An Overview of EDFA Gain Flattening by Using Hybrid Amplifier

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Int. Journal of Electrical & Electronics Engg.

Vol. 2, Spl. Issue 1 (2015)

e-ISSN: 1694-2310 | p-ISSN: 1694-2426

An Overview of EDFA Gain Flattening by Using Hybrid Amplifier 1

ShivaniRadha Sharma, 2TanviSood 2

1

M.Tech Student, Assistant Professor 1,2 ECE Department, Chandigarh Engineering College, Landran, Mohali 1

379shivanisharma@gmail.com, 2cecm.ece.ts@gmail.com

Abstract—Data communication systems are increasingly engrossing optical fiber communication system as the transmission paths for the information, the information is in the form of light pulses sending from one place to another through the optical fiber. Several types of optical amplifiers have been developed in optical fiber communication system to amplify the optical signals. The erbium doped fiber amplifier is one of the optical fiber amplifiers which are used for long distance communication. The most significant points in any optical amplifier design are gain and noise figure. They are connected to one another. The other optical amplifier, Raman amplifier has wide gain bandwidth. The EDFA gain spectrum has variations over 1536 to 1552 nm, therefore the gain flattening is a research issue in recent years with the development of high capacity DWDM. The gain variation becomes a problem as the number of channels increases. The gain of EDFA depends on large number of device parameters such as, Erbium ion concentration, amplifier length, core radius, pump power. Raman amplifiers can be combined with EDFAs to expand the optical gain flattened bandwidth. This paper focuses on different methods used for the gain flattening. Keywords— Optical amplifier, EDFA, Raman amplifier, Gain flattening

I.INTRODUCTION Optical fiber communication is seen as one of the most reliable telecommunication technologies to achieve consumer’s need for present and future applications. It is reliable in handling and transmitting data through hundreds of kilometers with an acceptable bit error rate. Today, optical fiber communication has been established as one of the most promising technologies within the area of medium and long distance data transmissions. Optical transmission systems are based on the principle that light can carry more information over longer distances in a glass medium, while the electrical signals can carry information over copper or coaxial cable. Light is electromagnetic waves and optical fiber is a wave-guide, in order to compensate the loss of the wave-guide, an optical amplifier is needed. Doped fiber amplifier (DFA) is an optical amplifier which uses rare-earth doping material which are: Erbium (Er3+), Praseodymium (Pr3+), Europium (Eu3+), Neodymium (Nd3+), Terbium (Te3+), Lutetium (Lu3+), Ytterbium (Yb3+), Holmium (Ho3+), Dysprosium (Dy3+), Gadolinium (Gd3+), Samarium (Sm3+), Promethium (Pm3+), Cerium (Ce3+), Lanthanum (La3+) and Thulium (Tm3+) inside the fiber. Essentially, within a transmission line the DFA is connected to a pump laser. It works on principle of stimulated emission and pump laser is used to provide energy and excite ions to an upper energy level NITTTR, Chandigarh

EDIT -2015

(Mohammed et al., 2011a, 2011b). Then, the ions are stimulated by photons of the information signal and brought down to lower levels of energy. Subsequently, they emit photon energy exactly on the same wavelength of the input signal.. In OFCS, the active medium of DFA which has less attenuation is operating in the 1550 nm window that is created by doping a silica fiber core with the Erbium (Er3+). To date, research works are concentrating more on the Erbium-doping, particularly in silica based fibers. This is due to the emission of Er3+ ions within a set of wavelength around 1550 nm where the silica fiber exhibits the minimum attenuation on information signal. Erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA) could provide gains as high as 40 dB associated with low noise, as successfully demonstrated within a pumped power range of 50 to 100 MW (Mears, 1987). II.OPTICAL AMPLIFIERS Optical amplifier is a device that boosts the light signals in an optical fiber network. Unlike the generators which have to convert light to electricity in order to amplify it, and then convert it back again to light. The optical amplifier amplifies the light signal itself. Optical amplifiers simply strength the optical signal, optical amplifiers work without having to convert an optical signal to electrical forms and back. This feature has two great advantages over repeaters:  They support any bit rate and signal format, because they simply amplify the received signal. They are transparent to the bit rate and signal format.  They support not just the single wavelength but the entire region of wavelength. There are three most important types of optical amplifiers: the erbium-doped fiber amplifier, the semiconductor optical amplifier, and the fiber Raman amplifier. We introduce each of these amplifiers in the following subsections. A. Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier The amplifying medium is a glass optical fiber doped with erbium ions. The erbium is pumped to a state of population inversion with a separate optical input. The erbium-doped glass optical gain medium amplifies light at wavelengths that are in the neighborhood of 1550 nm – the optical wavelengths that suffer minimum attenuation in optical fibers. Erbium-doped optical fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) have low noise and can amplify many wavelengths simultaneously, making the EDFA the amplifier of choice for most applications in optical communications. 156


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