POLIMI Master Thesis 2020 | Multilayer city

MULTILAYER CITY URBAN REGENERATION OF PORTA ROMANA RAIL YARD SPECIAL RESIDENCES FOR 2026 MILAN WINTER OLYMPIC VILLAGE

School of Architecture Urbanism Construction Engeneering MASTER IN ARCHITECTURE - BUILT ENVIRONMENT - INTERIORS

THESIS TITLE

Multilayer city.

Urban regeneration of Porta Romana rail yard. Special residences for 2026 Milan Winter Olympic village.

PROJECT TIME

18.03.2020 - 15.09.2020

SUPERVISOR

Prof. Pasquale Mei

CO-SUPERVISOR

Fabio Santonicola

NUMBER OF PAGES

173

Arianna Coppi COPPI ARIANNA

GHILARDI ILARIA

LANZA CASTELLI CANDELARIA\

INDEX

ABSTRACT

9

INTRODUCTION

11

A. THE AREA A1. CITY OF MILAN

1.1 Memory and traces

1.2 Case studies of european metropolitan cities

- London, Paris, Lille, Bilbao, Barcelona

- Milan and its opportunities

15 20 26

A2. TERRITORIAL READING

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5

Biodiversity Slow mobility Pollution Milan, an urban heat island Green surfaces and ecological corridors

30 31 32 33 34

A3. READING OF THE SITE

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7

Sun-hour study Wind rose study Figures and voids Urban fabric Public services and connections Kevin Lynch’s analysis Conclusion

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36 37 38 40 41 42 44

INDEX

B. THE THEMES B1. CLIMATE CHANGE

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

Causes and consequences Cities feel the changes Emergence of an adaptation need Impacts at a local level

49 50 50 51

B2. A SUSTAINABLE SCENERY OF MILAN

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5

2026 Milano Cortina Olympics 2030 Student housing Brief and requirements Five sceneries for Porta Romana Synthesis and conclusion

53 54 54 55 60

B3. CASE STUDIES

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6

Olympic villages Student housing Design to adapt Landscape design Architectural composition Land art

61 64 66 67 70 73

B4. A NEW WAY OF LIVING

4.1 Reflection and scenery of Living today 4.2 Multilayer city 4.3 Yona Friedman’s sketches

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75 76 78

INDEX

C. DESIGN PROCESS C1. DESIGN CRITERIA

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

Aesthetic Social Functional Technical Environmental

83 83 84 84 84

C2. DGNBS

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5

Needs of DGNBs Environmental sustainability Social sustainability Economic sustainability Some of the selected DGNBs

85 85 86 86 87

C3. CONCEPT 1

3.1 Building on the perimeter 3.2 Courtyard typology as a urban device 3.3 Landscape focus

89 92 93

C4. CONCEPT 2

4.1 North-south orientation 4.2 Multilayer building 4.3 Landscape focus

C5. SYNTHESIS

97 100 101 105

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INDEX

D. THE PROJECT D1. THE STRATEGY

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

Green Belt and Spine proposal Project strategy Releshonship with the sourroundings Green density Project timeline

111 115 116 117 118

D2. THE PROPOSAL

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7

Masterplan A new space of relation Architectural project Detail - Facade system Landscape details Detail - Phytodepuration system Views

CONCLUSIONS

119 126 132 140 142 146 148 159

E. REFERENCES

E1. BIBLIOGRAPHY E2. SITOGRAPHY E3. ILLUSTRATIONS

163 165 171

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ABSTRACT The city of Milan is in constant development and improvement to be one of the most competitive and metropolitan cities in the European scenery.

The opportunity to reorganize the city in view of the 2030 regulatory plan (PGT) is the 2026 MIlan-Cortina Winter Olympic Games. This worldwide event brings the scope and the motivation to think of a city for the future: flexible, well-connected, able to host different events with a large amount of visitors. Among the objectives defined for the Games, sustainable and ecological proposals are desired to take into account the underway climate change being aware of the environmental impact that we cause. The circle railway lines would implement the green surfaces in the city, being part of a bigger green belt system that will revitalize the disused rail yard, also introducing slow mobility paths.

To have a better understanding of the project area, and acknowledgement of the current situation, several researches of the sceneries already advanced for the abandoned railway yard of Porta Romana were made. Since the railway tracks are perceived as the third wall that contain the modern city, our design proposal increases the permeability of the city of Milan by transforming the railway circle line, into an ecological corridor that promotes the regeneration of disused area of the city, such as the seven rail yards, resulting in a revitalized

and sustainable city.

At a local scale, Porta Romana rail yard, strategically located on the circle line, would be redefined as a new urban door for the city of Milan. The design proposal looks towards the future with a long-term solution by considering two different scenarios. At urban scale, to promote permeability in a sustainable prospective of the area and to allow a better connection between the modern and the contemporary cities, the railway has been moved underground.

At architectural scale, nowadays with a complex dynamic society in which people have different needs and demands over the time, the traditional family units cannot be considered the exclusive program of a residential building.

The new housing typologies needs to be able to adapt to changes. Moreover, the area would host firstly the athletes for 2026 Milan-Cortina Olympic Games and later, it would be converted to student residences mainly due to the high demand of university students. Each of these represents a different and changing scenario: it will be noticed on the flexibility of the designed spaces, which will also have different dimensions and levels of privacy, prioritizing shared and common areas to promote social life.

The concept of a multilayer city will be the answer to this new need of public and private functions merged in a unique building typology.

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ABSTRACT La città di Milano è in continuo sviluppo e miglioramento con l’obiettivo di essere una delle città metropolitane più competitive nel panorama europeo. I Giochi Olimpici Invernali di Milano-Cortina 2026 sono l'occasione per accelerare la riorganizzazione della città entro l’orizzonte del Piano di Governo del Territorio - Milano 2030. Questo straordinario evento olimpico di portata mondiale porta lo scopo e la motivazione per pensare a una città del futuro: flessibile, ben collegata, in grado di ospitare molteplici eventi con un gran numero di visitatori. Tra gli obiettivi definiti per i comitati organizzatori dei Giochi Olimpici, si prediligono proposte sostenibili ed ecologiche che tengano conto del cambiamento climatico in atto, cercando di ridurre l'impatto ambientale che l’antropizzazione sta causando.

La 'circle line' della ferrovia implementerebbe le superfici verdi della città, essendo parte di un più ampio sistema di cintura verde che porterà la rigenerazione delle aree attualmente in disuso, connettendole attraverso percorsi di slow mobility. Poiché i binari ferroviari sono percepiti come una terza cerchia di mura che racchiude la città moderna, la nostra proposta progettuale parte dall’assioma di aumentare il grado di accessibilità alla città trasformando la circonvallazione ferroviaria stessa in un corridoio ecologico che favorisce la rigenerazione delle aree dismesse, con il

risultato di una città rivitalizzata e sostenibile.

Lo scalo di Porta Romana, posizionato sulla circle line, viene così ridefinito come una nuova porta urbana per la città di Milano. La proposta progettuale guarda al futuro, con una soluzione a lungo termine, considerando due diversi scenari. Il primo scenario su scala urbana, con il tracciato ferroviario interrato per favorire la completa permeabilità dell'intera area e consentire una migliore connessione del tessuto urbano. Il secondo scenario si muove su scala architettonica: in una società complessa e dinamica in cui le persone hanno esigenze e richieste diverse nel tempo, i nuclei familiari tradizionali non possono essere considerati il programma esclusivo di un edificio residenziale del futuro. Le nuove tipologie abitative devono essere in grado di adattarsi ai cambiamenti sociali. L'area di progetto ospiterà in un primo momento gli atleti dei i Giochi Olimpici Invernali 2026 e successivamente, sarà riconvertita a studentato. Questa trasformazione da villaggio olimpico a residenze per studenti avrà un impatto sulla flessibilità degli spazi progettati, che porteranno a dimensioni e livelli di privacy diversificati, privilegiando spazi comuni e condivisi per favorire lo sviluppo della vita sociale.

Il concetto di Multilayer City sarà la risposta a questa nuova esigenza di funzioni pubbliche e private fuse in un'unica tipologia edilizia.

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INTRODUCTION A new way of living, with a look towards the future, is the aim of the project. In a complex urban society rich in individuality, in which increasingly diversified cultures and ways of living emerge, the experiments on new types of housing show how the concepts of flexibility and socialization are the roots in the evolution of the living space. The project and the living space, try to guide in a coordinated way, broader processes of transformation within the city, focusing on the construction and the new sense of the collective spaces inside of building.

An architectural structure that develops on a multiplicity of layers that build the system in which the residence is developed. A program that is activated through functional and threshold spaces, where functions and services for the residence and public spaces coexist, where the proposal of the architectural model that manages to maintain the privacy of an accommodation within a more complex public system.

The concept of the multilayer city includes five design criteria which influences our design.

Firstly, this type of city promotes a building typology able to be used at any time of the day and that has multiple connected levels, contrary to the traditional arrangement of the buildings that place public functions in the lower levels and private areas at the top. Consequently both private and public use lives side by side with

a combination of two overlapped typology systems: a central distribution for residents and a perimetral distribution for public usage.

Secondly, to encourage the community spirit by living in social residences with shared spaces. This characteristic is emphasized in the connection between buildings through a suspended walkway full of common and green spaces.

Thirdly, give workplaces to reduce the need of travels or transportations means and to implement the slow mobility system at a urban scale. This sustainable prospective, which is the fourth criterion, will be integrated in the architectural design. Renewable energy resources can also be exploited through the use of photovoltaic and solar-thermal systems to reduce the energy consumption. Moreover, the recovery of rainwater can be a solution towards sustainable living. Rainwater through a filtering and treatment system can be recovered for secondary domestic uses (eg; cleaning, toilet). Furthermore, implementing green areas is the last criterion, letting the park get inside the building on different floors in the way patios, green terraces and green roofs.

To conclude, these five points open the doors to a new vision of the city, of living, of life. Society is changing rapidly and the architecture itself must change and adapt to the new needs of citizens, the multilayer city is a valid option.

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section

A

THE AREA

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A1

CITY OF MILAN 1.1 MEMORY AND TRACES The city of Milan was first settled in about 590 B.C. by Celtic Insubres, who gave it the name of Medhelan 'middle land'. It rises in the middle of a vast flat region between the piedmont lakes and the Po, bordered to the east and west by the rivers Adda and Ticino, far from the two main rivers but rich in underground waters and springs. This area is called the 'line of the karst springs'. and longitudinally crosses the entire Po-Venetian valley, including the Milan area. The resurgence phenomenon is linked to the geological nature of the Po Valley, whose subsoil made up of sand and gravel (permeable) is characterized by the presence of loams and clay (impermeable) that prevent water from moving into the underlying layers, therefore the water tends to re-emerge.

The presence of water has always been an element belonging to the city and history of Milan, so much that it was called the 'City of Water'. Bonvesin de la Riva at the end of 1200 spoke of a magnificent city of water, of a city that, even without important rivers, had made water not only a defensive line but its main source of life, and with water it had achieved prosperity. It was an area rich in a dense network of fountains and irrigation canals, already conceived by the Cistercian monks in 1100-1200 A.C., which made it a blessed place for agriculture.

When it comes to traces, the walls of Milan are an important sign of the history.

Built starting from the Roman era to protect the city, the walls were for several centuries made up of three concentric rings: Roman, medieval, and more recent Spanish walls.

Milan was conquered by the Romans in 222 B.C. due to its strategic position on the northern borders of the Empire and they renamed it, as Titus Livius reported, Mediolanum 'middle plain'. During this period the Roman walls were built: a wall equipped with towers that were started in the Republican era from 49 B.C. and enlarged in the Imperial era after 291 A.C., when Mediolanum became the capital of the Western Roman Empire. A second ring of walls was added.

The Roman walls and gates of Milan were destroyed during the siege of 1162, by the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, and were later replaced by the medieval walls, that were built starting from 1171 in masonry. To these walls were added 6 new access gates to the city, one for each district into which the city itself was divided, including Porta Romana, from which the road leading to Rome started.

During the Spanish domination between 1548 and 1562, the Spanish walls were raised to replace the medieval city walls, which have

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CITY OF MILAN

ill. 1 - Medioeval and Spanish walls

now become obsolete. It was necessary to build a new city wall to keep up with the progress of military technology, especially due to the invention of gunpowder, which had made medieval defense systems outdated.

The medieval and Spanish walls are also known as ‘Milan bastions’, finally demolished between the end of the nineteenth century and

the second post-war period as a result of the implementation of the Beruto’s Town-Planning Scheme, the first regulatory plan of Milan (approved in 1889).

Traces of these walls are still clearly legible in the urban plan of Milan, so much that even today we speak of ‘Cerchia dei Navigli’ to designate the inner ring road built on the canals that

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CITY OF MILAN

surrounded the medieval walls (once navigable by barges and then covered between the two world wars) and of ‘Cerchia dei Bastioni’ to indicate the ring road, concentric to the first, but wider and external, built on the track of the most recent Spanish. Only a few short sections of the Roman, medieval and Spanish walls have survived the demolitions, being visible till today.

The traces around Milan, however, are not only the defensive ones. Since the nineteenth century, railways have become a very important element of the urban landscape of cities in the industrialized world. Milan was no less than many other Italian and European cities and the train, with its tracks and stations, has begun to characterize and condition the territory and urban structure of the city, even if the railway has never reached inside the ancient circle of the Spanish Walls, for defensive reasons.

The first railway reached Milan within the first half of the nineteenth century: the project was authorized by Ferdinand I of Austria in November 1839. The noble Giovanni Putzer obtained the privilege of building a railway from Milan to Monza and completed it in 1840.

In these years the first two stations were also built, Porta Nuova and Porta Tosa (today called Porta Vittoria).

The railway runs in the so-called ‘Corpi Santi’, the territory outside the Spanish walls which was still characterized by cultivated fields and farmhouses typical of the Lombard plain. The part between the ‘Cerchia dei Navigli’ (the medieval walls) and the Spanish walls was also meant for private gardens and parks, therefore many citizens would have preferred the train to arrive in more central areas, avoiding the inconvenient of travelling to the suburbs.

ill. 2 - First Railway Milan-Monza

ill. 3 - Railway system in 1889

The Central Station, originally located in the current Repubblica Square, was begun only in 1857 and its construction ended in 1864. This Central Station was demolished in 1931 due to the demographic and building development of the city, as well as the increase in railway traffic.

To form new connections with the cities of Turin - Genoa - Bologna - Venice, four new stations

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CITY OF MILAN

were built: Porta Genova-Garibaldi - Porta Romana - Rogoredo - Cadorna. These stations were then linked to each other forming a beltline around the city.

In 1905 the nationalization of the Italian railways took place, and so the full reorganization of the Milan hub was planned; in particular, it was decided to redesign the belt line, which keeps only the southern section unaltered.

In 1911 two freight terminals started working, Porta Vittoria station and Farini railway yard.

The project suffered an abrupt slowdown following the outbreak of the First World War. It was completed only in 1931, the year in which the city’s railway network took on many of the characteristics that have been maintained to this day, such as the construction of the current Central Station, Lambrate Station and the new Porta Nuova Station.

In 1963 Porta Garibaldi Station came into operation. The idea of building the railway bypass took place also from beginnings of the 1960s; a line that, passing mainly under the urban centre of the city, joins the lines coming from the north-west (the Milan-Turin, the Milan-Domodossola and the regional railways managed by North Railway) with those coming from east and south-east: the Milan-Genoa, the Milan-Bologna and the Milan-Venice lines.

The bypass ring has been completed in 1997 and thus became the key-element of the rail transport system for Lombardy, (known as the Regional Railway Service - SFR), also ensuring direct access to the various urban functions of the city located along the route and favouring redevelopment of large areas with important settlements, such as the new Polytechnic University in Bovisa and the new European Library in Porta Vittoria.

ill. 4 - Pavia-Masera plan, 1911

ill. 5 - Today railway system

Since 2002, the enhancement and management of 103 stations throughout Italy has also begun, including Milano Porta Garibaldi and Milano Lambrate, according to a new concept of modernity and functionality.

The goal is to transform the stations into meeting and service places, multifunctional hubs for cities. Real urban squares, able to

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CITY OF MILAN

ill. 6 - The future of the railway system

satisfy the needs of citizens and travellers by offering well-kept and welcoming environments, characterized by: safety, ease of access, functionality and modernity, commercial spaces and services, use of free time, public events.

The intention to shape an integrated rail-tram system between Milan and its hinterland also constitutes an opportunity to rethink the areas

of disused rail yards. Soils positioned between the XIX century city and subsequent urban developments, which come back into play, within the overall design of the city. Thus, on one hand they become an opportunity for linking the separate parts of the city and on the other, the exceptional opportunity for Milan to shape new public spaces has been reaffirmed.

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CITY OF MILAN

1.2 CASE STUDIES OF EUROPEAN METROPOLITAN CITIES The ‘London plan’ is a spatial development strategy for the city of the future. With the aim of thinking about the long-term development, it takes into account economical, social, environment, transportation and health matters in order to solve the most urgent needs such as population growth, economical changes, poverty, climate changes and the responsible use of the resources to provide a better life quality. To implement this strategy, the areas which needed an urgent intervention were detected for an urban regeneration process, answering also to the high housing demand.

ill. 7 - London plan

KING´S CROSS (LONDON) ACCESIBILITY AND CONNECTION

Although it had potential, the site was abandoned due to the industrialization of the area and the high housing demand on the city center. With a shape of a tear, the area is crossed by the Regent canal in the middle, making an axis that divides the site in two. The decision of remodeling the station and making a tunnel gave the area an opportunity of renewal and development thanks to the decision of connecting the site with public transportation.

The characteristics that raised the value of the area are mainly the implementation of mixed uses and giving importance to public spaces.

These two aspects guarantee an improvement of the urban life and the economic growth of the area.

The economic growth, which was the main goal, had also as a focus the flexibility of the space.

This aspect was encouraged on the design by

ill. 8 - The future of King’s Cross

searching an identity through the urban design that would also guarantee the accessibility and the connection of the area with the rest of the city.

To inspire the citizens, an idea of a sustainable and secure city was transmitted taking advantage of the existent and proposing a multifunctional program.

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CITY OF MILAN

STRATFORD CITY (LONDON) SOCIAL REGENERATION

Located in the ‘Arc of opportunity’ Stratford had one of the biggest projects of urban regeneration in Europe. The presence of the river as a natural resource used for producing electrical energy promoted the economic growth and the industry development. After a critical period when the industries closed, a transformation was proposed by the railway system authorities.

The site turned into a strategical point for the international commerce transportation due to the accessibility and the connectivity.

All the way through, the investments and the development, were supported by diverse companies that settled on the area, in particular, with the arrival of the Olympic games which contributed to the main goal that was to make a social regeneration.

ill. 9 - Stratford, before renovation

The regeneration process was economically supported by public and private entities with the objective of expansion, renewal and regeneration of the infrastructures and public spaces, promoting public spaces, housing, commercial areas, and educational, cultural and sports activities. ill. 10 - Stratford, after renovation

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CITY OF MILAN

MÉTROPOLE DU GRAND PARIS The idea of ‘The big Paris’ was born in 2007 as a new global plan for the metropolitan area of Paris. The idea consisted on a new masterplan for the regional mobility and diverse plans for the development of the surrounding areas.

The objective was to design a project that would promote a better life quality and reduce the internal differences. The global strategy that includes these twelve territories has the mission to plan the economical and territorial development, take care of the management of services and the cultural and sportive structures of interest.

ill. 11 - The big Paris plan

CLICHY-BATIGNOLLES (PARIS) ECO-SUSTAINABLE NEIGHBOURHOOD

A new eco-sustainable neighbourhood is the aim for this area which is characterized by an old rail yard. The project is divided in three intervention sectors that will guarantee the adaptability and the eventual ongoing changes that can happen.

The main attraction of the project is a park of 10ha that will be the main transformation bringing nature to the city. Around the park, there will be diverse proposals of mixed uses.

As a second thought for the intervention, it is also taken into account the accessibility, the area is located on a strategical point which is connected to metro and train stations and to the main areas of the city of Paris. Slow mobility systems are preferred as to privilege a more residential area.

The objective of having a diffuse and mixed society is supported by the addition of a 20% of social housing in the area.

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ill. 12 - Paris, before renovation

ill. 13 - Paris, after renovation

CITY OF MILAN

LILLE The city is ruled by a document that establishes the procedures for a sustainable development of the entire metropolitan territory taking into account the use of the soil and the different actors that are involved.

The proposals must be compatible with the arranged standards and also take care of the availability of resources and the opportunities.

The management of the area should also include guidelines to answer the hosing demand, in particular, of social housing. ill. 14 - Lille, renovation plan

SAINT-SAUVEUR (LILLE) HUMAN-SCALE NEIGHBOURHOOD

A new international platform was proposed for the rectangular-shaped area. The area is relatively central to the city of Lille, it is characterized by physical decay, but it has a strong social fabric. The transformation into a cultural thematic turned the area into the most dynamic part of the city. The intervention also managed to integrate public structures, services, connections and other cities around.

The main objective is to pay attention to the human scale; therefore, the new neighborhood should be residential and accessible as well as well-connected. The architecture of the area should be of high quality and it will have a wide range of built typologies to offer, including also shared spaces.

Regarding the connections, a large green corridor will go through the area that will encourage the development of a sustainable mobility system.

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ill. 15 - Lille, before renovation

ill. 16 - Lille, after renovation

CITY OF MILAN

BILBAO The ‘General Plan of Bilbao’ defines the premises for the territory, mainly, the extension of the influential areas to the city, their development of an external and internal connectivity system.

Also, the promotion of universities, the pursuit of a social and territorial balance as well as a reinforcement of the government leadership.

Four guidelines have been settled for the urban planification: firstly, to turn the city into a reference pole at a global scale to promote a local and competitive economical system.

Second, to consider the city in a continuous regeneration and renewal process, valorizing the public space, areas of opportunity, housing areas and the use of the soil. On the other hand, the city looks towards an eco-sustainable vision to improve the quality of the environment by reinforcing green areas and natural zones as well as having an accurate use of the resources.

The last principle, refers to equal distribution, allowing easy access to services and participation in the decision-making process.

ill. 17 - General Plan of Bilbao

ANDOIBARRA (BILBAO) After a crisis period of the industries, the ‘Revitalization Plan’ looks forward to relaunching and requalify the city. The arrival of the Guggenheim Museum served as an attractor, an urban magnet that gave the area an increasing value in terms of building properties and for commercial purposes. The plan includes five different areas, that are meant to be strategically intervened from an economical and functional point of view. The river gained turned into an outdoor activity with a commercial, cultural and residential value.

ill. 18 - Andoibarra, after renovation

Instead, the industrial area disappeared, and the railway system was located underground in 1999, giving as a result an empty area ready to be sold for investments. From an economical point of view, this intervention was sustainable because the money earned by selling the land was used to cover the expenses of the infrastructure interventions.

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CITY OF MILAN

GENERAL METROPOLITAN OF BARCELONA

PLAN

The city of Barcelona is currently ruled by the ‘Metropolitan General Plan’, approved in 1976, which regulated the city’s soil use, defined the continuity of the main infrastructural systems and preserved large empty spaces within the territory. Through a photographic study of the urban context, the opportunities of the territory and the possible future development trends of the city are constantly identified.

The plan has been updated in these last forty years to allow a modernization process and to consolidate the metropolitan city.

ill. 19 - General Metropolitan Plan of Barcelona

SAGRERA (BARCELONA) ECOLOGICAL CORRIDOR

The objective of the renewal project thought for the area is to extend the city center towards the north-east direction. The new train station of Sagrera gave the opportunity to renovate and recover the abandoned areas, the industrial structures and the old railway tracks.

The intervention consists in burying the railway system to reduce the environmental impact and it will work as a long underground corridor that allows to connect the new built areas and the surrounding neighborhoods. These neighborhoods will be regenerated thanks to an improvement of the local and metropolitan accessibility. The urbanization of the area benefits the slow mobility and a living dynamic environment.

With the railway underground and a free open space as a result, the aim is to recover the permeability of the site having the possibility to develop a linear park thought as a green

ill. 20 - Segrera, after renovation

corridor that will be the new urban center. The new urban park will count approximately 40 ha.

Regarding the function, a mixed use is desired, a new station is added to support the mobility system and services are included, but residential use is predominant on the area.

The intervention is still going on and it will be over next 2021.

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CITY OF MILAN

MILAN The region of Lombardy is ruled by the ‘Government Plan of the Territory’ which was approved for a second time in 2012.

The document is divided in three sections: documents, services and rules.

The document proposes an analysis of the territory and defines a general urban plan for it.

There are described the objectives, strategies and actions to implement a new and developed plan that would take to a social and economic growth. In particular, the plan takes into account the empty spaces, the resources and the already existing opportunities. According to the plan, the city of Milan will always have to deal with the high demand of accommodation, services, economic growth and infrastructure, having less resources available.

ill. 21 - Government plan of the territory

PORTA NUOVA A NEW CENTRALITY

The first railway station in Milan was located in this area around the year 1840. After, the station turns out not to be enough for the area, so in 1864 is partially replaced due to the traffic increase. In 1961 the station is completely replaced by “Porta Garibaldi” and ends up on a state of abandon until 2004 when a transformation project is approved.

Nowadays, the area is considered one of the most interesting poles of the city, thanks to the renewal project. With green areas, such as squares and parks, that are connected through a pedestrian way, the connection between the diverse neighborhoods is guaranteed in a safe and easy way. In this way, the objective of reconnecting the urban tissue is made including

ill. 22 - Porta Nuova, after renovation

the existent areas nearby.

Functionally, the area is characterized by offices and residential use, also with cultural and exhibition activities and commercial spaces.

The aim is to propose a dynamic and modern environment that takes the person into the life of the city. This ideal situation would also attract tourism and investments.

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CITY OF MILAN

THE FUTURE OF THE RAILWAY PORTA ROMANA

To conclude, the analyzed cases have provided some premises and guidelines for a more accurate intervention on the project site.

Currently, the railway works as a circle line defining new walls that limit the expansion of the city. There are an inside and an outside situations that depend on the existence of the railway. Our approach aims to make Porta Romana a new door for the city of Milan taking as an example the cases of Sagrera and Abandaoibarra where the railway was located underground to have a free space for a new proposal.

Instead, we can see on the case studies of King´s Cross, Saint Sauveur, Sagrera and again Abandaoibarra, how the new infrastructures reconnect the different urban tissues and define new centralities, making possible these two main aspects that the city has as an objective. The integration of the mobility system should make focus on the connectivity and the permeability avoiding the creation of residual areas that end up abandoned and making also possible to have an ecological corridor, as in the case of Barcelona. Not forgetting the sensitivity of a human scale project by generating also pedestrian connections that will take care of spreading the population density.

Nowadays, to have a sustainable vision is an important factor, that in our case studies is given by the increase of green areas and the addition of ecological corridors. These interventions also work with the social aspect of the city, promoting a social mixture, on one hand, and a social regeneration on the other hand, thanks to the design of new public spaces. The better life condition that the place offers, the more we

ill. 23 - Porta Romana

ill. 24 - Porta Romana and Prada foundation

have to care about providing social housing and residential use, thinking that the area would become of interest to the public. Finally, an intervention of this scale would take a long time and organization, it should be developed by phases. As a result of this process, the area itself will become a new point of interest for the city and it will give to Porta Romana a new identity.

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A2

TERRITORIAL READING The city of Milan is the capital of Lombardy, the fourth Italian region by surface extension, with a territory of approximately 23,861 km².

The territorial conformation of the region can be considered as rich and varied, mainly divided into four areas: a mountainous area, a hilly area, a flat area called the Po Valley and the area south of the Po river.

The mountain ranges cover about half of the regional territory , starting from the north, and are made up of the Alps, the Pre-Alps and the Apennines in the south. Crossing the preAlpine area you can find some of the largest lakes in Italy (Lake Garda, Lake Maggiore and Lake Como together with Lake Iseo and Lake Lugano); multiple rivers, including the Po, the Adda, the Mincio and the Ticino, which cross the mountains, up to the flat territory, bringing with them a rich diversity of flora and fauna.

The Lombard plain covers almost half of the region and is called the Po Valley. Due to the different geological origins, it is divided into two zones: the high and the low plain. The high plain is made up of coarser materials (stones, pebbles, gravels), is permeable and is characterized by the absence of surface waterways. This area, in particular the one between the Adda and Ticino rivers, is characterized by the presence of geological conditions favorable to the

ill. 25 - Geomorphology of Lombardy

phenomenon of sinkholes, underground cavities that can lead to a sudden sinking of the ground with involvement of the superstructures. On the other hand, the low plain is consist into poorly permeable soils such as clayey material.

The passage area from the upper to the lower Lombard plain is marked by the presence of karst springs, formed where the groundwater meets the ground level and the waters can emerge spontaneously. Called the 'Line of the karst springs', this area that crosses the entire Po-Veneto plain longitudinally also includes the Milan area and since ancient times the waters of the springs have been a fundamental resource.

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TERRITORIAL READING

ill. 26 - Biodiversity areas in Lombardy

3.1 BIODIVERSITY The surface of Lombardy is divided almost equally between the area of the Po Valley and the mountainous areas; the rest of the region is hilly. Lombardy is crossed by numerous rivers and is bathed by hundreds of lakes of natural and artificial origin.

Consequently, the Lombard territory has a very

high biodiversity thanks to the variety of natural environments and the different microclimatic conditions.

The loss of species due to climate change has taken on an emergency phenomenon and requires intervention strategies for conservation

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TERRITORIAL READING

CYCLE PATHS BY REGION

ill. 27 - Slow mobility system in Lombardy

3.2 SLOW MOBILITY Equipped with cycle routes that develop on the plains or with small gradients so that everyone can benefit from them, Lombardy is the region of Italy with the highest number of cycle paths, followed by Tuscany and Veneto. The region is characterized by countless and changing landscapes: from the Alps to the Po Valley, to the

well-established cities, up to the localities that rise on the quays of lakes and rivers, connected to each other through a dense system of cycle networks in order to promote the use of one of the most sustainable means of transport both from an economic and environmental point of view.

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TERRITORIAL READING

LEGEND PM10 - (Âľg/m3): 0-20 20-35 35-50 50-100 >100

ill. 28 - PM10 level in Lombardy

3.3 POLLLUTION Fine powders, called PM10, are polluting particles present in the air. The study by Arpa Lombardia highlighted the three factors that influence pollutants: a primary factor linked to emissions (in particular from the transport sector), secondary factors such as the change in weather conditions and finally environmental

conditions.

Naturally, particulate matter is one of the most frequent pollutants in urban areas, in the area of the Po Valley, where we find some of the most important industrial cities in Italy; while in the north of the region, in the Alpine area, the pm10 level is dramatically positive lower.

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TERRITORIAL READING

LEGEND: 27.9-30 30-32.2 32.2-34.4 34.6-36.6 36.6-38.8 38.8-41

ill. 29 - Average temperatures in Milan

3.4 MILAN, AN URBAN HEAT ISLAND The heat island is a typical phenomenon happening in cities due to the absence of vegetation. The plants provide shade and, moreover, photosynthesis (a reaction that consumes heat, taking it away from the external environment. The materials like concrete, bricks or asphalt tend to heat up during the day),

and cool slowly during the night, rising the average temperature. Compared to a natural environment, a city has a larger surface area and the canyon effect can occur. Tall and close buildings create vertical corridors within which the radiation is trapped by a series of multiple reflections between one wall and another.

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TERRITORIAL READING

1980 8 m2/inh 36 Parks

2009 13,5 m2/inh 89 Parks

2030 30 m2/inh 116 Parks

2030 Green rays proposal ill. 30 - PGT 2030

3.5 GREEN SURFACES AND ECOLOGICAL CORRIDORS The green in Milan is often formed by discontinuous areas, not connected to each other and sometimes difficult to access.

Due to its urban conformation and its growth in the absence of a strong plan that bounds the areas, the city today finds itself without large green spaces within its consolidated fabric,

while the large green lungs remain on the border between its administrative limits and the metropolitan area. A way to interconnect the parks in Milan is through a system of 8 green rays, which are pedestrian and cycle paths to improve movements in the city and the daily life of all citizens.

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A3

READING OF THE SITE After a brief historical overview of memory and traces of the site, the urban analysis has been fundamental to identify and understand the current role of Porta Romana within the urban morphology. As already reiterated, the rail yard was active until the 1990s, then it slowly lost importance, up to the present day, when the area became occupied by bundles of disused tracks and fully abandoned. It is described as 'an enhancement area' with the aim of eliminating the division between the two districts, now separated by the railway infrastructure, thus integrating the new settlement into the existing urban fabric. In order to understand this last statement that promoted the project announcement for the Porta Romana railway yard, it is essential to initially proceed with a detailed analysis of the project area and the context in which it takes place.

First of all, the reading of the area has been divided into two fundamental moments: the first a research, an objective and descriptive analysis of the microclimate and urban context in which the Porta Romana rail yard is located, the second a subjective and perceptive interpretation, based on the book ‘The image of the city’, published in 1960 by the American urban planner and architect Kevin Lynch; the result of a study on the way in which city-goers perceive and memorize the urban space that

surrounds them.

Specifically, in the first moment of analysis, a study of the microclimate of Milan and the nowadays morphology of the city’s relationship between solids and voids recalling the study of Giambattista Nolli of Rome (dated 1748), was conducted. The different layers characterizing the foundation and urban development, in different periods, of the city of Milan have been identified. This has been followed by mapping the infrastructural connections, roads, and main public services present in the areas adjacent to the project site together with the most attractive places.

On the other hand, a second study based on Kevin Lynch’s theories provided for a subjective and perceptive vision of the area based on five elements set out by the architect: the paths, the edges, the districts, the nodes, and the landmarks. Consequently, the maps that have been drawn up at this stage are not absolute truths, but interpretations that can change from person to person.

The two different study methods led to distinct conclusions that have collaborated to designate the urban, social and cultural framework of the Porta Romana railway yard and consequently direct the first design choices, in particular as regards the infrastructural, urban and architectural dimension of the project.

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READING OF THE SITE

Hours < 12.00 10.85 9.70 8.55 7.40 6.25 5.10 3.95 2.80 1.65 < 0.50

ill. 31- Spring and Autumn Equinox Hours < 8.50 7.70 6.90 6.10 5.30 4.50 3.70 2.90 2.10 1.30 < 0.50

ill. 32 - Winter Solstice

2.1 SUN-HOUR STUDY Variations in the localised climate around a building has a very important effect on both the energy and environmental performance of a building both in heating season and summer. Sunhour and wind simulations has been conducted in order to specify the possibilities and challenges of placing a building.

The analysis show how the surrounding building casts shadows mostly on the south-left side of the project area during the winter solstice, while good sun conditions appear in the entire right side of the site. In spring and autumn there are generally between 8-9 hours of sunshine and a small amount of shadows.

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READING OF THE SITE

m/s

m/s

< 12.90

< 11.30

11.61

10.17

10.32

9.04

9.03

7.91

7.74

6.78

6.45

5.65

5.16

4.52

3.87

3.39

2.58

2.26

1.29

1.13

< 0.00

< 0.00

Spring (21/03 1:00 - 20/06 24:00) Calm for 23.51% of the time = 519 hours Each polyline = 59 hours

Summer (21/06 1:00 - 20/09 24:00) Calm for 33.29% of the time = 735 hours Each polyline = 59 hours m/s

m/s

< 15.40

< 12.30

13.86

11.07

12.32

9.84

10.78

8.61

9.24

7.38

7.70

6.15

6.16

4.92

4.62

3.69

3.08

2.46

1.54

1.23

< 0.00

< 0.00

Autumn (21/09 1:00 - 20/12 24:00) Calm for 69.32% of the time = 1514 hours Each polyline = 32 hours

Winter (21/12 1:00 - 20/03 24:00) Calm for 42.41% of the time = 916 hours Each polyline = 52 hours

ill. 33 - Seasonal windrose

2.2 WIND-ROSE STUDY Another important aspect of the microclimate is the wind, which, just as the sun hours, shows the possibilities of implementing active and passive strategies. A parametric simulation of wind direction at different seasons, conducted with general data from Milan Linate, shows that the wind comes from north in all the seasons. The

site in protected from east-south-west by the Parco Agricolo Sud. In autumn the wind is calm for 69.32% of the time, but in the same period, it can reach the higher speed level compared to the other seasons in which it arrives at a maximum speed of about 12 m/s.

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READING OF THE SITE

ill. 34 - Built area

2.3 FIGURES AND VOIDS The conformation and relationship between the built and unbuilt space of the Ticino and Porta Romana districts are gradually tapering off until a progressive disintegration in the Vigentino district. The project area is described by formal duplicity that is inconsistent with both what was previously mentioned in reference to the

historic cities and with respect to the nature of the area itself. On the one hand, in fact, a large permeable and extremely rigid residential compartment, on the other, an industrial complex with no order or composure.

The blocks of the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Magazzini generaliâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; (general warehouses) and the new Ravizza district are

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READING OF THE SITE

ill. 35 - Unbuilt area

distinguished by their orthogonal composition while going towards the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Parco Agricolo Sudâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; (South Agricultural park) the morphology becomes more and more fragmented and irregular, characterized by an increasing presence of empty spaces. Finally, the extension of the campus of the Bocconi University in Milan

emerges, designed by Japanese architectural practice SANAA in 2012, accentuated by the strong presence of the Ravizza park, with which the area borders to the east, consisting of a series of buildings with an organic profile freely placed in the lot, denies any direct reference to the surrounding or Milanese urban fabric.

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READING OF THE SITE

ill. 36 - Morphology study

2.4 URBAN FABRIC The urban conformation of the contemporary city, different from the historic center, loses the characteristics of its empty spaces, sometimes almost taking on residual and secondary value.

The compositional functionality and intended use of the building prevail over the urban historical romanticism of the modern city within

the layout of the Spanish walls. Although not described by a perfectly orthogonal mesh but rather by a set of meshes, daughters of historical stratifications of the Milanese radio-centric expansion, the eastern area around Corso Lodi adopt a particularly rigid and compact character.

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READING OF THE SITE

ill. 37 - Mobility system and main services

2.3 PUBLIC SEVICES AND CONNECTIONS The project area is located in a strategic and highly accessible position, inserted, with the Porta Romana railway station, on the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;circle lineâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; of the metropolitan railway service. It is a strategic point of connection with the M3 underground line in Piazzale Lodi and Viale Isonzo through the Lodi TIBB station.

Moreover, the railway yard is part of a constantly evolving landscape, with the birth of relevant cultural attractions, including the renowned Prada Foundation, the 'Magazzini Generali' and the district of the new Bocconi University campus.

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READING OF THE SITE

ill. 38 - Edges, nodes and landmarks

2.5 KEVIN LYNCH’S ANALYSIS Kevin Lynch, in his book ‘The image of the city’ showed how people perceive urban space through common elements and mental patterns, using five categories: - Paths: roads, walkways, passages, and other streets used by people to get around. The system of main radial roads that connect the historic

center to the outskirts of the city, including Corso Lodi and Via Giuseppe Ripamonti, delimit the Porta Romana railway yard to the east and west respectively and both flow into the ‘Parco Agricolo Sud’ - Edges: well-perceived borders and limits, from the now permeable margins represented by the

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READING OF THE SITE

ill. 39 - Main paths and districts

Roman and Spanish walls to the impermeable ones, consisting of the tracks that cross the Porta Romana railway yard - District: relatively large sections of the city characterized by their own identity, just think of the new Bocconi campus in net contrast with the rational and compact forms that make up

the urban fabric within the Roman walls and, in general, north of the railway yard.

- Nodes and Landmarks: focal and identifiable points of the city, Fondazione Prada which in recent years has changed the not only social and cultural landscape but above all the architectural one of the Porta Romana area.

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READING OF THE SITE

2.5 CONCLUSIONS The Porta Romana railway yard is an opportunity for urban and socio-cultural regeneration for the whole south-east area of Milan. Despite the current level of degradation, the area has an immense opportunity to mend the modern city to the north, with the contemporary city up to the ‘Parco Agricolo Sud’; two fragments of urban fabrics with specific and distinct characteristics that can find a union, an integration in Porta Romana. Furthermore, its location is strategic not only from an urban but also from a socioeconomic point of view: the area is easily accessible via the metropolitan and railway service and is located only about 2km from the Cathedral.

Inserted in a constantly changing landscape, with the presence of cultural centers of particular importance, including the Prada Foundation and the new campus of the Bocconi University, the Porta Romana railway yard is an opportunity to reactivate a district of the city of Milan, today considered marginal. An important role is played by the presence of the tracks that longitudinally divide the railway yard: these as a real boundary cannot guarantee continuity between the city and the suburbs.

The railway system called ‘circle line’, which includes the Porta Romana station, must not be considered a ring that excludes the inside from the outside, but, on the contrary, as in the currently disused area of ​​ the Porta Romana railway yard, a new access and exit gate to and from the city. Consequently, dealing with such a current and discussed topic of the redevelopment of the railway yards, in this case of Porta Romana, it is necessary to take a look not only at the architectural dimension but also at the urban and infrastructural one.

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ill. 40 - Isolated area

ill. 41 - Promote permeability

ill. 42 - Sewing urban tissues

ill. 43 - In search of a new identity

section

B

THE THEMES

B1

CLIMATE CHANGE 1.1 CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES On Earth, human activities are changing the natural greenhouse. Over the last century, the burning of fossil fuels like coal and oil has increased the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). This happens because the coal or oil burning process combines carbon with oxygen in the air to make CO2.

To a lesser extent, the clearing of land for agriculture, industry and other human activities has increased concentrations of greenhouse gases. The Earth will likely experience a doubling of preindustrial levels of greenhouse gases within the next 10-20 years, causing a rise in global mean temperatures, which is already happening. While estimates of the impacts of this temperature increase range from moderate to catastrophic, even conservative scenarios of global warming could have severe impacts on natural and human systems.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, a group of 1,300 independent scientific experts from countries all over the world under the auspices of the United Nations, indicates that lower temperature increases could result in greater vulnerabilities regarding food supply, infrastructure, health, and water resources, while intermediate estimates point to significant losses in biodiversity, decreasing global agricultural productivity, and glacial melt.

The below graph compares global surface temperature changes (red line) and the Sunâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s energy that Earth receives (yellow line) in watts per square meter since 1880. The amount of solar energy that Earth receives has followed the Sunâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s natural 11-year cycle of small ups and downs with no net increase since the 1950s. Over the same period, global temperature has risen significantly. It is therefore unlikely that the Sun has caused the observed global temperature warming trend over the past half-century. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s reasonable to assume that changes are due to human behaviours.

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Solar Irradiance

Temperature

ill. 44 - Data from NASA/JPL-Caltech Temperature and Solar activity

CLIMATE CHANGE

1.2 CITIES FEEL THE CHANGES Climate change is expected to have severe physical, social, environmental, and economic impacts on both developed and developing cities across the globe. Current global climate projections indicate that changes are likely to result in increased temperatures, sea-level rise (temporary and permanent floods), changes in rainfall and precipitation patterns (flooding and drought), changes in wind speed, and changes in the severity and frequency of extreme events. The risks and impacts associated with these climatic changes pose a serious threat to the reputations of cities as service providers and their ability to meet their own targets for growth and development.

Nowadays, half of the population is in urban areas, and by 2050 it is thought that these areas will host two-thirds of it. Therefore, it is needed to readapt the cities and urban communities thinking of the impact they may produce. Cities are vulnerable to changes in temperature due to the high concentration of population, infrastructure, goods, and commodities. Local governments are becoming aware of the need to pursue more strategic and long-term planning decisions in response to climate impacts. And while this broad movement towards adaptation, what one may call 'adaptation scene', is a step in the right direction, now is the time to ensure that adaptation is understood and implemented at the local level in a wise and informed way. The increased recognition of the need for climate change adaptation besides mitigation has led to an industry with strengths in emissions monitoring and reductions, energy technologies, etc. to move into a field where professional expertise in long-term urban planning, infrastructure planning, and finance, etc is required.

1.3 EMERGENCE OF AN ADAPTATION NEED Throughout history, people and societies have adjusted and coped with changes in climate with varying degrees of success. Earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s climate has been relatively stable for the past 12,000 years and this stability has been crucial for the development of our modern civilization and life as we know it. Modern life fits with the stable climate we are used to. As our climate changes, we will have to learn to adapt. The faster the climate changes, the harder it could be.

Climate change has a significant impact on the ecosystem functioning and well-being of people. Climate stress leads to a decrease in the distribution of typical native species and also influences society through health-related effects and socio-economic impacts due to the increase of heatwaves, droughts, and flooding events. In addition to climate change, urbanization and the accompanying increases in the number and size of cities are impacting ecosystems with a number of interlinked pressures. These pressures include loss and degradation of natural areas, soil sealing, and the densification of built-up areas, which pose additional significant challenges to ecosystem functionality, the provision of ecosystem services, and human well-being in cities around the world.

Nature-based solutions have the potential to oppose to these pressures, to accelerate urban sustainability transition and create additional, multiple health and social benefits. The aim of Nature-based solutions in urban areas is to adapt and to reduce our vulnerability to the harmful effects of climate change (like sea-level encroachment).

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CLIMATE CHANGE

1.4 IMPACTS AT A LOCAL LEVEL While climate change is a global issue, it is noticeable at a local scale. Cities and municipalities are, therefore, at the frontline.

Possible adaptation measures to handle climate change can take many forms and be effective at a range of spatial and temporal scales, proactively planned or as a result of socio-political drivers such as new planning regulations, market demand, or even social pressure.

Recent studies show that urban parks have a cooling effect in the range of 1°C during the daytime, with indications that larger parks have a larger effect as well as systems including trees planting. The presence of plants and growing media reduces the amount of solar radiation reaching the roofâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s surface, decreasing roof surface temperatures and heat influx during warm-weather months and so reduces energy use. Moreover, increasing vegetation helps to support biodiversity and provides valuable habitat for a variety of flora and fauna.

The surface type will also influence the cooling effect of the blue or green infrastructure. For instance, surface temperatures of water are lower compared to vegetated areas which in turn are markedly cooler than streets and roofs. Several studies suggest to increase urban cooling effect by adding water surfaces, specially when located in city center areas. This approach is more effective than adding small parks all around the city.

Non-desired events such as local flooding, economical loss, and storm events with medium or frequent return periods can be reduced thanks to green infrastructure and nature-based solutions like green roofs, rain gardens, and bioswales.

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ill. 45 - Urban park and water presence

ill. 46 - Trees plantation

ill. 47 - Green roofs and facades

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B2

A SUSTAINABLE SCENERY OF MILAN 2.1 2026 MILAN-CORTINA WINTER OLYMPIC GAMES On 24th of June 2019, the International Olympic Committee assigned the 2026 Winter Olympics and Paralympics to Milan-Cortina.

Sustainability, flexibility, reversibility and reuse, containment of land consumption, management and economic efficiency are, together with the creation of long-term value, the keywords and objectives.

As already happened for Turin twenty years ago, the transformations brought by the games become part of the important urban development plan of the city. Milan will see the major and most permanent transformations: it will be the headquarters of the main Olympic Village.

The construction of the Athletes’ Village in Milan will be part of a wider regeneration project of the Porta Romana railway yard.

It forms part of an overall recovery and revitalising plan for seven railway yards throughout Milan, under the 2030 City Development plan.

Overall, only 8% of the structures will be built from scratch, there are numerous redevelopment interventions of the existing one and the use of temporary structures.

To follow the guidelines of the Olympic chart on sustainability, the village will be then converted

ill. 48 - Locations of the Olympic Games 2026

into a university residence and social housing, while the main Media Center, consisting of the International Broadcast Center (IBC) and the Main Press Center (MPC), will exploit the spaces and facilities of the Rho exhibition center.

To this Olympic village other two will be established: - A temporary Athletes’ Village in Cortina D’Ampezzo to serve athletes competing in sliding sports, curling and skiing.

- A third Village will be located in Livigno, with the temporary facility serving as accommodation for athletes competing in snowboard and freestyle competitions, as well as biathlon and cross-country events in the Paralympic Games.

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NEW SCENERIES FOR MILAN

2.2 2030 STUDENT HOUSING

2.3 BRIEF AND REQUIREMENTS

A peculiarity of the 2026 Olympics is that there will be a very important focus on the concept of eco-sustainability. It will be evident in the building project for the construction of the infrastructures: will be used temporary buildings that can be used again in the future.

Once the 2026 Winter Olympics will be over, the Village in Milan will be transformed: its rooms will become residences for students of Bocconi University, overcoming the shortage of student housing. The places available in Milan for students are, indeed, just over 5 thousand for about 44 thousand students arriving from other provinces, without considering the ones coming from abroad. The Olympic Village Concept proposes an anti-waste philosophy to minimize the environmental impacts on the area.

The building itself should be ready to welcome what will happen in the future of the social, cultural and technological context in which it is inserted. Flexibility in architecture allows inhabitants to live in an environment that adapts to their lifestyle, a building to adjust to a different intended use or a room to change function during its life cycle.

Flexibility, therefore, guarantees the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s survival over time, without undergoing significant alterations and without the need for expensive works.

The temporary Olympic Villages of Cortina and Livorno are also based on the same idea of sustainability and reuse. They include the provision of temporary transferable units: prefabricated modules that are assembled on a concrete base to form residential buildings, which can be used in the future in the event of an earthquake, flood, or other natural disasters.

Architecture need to be recognized as the synthesis between artistic and technical practice.

Architecture is the place of physical, social, and infrastructural relationships, impacting on the processes of space modification. The object of study is the design of an architectural and urban resilient project characterized by open public space, placed in an area in transformation in the center of the international debate, and able to react at the fragile and critic contemporary conditions.

The aim is the development of a temporary village to be intended not just as low-impact transformations for the Olympic venue, but as a new collective structure for the contemporary needs. It will involve Porta Romana, a metropolitan and urban gate for the city of Milan, exactly where the Olympic village is planned to be built in 2026. A total of 1,200 athletes are expected to stay in the Olympic Village during the Games using both singles, double bedrooms, or individual apartments.

The Olympic Village, or future Student Housing must be integrated into the city, through its permeability and connections to the mobility system such as the metro line and railway.

Moreover, the presence of green and water would be a perfect element to enjoy temporary clusters and places of sharing that will be designed for the Games and future territories.

The project will be intended as a multifunctional organism, focused on the relationship between the architectural construction and the external space, between private and collective, open and closed space, interpreted according to the different relationships among forms, materials, and contents.

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NEW SCENERIES FOR MILAN

2.4 FIVE SCENERIES FOR PORTA ROMANA HISTORICAL FUTURE: MILAN REBORN MAD ARCHITECTS

The design starts by reconnecting the existing tissue thanks to an urban process that will include new infrastructures for sustainable mobility, also recovering abandoned public spaces to make them usable again and to stimulate new multicultural relations optimizing the density of the spaces. Considering that each railway yard is an opportunity to make a micro-city, the architects aim to accomplish five specific criteria: connectivity, green, living, culture, and economy.

The City of Connections, which is to say urban reconnection through sustainable mobility that begins on the small scale (cycling paths, walking paths, tree-lined streets, and restricted traffic zones) and branches out into networks of infrastructural and long-distance transport.

Then the City of Green made up of parks, gardens, squares, tree-lined streets, ecological corridors, and waterways that are part of the regeneration of the former rail yards becomes the skeleton onto which the projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ideas are grafted. The third concept, the City of Living, to strengthen the social mix and generate new multicultural relations. Fourth, the City of Culture, to build an innovative and multicultural context. And finally, the City of Resources, to strengthen the existing job market and create new opportunities for experimentation, offering young people a competitive urban environment that matches up against the main European capitals.

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ill. 46 - General overview

ill. 50 - Farini railway yard

ill. 51 - Cycling paths

NEW SCENERIES FOR MILAN

SEVEN BEAUTIFUL ORCHARDS CINO ZUCCHI

The studio starts by analyzing the city of Milan and it is considered to be each time more connected to the global dimension, it is seen as the most open Italian city, where changes and different cultures are welcomed. Their objective is to make the structure of the city survive by readapting and modifying the buildings and spaces of it in order to have new meeting places between the metropolitan and the local scale.

These places will be characterized by a vegetal world that answers the new needs and desires.

The green is considered the main tool to design the city and the territory. It is thought as the principal characteristic, a natural space simple and strong but open to many different uses. The Circle of the New Orchards will be seven new parks, considered as the new welcome places of the city, and they will reconnect parts of the city that nowadays are separated. Consisting of high-quality open spaces, they will host new services that will reactivate the areas and create new networks all around the city.

Regarding the function, the proposed structure will be flexible and capable of changing, it should be able to support long-lasting transformations and eventual changes related to the local communitiesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; desires and unpredictable needs.

The function and the building density are considered two important factors but that by themselves they do not generate urban quality.

It is thought that in a future reality in constant evolution, the matrix of collective spaces will represent the most efficient device to control the urban form.

As the architect states on an interview, he considers the site of Porta Romana as the most

interesting site to work in order to transform the city of Milan. Despite being of a smaller size, is the railway yard that is better connected to the public transport network at diverse scales. Also, it has a strong relation with the existent urban tissue. The main intervention is to put in relation Fondazione Prada, Piazzale Lodi and Piazzale Trento with a new public garden. On the site itself, three main building areas are proposed: the first one would be in relation to the existent buildings that are already on the site defining a new façade towards the park. The other area organizes the buildings forming an inner courtyard. Last, on the area near Piazzale Lodi a tower aims to be the new landmark of the site together with a new station that will serve the train located underground.

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ill. 52 - General overview

ill. 53 - Porta Romana axonometry

NEW SCENERIES FOR MILAN

A GREEN RIVER FOR MILAN STEFANO BOERI

The aim is to formulate an integrated vision for the future of the railway and bring opportunities for urban redevelopment and regeneration by giving access to a green system for everyone that will also improve the air quality and ensure the protection and growth of urban biodiversity.

The 'Green River' is mainly a proposal of an urban reforestation project, that aims to transform 90% of the site into green areas connected with green corridors and cycle paths built on the former railway tracks. The Green River will cross many districts and the abandoned rail yards making a landscape of a continuous green system. The area will be a circular public mobility system, a cycle-pedestrian path is thought on the existing railway. The green river ecosystem will be able to neutralize pollution and to reduce energy consumption thanks to the cooling effect of the vegetation on urban surfaces. Moreover, clean energy will be generated by groundwater geothermal energy that will run underground throughout the new ring system. In order to give an idea of urban wealth and variety, a different scenario has been associated with each yard.

The remaining 10% would be a dense construction, which target young people, with cultural and help services as well as social housing and markets. The system of architecture, public places and Green Metropolitan Towers is enhanced by a varied range of lifestyles and mixture of functions.

Regarding the site of Porta Romana, the intervention consists on decontaminating the park by removing most of the existent railways and going through a two-step process. First

herb-plants will be used and, in a second phase, poplars. After the decontamination process, the surface will be a new spontaneous landscape equipped with storages, roads, fields and an irrigation system. The disposition on the site has a strong horizontal division, sport activities are predominant in the north area, whereas in the lower part of the site there is a green park with paths. The dense area of the project is proposed on the west side, consisting of three tall towers with green facades. On the right side, the station is raised to cover the train with a green platform. The project clearly defends the open space as a public green area with a wide variety of vegetation and the presence of water. Also, a cycle pathW is proposed in the shape of a ring in the middle of the area.

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ill. 54 - General overview

ill. 55 - Porta Romana railway yard

NEW SCENERIES FOR MILAN

CATALYSTS FOR SUSTAINABLE LIVING MECANOO

The team wanted to form a circular and sustainable city that makes a connection between people, spaces, opportunities, and ambitions. They imagined the seven railway yards as multifunctional spaces, also as a place were the inhabitants can live, work and meet.

These areas would be connected not only at a local level but also at a regional scale. For that, green corridors with cycle-paths will be provided as well as a public transport network.

The proposal is focused on the transformation of the rail yards as part of a radical change in urban mobility.

A vision of the city based on five principles is proposed. The first vision relates to the rail yard as a catalyst for a sustainable way of life, this will stimulate a faster and more efficient way of moving through the city decreasing, as a result, the reliance on cars. The second envisages the area around the rail yard as closed to urban traffic making car-free areas that will give free space for biking lanes, pedestrians, and generous green zones. The third principle assumes that the circle line becomes an entity capable of connecting and not dividing, with a railroad integrated into the urban fabric. The fourth principle relates to social connectivity.

Changing Milan into an urban environment where infrastructure, housing, and public facilities work in unison, will establish an inclusive city that is prepared for future changes.

Finally, the last founding principle sees the rail yards as mobility landmarks along the circle line, they will become focal points and vibrant places.

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ill. 56 - General overview

ill. 57 - Mixed-use buildings

ill. 58 - Cycling paths

NEW SCENERIES FOR MILAN

MIRACLES IN MILAN TEAM MIRALLES TAGLIABUE EMBT

The architects take into account that Milan is questioning about the main issues in terms of urban development. In particular, it focuses on new concepts such as urban agriculture, participatory and circular economy, soft mobility, sustainability, etc., that represent the aim to re-shape the city from now on as a place in which you can find the missing connection between human dimension and nature.

In their proposal, they take the water as a support and a medium for this regeneration: it will be the element linking city, nature, history, and different users such as pedestrians, bicycles, and skaters also, it will improve the image of the urban surroundings.

Every area will have its own identity: Farini railway yard will, therefore, be the water rail yard, where the paths traced by the old Naviglio (canal) that were filled in will allow for the designing of new canals. Porta Genova railway yard will be the creativity hub. San Cristoforo railway yard will be the agriculture one, a large botanical garden will play a key didactic role. Greco-Breda railway yard will be an attractive and playful center.

Finally, Porta Romana will become the innovation railway yard, where young companies and startups could be based, in buildings equipped with flexible, light-filled, and sustainable spaces that will be placed close to the areaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s main access points, in other words to the yellow metro station line. Rogoredo will be the railway yard for young people whereas Lambrate will be the design railway yard where a symbolic building will offer spaces for initiatives by organizations and the municipality.

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ill. 59 - London plan

ill. 60 - Farini railway yard

ill. 61 - Farini, urban park

NEW SCENERIES FOR MILAN

2.5 SYNTHESIS AND CONCLUSION To conclude, the five visions of Milan show an ecological and sustainable approach. As before mentioned, the climate change is a global process already started and that has a clear impact and influence. Being aware of this situation, the five architects search for an innovative solution that helps to improve it.

Considering the five visions proposed for Milan, we can focus on an urban scale proposal able to put in relation the seven different areas. The connection between them, should improve not only the mobility and accessibility of the city but it should also give a new character to the city of Milan by proposing new areas of interest and landmarks.

At a local scale, we can point some common desired elements, mainly linked to ecological and green approaches that seek to meet the requirements of a more sustainable and economically developed city as stated on the objectives for the city of Milan of 2030.

As we can see in the proposals from the architects Zucchi and Boeri they both evaluated of increasing recreational areas such as public parks and green areas, as well as the addition of green and ecological corridors with a series of slow mobility systems that will have a lower environmental impact. In Boeri's project, the addition of water will contribute for reducing the impact on the energy consumption of the entire project area.

From an architectural point of view, the structures designed will have a multifunctional character to be flexible and able to adapt to changes and needs. Moreover, to have the desired open spaces the architects tend to design a building in a shape of a tower, which

ill. 62 - Green and blue ecological system

ill. 63 - Promote permeability

ill. 64 - Different approaches to the railway

they choose to put in different locations, west or east side, and that are able to host the density of people and, at the same time, to be recognized as the new landmarks of the area.

Finally, the proposal, besides being environmentally sustainable will reactivate and reconnect the different areas of the city, previously divided by the railway tracks, being not only an on-site architectural intervention but also an urban scale project.

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B3

CASE STUDIES 3.1 OLYMPIC VILLAGES EAST VILLAGE LONDON, 2012

The London 2012 Athletesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Village hosted 17000 athletes, after the games it has been transformed into East Village with the idea to rehabilitate this part of the city. Many architects were involved on the design, giving as a result a variety of styles, but with a predominant London traditional design given by the compact buildings that surround inner courtyards, a semipublic space for the inhabitants.

Typologies with one, two, three and four bedrooms are offered. In general, all of them have at least one main bedroom with bathroom included and a merged kitchen-living room space, also an outdoor space as a balcony or winter garden. In the case of the typology of four bedrooms it is developed in three floors and one of them is entirely for common areas.

The objective is that the apartments and townhouses are accessible to all in order to have a true neighborhood community.

Therefore, many rental opportunities are given: private rental homes, intermediate rents, social rents and shared ownership.

Also, amenities and services are provided to the all residents such as shops, bars, cafes, restaurants, public green areas and private

ill. 65 - East village, architectural styles

ill. 66 - East village, open spaces

courtyards, child´s play area, cars and bike parking, storage spaces, gym and Olympic facilities and on-site security.

The new neighborhood is located right on the doorstep of Westfield Stratford City. In order to connect the Village with the rest of the urban area a railway track that was running across the site had to be covered and three bridges had to be made. We can say that the village is wellprovided in terms of services and connectivity.

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CASE STUDIES

WINTER OLYMPIC VILLAGE OSLO, 1952

For the Oslo Olympic Games in 1952, three new infrastructures were made in order to host the athletes and their coaches. Each village was located in a different district and had a different name. From a larger to a smaller scale: the village ‘Sogn’ consisted of six three-storey buildings and 363 apartments in order to host 600 to host 600 participants and their coaches.

‘Ullevål’ village instead, had to host 400 people in two eight-storey buildings with 256 bedrooms.

And the last village ‘Ila’ had to arrange 200 people in 121 bedrooms.

The three sites offered identical service levels: banks, kiosks, hairdressers, sports equipment maintenance and sales. At Ullevål, a temporary building connected the two accommodation buildings. It had a dining hall with a capacity of 210 people and a central kitchen for the three Villages.

After the Games had placed, each Village had a different function: Sogn became a student housing complex, Ullevål hosted students and workers from a hospital located close by and Ila was a housing for old people.

Currently the villages host students. Sogn has 1513 housing units, mostly single rooms. Most flats share kitchens and bathrooms with 4-9 persons, and there are also 38 flats reserved for families. Instead, Ullevål has 208 housing units: 28 are flats for one person, 44 are for couples and 136 single rooms. And Ila has 169 housing units from which 23 are flats for one person and 146 for couples.

Regarding the current services they have study rooms, common laundry area, storage area and parking for bikes, strollers and cars.

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ill. 67 - Olympic Village and athlete center

ill. 68 - Sogn Olympic Village in 1952

ill. 69 - Sogn complex today

CASE STUDIES

HARUMI WATERFRONT DISTRICT TOKYO, 2020

The Olympic and Paralympic Village will be constructed in the Harumi waterfront district of Tokyo. One of the basic objectives is solving current problems and achieving sustainable development for the future of the city. The residential units used by the athletes during the Tokyo 2020 Games, will be renovated as general residential apartments after them.

The overall complex is located on an island accessible by public transport: bus, subway and train. It consists of commercial and sport facilities such as a national stadium, aquatics center, an arena, a gymnastics center and four villages named Sun, Park, Port and Sea. Moreover, Village Plaza is considered to be the gateway to the Athlete´s Village, it will offer a wide range of services to athletes, team officials, guests and the media during the Games. The 5,300 square meter Plaza is made of wood, from timber donated by 63 municipalities in Japan.

After the Games, the Plaza will be taken down and the wood will return to the donors, who will recycle for use to build local facilities.

The Tokyo Metropolitan Government is currently working on compiling “the model plan of the after-use of the Olympic Village/ Paralympic Village”, and aims to establish a new community where a diverse range of people can interact and live comfortably at the site.

The proposal aims to turn the village into an “Hydrogen town” providing stations and a hydrogen pipeline that would surround the city.

Also, the addition of commercial facilities and a school.

ill. 70 - Harumi waterfront district

ill. 71 - The home of the athletes

ill. 72 - The Court Jingu-Gaien

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CASE STUDIES

3.2 STUDENT HOUSING LUCIEN CORNIL MARSIGLIA, 2018

A sensitive urban approach was carried out to design the residence. The eight-floor building is located in a dense area and it has been carefully thought. The location and the choices of space occupied enable the communal areas, the circulation areas and the views to provide a functional building that opens up onto the city.

The graduation of the building heights of the project will interact with the surrounding buildings of the context and leave them with space to breathe despite the density of the area. A variation of heights is done on the building itself also: a very high ground floor and attics on the top two levels, including also double height areas for common spaces.

With a total of 200 rooms that are taken as a single unit, the building is defined as a modular system consisting of three wings, each room is individual and has a private toilet. They are mostly directed towards the enclosed courtyard, an indoor garden provided for the inhabitants as well as quality shared spaces for relax and interaction. The common spaces are mainly kitchen areas, also for relaxing, studying and meeting, they are equipped according to the needs of each activity.

The building was a success in terms of environmental construction, it is one of the highest wood buildings in France. The wooden structure combined with a sensitive and functional architecture provides a solution very

ill. 73 - Lucien Cornil, open courtyard

ill. 74 - Ground floor plan

much of its time: innovative and in-tune with the environment. The use of solid wood CLT (Cross Laminated Timber) limits energy consumption and provides an excellent carbon footprint.

According to the architects, the entire building has been designed to be very heat and acoustically efficient, while maintaining consistent lines and at a very competitive price.

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CASE STUDIES

SANT CUGAT DEL VALLĂ&#x2C6;S BARCELONA, 2014

The residence is in a low-density residential area on the same plot as the university of architecture. The position of the new building aims to maintain the balance between the existing buildings and outdoor spaces as well as prioritizing the direct connection between housing and campus with the ground floor, promoting the use of exterior spaces and the horizontal pathways, adapted and without lifts.

The residence program allows to imagine deep relationships between users, both individual, due to the housing unit flexibility, and collective, thanks to the potential use of the central atrium as a social event space.

A balance between innovation and domesticity is applied to prefab construction, this demonstrates the ability of the technology to meet the needs of temporary living. The materiality would be given by the industrial aspect that allows to combine the units and have an easy assembly project.

Giving an idea of a â&#x20AC;&#x153;non-finishedâ&#x20AC;? building was possible thanks to the use of the single typology that it was the housing unit of each student.

The module consists of a concrete block that has a bedroom area, kitchen area and a toilet.

The building is arranged as a result of the overlapping of the modules that face towards the inner courtyard that is the only and principal outdoor common space.

Taking a single unit allows to think of a better, and faster, technical and construction process.

But also, allows to arrange the building on an easier way, thinking about modularity and the combination with open spaces. A great example of a design process.

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ill. 75 - Courtyard staircase

ill. 76 - Ground floor plan

ill. 77 - Outdoor green space

CASE STUDIES

3.2 DESIGN TO ADAPT As we can see in the previous study cases, the Olympic Games are an opportunity to regenerate disused areas and, at the same time, to recycle and reuse the infrastructures made for it. Of course, some aspects might be thought beforehand in order to have more flexibility and more possibilities for future uses.

The target is to have multifunctional spaces destined to adapt in time and to be free for appropriation. Temporary uses are the main target, such as exhibitions, concerts and events. Moreover, as in the cases of Marseille and Barcelona enclosures, common areas provide the space for activities that are not contemplated in the single unit module such as studying, relaxing and meeting areas and, in the case of Marseille, kitchen areas. Common spaces, areas of transition and permanence are thought, inside the previous building, to promote social interaction. The spaces can have different levels of privacy and be closed, semi-open, or completely open usually as large semi-private courtyards or urban public parks, for example. An innovative combination of the single units and common spaces is what will bring a successful project as a result.

A good architecture should also take care about the resources: ecological and sustainable proposals are seen on the design of green areas, slow mobility systems and on the chosen materiality to reduce CO2 emission. The use of wood and concrete in the student residences show how different materials can influence the design, since both in Marseille and in Spain it is thought through the modular system.

The project is always in relation with the surrounding context and it is connected to it

ill. 78 - Common spaces

ill. 79 - Green and cycling paths

ill. 80 - Modular system

thanks to the accessibility, but a masterplan is needed to approach this important relation.

Decisions should be made giving priority to an architecture thought for the future, considering the new ways of living. Therefore, the project should be envisage as a whole urban intervention and as an evolving typology from an Olympic village to a student housing, not as two separated and unrelated typologies.

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CASE STUDIES

3.4 LANDSCAPE DESIGN PARC ANDRÈ-CITROËN GILLES CLÉMENT

The Parc André-Citroën, opened in 1992, it is located on an industrial field that was closed due to economic and ecological reasons. After, an international competition was made to regenerate the area. The aim of the project was to connect the urban and rural areas of Paris by becoming an in-between space of transition.

Currently, it is considered an attraction and is well connected by the public transport system such as the metro, tram, and bus.

The design with urban and rural typologies generates a juxtaposition of open and intimate spaces that coexist into an overall larger system. The park is characterized by a wide range of natural species, the landscape offers green areas, stairs, waterfronts, an artificial island and two greenhouses containing exotic and Mediterranean species. Each area has a different study in solid and void that either minimizes or maximizes the enclosure as a way in which to frame specific views across the park. The visitor is guided through a diagonal axis that offers a walk to see all the different attractions and spaces. Overall, the soil has a soft inclination towards the river Seine and below the ground the car circulation goes through the tunnel.

This contemporary park has a formal and very organized design which is even visible in the grid used to arrange the vegetation, it has also predominant free and open areas that are crossed by a diagonal path that proposes a 'promenade'. It is interesting the proposal of a smaller scale spaces with water presence.

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ill. 81 - Park Citroen, masterplan

ill. 82 - Grid of trees and promenade

CASE STUDIES

CENTRAL PARK PUBLIC DOMAIN JEPPE AAGAARD ANDERSEN AND TURF STUDIO

The project of the park was defined as â&#x20AC;&#x153;An impressive icon of urban design that has added much to the urban architecture, setting new benchmarks in central urban design and positively effecting and directing social fabric of the community...â&#x20AC;? by the Good Design Awards Jury in 2019.

The main objective of the masterplan was a large public park. Being aware of the context, the park is oriented and linked to the existent Chippendale terraces providing a creative space connected to the community.

Sustainability is at the core of the Central Park mission, and the achievement of carbon and water neutrality over the life of the project. For this, an innovative idea had to be made. Thanks to the size of the park, a rare opportunity to explore a variety of initiatives and innovations for a truly world-class sustainability outcome was possible.

The surface is orthogonally divided in different green areas by paths that slowly go down with an inclination towards the center of the site.

This design approach has as a result a park ruled mainly by ramps that give accessibility and permeability to the site. Due to the variation of the levels, sitting areas are generated with appearance of bleachers, giving a space for permanence and socialization. Few vegetation is disposed at the borders of the park providing shade for the sitting areas.

Following the direction of the ramps, a water pond is included as well on the project. Starting as a still pond, it goes down with the path in the shape of a delicate cascade that follows the direction of the visitor's path.

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ill. 83 - Central park, aerial view

ill. 84 - Water pond and sitting areas

ill. 85 - Orthogonal division of the park

CASE STUDIES

1.2 CASE DE STUDIES PLACE LA RÉPUBLIQUE Ibus TVK

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ill. 86 - Place de la Republique

ill. 87 - Trees in a grid disposition

ill. 88 - Prefab concrete paving slabs

CASE STUDIES

3.5 ARCHITECTURAL COMPOSITION UNIVERSITY OF CALABRIA VITTORIO GREGOTTI

The project of the university of Calabria made

by Vittorio Gregotti corresponds to a research made to put in relation the architecture with the landscape planning.

The university campus takes the shape of a long bridge, both for cars and pedestrian use in different levels, that goes through the valley. As regards the materiality, the bridge was built in concrete and for the scale is more similar to a highway than to a pedestrian path.

The different buildings, corresponding to each department of the university, are linked to this structure by several pedestrian walkway. The buildings, have a simple square shape, and their height depend on the height of the hills that create a variable landscape to which the project aims to be linked. The levels change all along the path creating a dynamic campus and connecting with the bridge the railway station located on the north with the national highway located at the south.

The campus is as well divided in 10 neighborhoods, each of them with their own attractions and activities but also, services that are offered for the entire campus putting in evidence the whole system.

We consider that this example is interesting to remark due to the connectivity and the relation of the project with the context. Also, the functional disposition that makes each building work as an independent unit but at the same time as a part of a bigger system.

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ill. 89 - Unical, aerial view

ill. 90 - Bridge

ill. 91 - Composition diagram

CASE STUDIES

EDP HEADQUARTERS AIRES MATEUS

In 2008 a competition was launched not only for the architectural design of the headquarters but also for the master plan of its surroundings. The winning solution thoughtfully addresses the brief as well as responding to the riverfront location as it continues to develop housing and tourism and restore industrial buildings.

The architects, in order to avoid blocking the connection to the city on the north and the river on the south placed all the large programmatic elements underground, including parking, the entrance lobby, and an auditorium and the workspaces in two eight-story towers. The arrangement locates the more specific and punctual functions underground, leaving the ground floor more accessible and permeable to host public spaces.

Pedestrian bridges gently lift above the square to connect the towers that have a typical floor plan disposition consisting of a core and a free space that gives flexibility to arrange offices or other future uses. The towers also host double-height spaces that are probably used as secondary common areas, as it is seen in the illustration 91.

The main public square is shaded by a latticelike structure linking the towers. The structure is made with vertical elements which give modulation, structure, protection from the sun, and resolve the whole building appearance. The faรงade is constantly changing as the day goes by, giving the building a transparent character that is partly covered by these elements. The gesture resolves the project, protecting working space, defining courtyards, and public functions within the horizontal square.

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ill. 92 - EDP headquarters buildings

ill. 93 - Facade closure

ill. 94 - Facade transparency

CASE STUDIES

MFO PARK BURCKHARDT AND PARTNERS

In the place where the machine factory, Maschinenfabrik Oerlikon (MFO), once stood, an architecturally ‘park hall’ bears witness to the past usage of the site. The park is located in Zürich-Nord and it was completed in the year 2002, designed by the architects Burckhardt and partners in collaboration with Raderschall.

The particular characteristic of this park is that is covered by a latticework steel construction with climbing plants. The aromatic plants are sustained by wires and, as the seasons go by, they give to the park different colors.

Surrounded by a double wall of climbing plants, the park is known as ‘Park House’ nowadays.

The light construction gives to the visitor the possibility to go through different passages and to enjoy the views of the surrounding buildings in the new urban district.

ill. 95 - MFO Park, park hall

The North Zurich Planning Centre provides for residential and service structures all around MFO Park, interspersed with a fine network of open spaces. MFO Park enhances this functionbound system of open space with a polyvalent ‘park space’, available to everyone for a wide range of activities and events. In summer, the facility is frequently used for various cultural events, such as open-air movie theaters or festivals of all kinds.

To remark from this project, the transparent relation that it creates with the existent buildings of the context also due to the permeability and the proposal of open space at different levels, making connections and paths all along with the structure itself.

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ill. 96 - MFO Park, relaxing area

CASE STUDIES

3.6 LAND ART MICHAEL HEIZER

Michael Heizer is an American artist who is specialized in sculptures of big scale and land art works. The artist has redefined sculpture in terms of size, mass, gesture and process.

Through his entire career Heizer has studied positive and negative forms, such harmonies of presence and absence, matter and space, that are essential to his art until his focus on the negative sculptures working on the deserts of California and Nevada. These works were created by removing earth to shape subterranean negative forms directly into desert floor. His works would spread over the dry desert, covering large areas that when viewed from the air, formed amorphous, organic shapes.

His most well-known project is the 'Levitated Mass' a double negative work in which he allows the viewers to experience the weight of a rock as they walk through the empty space below generating a contrast between a filled and an empty space that suggests the removal of a piece of soil in order to position it in a higher level giving a sensation of tension and uncertainty. At the same time, the work refers to the natural and the man-made negative space.

The vision of Michael Heizer towards the positive and negative forms would help as an approach to our project regarding the figures and voids on the area, expecially on the groundfloor. Also, this delicate work of intervening on the landscape will be used as a guide in order to position our buildings in a merged relation with the surrounding.

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ill. 97 - Double negative

ill. 98 - Levitated Mass

B4

A NEW WAY OF LIVING 4.1 REFLECTION AND SCENERY OF LIVING TODAY Nowadays, more than 50% of the population lives in the city and despite this, the historic centers continue to be abandoned mainly due to the opposition to adaptability. The current socio-economic context is characterized by a constant change in its working, relational, family, and social models: temporary dimensions and unpredicted dynamics seem to be increasingly linked to both singular and collective life paths.

The changing needs of living are no longer linked to traditional housing types, but are based on flexible demand over time. The family unit cannot be considered the exclusive program of a residential building. The new groups are made up of young people, singles, couples without children, the elderly and singleparent families. Each of these represents a different and changing scenario that requires a rethinking of housing types. The residence is no longer just a place to live but a place where

the inhabitants can establish relationships, activate participatory management dynamics, promote collective entertainment initiatives, establish collaborations, work etc. The need to combine the benefits of sharing increases while maintaining the individuality and privacy of oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s home. Residential buildings must, therefore, be reconsidered as small city districts in which the social diversity and differentiation of activities are the pillars.

To this new desire for change is added a new configuration of the city. A rethinking of the transition spaces, those areas that limit and separate, at different scales, what is urban from what is domestic; the limits become inhabited spaces, generators of freedom, quality, identity.

Involving the city and its functions, building complex and differentiated programs as platforms for everyday life means designing new pieces of the city.

ill. 99 - Complex programs

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A NEW WAY OF LIVING

4.2 MULTILAYER CITY Living is the verb that best represents the meaning of human life: we inhabit the Earth, its places. Today, more than ever, due to climate change, it is necessary to consciously inhabit the city by regaining possession of its spaces, its times and rhythms, according to five criteria: 1. Inhabiting the city on multiple levels Unlike the historical city, which was developed horizontally, and the modern city, which preferred verticality, the contemporary city can be defined as a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Multilayer cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;.

This new vision of the city provides for the coexistence, integration, and overlapping of public and private functions on different levels.

Consequently, the clear distinction between public and private that characterized the historic city, in the Multileyer city decreases.

No longer regulated by property boundaries (e.g. urban park accessible only at certain times of the day), the public and private merge and allow the person to experience the city on multiple levels at any time of day, without any restrictions.

2. Living in the social residence In recent years, the demand for housing is not a problem that concerns only the lower segments of society, but concerns a larger and more heterogeneous part of society that has specific and different needs. Today the residence is not only the physical place of living, but it is above all a social place. With this assumption, residential buildings must be rethought in line with the needs of this new dynamic society: buildings can be defined as dense and compact systems, characterized by a functional and social mix. In this case, the term density is linked to the concept of complexity, multiplicity:

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ill. 100 - The concept of Multilayer city

ill. 101 - Social Residence

ill. 102 - Living in the Park

A NEW WAY OF LIVING

the multilayer city is a system capable of satisfying the numerous and changing demands of contemporary society, where the residence does not end with the beginning of the city but is itself integral part.

ill. 103 - Living in the workplace

3. Living in the park One of the main aspects of the multilevel city is the presence of green areas: unlike the traditional city where the public green has a horizontal development, in the Multilayer city the green expands mainly vertically, up to the roofs that become public places. Consequently, the city will be defined by a systemic project of public green areas characterized by the presence of water, equipped urban parks and green roofs.

4. Living in the workplace Encourage work at home and co-working thanks to the presence of special sharing spaces. As a result, the person limits travel to work to a minimum, reducing the environmental impact.

ill. 104 - Sustainability of living

ill. 105 - Sustainability of living

5. Environmental sustainability of living Renewable energy resources can also be exploited in urban areas thanks to the use of multiple technologies. The most common system is the use of photovoltaic and solar-thermal systems for the production of electricity. In addition to the use of solar energy, the recovery of rainwater can be a solution towards sustainable living. Rainwater through a filtering and treatment system can be recovered for secondary domestic uses (eg; cleaning, toilet).

To conclude, these five points open the doors to a new vision of the city, of living, of life. Society is changing rapidly and the architecture itself must change and adapt to the new needs of citizens, the multilayer city is a valid option.

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A NEW WAY OF LIVING

4.3 YONA FRIEDMAN’S SKETCHES

1

Architect Yona Friedman questioned the changes and consequences of the advent of technology, which redefine the concept of the city. In 1975, the architect published the book entitled ‘Realizable Utopias’, in which he discusses possible utopias, some of which have come true. Fifty years later Friedman reflects on their realization, whether it was a good output or not and what the social and cultural consequences have been.

• The first utopia is that of communication.

Using the Internet, you can potentially connect with the whole world, spread thoughts to hundreds of millions of people. The paradox that the architect emphasizes is that this type of communication is only imaginary, but not real.

True communication is about the involvement of individuals, but now there is less and less interpersonal relation between people.

• The second realized utopia concerns the ease with which one can get anywhere. Thanks to the new fast means made available by technology, you can get anywhere in a short time. Although the distances have been reduced, paradoxically there seem to be more barriers.

• The third great realized utopia concerns general well-being and prosperity. This enrichment is currently generating more and more conflicts, more and more dependence on power and more and more poverty.

Society is changing and with it their way of interacting with the outside world. The development of technology has led to a radical

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2

3

4

A NEW WAY OF LIVING

5

6

change in the urban behavior of society.

The ease of communication has changed the concept of the city.

For example, the square, a symbol of a meeting place, has lost its value as people meet by telephone. Small distances are replaced by technological means.

The city is diluted, it no longer needs squares or meeting spaces. Furthermore, workplaces are also doomed to disappear as most workers can work at home remotely or in smart working.

Friedman uses the concept of the electronic cloud to describe the contemporary city.

Just think of the ease of moving between one city and another, as if one is moving within its neighbourhood. In summary, according to the architect, cities have become subway stops in a large public transport network, the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Metropole Europeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;.

7

9

8

10

ill. 106 - Yona sketches

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section

C

DESIGN PROCESS

C1

DESIGN CRITERIA DESIGN CRITERIA DEFINITION Design criteria are the explicit goals that a project must achieve in order to be successful.

Design criteria are used as a strategy to approach the project and the design process.

These represents chosen standards which are more like guidelines than rules.

In design and feasibility reports, especially, the design and decision criteria determine the final output of a design process.

The design criteria are divided into 5 categories: aesthetical, social, functional, technical and environmental.

1.1 AESTHETIC

1.2 SOCIAL

Provide a sense of place in which people can meet in safety and enjoy green spaces.

The complex should provide areas allowing social interaction between user groups in different times of the day through in-between or shared spaces.

The building and landscape should complement the idea of a student housing innovative district, characterized by a large eco-park, a new landmark and urban door for the city of Milan.

Should interpret the qualities of a residential social housing complex; social interaction, privacy, common spaces, green areas.

The design should take into consideration the north-south connection of the modern and contemporary city through its permeability.

The residential complex should be designed for mixed-use, where athletes, students and visitors can live side-by-side with shared private and public spaces.

Provide activities / spaces which create an interaction between the people living in the building, the people who work in the same establishment and the visitors of the eco-park area around the buildings.

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DESIGN CRITERIA

1.3 FUNCTIONAL There should be a balance between public, semiprivate and private areas. Public areas should provide the opportunity to meet new people and interact with visitors, semi-private to give the inhabitants of the complex shared spaces and the private areas should maintain higher levels of intimacy.

A total maximum of 20% built area with private spaces, common spaces and a large outdoor public spaces.

Provide best layout qualities from criterion of DGNB SOC 3.3 Layout Quality, initiating variety of possible uses and quality of usable area.

The user control should be low tech and hands on in order to be customizable by inhabitants.

1.4 TECHNICAL Create an outdoor environment, relating to the microclimate by considering reintroduction of green and water elements to preserve the biodiversity already present in the area.

The building should take advantage of the micro climate, creating energy to reach demand of â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Low energy frameâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; of 27 kwh/m2 by passive and active means.

Provide the occupants with the best possible options to control indoor climate with criteria of those specified in DGNB SOC 1.5 User control - ventilation, temperatures, daylight and artificial light, ease of use.

Provide best possible access with focus on the criteria of those specified in DGNB 2.2 Public access.

1.5 ENVIRONMENTAL Reduce space heating demands, provide height level of thermal comfort fromcriterion of those specified in DGNB 1.3 Building Envelope Quality

The design should take into consideration the radiation and the sun-hour study quantity on specific surfaces in order to optimize the efficiency of solar panels or thermal collectors as well as building orientation.

The design should include renewable resources such as rainwater harvesting system to be filtered and reused. Together with solar panels and thermal collectors to reduce energy demand.

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C2

DGNB 2.1 NEEDS OF DGNBS In recent years, the effect of climater change have increaseWd faster than scientists had predicted. The year 2019 was one of the warmest on record and extreme climate events occurred all over the world and therefore the change of climate has become increasingly evident in our daily lives. To limit global warming from increasing uncontrollable IPCC suggest a decline carbon dioxide emissions of 45 percent by 2030 and an ambition of net zero in 2050.

The concept of sustainability must be an integral part of the building construction sector to reduce CO2 emissions. It is necessary to perceive sustainability holistically through the three pillars within environmental, social and economic sustainability. The pillars are the core aspects to be considered in sustainable development, defined as a development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.

This project will focus on environmental as well as social sustainability, while limiting the economic aspects. The characteristics of the site allow the use of local materials but also poses challenges due to climate changes, such as the island heat effect. Therefore, the sunhour study is important to evaluate the microclimate and to provide a low environmental impact building Furthermore, an ambition of the project is to

encourage users to ensure a positive impact on their health and well-being.

The DGNB ranking system is a tool for assessing the sustainability of buildings and for establishing a measurable reference. The system is based on the life cycle approach and incorporates all three aspects of sustainability.

2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY Environmental sustainability focuses on projecting the ecosystem, air quality, integrity and sustainability of our resources and focusing on the elements that place stress on the environmental.

A central role must be assigned to the construction materials used. During their entire life cycle, they contribute significantly to the overall performance of a sustainable building.

This begins with the availability of resources and the responsible extraction of raw materials.

The choice of materials has a direct impact on the overall performance of the project in about half of the DGNB evaluation system.

Criteria with a direct influence on ecological sustainability include the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of a building, meaning emission-related environmental impacts and the consumption od limited resources overall life phases of buildings from raw material to demolition. (DGNB

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criterion ENV. 1.) Other direct influencing factors are risks of the local environment, such as environmental compatibility of materials.

(ENV. 2) Furthermore responsible resource extraction according to ecological and social standards. Here, for example, the use of regrowing raw materials is positively evoluated (ENV. 3) and the drinking water demand and wastewater volume are to be reduced. Watersaving measures such as rainwater use, or the installation of water-saving taps have a positive influence. (ENV 2.2)

2.3 SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY Social sustainability should enable a stable society in which all members can partecipate and guarantee human dignity, labor standards, and human rights now and for future generations.

The user of the building is the centre of social sustainability, whereas buildings and their surroundings have a vast impact on health, wellbeing and user's productivity level, an impact can be both negative and positive.

A high sense of security is the fundamentals of human comfort. Insecurity and anxiety, on the other hand, restrict freedom of movement.

Design strategies in favor for this are e.g. well illuminated main paths, paths on parking lots for cars and cycles and well-visible and clearly arranged common areas (SOC 1.7) The method of ensuring high indoor air quality should be where passive solutions can achieve the same or a better effect, passive solutions should be used, and preferably be combined with implementing user control e.g. measures giving the user of buildings the greatest possible influence on the ambient climate conditions and

thereby increase the individual's well being (SOC. 1.5) User satisfaction and well-being are also strongly influenced by visual comfort whereas natural light has a positive effect. In addition, good use of daylight provides a high energy saving potential for artificial lighting and room temperatures. Especially, visual relations to the outside space, absence of glare and the quality of the artificial light are crucial. (SOC. 1.4) Barrier-free building increases the attractiveness of buildings for all groups of people regardless of age, physical or mental limitations.

This applies to internal and external access, i.e. appropriate signage and direction, accessibility and equipment and dimensioning of student rooms. (SOC 2.1)

2.4 ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY Economical sustainability in the building sector is important for a holistic approach to sustainable architecture due to the overall topic in the building industry economy.

When considering the economy, it is vital to investigate the production, running and the future costs of the building. Generally, to assess the building's economical sustainability a Life Cycle Costing (LCC) can be done. The following cathegories should be considered when calculating building-related life-cycle costs: construction costs, occupancy (including operation costs, cleaning, energy consumption, operation, inspection, maintenance) and dismanting/disposal costs. (ECO 1.1) The economic aspect is, however, not decisive in view of an experimental mostly social and environmentally sustainable project.

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DESIGN CRITERIA

2.5 SOME OF THE SELECTED DGNBS SOC 1.5 USER CONTROL

SOC 2.1 PUBLIC ACCESS

The energy consumption and the productivity of the occupants are closely linked to the user’s opportunities to control the indoor climate. This criterion aims to provide occupants with the best possible options to control: ventilation, temperatures, daylight and artificial light, and ease of use. This will be done through design elements based on the criterion of low tech, and nudging the users in an environmentally sustainable behavior. The DGNB criterion is based on offices – It might therefore vary in some cases when designing a dwelling. (DGNG, 2014)

This criterion aims to provide the best possible access for the public onto the site: “buildings which offer good public access and a wide range of uses integrate better into the urban context and are more likely to meet with public approval” (DGNB, 2014). This draws parallels to Jane Jacobs mixed-use primary-use, allowing proper access for the public and access that allow spaces to be active in different times, by different user groups. It shall also be taken into account, that a dwelling is to be designed, therefore security of the residents is an essential part when designing “open to the public” The criterion will mainly focus on: • External facilities open to the public • Interior facilities, such as libraries or cafeterias open to the public • Varity of uses for public areas

SOC 3.3 LAYOUT QUALITY The layout and flexibility of the floorplans are taken into consideration when designing for a user group that can change through time. The act of designing the plans as multifunctional and flexible as possible will have its steppingstone in the following criteria from DGNB 3.3: Variety of possible uses and Quality of usable area with more or less detailing within the criteria.

(DGNB, 2014)

ENV 2.2 DRINKING WATER DEMAND AND WASTE WATER VOLUME The aim of this criterion is to “reduce the demand for drinking water and the volume of waste water”. This will be provided by focusing on the planning phase which influence the later water consumption and the discharge of the one used. Water-saving measures such as rainwater use, or the installation of water-saving taps need to be adopted.

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DESIGN CRITERIA

ill. 107 - Moodboards

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C3

CONCEPT 1 3.1 BUILDING ON THE PERIMETER The first concept aims to reflect the traditional urban blocks of the north part of the city of Milan, which is based on building along the perimeter, making this threshold an active part of the project that filter the access to the central park. On the north modern city the composition is more compact while on the south it changes completely its morphology: the contemporary industrial city is more scattered and this condition is mirrored inside the project area which appear more permeable and fragmented.

This dualism of the two cities is expressed through the typologies used in the proposal: courtyards and pavillons.

A landmark is placed on Corso Lodi as the new gate of the area and behind it the main square connecs the existing train station of Porta Romana with the new supporting station on the left side of the flying bridge. On left side of the project area, a mixed-use building is placed to be both train station and residential building.

The landscape is composed by green at different heights with paths and ramps that connects all. In it, the railway remains on the existent tracks and it divides the project area which is still connected throughout pedestrian bridges. The water layer starting from the Vettabbia river, when crossing the railway, it follows the direction of the circle lines, the spine of the project.

Hours < 12.25

11.08

9.90

2.85

1.68

<0.50

< 8.50

7.70

6.90

2.10

1.30

<0.50

8.73

7.55

6.38

5.20

4.03

Equinox

Hours 6.10

5.30

4.50

3.70

2.90

Winter solstice ill. 108 - Sunhour study

In terms of the programme, all the provate spaces such as the apartments and common spaces are on the upper floors while the public functions are on the ground floor.

The built up area is 35.600m2 which represents the 19.8% of the total gross area.

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CONCEPT 1

CONCEPT 1

1

2

3

4

5

6

ill. 109 - Urban device concept

3.2 COURTYARD TYPOLOGY AS AN URBAN DEVICE From the axis given by the shape of the existing building inside the project area and the southern urban block, a courtyard typology building is established. On the ground level commercial spaces and the second train station works as an urban device to connect both north and south cities, while on the upper levels the residential

areas to host fist the olympic village and later the student housing. The heights of the building is finally given by the sun path to maximaze the use of natural light in each direction. Therefore, the building can be considered more sustainable in terms of energy consumption and green roofs or terraces.

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CONCEPT 1

Courtyard typology as a urban device

Lakes and brige bond north and south sides

Green areas with different heights

Tower and main plaza

ill. 110 - Landscape and railway protection

3.3 LANDSCAPE FOCUS The proposal is composed of different buildings that characterize both sides of the project area.

On one side an urban device in the shape of a courtyard mixed use building and on the other the tower and the main plaza that welcome people form the main transportation hub of 'Piazzale Lodi'. In the central part green areas in

different height are both in the north and south part of the railway that is crossed by pedestrian bridges. To make unaccessible the railway tracks and to prevent people from approaching closely it bushes, wild grass and lakes are placed along this horizontal line. Lakes are used for the phytodepuration system.

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CONCEPT 1

1_Connections

2_Gates

3_Enclosure

4_Landmarks

ill. 111 - Sketch_view of the area

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C4

CONCEPT 2 4.1 NORTH-SOUTH ORIENTATION The arrangement of buildings according to a north-south orientation to guarantee maximum permeability of the project site and better connect the fabrics of the modern and contemporary city as well as the existing and new landmarks present in the project area.

At the two ends of the site are two urban devices in the form of train stations which are connected to the flyover bridges via elevated platforms to ensure more access open to public use at different heights and from several directions.

The other buildings are disposed to form semipublic enclosures with the presence of wetland canals for phytodepuration facing south to the Parco Agricolo Sud and open green areas with benches to the north. Moreover, each of them is suspended to leave the ground floor permeable.

The landscape has three different characters: the main squares that act as urban gates for the main transportation systems such as the train stations, the public open spaces composed by paths and green rooms with diverse qualities and type of vegetation, and the enclosure cortyards with a more intimacy character due to the proximity of buildings.

The project appears well-balanced in terms of Sunlight-hour analysis both during the equinoxes and the winter solstice, when the sun reaches the lower angle.

Hours < 12.25

11.08

9.90

2.85

1.68

<0.50

< 8.50

7.70

6.90

2.10

1.30

<0.50

8.73

7.55

6.38

5.20

4.03

Equinox

Hours 6.10

5.30

4.50

3.70

2.90

Winter solstice ill. 112 - Sunhour study

In terms of the programme, all the provate spaces such as the apartments and common spaces are on the upper floors while the public functions are on the ground floor.

The built up area is 23.600m2 which represents the 13.2% of the total gross area.

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CONCEPT 2

CONCEPT 2

ill. 113 - Multilayer building composition

4.2 MULTILAYER BUILDING This new vision of the city as multilayer provides for the coexistence, integration, and overlapping of public and private functions on different levels. Consequently, the clear distinction between public and private that characterized the historic city, in the Multileyer city decreases. No longer regulated by property

boundaries (e.g. urban park accessible only at certain times of the day), the public and private merge and allow the person to experience the city on multiple levels at any time of day, without any restrictions. This building let the park enter inside on each level bonding technical and sustainable solutions together.

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CONCEPT 2

ill. 114 - Green rooms compositions

4.3 LANDSCAPE FOCUS The landscape areas are divided into main squares and green open spaces. The green public open space is characterized by four types of green rooms. Each green room is built up with different layers of green bed such as lawn, wild grass or hard pavement. Followed by other elements in a grid that compose the

landscape. The first is an aromatic garden with mostly vegetables or herbs for residential use.

The second is a stage in which the audience can enjoy the scenography made up of a tree line.

The third is a lawn room with trees displaced in a greed to provide shadows and the fourth one is a wild grass layer with an orchard.

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CONCEPT 2

1_Connections

2_Rhythm of the city

3_Gates

4_Landmarks

ill. 115 - Sketch_view of the area

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C5

SYNTHESIS CONCLUSIONS The method of sketching used in the design process is generating ideas quickly based on the analysis conducted, and with the help of other methods like mood boards, brainstorm-ing and mind mapping. The method is an iterative process and an essential part of the design process.

From sketching to ending into two completely different results of concepts: one that follows more the tradition and the other that is more free of restrains and look towards a differend a new type of urban block unique in its identity.

ill. 116 - Concept 1

Different methods were used in order to decide which form/concept to choose.

Here in the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Synthesisâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, it compares the two different concepts carried out trying to understand which of the two follows the best the settled design criteria. The design criteria, gathered as a results from the analysis phase, are the parameters to evaluate the two design.

Through an assessment graph, in which the two different ideas were compared, it was observed that the second concept (north-south orientation) performed best.

The two designs were also presented at the midway critique, in which a decision towards concept two was enhanced, with an ambition of enlighten the new way of living presented.

ill. 117 - Concept 2

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SYNTHESIS

The building and landscape should complement the idea of a student housing innovative district, characterized by a large ecopark, a new landmark and urban door for the city of Milan.

Should interpret the qualities of a residential social housing complex; social interaction, privacy, common spaces, green areas.

+ 0 CONCEPT 1 BUILDING ON THE PERIMETER

+ + CONCEPT 2 NORTH-SOUTH ORIENTATION

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SYNTHESIS

The residential complex should be designed for mixed-use, where athletes, students and visitors can live side-by-side with shared private and public spaces.

-

A total maximum of 20% built area with private spaces and common spaces and a large outdoor public space.

The design should take into consideration the radiation quantity on specific surfaces in order to optimize the efficiency of solar panels or thermal collectors as well as building orientation.

The design should take into consideration the north-south connection of the modern and contemporary city and its permeability.

0 + 0

+ 0

0 + - 107 -

section

D

THE PROJECT

D1

THE STRATEGY The ancient walls of the city of Milan are important traces of the urban and historical memory. Nowadays, the water system goes underground and the agricultural areas have been reduced, allowing the city growth. A new trace of the XIX century's is the railway system, considered to be the last ring that defines the modern city out of which the agricultural areas keep developing. Our strategy consists of regenerating the railway yards into an ecological corridor that defines a green belt with new public spaces. In it a green spine will put in relation the different green areas, of a smaller scale, inside the city with the one in the suburbs that already exist, and, where possible, implementing with new ones through green corridors. The abandoned railway yard in Milan will be revitalized in order to implement the ecological system around the city through public parks, green surfaces that will include new attractions and landmarks.

Focusing on Porta Romana rail yard, it would be redefined as a new urban door for the city of Milan with a long-term sustainable solution.

With the aim to promote the permeability of the area and to allow a better connection between the modern and the contemporary cities, the railway has been moved underground.

In this way, the public open spaces inside the project area are 'designed for all': by looking at barrier-free accessiblity for people, this

solution garantee a safe use of the space for people of all ages.

Thanks to the particular shape of the site, the diagonal axes comes from the urban morphology. The purpose is to put in relation the existing landmarks of the area such as Piazzale Lodi, Fondazione Prada, Magazini Generali and the Bocconi University. This path, goes through all the project leaving a strong sign and having an impact also on the architectural design.

The disposition of the buldings comes from the construction of an urban matrix based on a north-south direction. Therefore, the buildings are placed in relation with the rhythm of the existing context in order to better integrate our intervention with the consolidated urban fabrics.

Some buildings forms groups that are related to each other by an enclosure system. In it, the green areas are placed in the north side while blue surfaces in the south facing Parco Agricolo Sud providing a phytodepuration system.

Others are urban devices, on both ends of the site, facing the main nodes and connections that pretend to be the new gates for our project area. Consequently, dealing with such a current and discussed topic of the redevelopment of the railway yards, in this case of Porta Romana, it is necessary to take a look not only at the architectural dimension but also at the urban and infrastructural one.

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THE STRATEGY

1.1 GREEN BELT AND SPINE PROPOSAL BETWEEN GEOGRAPHY AND GEOMETRY The medieval and spanish walls define a circular growth of the city of Milan along the different periods. The railway circle lines are perceived as the third walls that divides the dense area of the city from the green and agricultural areas, mainly on the south part.

Legend:

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Green surfaces Water surfaces Canals Railway system

Wallsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; traces Project area

THE STRATEGY

THE CIRCLE LINE The objective is to transform the circle line in an ecological connection that will join the green and blue surfaces inside the city centre with the suburbs. The railway system is, therefore, crossed by othogonal lines that represent possible green corridors, recalling the green rays proposal for Milan.

Legend:

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Green surfaces Water surfaces Canals Railway system Wallsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; traces

Urban and ecological connections

THE STRATEGY

ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM The project area is surrounded by walls that define tha entire block as a break element in the urban tissue. The green spine intersects the different perceived edges connecting green public areas of the modern and contemporary city. Also, a slow mobility system implement the link between the city and Parco Agricolo Sud.

Legend:

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Green surfaces

Perceived boundary

Water surfaces

Real boundary

Canals

Slow mobility system

Railway system Wallsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; traces

THE STRATEGY

1.2 PROJECT STRATEGY A diagonal path, shaped by the urban blocks, put in relation different landmarks already existing on the area. The position of the buildings define different public permeable areas: squares, green open spaces and smaller enclosures in-between the buildings. A blue layer is introduced on the southern part recalling Vettabbia canal.

Legend:

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Green surfaces

Morphology

Water surfaces

Permeability

Canals

Connections

Railway system

Reference lines

Wallsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; traces / edges

THE STRATEGY

ill. 102 - Permeability of the site

ill. 103 - Urban matrix

1.3 RELATIONSHIP WITH THE SOURROUNGINGS Permeability is a design criterion for our project area. As regards the permeability, currently, the site is completely inaccessible, so we analyzed the main nodes and connections.

The area will be provided with pedestrian paths that connect different areas of the city as well as and public open spaces of the site.

The project will act as a sewing that connects the modern and the contemporary city through the construction of an urban matrix based on a north- south connection.

The buildings would be placed in relation with the rhythm of the existing context in order to integrate our intervention.

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THE STRATEGY

ill. 104 - Green density

ill. 105 - Biodiversity in Porta Romana rail yard

1.4 GREEN DENSITY According to an investigation of the biodiversity of the site made by WWF we can see which are the main species currently present on the area and how the vegetation is distributed depending on the public or private use of the space. In our proposal, we want to respect the local species and add new ones as well. The vegetation is

arranged according to green density, which consists on an orthogonal grid simplifying the plantation of the trees and their maintenance on the piazzas and a more flexible arrangement of the vegetation on the bigger open spaces.

This green layer will also spread towards the surroundings of the city and boulevards.

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THE STRATEGY

2022 GREEN RAILWAY SYSTEM

2030 STUDENT HOUSING

Green and blue ecological belt

Buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s connections through common and green spaces

Promote permeability

2026 MILAN-CORTINA OLYMPIC GAMES VILLAGE

Green and cycling paths

Multilayer city - buildings ill. 112

1.5 PROJECT TIMELINE

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D2

THE PROPOSAL The aim of our proposal is to transform and requalify Porta Romana rail yard as the new urban door for the city of Milan. For this reason, the railway has been placed on the underground level allowing to have a more permeable space.

Two new train stations are located on the extremes of the site, they are a urban device that enables to connect the buildings to the existing height of the flyover bridge through a platform.

Public spaces are arranged according to three different types. Firstly, two public squares are introduced as the new gates for the train station buildings. A second open spaces are the green rooms composed by different paths that limits various chambers all around the area. Last, the enclosures located between the buildings that define smaller and semi-public spaces.

Permeability is ensured on the site by raising the buildings to a higher level, giving north-south engravings under the building's footprint while the main east-west paths are kept at ground level.

The multilayer city concept is developed to merge public and private activities on different levels in order to reach a constant use of the facilities of the buildings during the whole day contributing to reduce the pollution generated by the mobility. Public, common and private spaces are integrated to have an articulated system of different units, double heights that define a dynamic space, contrary to the

traditional horizontal organization model.

Patios, green terraces and green roofs are implemented in the building on different floors to let the green areas get inside. After the 2026 Olympic Games, suspended connections will put in relation the buildings, defining walkways that are used as a public space. This elements can be doubled or linked together to increase shared spaces and to promote socialization. The structure consist of a steel truss beam module coverd partially with green climbing plants.

Regarding the external composition of the building, the faรงades have a second skill that wraps the entire structure,including the walkways, like the EDP Headquarters by the architect Aires Mateus whereas the structure will be prefabricated in steel and concrete.

For the public areas, the ecological and sustainable approach is introduced by a phytodepuration system that is oriented towards Vettabbia canal on the south, in order to guarantee the availability of recycled water having a wise use of the resources.

This proposal gives a new identity to Porta Romana rail yard, a former transition space, that limit and separate. Not only the area become a inhabited space, generators of freedom and quality but our buildings also involve the city and its functions, building complex and differentiated programs as platforms for everyday life. This means designing new pieces of the city.

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2.1 MASTERPLAN

GROUND FLOOR

GROUND FLOOR

THE PROPOSAL

2.2 A NEW SPACE OF RELATION GROUND FLOOR PLAN

The enclosure buildings define a semi-public space, with a northern green and a southern blue presence. This spaces, due to its inbetween nature is felt as a more intimate space.

Connected through a diagonal path, the larger green areas are designed with a structured

geometry composed by walkways parallel to the buildings. The areas generated by this paths give the impression of green rooms, each of them with vegetation of different qualities and characteristics, having a wide area full of patterns and colors.

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THE PROPOSAL

ROOFTOP LEVEL This proposal shows how the buildings will be implemented after the Olympic Games.

Besides the building works as a unit itself, it also belongs to a bigger system by a proximity relation with the other. By connecting them, a public space is suspended in the air in the shape of walkways that are green and common spaces

that emphasizing our concept of multilayer city.

These connections define a path able to give access to different shared or public spaces and to allow movements between one floor to another. The walkways consist of a truss beam module partally coved by the same skin of the buildings' facades.

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URBAN SECTIONS

URBAN SECTIONS

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- 131 -

2.3 ARCHITECTURAL PROJECT - SECTIONS - 132 -

- 133 -

FOCUS ON A BUILDING SYSTEM

- 134 -

- 135 -

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

- 136 -

THE PROPOSAL

SINGLE BEDROOM WITH SHARED BATHROOM Dimension = 16.5 m2

TWO-ROOMS APARTMENT Dimension = 33 m2

DUPLEX APARTMENT Dimension = 120 m2

TYPOLOGIES The interior of the building is arranged by the combination of modules of different typologies.

Two of these typologies are defined as more flexible, thanks to the possibility of evolving one into the other. They both consist on a fixed core of services but, in the first, the bathroom is shared and with a private room. The shared

kitchen and common areas complete the needs of the hosting unit. The second typology is an individual private apartment, and last, a duplex apartment that proposes a shared typology for a maximum of six people. It is developed in two different floors with the main services on the lower level and rooms in the upper level.

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THE PROPOSAL

MULTILAYER BUILDING

THE PROPOSAL

2.4 DETAIL - FACADE SYSTEM

- 140 -

- 141 -

THE PROPOSAL

*Sistema Nazionale per la Protezione dell’Ambiente “Guida tecnica per la progettazione e gestione di sistemi di fitodepurazione per il trattamento delle acque reflue urbane”

2.5 LANDSCAPE DETAILS FREE WATER SYSTEM

Taking into account the environmental impact and the sustainability design criteria, a rainwater harvesting system is integrated into the proposal. The rainwater will be storaged in tanks and pumped into the canals where it will be phytodepurated. When it reaches a defined

level the principle of communicating vessels will push it inside the cistern that will bring water to the buildings for different uses. In this way, we can guarantee the availability of recycled water for plants, cleaning, flushing toilets and for laundry having a wise use of the resources.

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THE PROPOSAL

Tree line provide shadow to the path

Tall vegetation Free circulation

Herbs and flowers help relax

Vegetation influencing view and smell

Water canals for phytodepuration

Main plaza with regular tree plantation

VEGETATION CRITERIA The vegetation is considered as an architectural element that allows a better configuration of the outdoor public space. One element is the tree that is disposed on open areas: squares, open space and enclosure. Their aim is to provide shadows for sitting areas, the disposition follows a strict grid which tends to be mainly

vertical to follow the design of the buildings.

The herbs and aromatic herbs can be found on the open spaces green rooms and enclosures.

Last, the water plants are located in the canals, giving a particular environment to the enclosure and providing a phytodepuration system.

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THE PROPOSAL

WATER PLANTS

HERBS & AROMATIC PLANTS

Cyperus Alternifolius

Nymphaea alba

Sagina subulata

Santolina

Typha latifolia

Thelypteris palustris

Scabiosa ‘Butterfly blue’

Dracocephalum

Phragmites Australis

Anacamptis palustris

Scabiosa caucasica

Armeria caespitosa

Carex acutiformis

Hibiscus palustris

Aster amellus

Echinacea angustifolia

Sparganium erectum

Achillea Millefoglie

Erigeron karvinskianus

Helianthemum

Iris pseudacorus

Potamogeton crispus

Thymus vulgaris

Iberis semperflorens

Juncus effusus

Pontederia codarda

Lavandula stoechas

Asclepias tuberosa

Salvia officinalis

Calendula officinalis

Pistia stratiotes

TREES

SHRUBS Ceanothus arboreus

Tilia codarda

Corylus avellana

Physostegia virginiana

Populus linnaeus

Magnolia

Perovskia atriplicifolia

Fraxinus excelsior

Quercus

Lespedeza thunbergii

Acer campestre

Juglans nigra

Lupinus ‘Noble maiden’

Acer rubrum

Fagus

Pensteman digitalis

Alnus glutinosa

Robinia pseudoacacia

Liriope muscari

Betula Pendula

Platanus occidentalis

Teucrium hyrcanicum

Carpinus betulus

Prunus spinosa

TYPES OF VEGETATION The types of trees that are natives of the Po-valley regions, some of these species were already identified in Porta Romana rail yard, others will be implemented. As before mentioned, the water plants will be located on the linear canals. These plants present in the 'Parco Agricolo Sud' and have phytodepuration

properties. On the other hand, the herbs, aromatic species and shrubs will be placed inside of the building, on the enclosures and on the open spaces. In particular, they will define in the open space different green rooms with diverse qualities according to their characteristics and giving quality to the site.

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THE PROPOSAL

WINTER

SPRING

SUMMER

AUTUMN

CHROMATIC VARIATIONS The selection process that we made for the vegetation, also takes into account their life cycle. During the seasons the plants change their colours and qualities, they can grow flowers or loose leaves. For this reason, we made a color palette with 15 lines each one representing a type of shrub or herb to understand how they

change during seasons. This analysis will direct us towards a more harmonic disposition of the vegetation on the landscape project that will be evident mainly on the green rooms. These, are disposed along vertical axes delimited by pedestrian paths defining a pattern that makes reference to the linearity of the building.

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2.6 DETAIL - PHYTODEPURATION SYSTEM

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THE PROPOSAL

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THE PROPOSAL

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THE PROPOSAL

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THE PROPOSAL

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CONCLUSION An urban regeneration that involves the redevelopment of the former Porta Romana railway yards. A disused area thanks to whose transformation the city of Milan will define a new green and infrastructural hubs. As it has already been made in several metropolitan cities such as London, Barcelona and Bilbao regeneration of infrastructure areas are thought for a mediumlong term sustainable prospective caring about climate change and the environmental issues nowadays present. Our urban proposal, with a look towards the future, is to give a new gate for the city, to link the city inside the railway from the one outside. The Winter Olympic Games will drive towards a city that will have a reconnected urban tissue and, thanks to the new infrastructures and ecological corridors, a process of social regeneration will be made having as an end point a social mixture which will interact in the new centralities proposed.

The Games will bring an opportunity to rethink the city of Milan with a new perspective, considering not only the event itself but also how the city will remain after them. The railway line will be the green belt encouraging permeability and connectivity through slow mobility systems and public transportation.

Moreover, the desired typologies are meant to be flexible and able to adapt and transform in time having the possibility to be reused after the Games. The project will be developed in

different phases taking into account three steps: a first one will affect the perception of the boundaries of the city, a second will implement the area with open spaces and functional programme of the architectural typologies, and last, the temporary infrastructures will evolve into a more complex and interconnected design taking social regeneration as a target.

The building itself gives an answer to the current new ways of living by proposing different typologies oriented to the diverse user groups.

On the inside, we can live as a city inside of a city: common and public spaces are displaced in the building defining a new and innovative typology. The experimental project combines two different arrangements of floor plans. A 'ballatoio system' for public use gives a fluent circulation and allows to see the different views of the surrounding context. While a central linear corridor for private areas allows the inhabitants to have natural light and ventilation.

On a three-dimensional level the different types of floors are connected by voids, patios and double-height spaces. Besides the building works as a unit itself, it also belongs to a bigger system by a proximity relation with the other buildings.

A new type of public spaces suspended in the air in the shape of walkways is introduced. These common spaces for public uses promotes both social and green areas emphasizing the new concept of multilayer city.

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section

E

THE REFERENCES

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E1

BIBLIOGRAPHY CITY OF MILAN • Gaeta, L., Janin Rivolin, U. and Mazza, L., 2013. Governo Del Territorio E Pianificazione Spaziale.

Novara: CittàStudi.

• ANGELINI Ivo e AL., Prime stazioni a Milano, BBE Edizioni, Torino, 1987 • BELGIOJOSO A.B., MARESCOTTI L., Il passante ferroviario e la trasformazione di Milano, CLUP, Milano, 1986 • F. Oliva, L’urbanistica di Milano. Quel che resta dei piani urbanistici nella crescita e nella trasformazione della città, Hoepli, Milano, 2002 • G. De Finetti, Milano. Costruzione di una città, a cura di G. Cislaghi, M. De Benedetti e P. Marabelli, Editoriale Domus, Milano, 1954 (riedit by Hoepli, Milano, 2001) • PGT, 2019. Documento Di Piano. Milano 2030: Visione, Costruzione, Strategie, Spazi. Comune di Milano.

READING OF THE SITE • Lynch, K., 1960. The Image Of The City. 1st ed. The MIT Press.

CASE STUDIES • Machedon, E., Mulligan, J. and Alireza, Z., 2016. Scali Ferroviari A Milano. Rigenerazione Urbana: Casi-Studio. AECOM, pp.16-115.

• ARUP, 2016. Scali Ferroviari: Benchmarking Di Rigenerazioni Urbane Di Successo Su Aree Ferroviarie Dismesse, pp.36-104.

• 2012. Berardini, Andrew. “Michael Heizer’s Double Negative: A Journey to a Land Art Landmark.”

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• Stillmed.olympic.org. 2018. Olympic Summer Games Villages From Paris 1924 To Rio 2016. [pdf] Available at: <https://stillmed.olympic.org/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/ Factsheets-Reference-Documents/Games/Villages/Reference-document-Olympic-Summer-

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Games-Villages.pdf> • Stillmed.olympic.org. 2018. Olympic Winter Games Villages From Oslo 1952 To Pyeongchang 2018. [pdf] Available at: <https://stillmed.olympic.org/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/ Factsheets-Reference-Documents/Games/Villages/Reference-document-Olympic-WinterGames-Villages.pdf> • Scalimilano.vision. 2020. [pdf] Available at: <http://www.scalimilano.vision/wp-content/uploads /2016/12/Boeri.pdf> [Accessed 27 March 2020].

CLIMATE CHANGE • IPCC, 2014: Summary for policymakers. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts,Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1-32.

• IPCC, 2014: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change.

Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. • Judith Lean. Cycles and trends in solar irradiance and climate. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, vol. 1, January/February 2010, 111-122.

OLYMPIC GAMES • Fondazione Milano Cortina 2026., 2019. Candidatura Milano-Cortina 2026. CONI. Pdf available at:<https://www.milanocortina2026.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/CANDIDATURA_ Ita_31032019.pdf> [Accessed 29 March 2020].

A NEW WAY OF LIVING • Mazzoleni, P., 2011. Abitare La Densità. Macerata: Quodlibet.

• Pfeiffer, M., 1990. Yona Friedman. Cannes: Publ. de l’Ecole moderne française.

• Mosco Paolo. M., Triassi C., 2017, L’attualità dell’utopia, Viceversa, 6, p.10-13

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E2

SITOGRAPHY CITY OF MILAN • Storiadimilano.it. 2020. ::: Storia Di Milano ::: Binari E Stazioni A Milano. [online] Available at: <http://www.storiadimilano.it/citta/milanotecnica/ferrovie/ferrovia.htm> [Accessed 4 August 2020].

READING OF THE SITE AND TERRITORY • Arpalombardia.it. 2020. Agenzia Regionale Per La Protezione Dell'ambiente Della Lombardia. [online] Available at: <https://www.arpalombardia.it/Pages/ARPA_Home_Page.aspx> [Accessed 14 May 2020].

• Geoportale.comune.milano.it. 2020. Open Data | Geoportale SIT. [online] Available at: <https://geoportale.comune.milano.it/sit/open-data/> [Accessed 31 March 2020].

CLIMATE CHANGE • NASA 2020. Climate Change Adaptation And Mitigation. [online] Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet. Available at: <https://climate.nasa.gov/solutions/adaptation-mitigation/> [Accessed 21 May 2020].

• Shaftel, H., 2020. Overview: Weather, Global Warming And Climate Change. [online] Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet. Available at: <https://climate.nasa.gov/resources/globalwarming-vs-climate-change/> [Accessed 21 May 2020].

CASE STUDIES olympic Games • Queenelizabetholympicpark.co.uk. n.d. East Village | Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park. [online] Available at: <https://www.queenelizabetholympicpark.co.uk/the-park/homes-and-living/ current-homes/east-village> [Accessed 5 May 2020].

• Get Living. 2020. Property 1 EV - Get Living. [online] Available at: <https://www.getliving.com/find-

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SITOGRAPHY

• • •

•

•

a-home/east-village/1/property-1-ev/> [Accessed 5 May 2020] SiO (en). 2020. Sogn Student Village. [online] Available at: <https://www.sio.no/en/housing/ housing-overview/sogn-student-village> [Accessed 10 May 2020].

SiO (en). 2020. Ullevål Student Village. [online] Available at: <https://www.sio.no/en/housing/ housing-overview/ullev%C3%A5l-student-village> [Accessed 10 May 2020].

2020games.metro.tokyo.lg.jp. 2020. Olympic Village/ Paralympic Village Competition Venue Games Information 2020 Games Preparation Bureau Of Tokyo 2020 Olympic And Paralympic Games Preparation. [online] Available at: <https://www.2020games.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/eng/taikaijyunbi/ taikai/kaijyou/kaijyou_other_01/index.html> [Accessed 12 May 2020].

Kano, S., 2020. Village Plaza, The Gateway To The Athletes' Village Of The 2020 Tokyo Olympic And Paralympic Games, Is Unveiled To Media. [online] Olympicchannel.com. Available at: <https:// www.olympicchannel.com/en/stories/news/detail/tokyo-olympic-village-plaza/> [Accessed 12 May 2020].

Housingjapan.com. 2020. Tokyo's Olympic Venueshousing Japan | Housing Japan. [online] Available at: <https://housingjapan.com/blog/2020/07/tokyo-olympic-venues/> [Accessed 12 May 2020]. student housing

• Theplan.it. 2020. Lucien Cornil Student Residence - A+Architecture |The Plan. [online] Available at: <https://www.theplan.it/eng/architettura/lucien-cornil-student-residence> [Accessed 22 May 2020].

• ArchDaily. 2020. Lucien Cornil Student Residence / A+Architecture. [online] Available at: <https://www.archdaily.com/889353/lucien-cornil-student-residence-a-plus-architecture> [Accessed 22 May 2020].

• Domusweb.it. 2015. Student Housing. [online] Available at: <https://www.domusweb.it/en/ architecture/2015/12/02/dataae_and_harquitectes_student_housing_in_sant_cugat_del_ valles.html> [Accessed 29 May 2020].

• Frearson, A., 2020. Student Housing In St. Cugat By H Arquitectes And Dataae. [online] Dezeen. Available at: <https://www.dezeen.com/2013/02/05/student-housing-in-st-cugat-by-harquitectes-and-dataae/> [Accessed 29 May 2020].

• ArchDaily. 2020. Update: Student Housing In Sant Cugat Del Vallès / Dataae + HARQUITECTES. [online] Available at: <https://www.archdaily.com/396245/student-housing-in-sant-cugat-delvalles-dataae-harquitectes> [Accessed 28 May 2020].

• Atlasofplaces.com. 2020. Student Housing ETSAV By Dataae & HARQUITECTES (356AR) — Atlas Of Places. [online] Available at: <https://www.atlasofplaces.com/architecture/student-housingetsav/> [Accessed 28 May 2020].

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SITOGRAPHY

five visions • Abitare. 2020. Milan, Five Architects For The Rail Yards. [online] Available at: <https://www. abitare.it/en/habitat-en/urban-design-en/2017/05/21/milan-rail-yards-architects/> [Accessed 23 March 2020].

• Scali Milano. 2020. Le Visioni Dei 5 Team - Scali Milano. [online] Available at: <http://www. scalimilano.vision/visioni/> [Accessed 23 March2020].

• CZA. 2020. Seven Beautiful Orchards — CZA. [online] Available at: <http://www.zucchiarchitetti. com/projects/urban-design/ca109/> [Accessed 27 March 2020].

• Fssistemiurbani.it. 2020. I Team E Le 5 Visioni. [online] Available at: <http://www.fssistemiurbani. it/content/fssistemiurbani/it/scali-milano/il-workshop/i-team-e-le-5-visioni.html> [Accessed 25 March 2020].

• Fssistemiurbani.it. 2020. Ripensare Gli Scali Ferroviari Come Catalizzatori Di Vita Sostenibile. [online] Available at: <http://www.fssistemiurbani.it/content/fssistemiurbani/it/scali-milano/ il-workshop/i-team-e-le-5-visioni/ripensare-gli-scali-ferroviari-come-catalizzatori-di-vitasosten.html> [Accessed 29 March 2020].

• Mecanoo.nl. 2020. Scali Milano - Catalysts For Sustainable Living. [online] Available at: <https:// www.mecanoo.nl/Projects/project/196/Scali-Milano-Catalysts-for-sustainable-living?t=13> [Accessed 29 March 2020].

• Stefano Boeri Architetti. 2020. A Green River For Milan | Stefano Boeri Architetti. [online] Available at: <https://www.stefanoboeriarchitetti.net/en/project/a-green-river-for-milan/> [Accessed 27 March 2020].

• Zero.eu. 2020. Cino Zucchi. [online] Available at: <https://zero.eu/it/persone/cino-zucchi/> [Accessed 27 March 2020].

• I-mad.com. 2020. MAD. [online] Available at: <http://www.i-mad.com/press/mad-presentshistorical-future-milan-reborn-for-the-scali-milano-masterplan-during-milan-design-week/> [Accessed 29 March 2020].

• Miralles Tagliabue EMBT. 2020. Miracoli A Milano – Scali Milano | Miralles Tagliabue EMBT. [online] Available at: <http://www.mirallestagliabue.com/project/miracoli-a-milano-scalimilano/> [Accessed 29 March 2020].

urban park • ArchDaily. 2020. AD Classics: Parc Andre Citroen / Alain Provost. [online] Available at: <https:// www.archdaily.com/112685/ad-classics-parc-andre-citroen-alain-provost> [Accessed 18 June 2020].

• Bini, P., 2020. Urbanistica, Paesaggio E Territorio - Parc Andre Citroen. [online] Urbanistica.unipr.

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SITOGRAPHY

it. Available at: <http://www.urbanistica.unipr.it/?option=com_content&task=view&id=278> [Accessed 18 June 2020].

• Landezine.com. 2020. Central Park Public Domain By Turf Design Studio « Landscape Architecture Platform | Landezine. [online] Available at: <http://landezine.com/index.php/2019/11/centralpark-public-domain-by-turf-design-studio/> [Accessed 26 June 2020].

• Turf Design. 2020. Central Park Public Domain - Turf Design. [online] Available at: <http:// turfdesign.com/central-park-public-domain/> [Accessed 26 June 2020].

• Tvk.fr. 2020. Place De La République - TVK. [online] Available at: <http://www.tvk.fr/en/ architecture/place-de-la-republique-paris> [Accessed 5 July 2020].

architectural composition • Abitare. 2020. Gregotti Associati E L’università Della Calabria A Rende / Calzoni E Rosselli Abitare. [online] Available at: <https://www.abitare.it/it/blog-it/italian-architecture/2013/12/29/ gregotti-associati-e-luniversita-della-calabria-a-rende-calzoni-e-rosselli/> [Accessed 20 May 2020].

• Atlantearchitetture.beniculturali.it. 2020. Unical – Università Della Calabria – Atlante Architettura Contemporanea. [online] Available at: <https://www.atlantearchitetture.beniculturali.it/unicaluniversita-della-calabria/> [Accessed 20 May 2020].

• Urbannext.net. n.d. MFO Park: The North Zurich Parkscape | Urbannext. [online] Available at: <https://urbannext.net/mfo-park/> [Accessed 3 August 2020].

• Experience Festival, Torino, 2020. MFO Park: The North Zurich Parkscape – FULL | The Future Urban Legacy Lab. [online] Urbanlegacylab.net. Available at: <http://urbanlegacylab.net/mfopark/> [Accessed 4 August 2020].

• Zuerich.com. 2020. MFO-Park. [online] Available at: <https://www.zuerich.com/en/visit/ attractions/mfo-park> [Accessed 3 August 2020].

• Architecturalrecord.com. 2020. [online] Available at: <https://www.architecturalrecord.com/ articles/11802-edp-headquarters-by-aires-mateus> [Accessed 5 July 2020].

• Divisare. 2020. Manuel Aires Mateus, Juan Rodriguez · EDP Headquarters. [online] Available at:<https://divisare.com/projects/334876-manuel-aires-mateus-juan-rodriguez-edpheadquarters> [Accessed 5 July 2020].

land art • Govan, M., n.d. Dia Art Foundation - Exhibition Main: Michael Heizer. [online] Web.archive. org. Available at: <https://web.archive.org/web/20100405223946/http://www.diacenter.org/ exhibitions/introduction/83> [Accessed 24 June 2020].

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SITOGRAPHY

â&#x20AC;˘ Gagosian. 2020. Michael Heizer | Gagosian. [online] Available at: <https://gagosian.com/ artists/michael-heizer/> [Accessed 28 June 2020]. â&#x20AC;˘ Levitated Mass, 2., 2020. Levitated Mass, 2012 (World Press Review). [online] Obsart.blogspot. com. Available at: <https://obsart.blogspot.com/2012/01/levitated-mass-2012-world-pressreview.html> [Accessed 28 June 2020].

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E3

ILLUSTRATIONS SECTION A_THE AREA ill. 2, 4_ Gaeta, L., Janin Rivolin, U. and Mazza, L., 2013. Governo Del Territorio E Pianificazione Spaziale. Novara: CittàStudi. ill. 7_ 2020. Available at: <https://www.london.gov.uk/what-we-do/planning/london-plan/newlondon-plan/examination-public-draft-new-london-plan/news-about-london-plan-andassociated-london-plan-guidance> ill. 8-10, 12-22 ARUP, 2016. Scali Ferroviari: Benchmarking Di Rigenerazioni Urbane Di Successo Su Aree Ferroviarie Dismesse, pp.36-104. ill. 11_ Métropole du Grand Paris. 2020. Carte | Métropole Du Grand Paris. [online] Available at: <https://www.metropolegrandparis.fr/fr/carte-168> ill. 23-24_ Sprea Fotografia. 2020. Milano Fondazione Prada. Available at: <https://ilfotografo.it/ interviste/milano-dallalto/attachment/milano-fondazione-prada/> ill. 25-29_ Own illustrations of original from Arpalombardia.it, Regional Agency for Environmental Protection of Lombardy. ill. 30-43 Own illustrations

SECTION B_THE THEMES ill. 44-48_ Own illustrations ill. 49-51_ 2020. MAD. Available at: <http://www.i-mad.com/press/mad-presents-historical-futuremilan-reborn-for-the-scali-milano-masterplan-during-milan-design-week/> ill. 52-53_ CZA. 2020. Seven Beautiful Orchards — CZA. Available at: <http://www.zucchiarchitetti. com/projects/urban-design/ca109/> ill. 54-55_ Stefano Boeri Architetti. 2020. A Green River For Milan | Stefano Boeri Architetti.

Available at:<https://www.stefanoboeriarchitetti.net/en/project/a-green-river-for-milan/> ill. 56-58_ Mecanoo.nl. 2020. Scali Milano - Catalysts For Sustainable Living. Available at:

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ILLUSTRATIONS

<https://www.mecanoo.nl/Projects/project/196/Scali-Milano-Catalysts-for-sustainableliving?t=13> ill. 59-61_ Miralles Tagliabue EMBT. 2020. Miracoli A Milano | Miralles Tagliabue EMBT. Available at: <http://www.mirallestagliabue.com/project/miracoli-a-milano-scali-milano/> ill. 61-64_ Own illustrations ill. 65-66_ Queenelizabetholympicpark.co.uk. n.d. East Village | Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park.

Available at: <https://www.queenelizabetholympicpark.co.uk/the-park/homes-and-living/ current-homes/east-village> ill. 67-68_ Stillmed.olympic.org. Olympic Winter Games Villages From Oslo 1952 To Pyeongchang 2018. [pdf] ill. 69_ SiO (en). 2020. Sogn Student Village. [online] Available at: <https://www.sio.no/en/housing/

housing-overview/sogn-student-village> ill. 70-71_ Kano, S., 2020. Village Plaza, The Gateway To The Athletes' Village Of The 2020 Tokyo

Olympic And Paralympic Games, Is Unveiled To Media. Olympicchannel.com. Available at: <https://www.olympicchannel.com/en/stories/news/detail/tokyo-olympic-village-plaza/> ill. 72_ Housingjapan.com. 2020. Tokyo's Olympic Venues housing Japan. Available at: <https://

housingjapan.com/blog/2020/07/tokyo-olympic-venues/> [Accessed 12 May 2020]. ill. 73-74_ Theplan.it. 2020. Lucien Cornil Student Residence - A+Architecture |The Plan. Available at: <https://www.theplan.it/eng/architettura/lucien-cornil-student-residence> ill. 75-77_ ArchDaily. 2020. Student Housing In Sant Cugat Del Vallès / Dataae + Harquitectes.

Available at: <https://www.archdaily.com/396245/student-housing-in-sant-cugat-del-vallesdataae-harquitectes> ill. 78-80_ Own illustrations ill. 81-82_ ArchDaily. 2020. AD Classics: Parc Andre Citroen / Alain Provost. [online] Available at: <https://www.archdaily.com/112685/ad-classics-parc-andre-citroen-alain-provost> ill. 83-85_ Turf Design. 2020. Central Park Public Domain - Turf Design. [online] Available at: <http:// turfdesign.com/central-park-public-domain/> ill. 86-88_ Tvk.fr. 2020. Place De La République - TVK. [online] Available at: <http://www.tvk.fr/en/ architecture/place-de-la-republique-paris> ill. 89-91_ Abitare. 2020. Gregotti Associati e l’università Della Calabria / Calzoni E Rosselli Abitare. Available at: <https://www.abitare.it/it/blog-it/italian-architecture/2013/12/29/ gregotti-associati-e-luniversita-della-calabria-a-rende-calzoni-e-rosselli/> ill. 92-94_ Architecturalrecord.com. 2020. Available at: <https://www.architecturalrecord.com/

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ILLUSTRATIONS

articles/11802-edp-headquarters-by-aires-mateus> ill. 95-96_ Urbannext.net. n.d. MFO Park: The North Zurich Parkscape | Urbannext. Available at: <https://urbannext.net/mfo-park/> ill. 97_ Gagosian. 2020. Michael Heizer. Available at: <https://gagosian.com/artists/michaelheizer/> [Accessed 28 June 2020]. ill. 98_ Levitated Mass, 2., 2020. Levitated Mass, 2012 (World Press Review). Obsart.blogspot.com.

Available at: <https://obsart.blogspot.com/2012/01/levitated-mass-2012-world-pressreview.html> ill. 99-100_ Own illustrations ill. 106_ Pca-stream.com. 2020. Yona Friedman - Architecture For The Living â&#x20AC;˘ Articles. Available at: <https://www.pca-stream.com/en/articles/yona-friedman-architecture-for-the-living-122>

SECTION C_DESIGN PROCESS ill. 107-117_Own illustrations

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THESIS PROJECT Arianna Coppi - Ilaria Ghilardi - Candelaria Lanza Castelli