IF YAYINLARI GRAMMAR PACK - 4 CONDITIONALS
IF YAYINLARI - GRAMMAR PACK – 4 | CONDITIONALS 1.
IF TYPES ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
3.
MIX TYPES ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
2. 4. 5. 6. 7.
INVERSIONS ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 OTHER CONDITIONALS .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 AS IF ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 WISH .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 REVISION ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 9
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IF YAYINLARI - GRAMMAR PACK – 4 | CONDITIONALS
1. IF TYPES
TYPE TYPE 0
• •
KULLANIM ALANLARI
Bilimsel gerçekler Toplum tarafından gerçekliği kabul edilmiş durumlar
YAPISI
IF + PST , PST
•
Anlam PRESENT'dır.
• TYPE 1
Mutemel bir sebep ve buna göre ortaya çıkacak muhtemel sonuçları yansıtır.
• • •
IF + PST +,PST IF + PRS.MODALS + WILL
• • •
Anlam FUTURE'dır •
2
TYPE 2
•
Anlam olarak PRESENT olmasına rağmen günümüze dair hayali durumlardan bahsederken kullanılır. bahsi geçen şart yerine getirilmemiş, ve sonuç ortaya çıkmamamıştır. Anlam PRESENT'dır
• TYPE 3
Geçmişe yönelik hayali (gerçekleşmemiş) sonuçları ve şartları ifade ederken kullanılır. Anlam PAST'dır.
IF + PAST ST , WOULD/COULD/MIGHT IF + COULD , WOULD/ COULD / MIGHT BE DOING WAS -> WERE şeklinde kullanılır.
IF + PAST PERFECT TENSES, WOULD HAVE V3/BEEN Ving COULD HAVE V3/BEEN Ving MIGHT HAVE V3/BEEN Ving
• • • • •
• • •
ÖRNEK
If it rains, roads get wet. (Bilimsel) If you boil water, it evaporates. (Bilimsel) If Ayşe doesn't drink coffee in the morning, she has a headache all day. (Genel inanış) If something bad happens, next one follows it.
If they don't arrive soon, we will have to leave without them. If they are late, my mom is going to get angry with them. You will always be able to take another test if you fail. If it rained, the pavement would get wet. (Eğer yağmur yağsaydı,kaldırım ıslanırdı. Ama yağmur yağmamış ve kaldırımlar da ıslak değildir.) My mom could be better if that medicine were useful. If I won a million dollars, I would travel around the world. She would quit school if her parents agree If she had been studying last weekend, She could have passed final exam last Friday. If it hadn't rained yesterday, we would have enjoyed a nice picnic. If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.
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UNUTMA!
"IF" ifadesinin yerine; when, unless, until, as soon as, after, before, while kullanılabilir.
IF yapılarında durum, hayali ifadelerden oluşuyorsa orjinal zamanlarının bir derece past'ı alınır.
IF YAYINLARI - GRAMMAR PACK – 4 | CONDITIONALS
2. INVERSIONS
TYPE • TYPE 1
KULLANIM ALANLARI
YAPISI
IF yerine "SHOULD" kullanılır.
SHOULD+ SUBJECT + V1 + PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE+ (WILL)
•
Anlam PRESENT'dır.
• TYPE 2
IF yerine "WERE" kullanılır. Anlam PRESENT'dır
• • •
WERE + SUBJECT + SENTENCE + WOULD/COULD/MIGHT V1 W / C / M be Ving
• •
WERE + SUBJECT + TO V1 + WOULD/COULD/MIGHT V1 W / C / M be Ving
•
•
3
• TYPE 3
IF yerine "HAD" kullanılır. Anlam Past'dır
HAD + SUBJECT + SENTENCE + WOULD/COULD/MIGHT HAVE V3 W / C / M HAVE BEEEN Ving
• •
ÖRNEK
Should it rain, roads get wet. Should you boil water, it evaporates. Should Ayşe not drink coffee in the morning, she has a headache all day. Should they not arrive soon, we will leave without them. Were they to arrive soon, we would leave without them. Were they not late, my mom could not get angry with them. Were you to fail, You would always take another test. Had it rained, the pavement would get wet. (Eğer yağmur yağsaydı,kaldırım ıslanırdı. Ama yağmur yağmamış ve kaldırımlar da ıslak değildir.) Had that medicine were useful, my mom could be better Had I won a million dollars, I would travel around the world.
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UNUTMA! • Olumsuz yapılarda NOT olumsuzluk eki özneden hemen sonra kullanılır. • If cümlesi kısımında "should" kullanılmasından dolayı fiilerin kullanımına dikkat ediniz.
• Olumsuz yapılarda NOT olumsuzluk eki özneden hemen sonra kullanılır. • Were kullanılan cümlede şayet fiil varsa fiilin öncesine "TO" eklenir.
• Olumsuz yapılarda NOT olumsuzluk eki özneden hemen sonra kullanılır.
IF YAYINLARI - GRAMMAR PACK – 4 | CONDITIONALS
3. MIX TYPES TYPE
KULLANIM ALANLARI
YAPISI
ÖRNEK
MIX TYPE BİLGİLENDİRME Mix Types ikiye ayrılır. • Mix Type 1 • Mix Type 2 Bu iki kullanımda conditional TYPE 2 ve TYPE 3 kullanımlarının bir araya gelmesiyle oluşmuştur. •
MIX 1 (TYPE 3 + TYPE 2 )
•
4
MIX 2 (TYPE 2 + TYPE 3 )
Geçmişte gerçekleşmeyen bir şartın gerçekleşmeyen günümüz sonucunu anlatırken kullanılır. (Eğer geçmişte şöyle olmuş olsaydı/ olmamış olmasaydı; Şimdi şöyle olurdu / olmazdı)
Şart kısmında TYPE 2 kullanılır böylece hayali present şartın oluşturulması sağlanır. (Eğer şöyle olsa(ydı), geçmişte şöyle olurdu / olmazdı.)
IF + TYPE 3, TYPE 2
•
If Barış MANÇO had been more careful about his health, He might live today. (Barış MANÇO sağlığına dikkat etmiş olsaydı, bugün hala yaşıyor olacaktı.)
•
If Galatasaray had beaten its opponent last week, They would draw Real Madrid today. (Eğer Galatasaray geçen hafta rakibini yenmiş olsaydı, bugun kurada R.Madrid'İ çekeceklerdi.
•
If National football team of the UK were so good as you said, They would have beaten France last week. (Eğerİngiltere milli takımı dediğin kadar iyi olsa, geçen hafta Fransa'yı yenerlerdi. )
•
If you weren't such a poor dancer, you would've got a job in the chorus line in that musical. (Eğer bu kadar zavallı bir dansçı olmasan, bu müzikalde bir iş bulabilirdin.)
IF + TYPE 2, TYPE 3
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UNUTMA!
IF YAYINLARI - GRAMMAR PACK – 4 | CONDITIONALS
4. OTHER CONDITIONALS
DİĞER CONDITIONAL İFADELERİ • • • • •
•
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• •
•
PROVIDED (THAT) PROVIDING (THAT) ON THE CONDITION THAT AS LONG AS SO LONG AS
UNLESS (IF NOT)
SUPPOSING (THAT) SUPPOSE (THAT)
WHAT IF
ANLAMI
ÖRNEK
Bunların tamamı "ŞARTIYLA" anlamı taşımaktadır.If clause'larda uygulanan hükümler bunlar için de geçerlidir. Yalnız ONLY IF cümle başında kullanıldığında deva meden cümre devrik olur.
"-madikça" anlami verir ve ifadesinde olumsuzluk ieçerir.
şart
"Farzet ki" anlamına gelir karşı tarafına genelde bir soru cümlesi gelir.
Eğer şöyle olsaydı / olmasaydı diye başlayarak tek bir cümleden oluşan şart ifadesi barınıdıdır.
•
I can afford to live in this flat providing (provided) that I earn $1.500 a month. (Ayda 1.500 dolar kazanmam şartıyla bu evde geçimimi sağlayabilirim.)
•
She can come in as long as she promises to keep silent. (Sessiz durduğu sürecegelenilir.)
•
They can't pass the exam unless they study. (Çalışmadıkça sınavı geçemezler.)
•
Unless you leave now, you will be late. (Şimdi gitmedikçe geç kalacaksın.)
•
Suppose that I lost all the money, what would you do? (Farz etki bütün parayı kaybettim, ne yapardın?)
•
We'd love to visit you on Sunday, supposing (= if) my husband doesn't have to work that day. (Eğer pazar günü kocamın çalışmadığını farzedersek, sizi ziyaret etmeyi isteriz.)
•
What if the bus's late (Otobüs geç gelse ne olur?)
•
What if you hadn't passed your exams? (Sınavlarını geçmeseydin ne olurdu?)
?
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UNUTMA!
• •
• •
Çok büyük oranla IF TYPE 1 ile kullanılır. UNLESS ekli olan cümle gramer olarak olumlu halde yazılır. Çünkü UNLESS anlam olarak olumsuzdur.
Arkasına direk soru cümlersi alır. Tek cümleden oluşur.
IF YAYINLARI - GRAMMAR PACK – 4 | CONDITIONALS
•
EVEN IF
•
IN CASE
•
ONLY IF
"- sa bile" şeklinde kodlanabilir.
•
Even if you take a taxi, you'll still miss your train. (Taksi tutsan bile treni hala kaçırıyorsun.)
•
Even if they invite me, I won't go there. (Beni davet etseler bile oraya gitmeyeceğim.) They will come with you in case you have problems (Problem yaşarsın diye gelecekler)(TEDBİR)
•
•
They will come with you if you have problems. (Problem yaşarsan gelecekler)(ŞART - EĞER PROBLEM OLURSA GELECEKLER)
•
•
She's welcome to come along, only if she behaves herself. (Ancak kendisi gibi davranırsa, gelebilir.) I will let you go only if you tell all details. (Sadece tüm detayları anatırsan gitmene izin vereceğim.)
•
"-sa diye" anlamıyla önlem alma ifdesi olarak kullanılır.
"Ancak" anlamıyla if'den daha kuvvetli bir şart ifade eder.
•
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In case ile If kullanımı arasında belirgin anlam farkları vardır. IN CASE arkasından cümle alırken IN CASE OF ise arkasından isim ya da gerund alır.
IF YAYINLARI - GRAMMAR PACK – 4 | CONDITIONALS
5. AS IF
TEMEL CÜMLE
PRESENT TENSES GERÇEK DURUMLAR
AS IF CÜMLESİ
AS IF / AS THOUGH
PAST TENSES
GERÇEK DIŞI & ABARTILAN DURUMLAR
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PAST TENSES PRESENT TENSES
AÇIKLAMALAR
» There are dark clouds in the sky. It seems as if it is going to rain.
PAST TENSES PRESENT TENSES FUTURE TENSES
» She looks as if she didn't sleep well last night. » Streets are quite clean today. It seems as if they have just been cleaned. » She hadn't promised me ,but he seemed as if he would help me.
PAST TENSES
AS IF / AS THOUGH
PAST TENSES
ÖRNEKLER
» The police man looked as if he had run for kilometers. GERÇEKTE KULLANILAN TENSE'nin BİR DERECE PAST'ı KULLANILIR.
» She speaks as if she knew the truth. » He offered me a large amount of money as if he had had.
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* Bu kullanım, konuşmacının olayın detayıyla ilgili bilgi sahibi olup olmadığına göre değişir.
IF YAYINLARI - GRAMMAR PACK – 4 | CONDITIONALS
6. WISH
» WISH kelime anlamı olarak dilek, istek anlamlarına gelmektedir. Ama kullanıldığı yapılara göre farklı anlamlar da içermektedir. Bu yapıların açıklamasını aşağıdaki tabloda bulabilirsiniz. YAPI
ANLAM
WISH + PAST SIMPLE TENSE
İÇİNDE BULUNDUĞUMUZ AN
WISH + PAST SIMPLE TENSE
WISH + PAST PERFECT TENSE
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WISH + WOULD
İçinde bulunduğumuz ana dair memnuniyetsizliğimizi, dilek ve gönlümüzden geçenleri ifade ederken kullanırız. GELECEK ZAMAN
Geleceğe dair ifadelerimizi içerir. Bu yapı içinde COULD ifadesi de kullanılabilir. GEÇMİŞ ZAMAN
Geçmişte ortaya çıkmış durum ve olaylardan ötürü duyulan pişmanlık ve yakınmayı içerir. Başka kişi ya da durumlarla ilgili şikayetlenme ve / veya sitemi anlatirken kullanilir.
ÖRNEKLER
» I'm not rich ,but I wish I were rich. » I wish she knew who I was. » I wish it weren't raining so heavily.
AÇIKLAMALAR
* WISH kullanımları IF yapılarıyla gramer benzerlikler taşımaktadır. (IF TYPE 2)
» I wish I didn't have to work tomorrow. » Cemal wishes Kemal could book our tickets next Friday. » I wish I hadn't insisted on buying this old car... » I wish I had asked him to help me. » I wish you wouldn't snore so much! » I wish he would drive more slowly. » I wish it would stop snowing.
» I wish you would be more sensitive.
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* WISH kullanımları IF yapılarıyla gramer benzerlikler taşımaktadır. (IF TYPE 3)
* WOULD + be kullanımı da mevcuttur fakat bu kullanım için şikayetlendiğimiz şeyin kendisini düzeltebilir olması gerekir. Yani WOULD + be yapısı daha ziyade insanlara ait Şikeyetlenmelerimizde kullanılır diyebiliriz.
IF YAYINLARI - GRAMMAR PACK – 4 | CONDITIONALS
7. REVISION 1. If the richer nations really ---- to give poorer countries a chance to develop, they -- - the high tariffs they have against their cheaper products, but they don't show any sign of preparing to do so. A) want/will remove
B) had wanted/would have removed C) will want/Will be removed D) wanted/would remove
E) have wanted/would be removed
2. If new crops such as potatoes, tomatoes and maize ---- back from America after its discovery, the cuisines of Europe, Africa and Asia ---- very different today. A) weren't brought/would have been
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B) hadn't been brought/would be C) didn't bring/will be
D) hadn't brought/was going to be
3. As long as there is any chance of renewed conflict there, NATO troops ---- in Kosovo. A) should have remained B) are able to remain
C) have had to remain D) will have to remain
E) would have remained
4. If the Earth's climate ---- to get hotter, some low-lying island nations, like the Maldives, --- under the sea as its level rises due to glacier melting. A) is continuing/would have disappeared B) would continue/were disappearing
C) was continuing/will have disappeared D) might continue/could disappear E) continues/will disappear
E) weren't bringing/has been
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5. If the social welfare systems ---- so good in Western countries, why so many people ---on the streets when we went there? A) were/had...lived
B) are/were...living
C) had been/have...lived D) are/are...living
E) would be/have been...living 6. If the Earth ---- to spin on its axis, gravity --- existing as a real force. A) doesn't continue/has stopped B) wasn't continuing/can stop
C) hadn't continued/should stop D) didn't continue/would stop E) isn't continuing/stops
IF YAYINLARI - GRAMMAR PACK – 4 | CONDITIONALS 7.
After Susan had finished watching the play, she thought that if Othello ---- such an extremely jealous nature, he ---- to lago's slanders.
A) isn't having/isn't listening
B) hadn't had/hadn't listened C) doesn't have/won't listen
D) wasn't having/couldn't listen
E) didn't have/wouldn't have listened 8. So long as we go on burning fossil fuels as much as we do, the Earth's climate will continue to change. A) More coal, oil and gas will have to be produced if we want to keep pace with the climatic changes of our world. B) Our planet's weather conditions will go on changing if we keep using fossil fuels as much as we are now.
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C) If the world's climate continues to change, we won't need to burn as many fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas, as we do now.
D) Our world's weather would have kept on changing if we had kept on using fossil fuels as much as we once had. E) If we used fossil fuels as much as we should do, the weather systems of the Earth would become very different.
9. If the American economy had not crashed in 1929, causing a global depression, then the negative economic conditions that allowed Hitler to rise to power in Germany would not have been created.
10. Dünyanın nüfus probleminin nasıl çözüleceğiyle ilgili henüz bir görüş birliğine varılamadıysa, gelecekte varılacağı konusunda umutlu olmak çok anlamlı olmaz.
A) if a global economic slump hadn't been caused by the sudden decline of the American economy in 1929, then Hitler would have created economic problems of his own in Germany so as to take power.
A) If a consensus about how to solve the world population problem hasn't been reached yet, it isn't very sensible to be hopeful that one ever will be.
B) Hitler became ruler of Germany only because of the world-wide economic crisis that had come about as a result of the collapse of the American economy in 1929.
C) The negative state of the economy which Hitler created in order to claim power in Germany in 1929 also damaged the American economy, leading to a worldwide depression. D) Hitler's taking power created a negative economic situation in Germany that pulled both the USA and the world into an economic crash and slump in 1929.
E) The world-wide economic slump of 1929 led to both a crash in the American economy and created the economic environment Hitler needed in order to take power in Germany.
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B) It's senseless to hope that a consensus about how to solve the world population problem will ever be reached, since it hasn't been achieved so far.
C) A consensus about how to solve the world population problem hasn't been reached yet, nor does it seem hopeful that one ever will be. D) If a consensus about how to solve the world population problem had been reached, it would be sensible to be hopeful about the future.
E) Even if a consensus about how to solve the world population problem hasn't been reached yet, it isn't beyond reason to hope that one someday will be.