

10.

WOULD ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 11

11.

USED TO ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 12

12.

REVISION ................................................................................................................................................................................... 13

IF YAYINLARI ‐ GRAMMAR PACK – 2 | MODALS

1. CAN & BE ABLE TO Kullanımı

CAN GENEL YETENEK

Olumlu Yapılar 1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future 1. 2. 3.

CAN ÖZEL BİR DURUMDA ZORLUĞUN ÜSTESİNDEN GELİRKEN

CAN İMKAN, FIRSAT

2 CAN İZİN

I can speak Chinese. "COULD" a döner I could speak Chinese when I was a kid. "BE ABLE TO" ya döner I will be able to speak Chinese by the time I finish my course.

CAN

2. "COULD" a döner I couldn't speak Swahili. 3. "BE ABLE TO" ya döner I won't be able to speak Swahili.

1. Even with a burst of adrenaline, people can't pick up something that heavy.

2. "BE ABLE TO" ya döner With a sudden burst of adrenaline, he was able to lift the car off the child's leg.

2. "BE ABLE TO" ya döner Even the weight lifter, couldn't lift the car off the child's leg.

3. "BE ABLE TO" ya döner With a sudden burst of adrenaline, he will be able to lift the car.

3. "BE ABLE TO" ya döner Even three men working together won't be able to lift the car.

1. I have some free time. I can help her now.

1. I don't have any time. I can't help her now.

2. "BE ABLE TO" ya döner I had some free time yesterday. I was able to help her at that time.

2. "BE ABLE TO" ya döner I didn't have time yesterday. I wasn't able to help her at that time.

3. I'll have some free time tomorrow. I can help her then.

3. I won't have any time later. I can't help her then.

1. I can drive Susan's car when she is out of town.

1. I can't drive Susan's car when she is out of town.

3. I can drive Susan's car while she is out of town next week.

İHTİMAL

1. I can't speak Swahili.

1. With a burst of adrenaline, people can pick up cars.

2. "BE ALLOWED TO " ya döner I was allowed to drive Susan's car while she was out of town last week.

CAN RİCA

Olumsuz yapılar 1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future

2. "BE ALLOWED TO " ya döner I wasn't allowed to drive Susan's car while she was out of town last week. 3. I can't drive Susan's car while she is out of town next week.

Can I have a glass of water? Can you give me a lift to school?

Can't I have a glass of water? Can't you give me a lift to school?

RİCALAR GENELLİKLE YAKIN GELECEĞİ İŞARET EDERLER.



 



Anyone can become rich and famous if they know the right people. Learning a language can be a real challenge.

It can't cost more than a dollar or two. You can't be 45! I thought you were about 18 years old.

BU GENELDE BİR GENELLEME YA DA VARSAYIMDIR. BU GENELDE BİR GENELLEME YA DA VARSAYIMDIR.

IF YAYINLARI ‐ GRAMMAR PACK – 2 | MODALS

2. COULD Kullanımı

Olumlu Yapılar 1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future

Olumsuz yapılar 1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future

Ayrıca Kullanılabilir.

COULD

1. John could be the one who stole the money. 2. John could have been the one who stole the money. 3. John could go to jail for stealing the money.

1. Mary couldn't be the one who stole the money. 2. Mary couldn't have been the one who stole the money. 3. Mary couldn't possibly go to jail for the crime.

might, may

COULD IF CLAUSE KULLANIMI

1. If I had more time, I could travel around the world. 2. If I had had more time, I could have traveled around the world. 3. If I had more time this winter, I could travel around the world.

1. Even if I had more time, I couldn't travel around the world. 2. Even if I had had more time, I couldn't have traveled around the world. 3. Even if I had more time this winter, I couldn't travel around the world.

COULD ÖNERİ

1. Present Formu yoktur. 2. You could have spent your vacation in Hawaii. 3. You could spend your vacation in Hawaii.

Negative formu yoktur.

I could run ten miles in my twenties. I could speak Chinese when I was a kid.

I couldn't run more than a mile in my twenties. I couldn't speak Swahili.

be able to

İHTİMAL

COULD GEÇMİŞ YETENEK

"COULD" GEÇMİŞE YÖNELİK OLARAK BİR KEREDE GÖSTERDİĞİNİZ YETENEİĞİNİZİ BETİMLERKEN KULLANILAMAZ.

"COULD" GEÇMİŞE YÖNELİK OLARAK BİR KEREDE GÖSTERDİĞİNİZ YETENEİĞİNİZİ BETİMLERKEN KULLANILAMAZ. Yesterday, I couldn't lift the couch by myself. DOĞRU

Yesterday, I could BE ABLE TO lift the couch by myself. YANLIŞ COULD KİBAR RİCA

Could I have something to drink? Could I borrow your stapler? BU GENELDE BİR GENELLEME YA DA VARSAYIMDIR.

Couldn't he come with us? Couldn't you help me with this for just a second? BU GENELDE BİR GENELLEME YA DA VARSAYIMDIR.

can, may, might

IF YAYINLARI ‐ GRAMMAR PACK – 2 | MODALS

3. MUST Kullanımı

MUST KESİNLİK

Olumlu Yapılar 1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future 1. That must be Jerry. They said he was tall with bright red hair.

1. That must not be Jerry. He is supposed to have red hair.

2. That must have been the right restaurant. There are no other restaurants on this street.

2. That must not have been the right restaurant. I guess there is another one around here somewhere.

3. Gelecek yapısı yoktur.

MUST NOT YASAKLAMA

Olumsuz yapılar 1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future

Ayrıca Kullanılabilir.

have to

3. Gelecek yapısı yoktur. You must not swim in that river. It's full of crocodiles.

You must not forget to take your malaria medication while your are in the tropics. YASAKLAMA GENEL OLARAK YAKIN GELECEĞE İŞARET EDER.

MUST GÜÇLÜ TAVSİYE

1. You must take some time off and get some rest.

1. You mustn't drink so much. It's not good for your health.

(USA kullanımı daha ziyade SHOULD'dur

2. "SHOULD" a döner You should have taken some time off last week to get some rest.

2. "SHOULD" a döner You shouldn't have drunk so much. That caused the accident.

3. "SHOULD" a döner You should take some time off next week to get some rest.

MUST GEREKLİLİK (USA kullanımı daha ziyade HAVE TO'dur

1. You must have a permit to enter the national park. 2. "HAVE TO" ya döner We had to have a permit to enter the park. 3. We must get a permit to enter the park next week.

3. "SHOULD" a döner You shouldn't drink at the party. You are going to be the designated driver. 1. "HAVE TO" ya döner We don't have to get a permit to enter the national park. 2. "HAVE TO" ya döner We didn't have to get a permit to enter the national park. 3. "HAVE TO" ya döner We won't have to get a permit to enter the national park.

should

have to

IF YAYINLARI ‐ GRAMMAR PACK – 2 | MODALS

4. HAVE TO Kullanımı

HAVE TO KESİNLİK (BU ANLAMLA MUST DAHA SIKLIKLA KARŞIMIZA ÇIKMAKTADIR.)

Olumlu Yapılar 1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future 1. That has to be Jerry. They said he was tall with bright red hair. 2. That has to have been the right restaurant. There were no other restaurants on the street. 3. Yoktur

Olumsuz yapılar 1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future 1. "MUST" a döner That must not be Jerry. They said he has blond hair, not red hair.

Ayrıca Kullanılabilir. must, have got to

2. "MUST" a döner That must not have been the right restaurant. I guess there was another one around there somewhere. 3. Yoktur

HAVE TO GEREKLİLİK & ZORUNLULUK

1. She has to read four books for this literature class. 2. She had to finish the first book before the midterm. 3. She will have to finish the other books before the final exam.

1. She doesn't have to read "Grapes of Wrath." It's optional reading for extra credit.

must

2. She didn't have to write a critique of "The Scarlet Letter." She had to give a presentation to her class. 3. She won't have to take any other literature classes. American Literature 101 is the only required course.

UNUTMA : "Do not have to" vs. "Must not" "Do not have to" bir şeyin yapılmak zorunda olunmadığını ifade ederken "Must not" is birşeyi yapanın yasak olduğunu anlatır. Examples: You must not eat that. YASAKTIR, İZİN VERİLMEZ You don't have to eat that. EĞER İSTERSEN YİYEBİLİRSİN, ZORUNLU DEĞİL.

IF YAYINLARI ‐ GRAMMAR PACK – 2 | MODALS

5. SHOULD Kullanımı

Olumlu Yapılar 1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future

Olumsuz yapılar 1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future

SHOULD TAVSİYE, ÖĞÜT

1. People with high cholesterol should eat low‐fat foods.

1. Sarah shouldn't smoke so much. It's not good for her health.

2. Frank should have eaten low‐fat foods. That might have prevented his heart attack.

2. Sarah shouldn't have smoked so much. That's what caused her health problems.

3. You really should start eating better.

3. Sarah shouldn't smoke when she visits Martha next week. Martha hates when people smoke in her house.

I should be at work before 9:00.

NEGATIVE FORMU YOKTUR.

We should return the video before the video rental store closes.

SHOULD DIŞARIDAN GELEN BEKLENTİ

6 SHOULD BEKLENTİ

ought to

be supposed to / be to

"SHOULD" ÖĞÜT İLE ZORUNLULUK ARASINDA BİR ANLAM DA İFADE EDEBİLİR.

"BE SUPPOSED TO" İSE BENZER BİR ANLAM İFADE EDER; PAST FORMLARDA VEYA OLUMSUZ YAPILARDA KOLAYLIKLA KULLANILABİLİR.

1. Susan should be in New York by now.

1. Susan shouldn't be in New York yet.

2. Susan should have arrived in New York last week. Let's call her and see what she is up to.

2. Susan shouldn't have arrived in New York until yesterday.

3. Susan should be in New York by next week. Her new job starts on Monday.

Ayrıca Kullanılabilir.

3. Susan shouldn't arrive in New York until next week.

ought to, be supposed to

IF YAYINLARI ‐ GRAMMAR PACK – 2 | MODALS

6. HAD BETTER Kullanımı

HAD BETTER ÇOK GÜÇLÜ TAVSİYE

HAD BETTER ÇOK GÜÇLÜ UYARI, GİZLİ TEHDİT

Olumlu Yapılar 1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future

Olumsuz yapılar 1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future

Ayrıca Kullanılabilir.

1. "SHOULD" veya "OUGHT TO" ya döner People should unplug toasters before they clean them.

1. "SHOULD" veya "OUGHT TO" ya döner People shouldn't clean toasters without unplugging them first.

2. "SHOULD HAVE" veya "OUGHT TO HAVE" ya döner You should have unplugged the toaster before you tried to clean it.

"SHOULD HAVE" veya "OUGHT TO HAVE" ya döner You shouldn't have cleaned the toaster without unplugging it first.

3. You had better unplug the toaster before you try to clean it.

3. You had better not clean the toaster until you unplug it.

The movie had better end soon.

They had better not be late.

Or / otherwise

They had better not forget Tom's birthday gift.

(otherwise cümle sonu “aksini”)

They had better be here before we start dinner.

should, ought to

IF YAYINLARI ‐ GRAMMAR PACK – 2 | MODALS

7. MAY Kullanımı

Olumlu Yapılar 1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future

MAY İHTİMAL

1. Jack may be upset. I can't really tell if he is annoyed or tired.

1. Jack may not be upset. Perhaps he is tired.

2. Jack may have been upset. I couldn't really tell if he was annoyed or tired.

2. Jack may not have been upset. Perhaps he was tired.

3. Jack may get upset if you don't tell him the truth. MAY İZİN

8 MAY RİCA İZİN

1. You may not leave the table. You're not finished with your dinner yet.

2. "BE ALLOWED TO" a döner You were allowed to leave the table after you finished your dinner.

2. "BE ALLOWED TO" a döner You were not allowed to leave the table because you hadn't finished your dinner.

3. You may leave the table when you finish your dinner.

3. You may not leave the table until you are finished with your dinner.

May I borrow your eraser?

NEGATİVE FORMU YOKTUR

May I make a phone call? RİCALAR GENELLİKLE YAKIN GELECEĞİ

Ayrıca Kullanılabilir.

might

3. Jack may not get upset, even if you tell him the truth

1. You may leave the table now that you're finished with your dinner.

İŞARET EDERLER.

Olumsuz yapılar 1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future

can

can, might

IF YAYINLARI ‐ GRAMMAR PACK – 2 | MODALS

8. MIGHT Kullanımı

MIGHT İHTİMAL

Olumlu Yapılar 1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future

Olumsuz yapılar 1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future

Ayrıca

1. She might be on the bus. I think her car is having problems.

1. She might not be on the bus. She might be walking home.

could, may

2. She might have taken the bus. I'm not sure how she got to work. 3. She might take the bus to get home. I don't think Bill will be able to give her a ride.

MIGHT IF CLUASE KULLANIMI

MIGHT RİCA (UK İngilizcesi kulanımı)

2. She might not have taken the bus. She might have walked home. 3. She might not take the bus. She might get a ride from Bill.

1. If I entered the contest, I might actually win.

1. Even if I entered the contest, I might not win.

2. If I had entered the contest, I might actually have won.

2. Even if I had entered the contest, I might not have won.

3. If I entered the contest tomorrow, I might actually win. Unfortunately, I can't enter it.

Might I have something to drink? Might I borrow the stapler?

Kullanılabilir.

3. Even if I entered the contest tomorrow, I might not win. NEGATİVE KULLANIMI ÇOK NADİRDİR.

could, may, can

RİCALAR GENELLİKLE YAKIN GELECEĞİ İŞARET EDERLER.

UNUTMA: "Could not" vs. "Might not" "Could not" birşeyin olmasının mümkün olmadığı durumları anlatırken "Might not" ise olup olmadığını bilmediğimiz durumları ifade eder. Örnekler;  Jack might not have the key. MAYBE HE DOES NOT HAVE THE KEY. 

Jack could not have the key. IT İS İMPOSSİBLE THAT HE HAS THE KEY.

IF YAYINLARI ‐ GRAMMAR PACK – 2 | MODALS

9. PERFECT MODALS Kullanımı

SHOULD HAVE DONE SHOULDN'T HAVE DONE

Anlam

Yapılmalıydı ama yapılmadı

Susan should have arrived in New York last week. Let's call her and see what she is up to

Yapılmamalıydı ama yapıldı

MUST HAVE DONE

Kesin yapılmıştır

CAN'T HAVE DONE

NEEDN'T HAVE DONE COULD HAVE DONE COULDN'T HAVE DONE MAY HAVE DONE

Örnekler

Kesin yapılmamıştır

Ayrıca kullanılabilir.

You shouldn't have been so frank with him.

He must have known how much it was going to cost.

A: "I heard that Suzy got caught shoplifting yesterday afternoon" B: "She can't have done it. She and I were at the movies all afternoon"

Yapılmasına gerek yoktu ama yapıldı

I needn't have prepared all that food, because they phone me to say they wouldn't come.

Yapılabilirdi ama yapılmadı

I could have passed my driving test if I'd really tried.

İstenseydi de yapılamazdı

I couldn't possibly have passed my driving test, even if I'd tried harder.

Yapılmışta olabilir Yapılmamışta

He may not have found out yet that he has passed the test.

IF YAYINLARI ‐ GRAMMAR PACK – 2 | MODALS

10. WOULD WOULD

PAST HABIT X USED TO

REPORTED SPEECH

• Geçmişte alışkanlık olarak yapılmış ya da tekrar edilmiş eylemlerin anlatımında kullanılır.



My grandparents would use candles to illuminate their room.

• USED TO durum ifadesinde de kullanılabilirken WOULD sadece hareket bildiren eylemlerin ifadesinde kullanılabilir.



Ottomans would organize campaigns to Balkans to enlarge their territory.



If you approved our our desicions, There wouldn’t be any conflict between the deputies.



If Support troops had’t arrived in King’s Landing on time, enemy would have plundered al the city.



Kemal told me that Carol would admit all crimes of the gang just after getting promise of being free.



I would rather stay at home than work today.



I would rather my daughter didn’t get marry to this guy.



I would rather have listened to him carefully.



I would prefer to be swimming in the pool rather than answering all the applicant e‐mails now.



Would you mind passing the salt? (CAN YOU?)



Would you mind If I used your phone? (CAN I?)



I would be amazing! (OLURDU anlamında kullanılır.)

• IF / CONDITIONALS TYPE 2 ve TYPE 3 içinde kullanılır.

• SAID ve TOLD ifadelerinden sonra geçmişteki gelecek anlatımını (future in the past ) durumları ifade ederken kullanılır.

• WOULD RATHER / PREFER OTHERS

• WOULD YOU MIND (GERUND/IF T2) •WOULD + ADJECTIVE

IF YAYINLARI ‐ GRAMMAR PACK – 2 | MODALS

11. USED TO A. USED TO genel olarak alışkanlıkların anlatımında kullanılmaktadır. B. Sadece USED TO kullanılarak elde edilen cümleler geçmişte yer alan alışkanlıkların anlatımını ifade eder. C. Aşağıda yer alan diğer USED TO kullanımlarına dikkat edelim. USED TO GET USED TO

ACCUSTOMED TO



Turkish raiders used to attack neighbor territories at regular intervals.



You had better get used to driving on the left of fthe way in the UK.



I am used to these kind of rituels because they are similar to ours.



Melek will get used to getting up early.

BE USED TO

IF YAYINLARI ‐ GRAMMAR PACK – 2 | MODALS

12. REVISION 4. One of the great advances of astronomy over recent years ‐‐‐‐ the discovery of planets outside our solar system, and it is the first real clue that we ‐‐‐‐ alone in the universe.

1. At the end of the First World War, the leaders of victorious countries gathered at Versailles, and there, they ‐‐‐‐ to decide what penalties Germany, Austria and other allies ‐‐‐‐. A) tried / would have to pay

A) is going to be / mustn’t be

B) had tried / must have paid

B) is / were not

C) were trying / were paying

C) had been / will not be

D) used to try / might have paid

D) was / would not be

E) could try / should have paid

E) has been / may not be

5. Film music ‐‐‐‐ significant in many ways, of course, but not as music, which is why the proposition that better composers ‐‐‐‐ better film music is not necessarily true.

2. In some cases, we ‐‐‐‐ sufficient data on old events, not because of a lack of imagination but because the appropriate technology ‐‐‐‐ available at the time.

A) would not have / is not

A) had been / shall produce

B) should not have / had not been

B) has been / should have produced

C) did not have / has not been

C) is / could produce

D) do not have / was not

D) can be / had produced

E) could not have / will not be

E) would be / produced

3. The tradition of sculpting in clay ‐‐‐‐ as early as AD 800, and ultimately it ‐‐‐‐ as the point of departure for related works that were cast in metal. A) should have developed / has served B) has developed / had served C) may have developed / served D) would have developed / will serve E) could have developed / will have served

6. At that time, since her aunt ‐‐‐‐ in the same neighbourhood she ‐‐‐‐ her at least once a week. A) is living / would visit B) has lived / has visited C) lived / visits D) was living / used to visit E) lives / was visiting