Optimized Inter – Landmark by DTN – FLOW Algorithm

Optimized Inter – Landmark by DTN – FLOW Algorithm G. Shoba1

R. Maheswari2

Senior Assistant Professor, CSE, Christ College of Engg. & Tech, Puducherry. shoba@christcet.edu.in

Final Year M.Tech, CSE, Christ College of Engg. & Tech, Puducherry. mahi.it04@gmail.com

Abstract- Delay Tolerant Network (DTN) in routing concerns itself with the ability to route data from source to destination which is the fundamental ability all communication network must have. During the transmission of packets it has the fixed landmark so that only one path can be chosen. It cannot choose the alternative path, that path is considered to be as the best path.

To solve this problem, an optimized inter – landmark data routing algorithm, namely DTN – FLOW which chooses the alternative path that is considered to be as the shortest and best path. The DTN – FLOW algorithm not only transmit packet with the use of landmark and inter – landmark. The information message will be performed in all the nodes so the performance of each and every node decreases by means of traffic. In order to increase the high throughput, node to node communication can be done effectively in DTN network.

Index Terms – Delay Tolerant Network (DTN), robustness, intermittent, throughput, Ad hoc On – Demand Distance Vector (AODV).

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1 INTRODUCTION

D

elay-tolerant network (DTN) is an approach to computer network architecture that seeks to address the technical issues in heterogeneous networks that may lack continuous network connectivity. DTN support interoperability of regional networks by accommodating long delays between and within regional networks and by translating between regional network communications characteristics. In providing these functions,

DTNs accommodate the mobility and limited power of evolving wireless communication devices. DTN has the great potential to connecting devices and regions of the world that are presented under served by current networks. Challenge for DTN is to determine the router through the network without having an end to end or knowing which routers can be connected at any instance of time.

DTN is a set of protocols that act together to enable a standardized method of performing store – carry – and – forward communications featured by intermittent connection and frequent network partition [9]. Thus, DTN routing is usually realized in a carry-store-forward manner. In those areas they exchange data among or collect data from different areas because DTNs usually exist in areas without infrastructure networks and thereby are good mediums to realize data communication among these areas.

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State – of - art DTN routing algorithm exploit either past encounter records, social network properties or past moving paths to deduce a nodes probability of reaching a certain node or area, and forward packets to nodes with higher probability than the current packet holder [8]. The number of nodes with high probability of visiting the destination usually is limited, by only relying on such nodes, previous routing algorithms fail to fully utilize all node movements leading to degraded overall throughput.

An inter-landmark data flow routing algorithm, called DTNFLOW, which fully utilizes all node movements in DTN by assuming that there is a popular place in each of the nine subareas. DTN-FLOW then determines landmarks from these popular places and adopts the same subarea division. Each subarea is represented by one landmark. Each landmark is configured with a central station, which is an additional infrastructure with high processing and storage capacity. Then, node movement can be regarded as transits from one landmark to another landmark. The most sophisticated trackers currently commercially – available use Global Positioning Systems (GPS) to track position and use satellite uploads to transfer data to a base station [10]. DTN- FLOW utilizes such transits to forward packets from one landmark to other landmark to reach their destination areas. Nodes transiting between landmarks relay packets, even though they rarely visit the destination of the relayed packets.

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2 ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN DELAY TOLERANT NETWORK Routing in Delay Tolerant Network (DTN) concerns itself with the ability to transport or route data from a source to destination which is the fundamental ability communication networks must have. DTN are characterized by their lack of connectivity, resulting in a lack of instantaneous end – to – end paths. Whenever a packet is to be transmitted from source to a destination via number of other nodes, routing protocol is required which is responsible for finding routes to a particular destination and delivering packets to it. These routing protocols are broadly divided into three main categories:

2.1 Epidemic Routing If a route to a node is unavailable then the node performs a controlled local broadcast to its immediate neighbors. In the relaying mode, the MRP first checks with the routing protocols to see if a route of less than d hops exists to forwarding packet [1]. If so, it forwards the packet and the packet is delivered. If no valid route exists for the packets, it enters the storage phase, until it has a route to the destination. To limit the amount of broadcasting to all its neighbors, the spraying protocol restricts forwarding to a ray in the vicinity of the destination last known location. A sprayed packet is first unicast to a node close to the destination, and then multicast to multiple nodes around the destination. The magnitude of the spraying depends on the mobility and larger vicinity. When the message arrives at an intermediate node, the node floods the message to all its neighbors. Epidemic routing represents a node that receives packet for the first time

2.2 Deterministic Routing A tree is built from the source host by adding children nodes and the time associated with nodes. Each node records all the previous nodes the messages has to travel and the earliest time to reach it. A final path can be selected from the tree by choosing the earliest time to reach the desired destination. Deterministic routing assumes that characteristic profiles are initially unknown to hosts. Hosts gain this information through learning the future by letting neighbor hosts exchange the characteristic profiles available between them.

2.3 Geographic Routing In geographic routing, next hop for a packet is decided according to the location of destination and topology near the current packet holder. The local knowledge finds the optimal behavior for current holder. An obvious tradeoff exists between transportation cost and packet delivery delay

Route reply is sent on a route obtained by reversing the route appended to receive route request. Route reply includes the route from source to destination on which route request was received by destination node. The source node on receiving the route reply, caches the route included in the route reply. When source node sends a data packet to destination, the entire route is included in the packet header. Intermediate nodes use the source route included in a packet to determine to whom a packed should be forwarded. Route caching reduces the cost of route discovery. A single route discovery may yield many routes to the destination, due to intermediate nodes may reply route request from local caches.

3 AD HOC ON – DEMAND DISTANCE VECTOR (AODV) ROUTING PROTOCOL The AODV protocol is only used when two endpoints do not have a valid active route to each other. Nodes contain the IP address for each of its neighbors that are likely to use it for a next hop in their routing table. Route table information must be kept for all routes even short – lived routes. AODV enables dynamic, self – starting, multi – hop routing between mobile nodes wishing to establish and maintain an ad hoc network [5]. AODV allows for the construction of routes to specific destinations and does not require that nodes keep these routes when they are not in active communication.

AODV protocol is designed for mobile ad hoc networks of ten to thousands of nodes. The protocol was also designed to work in a network where all the nodes trust each other.

AODV belongs to the class of Distance Vector Routing Protocols (DV). In a DV every node knows its neighbors and the costs to reach them. Every node checks if there is a useful route to another node using this neighbor as next hop. When a link breaks a count – to – infinity could happen. AODV is the routing protocol with small delay which means that the routes are only established when needed to reduce traffic overhead. The count - to – infinity and loop problem is solved using sequence number and the registration of the costs.

The routes age quickly transmit in order to accommodate the movement of the mobile nodes. Links breakage can locally be repaired very efficiently. To characterize the AODV with the criteria used by AODV is distributed based on hop – by – hop. AODV uses IP in a special way that treats an IP address just as a unique identifier. Only one router is responsible to operate the AODV for the whole subnet as a default gateway by maintaining a sequence number for the whole subnet and to forward every package. In AODV the routing table is expanded by a sequence number to every destination and by time to live for every entry.

AODV generates the route using the two types of protocol namely proactive and reactive protocol.

2.4 Dynamic Source Routing

3.1 Proactive Protocol

When source node wants to send a packet to destination node but does not know a route to destination, source node initiates a route discovery [3]. The source node floods the route request. Each node appends own identifier when forwarding route request. Destination on receiving the first route request sends a route reply.

Proactive routing is a traditional distributed shortest – path protocol which is based on periodic updates and high routing overhead.

AODV is like all reactive protocols in which the topology information is only transmitted by nodes on – demand. When a node transmits traffic to a host to which it has no route by generating a route request message that will be flooded in a limited way to other nodes.

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This causes control traffic overhead to be dynamic by resulting in an initial delay when initiating such communication. When the route becomes invalid, AODV again sends a request.

3.2 Reactive Protocol Reduction in routing overhead is useful when number of traffic sessions is much lower than the number of nodes. No routing structure is creased based on a priori. The two key methods for route discovery are source routing and backward learning. Reactive routing eliminates the periodic updates which are adaptive to network dynamics. The mobility and distributed traffic are based on the high flood – search overhead and high route acquisition latency.

4 HYBRID ROUTING ALGORITHMS IN DTN – FLOW 4.1 DTN – FLOW Algorithm In DTN – FLOW algorithm during the transmission each and every landmark finds the new inter – landmark for a individual path. In order to increase the throughput each and every landmark has a individual path so traffic cannot be reduced by forcing the landmark.

For each and every transmission there is some fixed path. If the destination node is moving from one location to another location requires a new path. There are more number of landmarks for a single path so the communication cost is high. In DTN – FLOW algorithm, Ad hoc On – Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing technique is used to enhance the node to node communication for effective throughput.

All the nodes are having the handover acknowledgement. Only half of the acknowledgement is contacted to intra region node for current region id. The acknowledgement for other region is contacted to the first node which goes for that region where it creates the acknowledgement for newly found region.

5 SYSTEM DESIGN This System mechanism explains that all senders such as base station, landmark, receiver and information are connected by the interface session. The interface session is the communication layer those are Transport Control Protocol layers (TCP). Throughput analysis is the block where the implementation of node to node communication of each and every node forms a complete analyzing report. In view report session can modify can parameter in analyzing session such as creating a new path, deleting the intermediate nodes and giving dynamic path to base station. In the database session finally say the analyzed data into base station or network database used is SQL 2008 as a virtual database.

4.2 PROPHET Algorithm In PROPHET algorithm if the intermediate node is busy it goes to the previous node and finds the next landmark which is considered as the inter – landmark and reaches the destination [2]. In this technique, all the node mobility can be better utilized to realize efficient data forwarding among different areas in DTN. In order to produce the optimized inter – landmark all the nodes can be used in all mobility nodes. The overall performance can be increased by increasing the N number of dynamic paths so the number of landmarks and the cost is limited.

Delivery ratio 

(# of delivered messages to the destination) (# of all created messages)

Delivery ratio transfers messages that the encounter doesn’t have the very high message overhead. Limits the number of message copies L: max # of message copies. Probabilistic routing protocol uses delivery predictability.

Overhead ratio 

(# of relayed messages) - (# of delivered messages) (# of all created messages)

Fig. 1 System Architecture

6 METHODOLOGIES 6.1 Network Formation If you are the new user going to access the network then they have to register first by providing necessary details. After successful completion of sign up process, the user has to login into the application by providing username and exact password. The user has to provide exact username and password which was provided at the time of registration, if login success means it will take up to main page else it will remain in the login page itself.

Overhead ratio controls the # of message relays with the region and node information. A source creates the limit of # message relays for known regions.

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6.2 Base Station

REFERENCES

If you are authenticated successfully, get the permission to access into the DTN network to form as a new client. During the transmission of messages the sender authenticator checks all the node movements to find the path and performance. The path and performance of the node movements are calculated by the intermediate and receiver. The base station appoints a receive node along with the landmark and inter-landmark and selects the file to send. In the view report the acknowledgment is been checked whether the file has been reached.

[1] J.Fan, J.Chen, Y.Du, W.Gao, J.Wu, and Y.Sun, ―Geocommunity based broadcasting for data dissemination in mobile social networks,‖ IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst., vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 734–743, Apr. 2013.

6.3 Landmark and inter – landmark approval

[2] M. Lin, W.-J. Hsu, and Z. Q. Lee, ―Predictability of individuals mobility with high-resolution positioning data,‖ in Proc. UbiComp, 2012, pp. 381–390.

[3] J. Link, D. Schmitz, and K. Wehrle, ―GeoDTN: Geographic routing in disruption tolerant networks,‖ in Proc. IEEE GLOBECOM, 2011, pp.

1-5.

Intermediator has to wait for receive file and store the file into the database. The database checks the receiver’s performances and forwards the particular file when file status is pending. Each and every landmark receives the file and forwards the file to next landmark by storing their status of the bandwidth and throughput level. The database verifies the best landmark and inter-landmark for forwarding the packets to next landmark.

[4] K. Lee, Y. Yi, J. Jeong, H. Won, I. Rhee, and S. Chong“MaxContribution: On optimal resource allocation in delay tolerant networks,‖ in Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, 2010, pp. 1–9.

6.4 Message Recall

[6] P. Hui, J. Crowcroft, and E. Yoneki, ―Bubble rap: Social-based forwarding in delay tolerant networks,‖ in Proc. ACM MobiHoc, 2008, pp. 241-250.

The receiver authentication receivers the message from the base station and sends back the status of the complete path by analyzing.

The receiver can wait for intermediate request and the receiver can receive the file. Store the file to his location. Any receiver node can receive the message and send the acknowledgement of bandwidth and throughput on its own part.

6.5 Analyzing Path Analyzing path is just used to study in detail of transmission nodes like landmark and inter-landmark. The destination node with the mean of Dartmouth Campus Trace (DART) and Diesel AP Trace (DNET) traces finalize the best path by estimating the bandwidth and throughput. Sender has to view the report when file has sent. Report viewer has bandwidth, sender details and throughput analysis for further file to send.

[5] Q. Yuan, I. Cardei, and J. Wu, ―Predict and relay: An efficient routing in disruption-tolerant networks,‖ in Proc. ACM MobiHoc, 2009, pp. 95-104.

[7] L. Song, D. Kotz, R. Jain, and X. He, ―Evaluating location predictors with extensive Wi-Fi mobility data,‖ in Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, 2004, pp. 1414–1424.

[8] A. Lindgren, A. Doria, and O. Schelén, ―Probabilistic routing in intermittently connected networks,‖ Mobile Comput. Commun. Rev., vol.

7, no. 3, pp. 19–20, 2003.\ [9] S. Jain, K. R. Fall, and R. K. Patra, ―Routing in a delay tolerant network,‖ in Proc. SIGCOMM, 2004, pp. 145–158.

[10] P. Juang, H. Oki, Y. Wang, M. Martonosi, L. S. Peh, and D. Rubenstein, ―Energy-efficient computing for wildlife tracking: Design tradeoffs and early experiences with ZebraNet,‖ in Proc. ASPLOS-X, 2002, pp. 96-107.

7 CONCLUSION In this paper, we proposed the DTN- FLOW algorithm to transfer data among landmarks with high throughput in DTN with the Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) technique. AODV technique makes the better shortest path with high reliability inter – landmark by maximizing the throughput in DTN. DTN frames the data packet with high robustness. In the future, by studying the node to node communication we can make strong and better DTN network.

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