IF YAYINLARI GRAMMAR PACK - 6 RELATIVE CLAUSES
IF YAYINLARI - GRAMMAR PACK – 7 | ADJECTIVE CLAUSES 1.
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE NEDİR? ...................................................................................................................................... 2
2.
TAM CÜMLE YARIM CÜMLE NE DEMEKTİR? ....................................................................................................... 2
3.
PREPOSITION + RELATIVE PRONOUNS ................................................................................................................ 3
4.
WHICH versus WHERE ................................................................................................................................................ 4
5.
WHICH versus WHEN .................................................................................................................................................. 4
6.
OF WHICH (WHOSE) .................................................................................................................................................... 4
7.
SORULARI NASIL KOLAYCA ÇÖZERİZ? .................................................................................................................. 5
8.
NOUN CLAUSE versus RELATIVE CLAUSE ............................................................................................................ 5
9.
RELATIVE CLAUSE ??? WHAT ??? ............................................................................................................................ 5
10.
REDUCTIONS IN RELATIVE CLAUSE .................................................................................................................. 6
11.
REVISION .................................................................................................................................................................... 7
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IF YAYINLARI - GRAMMAR PACK – 7 | ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
1. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE NEDİR?
A. Sıfat cümlecikleridir; diğer bir değişle cümlede sıfat tamlaması oluşturarak iki cümle arasında ilişki kurarlar. •
I know this guy who is wearing red shirt.
B. İki cümle arasında ilişki kurarken NOUN CLAUSE’dan da bildiğimiz WH- ifadelerini kullanır. Bunlara RELATIVE CLAUSE PRONOUNS da denir. Which
Cansız varlıkları ve/veya tüm cümleyi anlatır. ÖZNE veya NESNE’yi niteler.
Whom
Canlı (kişi) varlıkları anlatır. NESNE’yi niteler.
Who
Where When
Whose that
•
2
Canlı (kişi) varlıkları anlatır. ÖZNE’yi niteler. YER ifadelerini niteler
ZAMAN ifadelerini niteler AİTLİK ifadesi bildirir. Jokerdir.
I told you about the woman who lives next door.
•
Do you see the cat which is lying on the roof?
•
I was invited by the professor whom I met at the conference.
•
Do you know the boy whose mother is a nurse?
2. TAM CÜMLE YARIM CÜMLE NE DEMEKTİR? A. İngilizce de bir cümlenin tam bir cümle olarak görülebilmesi için; yüklemi geçişliyse; öznesi ve nesnesinin olması gerekir. Bu bilgi bize birçok noktada soru çözdüren bir ipucudur. Though scientists now understand ---- earthquakes take place, they are still unable to predict them. A) that B) which C) why* D) what E) whose The uninterrupted history of blacks in the United States began in 1619,---- 20 Africans were landed in the English colony of Virginia. A) B) C) D) E)
Where* when whom whose which
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IF YAYINLARI - GRAMMAR PACK – 7 | ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
B. Unutulmamalıdır ki; PASSIVE CÜMLELER tam cümle olarak kabul edilir. Bundan dolayı bu cümleler NESNE almıyormuş gibi görünse de NESNE eksikliği yoktur.
Can you tell me the shop ---- this drug is sold? A) B) C) D)
which in which* what when
3. PREPOSITION + RELATIVE PRONOUNS A. Bu kullanımlar çok önemlidir. IN WHICH
ON WHICH AT WHICH
FOR WHICH
Where When Why
The bar in Barcelona in which I met my wife is still there. The day on which I graduated was long and hot.
I didn’t like the restaurant at which we ate last week.
The reason for which I couldn’t arrive on time was traffic in the city center.
B. Yukarıda yer alan ifadeler asıllarında kendileriyle beraber kullanılan tümleç ifadelerinin edatlarını almışlardır. IN WHICH → IN SUMMER & IN 20th CENTURY & IN JULY ON WHICH → ON TUESDAY
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AT WHICH → AT 9 PM
IN WHICH → IN (A/THE) BUILDING & IN (A/THE) TOWN & ON WHICH → ON (A/THE) ISLAND
C.
AT WHICH → AT (A/THE) RESTAURANT & AT (A/THE) HOTEL Bu kullanımlarla alakalı olan diğer bir noktayı soruda inceleyelim.
Antalya ---- I would love to spend my holiday in is getting more and more expensive. A) which B) where C) in which D. Özellikle prepositional phrase ifadelerine dikkat etmek gerekmektedir.
According to the report, the man ---Martha was complaining saw a copy of her conspiracy and reported it to a higher executive. A) B) C) D) E)
at which about whom* on whose in which for whom
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IF YAYINLARI - GRAMMAR PACK – 7 | ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
4. WHICH versus WHERE
Ciddi olarak karıştırılan iki kullanım olmasına rağmen aralarındaki fark nettir. Çözümü ise; A. Boşluktan sonra tam mı yoksa yarım cümle mi geliyor ona bakılır.
B. Öncesinde nitelenen kelime alınarak ikinci cümle içine yerleştirilir. The Molucca Islands,---- are today part of Indonesia, were once called the Spice Islands. A) where B) what C) which D) that E) why
5. WHICH versus WHEN Ciddi olarak karıştırılan iki kullanım olmasına rağmen aralarındaki fark nettir. Çözümü ise; A. Boşluktan sonra tam mı yoksa yarım cümle mi geliyor ona bakılır.
B. Öncesinde nitelenen kelime alınarak ikinci cümle içine yerleştirilir.
Monday is the day ---- irritates people who hates working on the first day of the week.
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A) on which B) when C) which*
6. OF WHICH (WHOSE) A. Eğer nitelediğimiz isim ile sıfat cümlesi arasında AİTLİK üzerinden bir ilişki kuruluyorsa; Kullanabileceğimiz iki tane relative pronoun vardır. Bunlar WHOSE ve OF WHICH ifadeleridir. Yalnız aşağıdaki ayrıma dikkat edelim. •
WHOSE
CANLI & CANSIZ
OF WHICH
CANLI & CANSIZ (GENEL KULLANIM)
•
Carol has bought a new PC whose memory is 40 TB
Carol has bought a new PC memory of which is 40 TB
B. Burada dikkat edilmesi gereken huşulara bir göz atalım;
WHOSE ifadesi kendisinden sonra mutlaka ki isim almak durumundadır.
WHOSE devamında ARTICLE & PRONOUN & QUANTIFIER … alamaz. WHOSE + ADJ NOUN kullanımı mümkündür.
•
Ukraine president, whose unsuccessful foreign policy has led the country to division, will have a chance to conceive European leaders to balance Russian’s pressure on his country.
•
Peyami Safa, in whose books West - East conflicts are studied, died in 1961.
•
WHOSE kendisinden önce preposition da alabilir. Örnekleri inceleyelim.
Can you see this mountain on whose top there is some snow is the highest one in the district.
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IF YAYINLARI - GRAMMAR PACK – 7 | ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
7. SORULARI NASIL KOLAYCA ÇÖZERİZ? • • • • • • •
---- + FİİL / Y.FİİL / MODAL → WHICH & WHO (ÖZNE EKSİKSE) ---- + ÖZNE → WHICH & WHOM (NESNE EKSİKSE)
---- + ÖZNE + FİİL + NESNE → WHEN & WHERE & WHY
---- + PRONOUN / FİİL / Y.FİİL / MODAL / ARTICLE → WHOSE KULLANILMAZ EXPRESSSION OF QUANTITY + WHOM & WHOSE (+NOUN) & WHICH
WHICH bazen bir önceki kelimeyi değil, kendinden önce gelen tüm cümleyi niteleyebilir.
He blamed me for everything, which I thought was unfair.
8. NOUN CLAUSE versus RELATIVE CLAUSE
• •
Aradaki en önemli ayrım; noun clause içinde yukarıdaki WH- ler ilk anlamlarıyla kullanılırken relative clause içinde WH- ler anlam olarak geçmezler.
I don’t know who is the manager.
Manager is that man who is standing next to the wall.
9. RELATIVE CLAUSE ??? WHAT ???
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• •
A. RELATIVE CLAUSE larda WHAT ifadesi yerine WHICH ifadesi kullanılır.
Can you give me an advice about what I should buy?
Can you give me an advice which relieves me in this situation?
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IF YAYINLARI - GRAMMAR PACK – 7 | ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
10. REDUCTIONS IN RELATIVE CLAUSE
A. En fazla zorlanılan hususlardan birisidir. Cümle içinde fark edilmesi de bir o kadar zordur. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
ACTIVE VOICE
PASSIVE VOICE
KULLANIM
R.C. pronoun vev yardımcı fiil atılarak geride kalan asıl fiile – ing eklenir.
R.C. pronoun vev yardımcı fiil atılarak geride kalan asıl V3 hale getirilir.
BE + ADJ. PHRASE
•
We stood on the bridge which connects the two halves of the city.
•
Two boy who was attacked by a dog was taken to hospital.
•
•
BE + PREPOSI.
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ÖRNEK
• TO INFINITIVE
1. The only...to 2. Superlative...to 3. The first, last, second, next...to
• •
The man who is responsible for spying case should be sentenced. The desk that is next to you is for your glass of water.
ÖRNEK
•
We stood on the bridge connecting the two halves of the city
•
Two boy attacked by a dog was taken to hospital.
•
The man responsible for spying case should be sentenced.
•
The desk next to you is for your glass of water.
John is the only person who understands me.
•
Jack is the first person who has handed in this exam.
•
Tom is the most handsome boy who came in this school.
•
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John is the only person to understand me. Tom is the most handsome boy to come in this school.
Jack is the first person to have handed in this exam.
IF YAYINLARI - GRAMMAR PACK – 7 | ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
11. REVISION
1) Wednesday is the day ---- a tour guide leads a tour around the town's historical places. A) B) C) D) E)
when which whose where how
2) A scholar-explorer with an inborn love of adventure, Richard Burton was the first European ---- forbidden Muslim cities in Africa unharmed. A) B) C) D) E)
being penetrated to penetrate penetrated penetrate to be penetrated
A) B) C) D) E)
made making to make having made to be making
3) All decisions ---- at this meeting will be published in the club's quarterly bulletin.
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5) In 1997, Princess Diana auctioned off seventy-nine formal dresses, the most expensive of ---- fetched 222,500 dollars, to raise money for AIDS and cancer centres. A) B) C) D) E)
who when where which whom
A) B) C) D) E)
why whose where whom which
A) B) C) D) E)
about which for whom on which in which on whose
A) B) C) D) E)
whom /who that I which which I where -I that who I whose
6) In most cases, the people ---- you have the most contact with will have either a positive or negative affect on your levels of self-esteem and confidence.
7) The story ---- this case is based is true, but the names of the characters involved were changed as well as the details of many of the events.
4) For some time now Alice has been busy writing a play----. A) which she intends to start when she's graduated from university B) that will be performed at the end-of-term festival C) which was a lot better than her previous works D) who had been devoting her every spare minute to it for three years E) whose favorite subject in high school had always been
8) Success in Hollywood is not always about ---- has the most talent, rather it's about ---- talent is marketed most efficiently in the right direction to the right people at the right time.
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IF YAYINLARI - GRAMMAR PACK – 7 | ADJECTIVE CLAUSES 9) Sustainable development is a process -should lead to a situation ---- all of humanity lives in health and liberty. A) B) C) D) E)
where / -that / in which -- / that which / which when / where
10) Turkey has a universal banking system ---- banks are allowed to engage in all financial activities except leasing, ---- is carried out only by development and investment banks.
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1 A
A) where / which B) that / why C) -- / that D) whose / who E) which / where 2 B
3 A
4 B
5 D
6 D
7 C
8 E
9 B
10 A
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