tengku INDA
qed DESIGN PORTFOLIO 4.2
“ If you are irritated by every rub, how will your mirror be polished? ” - Rumi
table of
CONTENTS [1]
National Trust PAVILION PART III Dunham Massey
[2] Self-evolving HOME
1KHOME Workshop
[3] Re:Birth OF MANCHESTER
d3 Housing Competition
[4]
How to Tackle CONSTRUCTION WASTE Technology Ecology
[ National Trust | Dunham Massey ] Spring 2014
NATIONAL TRUST PAVILION PART III
An design to build project, engaging real clients with real site challenges and financial supports.
introduction of
CONTENTS
This project is a continuation from Portfolio 4.1. As a recap, initially at the beginning, 30 proposals were presented and only 14 were selected. The development of the 14 designs were undertaken by groups working on 3-4 pavilions each - with the intent of developing the design and construction process. In my group, there were AFTERWAR (Inda), REST (Alan), SENTRY (Jeffris), and PEAK (Omer). Subject to the external review, 8 pavilions were then shortlisted to be built, excluding my proposal. At this stage of the project, the development of the 8 designs were undertaken by groups working on 2 pavilions each - with the intent of phasing the construction process - one more deliverable scheme matched with a more ambitious scheme. I have documented this process and presented it in a time-line scheme, emphasised by online discussions, pictures and illustrations of cartoons.
OCT 25
OCT 27
OCT 29
REST SHELL
[ALL]
delegated roles within group
Jim
[REST]
checked CNC cutter for constraints on production
[REST]
received email from National Trust, only 3 bed is required
initially, project management for the construction stage involved the distribution of work output to be undertaken by group members according to individual aptitudes. * see appendix for group work distribution
[REST]
contacted NT for preferred number of beds
this division of work encompassed 3 keys areas in the preconstruction period.Events throughout this period would imapct on the weighting of each area in the overall process.
[SHELL]
went to site measuring the winter garden
NOV 2
[ALL]
filming of kickstarter video
[ALL]
making of intro for the kickstarter video
[REST]
finished production video for kickstarter
NOV 3 REST SHELL
[ALL]
creating a website for both REST and SHELL linking to kickstarter
[ALL]
pledge discussion for kickstarter
[ALL]
trying to contact the press for recognition in sponsorship
[SHELL]
finishing the video
[ALL]
the making of kickstarter webpage
listing out potential sponsors and looking up how-to-getsponsorships videos
NOV 4
[SHELL]
finishing touches on the video and uploading to kickstarter
[ALL]
email from National Trust on site meeting
[REST] [SHELL]
configuration of materials
development construction
[ALL]
sponsorship letter format
REST SHELL
[ALL]
project report completion
[ALL]
changing of kickstarter name
[ALL]
composing email message for donation
[ALL]
potential sponsors list
[ALL]
emailing sponsors
[ALL]
finished website linking to kickstarter
[REST]
costing for rest and discussion of construction
[REST]
kickstarter goes live!
NOV 5 REST SHELL
[ALL]
meeting for cost and materials for both pavilions
[SHELL]
finding materials and sponsorship, listing out options
[ALL]
[REST]
listed down individually potential sponsors, handwritten the letter, pasted the stamps with complimentary tea bags and posted them
[SHELL]
construction development
meeting for cost and materials for both pavilions
[ALL]
sent letters to sponsorship but was stopped (sent anyways)
[REST]
[ALL]
assembly and construction configuration on site and off site
sponsorship dilemmas
[REST]
construction configuration
REST SHELL
[REST]
construction configuration off site + sponsorship letters dilemmas
[REST]
construction configuration on site
[REST]
construction configuration off site
[REST]
online discussion with Alan and Mohd on how to solve the construction of the spine for the REST pavilion
NOV 6
[SHELL]
construction pdf for review
[ALL]
went to Dunham Massey for a site visit to SHELL’s and REST site and measured the boundaries, etc.
[SHELL]
assembly configuration pdf
[REST]
feedback from tutors
[REST] [SHELL]
construction feedback
had a brief discussion with the National Trust on a few concerning construction and design problems
NOV 7
NOV 11
NOV 13
REST SHELL
[REST]
redevelopment of construction based on feedback from tutors
[REST]
added construction sequence in Kickstarter
[REST]
AUTOCAD development of drawings for CNC cutting
[REST]
feedback from kickstarter
[REST]
AUTOCAD development of drawings option 2 and 3
[REST]
AUTOCAD development drawings
[REST]
redevelopment of construction based on feedback from tutors
[REST]
working on construction developments based on tutor’s feedbacks and client’s preference into technical drawings for CNC cutting
REST SHELL
[REST]
making of the physical models prototypes of REST construction
The original structure is where strips of ground needs to be dug up and two timber joists acts as foundations. Then the 1m wide ‘ribs’ are secured onto the foundations with angle brackets. A metal rod is then threaded through the ribs to secure the bed horizontally.
In this version, the two joists are raised up 1 met posts on either side. This solves the pr width of the ribs are now shortened to 60 increased, which makes it more structurally
100mm above the ground, and rests on roblem of excess moisture damage. The 00mm. The height of the ribs have also y stable.
This version is similar to Prototype 2, except the two joists recedes into the ribs, which makes it more structurally stable.
[REST]
the result of all three prototypes
NOV 14
NOV 18
REST SHELL
[REST]
trying to ring up some CNC companies
[SHELL]
renamed SANCTUARY to SHELL, based on client’s preference
[REST]
alternate construction for the beds
[SHELL]
submitted kickstarter requirement
[REST]
redeveloping the drawings for CNC cutting
NOV 19
[ALL]
launched kickstarter. All is live!
[ALL]
kickstarter support
NOV 20
[ALL]
had a meeting with Steve discussing the pavilion construction methods and assembly methods
[REST]
working on construction developments based on tutor’s feedbacks and client’s preference into technical drawings for CNC cutting
[ALL]
everyone donates a minimum of 5 pounds to start the ball rolling and convince the public that it is a worthwhile project
[ALL]
conclusion of meeting with National Trust at Dunham Massey
REST SHELL
[REST]
finished drawing for CNC cutting
[ALL group
[REST]
re-uploaded drawings for CNC cutting
[REST]
the components to be sent to the CNC cutting
NOV 22
L]
dynamics spreadsheet
NOV 23
DEC 1
REST SHELL
[ALL]
group picture taken
[SHELL]
could not get hold of any suppliers or sponsorship for materials
Zlatina
Inda
Alan
Charlotte
Tan Chu
Tiffany
Mohd
Isobel
DEC 5
Fortify
DEC 9
DEC 10
Re-fabricate
[REST]
planning to buy varnish
[SHELL]
stopped construction of SHELL permanently due to technical issues, alongside with FORTIFY and REFABRICATE
[REST]
[REST]
ordered materials for REST
discussing the colour scheme for the beds
[REST]
reconstructing the detailing for the foundations
DEC 11
DEC 12
REST SHELL
[REST]
meeting with NT
[REST]
delay of materials from CNC company
[REST]
bought brackets for connection
DEC 14
DEC 16
DEC 17
[REST]
update on materials delivery
[REST]
delivery of materials
everyone is anxiously waiting for the arrival of the materials
[SHELL]
making physical model for portfolio, despite the fact that the pavilion would not be built
REST SHELL
[REST]
delivery of materials
[REST]
delivery of materials
[REST]
delivery of materials
DEC 18
DEC 20
[REST]
start constructing the beds with aid from Steve
[CHRISTMAS BREAK]
JAN 12
JAN 14
JAN 16
REST SHELL
[REST]
term starts, work commence
[SHELL]
collecting money to fund the model mockup. End of story.
[REST]
sanding + smoothening of ends + varnishing the ribs panels
[REST]
term starts, work commence
JAN 20
JAN 21
[REST]
dominic’s visit to the shed
JAN 22
[REST]
completion of varnishing the 3rd layer
[REST]
listing out other things to be completed before february
[REST]
did additional laser cutting for the end caps and nametag for the pavilion
JAN 25
JAN 27
REST
[REST]
paint job finishing unsatisfactory
[REST]
email from dominic
[REST]
material collection for the foundation of the beds
[REST]
ordering varnish/ tar for the foundation
JAN 28
JAN 29
[REST]
materials of varnish/ tar delivery
[REST] [REST]
plan of action for the following week
material and beds preperation
REST
[REST]
material and beds preperation
[REST]
site preperation
JAN 30
[REST]
transport preperation
[REST]
onsite installation
[ALL]
transport preperation
[REST]
missing nametag drama
[REST]
loading of pavilions into the delivery truck to bring to the site
[REST]
preparing the site for the pavilion’s installation
REST
Securing the beds onto the foundations
‘Resting’ onto one of the beds, testing their strength
Securing and tightening the ribs of the bed
Securing the beds onto the foundations
The sticks indicates where the foundations are to be hammered down
Hammering the foundations into the groun
ds
A very curious visitor asking about the project
Cleaning up the site after completion of installation
nd
Detailing of the end caps for the bars
Mohamed working hard on drilling the legs onto the foundations
JAN 31 REST
[REST]
completion of REST, PEAK and POPPY
Getting a ride while taking care of the panels in the tractor
View of the beds when laying down
Details of the ribs looking inwards
View of the 3 beds looking towards the main buiding
View of another bed framed by another bed
View of the main building looking towards the lake
View of the beds looking out from INTESTITIES, as how the colours seem to blend
View of the main building between the ribs
One of the National Trust member (Jess) taking a quick nap on one of the beds
FEB 4
FEB 5
REST
[REST]
awaiting feedback from National Trust
[REST]
Dominic and Jess testing out the beds
sore back and legs from carrying the beds to and fro, and sledgehammering the foundations into the ground. Finally ‘resting’ on an actual bed.
[REST]
feedback from National Trust
FEB 8
[REST]
made video of how-to-install-foundations-for-REST with footage from the site installation
external link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W5nJYivhPDg&feature=youtu.be
[ 1KHOME | MSA | WORKSHOP ] Spring 2014
SELF-EVOLVING HOME For our 1000 year house, instead of a building we are creating an environment, a bio-programmed habitat that shapes and develops as the person grows.
table of
CONTENTS 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10
brief 1KHOME group work a thousand years backwards development workflow individuality element automated homes concept homes design process digitilised home future development personal summary
brief 1KHOME “Due to our species increasing understanding of the effect our lifestyle has on the planet, we have the need to test our operations within a new ecological paradigm; in order to meet the expectation that our culture might evolve sustainably. The implication is that as designers we need to understand the `life of our buildings in time` is the fundamental basis of an ecology of manufacture, use, operation, adaptation, reuse and renewal.� Basing the research on the assumption that we must start from where we are, the aim was to create a rear-view timeline that would help for the development of a working concept for the future, where the resource demands and behaviour of those who use or occupy the buildings will be met without endangering that ability for future generations.
post render production
rendering
composition
LIN
]
images explainations descriptions
future development
final presentation sheets
final products
diagrams video diagram
1KH pro
DESPINA research
1000 - 1500 AD
timeline
diagrams
MICHAEL
research
1500 - 2000 AD
diagrams
production
group WORK
precedents diagramation
individuality
research
concept design
digitilisation main concept configuration
elements of concept
connections between the studies
BONNIE
symbiotic
process
concept
HOME oject
digitilised home
research
INDA
diagramation development concept workflow
images
presentation summary introduction explaination
KEN
Our team consisted of six people, two of each unit: QED (Inda; me and Bonnie), Re_map (Lin and Ken) and the Cypriots (Despina and Michaella). Judging by our individual strengths, knowledge of the other members’ working techniques and understanding of each other, we split into three teams of two, each from their respective units. We decided that given our time frame we would be most productive and wellsynchronized if we do not mix the different units. Thus Ken and Lin were working on the development of digital visualization and animation of the concept, Despina and Michaella were in charge of conceptional representation of our ideas through diagrams and imagery while Bonnie and I were in charge of the final conceptual images and diagrams as well as coordinating and editing the work into a coherent presentation.
a thousand years BACKWARDS In our thousand-year research we observed a trend of substitution, development and change of the idea of a good lifestyle, however, the basic requirements never changed. In fact they have become deeply engraved in our fundamental understanding of a home. That led us to the conclusion that taking them for granted has allowed us, as a race, to concentrate on “needs” like aesthetics, individuality and comfort. To determine our individual understanding of a house, we conducted a study on ourselves. We each had to give a definition of “what does a house need to do?” Our answers indicated that secondary needs, perceived needs like comfort, appearance, seclusion, individuality and social inclusion have become primary actors defining the shape, form, orientation and function of the modern home.
Therefore for our timeline we decided that we would concentrate on the development of and evolution of the human needs and their representation and reflection on the evolution of the house. With the timeline we aimed at creating a visual representation of the evolution of the house in the past thousand years, with the ambition to imagine what its thousand year’s future is going to be. Having established that it’s the secondary and perceived needs that drive us as consumers, we chose to focus on the development and translation of perceived needs into the built fabric over the past millennium. The timeline tracks the development of the house from tent to dwelling to settlement to blocks of flats, from one room to two-story building to a castle in relation to the alteration of needs. From our research we determined that the more secondary needs take precedent, the more space, comfort and personal space is desired for the day to day activities.
urbanisation
nomadism
contemporary house
essentials
juxtaposition community
adaptibility to change
bio prog
sense of belonging configuration basic needs
simplicity spacious
functional
synthesis
family
transformation
symbiotic relationship
prediction
futuristic
d
grammed habtat
digitized shelter unique
development WORKFLOW personal space capabilities representation
elements perceived comfort
perception
self-evolving house
individuality smart technology
Analysing our thousandyear research we realised that with time and technology people become more individualistic, develop a need for absolute control over their environment. With this in mind we looked into our ideas, perceptions and predictions of the future and came up with four main outlines for the house of the next millennium: 1. it will be responsive to the user and the external environment; 2. digitized; 3. with the ability to transform itself to suit the individuality of its occupants; 4. user-friendly and simple to operate.
individuality ELEMENT Individuality is the unique understanding, perception and representation of us. While composing the timeline we noticed that with the evolution of society’s needs, desires and capabilities, we as individuals required more and more space for contemplation, temporary seclusion and privacy. Thus, introducing the concept of individuality and personalization of space. What the diagrams represent is the observed evolution of the concept for personal space and how that concept changes in relation to our individual situations. The images depict how our personal space interacts with the world when we are alone, among people or with family. How it expands and contracts depending on where we are, whom we are with and what we are doing. The diagrams aim to represent our observations on how the individual acts and interact on their own and among people and how their personalized space affects their relationship with the external environment.
The house of the past – different generations living together for warmth, comfort and security.
With the development of the house people started to realise that they prefer to have more space in between, a space that is their own.
Even though in a house the individuals’ spaces merge, in contemporary homes each individual requires some time by themselves and a personalised area where they can achieve that.
A design of a house that adapts to the changes that a person goes through. The dwelling will reflect the changes in people’s relationships flexible housing.
In contemporary society personal space is a key component for social comfort. Each person has their individual personal bubble.
As relationships progress and new lives are created, people start to require more and larger areas of space to accommodate them. Thus expanding further their “personal space“
When two people get together their mutual agreement allows them to share and expand their “personal space”.
The diagram represents the expansion of “personal space” when one is alone or when com-municating and establishing relationships with people.
The diagram represents our day to day interaction with society. How our “personal space” looks when we are alone and how it’s expanded and divided when we interact with others.
automated HOMES The future of the house, as presented by so many and various sources (films, books, video games, etc.), is very digital, highly automated and controlled. While ten years ago all the predictions of an automated home were purely fictional, now they are not only a possibility but on their way to becoming reality. An automated home is usually associated with a centralised control of lighting, heating, ventilation and air conditioning, appliances, security locks of doors and other systems, to provide better convenience, comfort, energy efficiency and security. The concept is through digitised systems and a common controller to provide an improved quality of life.
The Internet of Things (IoT)
Zero House
Universal Remote
More and more objects are becoming embedded with sensors and gaining the ability to communicate. The Internet of Things or IoT refers to the uniquely identifiable objects and their virtual representations in an Internet-like structure.
ZeroHouse is a Fully Automated House of the Future by architect firm Specht Harpman. It is a completely self-sufficient, comfortable and capable of existing on its own dwelling. It’s a small, prefabricated house that has the ability to operate independently from any grid or system. It has solar panels to provide for its energy and hot water demands, water collection and waste disposal systems that allow for the houses’ full portability and adaptability to any environment.
With the development of technology, we are looking for more and better ways to control our artificial interior environments (lighting, heating, ventilation, etc.). Devices have been created that would allow us to control all of our systems through one interface, one computer, one device. It may be connected through a computer network to allow control by a personal computer, and may allow remote access from the internet. Universal remotes strive to be more than just an amalgamation of different remotes; they aim at being confortable, user-friendly and adaptable. They aim at creating the responsive house environment that we need to live comfortably.
In most cases, information is lodged in databases and is completely virtual. However, with the advancement of technology, the physical world itself is becoming a type of information system. In IoT sensors and actuators are embedded in physical objects that are interconnected. Source: http://www.mckinsey.com/ insights/high_tech_telecoms_internet/ the_internet_of_things
Sources: http://zerohouse.net/wordpress/ how-it-works
Source: http://www.soundandvision.com/
connections between THE STUDIES
concept HOME Due to the high levels of individuality and seclusion we require on a daily basis, we developed a concept that would accommodate the person throughout their life’s journey. The reason why contemporary houses are not sustainable is mostly because they are not able to adapt to the changing needs of climate and society; constantly malfunctioning in one way or another and therefore constantly requiring modifications. While discussing our timeline, we realised that it was not the buildings themselves that became redundant but the change of human desires and perceived needs that deem them useless, unsustainable, and dysfunctional. For our project we took the concept of “personal space” and developed it into a digitized system that embodies it into the physical world. What we are suggesting is that instead of having robots serve us in the future, we are actually living inside the robot.
The individual person is a symbiotic relationship between user and space.
As bracelet and person are connected, they have a uniform experience of their surroundings.
Installation of a digital bracelet at birth, creating a bioprogrammed habitat that shapes the personal space
The bracelet could be activated and deactivated as according to the individual needs.
The individual is equipped with an individual ‘bubble space’ or force field that would develop and evolve alongside the person.
The field is accommodated with multiple synapses at its edges allowing it to interact with its surroundings.
The field the bracelet creates sets the individual apart allowing him control over who enters his personal space.
Individual sphere
Depending on the individual’s prevailing needs for the moment a specific synapse is activated that would then satisfy this need. When a person is hungry, for instance, a primary need synapse is activated that would transform the environment into one suitable for obtaining food.
For our 1000 year house, instead of a building we are creating an environment, a bio-programmed habitat that shapes and develops as the person grows. Balancing on the idea we created a concept that would accommodate all of the above. By the installation of a digital bracelet at birth each individual will be equipped with an individual ‘bubble space’ that would develop and evolve alongside the person. The idea is to create a symbiotic relationship between user and space. By providing the user with a self-evolving system that can predict their wants and needs we allow for a home that is always there.
interaction between individuals
Interaction with other people would occur on a similar basis. And when a family is created the individual spaces of each individual merge to create a larger space for inhabiting.
external link to video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sdxF2wRIB1I&feature=youtu.be
design PROCESS
For the development of our future housing concept we focused on five key points on which to research: contemporary predictions for the future, digitalization, individualism, symbiosis, adaptability. We researched and analysed each of them arriving at the conclusion that the home of the future should improve the perceived comfort, has high levels of technoligization, provide with individual space and incorporate smart technology. This led to the concept of the self-evolving house.
digitilised HOME In society today, there is an imbalance between the individual and society. The individuality of a person is as important as the society and has the right to choose their relationships. People move continuously in and out of the home, therefore the house is self-evolving and adapts to the changes that a family goes through. The houses reflect the changes in people’s relationships and individualism. The use of space filling force field surrounding the individual is used for the individual units. So these forms will create an order and will also easily allow free and flexible movement. Each units can be attached to others through assimilation and integration forming different spaces through relationships. Each unit has a specific function and there are some individual spaces designed for specific interests.
SLEEPING BATH KITCHEN WORK LIVING
INDIVIDUAL SPACES: A space for 1 person or a space for 1 function. The force field enveloping the individual creates a space for a function to be created. The individual spaces differ from one individual to another, based on their needs and the function of that space. The sizes of the field also differ from the personal bubble space required from the individuals.
HOME: The individual spaces can be combined to create the family of space, or in other words home. The different functional spaces are combined, making out the different areas of the houses. As for example, the sleeping space will be connected to the bath space which is then connected to the central living space, connecting both the kitchen and work space too.
The indivi also be combined space, regardless occupying that s private space is whereas the more is to be bigger to stim between othe
idual space can to create a larger of what function space. The more to be smaller social able space mulate interaction er individuals.
COMMUNITY SPACE: The family homes can be combined to create a community. Each home can be attached to others through assimilation and integration forming different spaces through relationships. The connectivity between the homes depends on the relationship between one occupants and the other.
The design of the community spaces is based off the building block structure whereby they continuously change but keep their function and order constant. They are made up of a string of molecules that are bonded together.
before transfiguration
after transfiguration
COMMUNITY SPACES CAN BE FLEXIBLE: Individual spaces can move from one community to another depending on their function and needs of that individual. If one individual is not satisfied with the community they are at, they can simply shift to another place which suits their relationship, and integrate with another community. They could even remove themselves from the community and build a whole new community of their own.
The individual space for one person is space enough for one function. In a home the individual spaces can be combined to create the family space and family homes can be combined to create a community. The idea is that individual cells of function can be combined, altered and rearranged in order to create a more useful and sustainable space. Thus creating a communal space that can be flexible while individual spaces can move from one community to another.
future DEVELOPMENT With our concept we developed the idea of a personalised environment that would adapt and transform itself in relation to its owner’s requirements, desires and needs. The concept suggests that the self-evolving house would anticipate and accommodate its users by providing them with the exact environment they want. In order to take the concept further we decided to concentrate on the key issues of: 1.adaptability; 2.space responsivity; 3. userfriendly environment; 4. interaction between community and individual space; 5.personalisation of space; 6.an almost universal system that could be replicated in different locations.
personal SUMMARY For this project we were required to collaborate with the students of Re_map and University of Nicosia, Cyprus. Our tasks were to devide into teams of six and revise the ‘development’ of the human habitat at a conceptual level. Despite everyone’s good intentions our team’s dynamic was often disrupted and nonfunctional. Due to the vast difference in approaches of the Re_map team and the students from Nicosia, Bonnie and I had to act as both buffers and mediators between the sudden outbursts of emotions and misunderstandings. Therefore it was up to us to take charge of the project and reel them into a productive direction. We managed to come up with an appealing concept for all members, divided the workload between ourselves and told everybody what needed to be done.
[ d3 COMPETITION | MSA | COMPETITION ] Spring 2014
RE:BIRTH MANCHESTER What if affordability isn’t less, but more?
table of
CONTENTS 1.0 Main Issue 1.1 Site Study 1.1.1 Introduction of housing scenario in Hulme 1.1.2 Cultural Facilities for Urban Development 1.1.3 Breakdown of Occupants in Hulme
1.2 Housing Makeover 1.2.1 Introduction
1.2.2 Layers of Change
2.0 Urban Strategy 2.1 Site Analysis 2.1.1 Site Mapping & Land Use Zoning 2.1.2 Site Conditions
2.2 Massing: Building Schemes 3.0 Flexibility 3.1 Why Do Residents Chose to Live There? 3.2 Precedents 3.2.1 Tom Kundig 3.2.2 Live/ Work/ Home
3.3 Affordability: Flexibility 3.3.1 Introduction
3.3.2 Unit Design Moving Components
4.0 Sustainable Energy 4.1 Energy and the City 4.2 Renewable Energy 4.2.1 Solar Energy 4.2.2 Biomass Energy 4.2.3 Rainwater Collection
5.0 Materiality 5.1 Revolutionary Wood Technology 5.2 Precedent 5.2.1 METLA
5.2.2 Paul Chevallier School
Zero Carbon Materiality
5.3
5.3.1 Construction 5.3.2 Prefab Straw Bale Wall
6.0
Food Agriculture
7.0 Future Development 7.1 What Do the Residents Really Want for the Future Living? 7.2 Sustainable Development 8.0 Final Product 9.0 d3 Competition Sheets 10.0 Personal Summary
main ISSUE
Introduction of Housing Scenario in Hulme
1.1 Site Study
As in many other older industrial cities in Britain, there has been, in the city of Manchester since the 1960’s, a massive population loss generated by the process of decentralization. In Manchester, the city’s population fell sharply from 661,000 in 1961 to 450,000 in 185, a reduction of over 30%. The reasons for the massive population loss were manufacturing decay and a policy of re-housing outside the municipal boundary. (McCrone 1991)
1.1.1 Introduction of housing scenario in Hulme 1.1.2 Cultural Facilities for Urban Development 1.1.3 Breakdown of Occupants in Hulme
center and on the edge of the city center. Particularly, substantial numbers of housing units were built or renovated in regenerated areas, with Hulme in Manchester, in particular. Hulme was one of the areas that had suffered from large-scale high-rise housing schemes that had become social and architectural disasters. In the early 1990’s, new urban regeneration projects (e.g. Hulme Regeneration Project) were set up for regenerating these areas. Mixed estates, privates and social housing, were built to sell or rent at an affordable price for both the local residents and people from the outside, but extenants were only eligible for social housing.
From the mid-1980s, the population loss in both cities actually gained a considerable number of residents as housing schemes were built, or used warehouse and office buildings were adapted for residential use in the city
city ce
city ce
Hulme’s growth in many ways was a “victim of its’ own success”, with hastily built, low-quality housing interspersed with the myriad smoking chimneys of the mills and the railway, resulting in an extremely low quality of life for residents.
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city ce
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1900s
ntre
ntre
ntre
city ce
With the provision of new housing in inner city areas, Manchester resumed the transformation of their older industrial images through the use of cultural upgrading policy. This involved a rejection of negative images of the past, and the reworking of positive elements of local heritage to construct an image of a new postmodern, consumption-oriented city, and which in turn could generate the improvement of the overall social and economic life in the cities. (Council 1992)
1930s
Hulme was located as one of the residential area for the people. However Hulme suffered from a large scale high rise housing scheme. It became a social and architecture disaster.
1990s
Urban regeneration projects were set up, comprising of mixed estates, private and social housing. Cultural industries model mixed use developments and cultural district, creating an affordable housing scheme.
2010s
Due to climate change, the summer becomes hotter while winter becomes colder. This causes the increase usage of cooling and heating appliances which also increases the carbon release into the environment. However, there are still people living there.
HULME
Image 1.0: Manchester Shown in the Map of UK
Image 1.1: Hulme Shown in the Map of Manchester
main ISSUE
Introduction of Housing Scenario in Hulme
1.1 Site Study
However, temperatures in the UK have been rising since, and given the levels of greenhouse gas already in the atmosphere, further warming is inevitable over the next three decades or so. Conversely, studies suggest that the UK could experience warmer and drier summers in the future. This could mean increased risk of draught and extreme events such as the 2003 heat wave could be the norm by the end of this century. The UK could also face threats to its water security and supply. Declining summer river flows, refused groundwater replenishment and increased evaporation could all contribute to water loss, which could result in water shortages and restrictions on usage. It also includes the increase we might see in the cost of living as food and fuel prices rise.
1.1.1 Introduction of housing scenario in Hulme 1.1.2 Cultural Facilities for Urban Development 1.1.3 Breakdown of Occupants in Hulme
Furthermore, the houses in Hulme were not initially designed to adapt to this severe climate change. This causes the increase usage of cooling and heating appliances which also increases the carbon release into the environment, which add on to the vicious cycle of the greenhouses gases. All these factors not only contribute to the sustainability factor of the environment and also financial issue for the occupants of the area. In the long run, the houses which they live will not be as ‘affordable’ as they will be in the next decade.
1951 - 60 dwellings/ ha.
1980
Victorian terraces incorporating a mixture of uses
Image 1.3: The Transformation of Hulme Against Time (http://mbla.net/projects/hulme-masterplan/)
This illustrations shows the redevelopment by pendulum swing, successive maps of the built form of Hulme shows:
‘’ Our built environment
1991 - 14 dwellings/ ha.
2000 - 35 dwellings/ ha.
1960’s system built housing floating in barren waste
a proposed return of terraced streets with a mix of uses
is vital in the fight against climate change. About 45% of CO2 emissions in the UK come from energy used in our homes and buildings. We need to almost completely decarbonise our built environment by 2050, through a combination of very high energy efficiency of buildings, on-site renewable energy, community scale renewables and de-carbonisation of the grid. ‘’ (UK Green Building Council, 2002)
main ISSUE
Cultural Facilities for Urban Development
1.1 Site Study
Although the provision of decent housing is one of the main fact that has attracted new residents, another important initiatives is the process of cultural upgrading policy in the cities. Culture-led urban regenerations have led to a rejection of older industrial images of the cities, and the establishment of a more positive image that attracts people to live in the cities. Hulme are existing residential areas and usually referred to as ‘inner city areas’, as the location of the areas is outside the Central Business District (CBD).
1.1.1 Introduction of housing scenario in Hulme 1.1.2 Cultural Facilities for Urban Development 1.1.3 Breakdown of
Since 1960s there has been official recognition of the existence of an inner city
problem, expressed in the existence of central government inner city policies (Lawless 1989). The concept of an inner city problem suggest a concentration of deprived or disadvantaged people in inner city residential areas, and that inner city policies will in some way attempt to solve the problems of these people (Atkinson and Moon 1994). In line with the general direction of policy change, housing policies in the inner city have been greatly affected by the reduction in the role of the public sector. In particular, it has no longer been possible for local authorities themselves to undertake large-scale schemes
Occupants in Hulme Image 1.4: A panorama of Hulme, looking northwards towards Manchester city centre. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulme)
of house-building and renewal in inner cities. Instead of the public sector, a combination of land and financial subsidies has been used to entice private house-builders to inner areas. (Atkinson and Moon 1994)
Image 1.5: Demolition in Hulme (http://www.aidan.co.uk/)
Image 1.6: Hulme during the late 1960s (http://www.exhulme.co.uk/)
main ISSUE
Cultural Facilities for Urban Development
1.1 Site Study
With the development of new private housing schemes, city authorities have also undertaken new urban development strategies through the provision of cultural facilities (e.g. concert halls, museums, art galleries, convention centers, theatres, etc.) in their cities. By using cultural strategies, city authorities, particularly older industrial cities, tended to emphasise the positive elements of cities and to re-image their poor reputation. Urban re-imaging was closely interconnected with flagship property development to launch the new urban vision. Cultural strategies were drawn into this process of re-imaging (Bianchini, Dawson and Evans 1992). Although many British cities have undertaken the process, they have used culture-related initiatives in several different ways to remodel their city’s image.
1.1.1 Introduction of housing scenario in Hulme 1.1.2 Cultural Facilities for Urban Development 1.1.3 Breakdown of Occupants in Hulme
The latter emphasis the benefit of physical changes that attract people to come to town after work. This involves the multiple effects of office uses, shops, restaurants and cultural facilities in mixed-used developments and cultural districts. The integration model is to promote civic identity that involves the revitalization of public social life and the revival of a sense of shared belonging to the city, which produces high expectations about the city life.
Image 1.7: Hulme in 1990 (http://mbla.net/projects/ hulme-masterplan/)
Image 1.9: Aerial view of Hulme in 1990 (http://www. exhulme.co.uk/)
Image 1.8: Hulme in 2011 (http://mbla.net/projects/ hulme-masterplan/)
Image 1.10: Aerial view of Hulme in 2011 (http://www. webbaviation.co.uk/)
main ISSUE
Breakdown of Occupants in Hulme
1.1 Site Study
In the central city areas, a large proportion have a small household (46% are one-person households and 79% are up to twoperson households. Moreover, large proportion of the respondents in the inner city area comes from outside the city limit (80% in the central city areas and 51% in the inner city areas) (Seo 2002). It clearly illustrates that large numbers of young people, who are from outside the city, live there.
1.1.1 Introduction of housing scenario in Hulme 1.1.2 Cultural Facilities for Urban Development 1.1.3 Breakdown of
Looking at occupation, 61% of respondents in the central city have professional and managerial occupations, compared to respondents in the inner city areas where only 42% have professional and managerial
occupations. 25% of respondents in the inner city areas are economically inactive (e.g. unemployed, retired, and sick or disabled). The survey found that most respondents who are economically inactive are those who live in social housing. The differences in occupational statues also reflect differences I household incomes. In the inner city areas, 8% of respondents have household incomes over ÂŁ35,000. At the bottom of the income scale, 27% of respondents in the inner city have household incomes under ÂŁ8000. Over 50% of respondents in the inner city areas who have low household incomes, however are social housing renters, whereas
only just over 1% have household incomes over ÂŁ35,000. The survey clearly showed that, overall, in areas of re-urbanisation there are a large number of young people who have a small household size and large proportion of residents, come from outside the cities. This finding indicates that the urban regeneration in the areas, especially in inner city areas, does not seem to alter economic conditions of social housing residents. The provision of new housing for the socially excluded is certainly not sufficient to change their long-term economic problems.
Occupants in Hulme
Image 1.11: Children in Hulme (http://www.exhulme.co.uk/)
Image 1.12: Council St party prior to the area being demolished 1960 (http://www.exhulme.co.uk/index.php)
main ISSUE
Housing Makeover: Introduction
1.2 Housing Makeover
By taking all those elements into consideration, it seems that sustainability seems to be the best solution which fits the context of the issue in Hulme. However, while looking through the possible ways of regeneration of Hulme, a few questions emerged with factors that stimulate the re-urbanisation of the area.
1.2.1 Introduction 1.2.2 Layers of Change
“What if we didn’t have to adapt our lifestyle to sustainability, but adjusted our sustainable designs to the way we want to live?”
What if sustainable living wasn’t about changing your lifestyle and slowing down?
“What if sustainable living wasn’t about changing your lifestyle and turning off the lights, turning up the heat and slowing down?”
“What if one block in Manchester becomes the affordable and sustainable model of UK?”
“What if ecology wasn’t about regression but about progress?”
For this question is further refined by this statement,
Therefore, it is from these questions that arise from the research that the main statement of my design came about.
“ECOLOGICAL initiatives will only prosper in the real world if they work as a viable economic model.”
What if ecology wasn’t about regression but about progress?
ECOLOGICAL initiatives will only prosper in the real word if they work as viable economic model.
????? !!!!!!!!! ?????
What if we didn’t have to adapt our lifestyle to sustainability, but adjusting our sustainable design to the way we want to live?
What if one block in Manchester becomes the affordable and sustainable model of UK?
Mass
=
URB STRAT
In order to achieve this goal, I have sub-divided my strategies into 6, namely: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Massing: Urban Strategy Affordability: Flexibility Zero Energy: Sustainably Energy Zero Carbon: Materiality Food Agriculture: Self-sustainable
From those strategies, I will develop my ideas and refine them alongside reinvestigating the current issues in Hulme with precedents to enhance and make a solid statement of my concept. Whereby, these strategies shall lead to a future development which is wanted and needed by the occupants of Hulme.
?
sing
Affordability
Zero carbon
Zero energy
Self-sustainable
BAN TEGY
FLEXIBILITY
MATERIALITY
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY
FOOD AGRICULTURE
=
=
=
=
=
[FUTURE DEVELOPMENT]
main ISSUE
Layers of Change
1.2 Housing Makeover
By referring to Frank Duffy and Steward Brand’s concept of ‘four S’s’, I’ve improvised the idea from an interior work in commercial buildings oriented, to a more revised, generalpurpose ‘six S’s’
1.2.1 Introduction 1.2.2 Layers of Change
[Site]
This is the geographical setting, the urban location and the legally defined lot, whose
boundaries and context outlast generations of ephemeral buildings.
[Structure]
The foundation and load-bearing elements are perilous and expensive to change, so people don’t. These are the building. Structural life ranges from 30 – 300 years.
[Skin]
Exterior surfaces now change every 20 years or so, to keep up with fashion or technology, or for wholesale repair. Recent focus on energy costs has led to re-engineered Skins that are ale airtight and better-insulated.
[Services]
These are tine working guts of a building: communications wiring, electrical wiring, plumbing, sprinkler system, HVAC (heating, ventilating, and air conditioning) and moving parts like elevators and escalators. They wear out or obsolesce every 7 – 15 years. Many buildings are demolished early if their outdated systems are too deeply embedded to replace easily.
[Space Plan]
The Interior layout where walls, ceilings, floors and doors go. Turbulent commercial space and change every 3 years or so.
[Stuffs]
Chairs, desks, phones, pictures, kitchen appliances, lamps; all the things that twitch around daily to monthly. Furniture is called mobilia in Italian for good reason.
This is a diagram of the frequency of change within a building according to Frank Dufy and Steward Brand. It is based on a 100 year timeline which reflects the age of Hulme that have re-generated many times since its construction. Site is the most permanent, structure may change twice in 100 years, and skin may change four times, services six, space-plan twelve, and stuff eighty times. Image 1.13: Diagram of the Frequency of Change within a Building (Steward B., 1994)
urban STRATEGY
Site Mapping and Land Use Zoning
2.1 Site Analysis
Hulme is mostly a residential neighborhood in Manchester. Commercial development is concentrated around Princess Road and connects to the ASDA district. The neighborhood is saturated with housing and empties during the day as people head to the city center for work while a few remains at the local stores to be hired for labor.
2.1.1 Site Mapping and Land Use Zoning 2.1.2 Site Conditions
“Is another expensive
residential building really what should be rebuilt in its place?�
Rehousing area border House Small blocks of flats Large blocks of flats Homes in neighbouring rehousing areas Site Location
urban STRATEGY
Site Conditions
2.1 Site Analysis
Due to the high amount of precipitation in Hulme on a yearly average, the water content is enough to cater for the crops and to be used and recycled for use of toilets.
2.1.2 Site Conditions
The min temperature per average is 3.3 degree whereas the max temperature per average is 15.7 degree. This means enough insulation is needed to prevent the cold into the building, and to minimise the usage of space heating appliance.
2.1.1 Site Mapping and Land Use Zoning
The average sunlight for the whole year would not be sufficient to provide energy for the whole block, but it would aid in providing the water heating system. The average wind speed also not sufficient to provide energy for the whole building. Furthermore, it would not be appropriate to place wind turbines in an urban area due to tall buildings breaking the speed of the wind. The high humidity content in the air requires proper treatment for the materials selection and structure. A good ventilation system is also required to properly ventilate and provide a comfortable environment for the occupant. Figure 1.14: Climate chart of Hulme
8 am, June
12 noon, June
4 pm, June
8 am, December
12 noon, December
4 pm, December
urban STRATEGY
Massing: Building Schemes
2.2 Massing: Building Schemes
These sketches and diagrams show the process of the initial building design. First was to establish the importance of the site. The footprints of the existing structures were taken into consideration at the beginning of the design. The grid of the building was adjusted to correspond with Oxford Street. The most often quoted constraints in cities are noise and air pollution. Both these factors frequently result in the adoption of air conditioning. The strategy used to limit the need for air-conditioning is by allowing the building to be naturally ventilated from a quiet and clean courtyard. This allows the servicing of the blocks to go some way towards limiting energy use whilst maintaining the potential for future adaptation to full natural ventilation. The maximum number of floors installed into the design is 4, because any additional floors added onto the 4th floor increase the static and vertical load by 50%, but the dynamic or horizontal forces due to the wind double. By maintaining the height of a maximum 4 storey height, this also allows cost efficiency as no lift is required which benefits on the maintenance cost of the building. The south block is pushed downwards allowing more sunlight to penetrate through the courtyards, maximizing the sunlight exposure. The courtyard also acts as a cooling space during summer, allowing hot air to rise, with the aid of vegetation.
Using a shallow plan building form, it enables natural ventilation and daylight penetration. The building envelope: floor areas ratio is decreased, and the availability of daylight and sunlight to the interior is increased. The energy implications of conventional extensions are a decrease in both the heating and lighting loads. Typical plan depths for naturally ventilated
and daylit buildings are 12 – 15m. The block is connected with an internal connection, and also a crosswalk cutting through the courtyard. North and South grid connections are established through a breezeway from a southern opening. Building on the public side looks like it has slid out of private side to invite you in.
[1. Initial footprint]
[2. Block up]
The initial residential block of the previous development.
The whole lot is blocked up and raised by a meter high to increase privacy for those living on the ground floor and also to reduce direct noise from entering the block.
IS
S OA
3x
OASIS
CITY
x
[3. Internal courtyard]
An internal courtyard is punctured into the block, as it creates an oasis for the inhabitants from the outside environment of the city. It also creates a private garden which enhances the ecological system of the block.
[4. Maximising sunlight exposure]
The south most blocks is pushed down, allowing more sunlight to enter the courtyard especially during the winter when the sun is lower than normal. This also maximizes the surface area in contact with direct sunlight. cold air
hot air
[5. Entrance axis]
An entrance axis is punctured through the block, allowing physical accessibility for public to pass through. There is also less disruption of visual accessibility.
[6. Void space]
Void space is created where the staircase will be. This also ease the cross ventilation of the block, allowing hot air to rise during summer.
flexibiLITY
Why Do Residents Choose to Live Here?
3.1 Why do residents choose to live here?
It is important to know what people look for in an ideal place to live and where people can some closest to finding a place with these desirable characteristics. City living has many attractions, including easy access to modern shopping facilities or proximity to leisure activities, such as cinemas and theatres. Unfortunately, however, city living is also associated with negative features, e.g. higher levels of pollution, burglary and a range of social tensions), which can take away from the quality of life. It is assumed that people may expect many different benefits from relocating their residence in a certain area before choosing it. A specially commissioned survey was
conducted by a national opinion poll company in 1987 (Findlay, Morris and Rogerson 1988) to establish the relative importance of different features of quality of life. However, according to the survey both employment and housing are not perceived as being amongst the most important aspects of quality of life. The city of Manchester was ranked 30th position out of 38. The authorities tended to provide cultural leisure facilities in the cities to attract high-income people to live there. However, the provision of cultural and leisure facilities in the cities seems to be less effective in attracting new residence in the Hulme area. Moreover, reasons for residence were found in this study to be very different from the factors
found by the national poll. (Seo 2002) The reasons given by the respondents are listed in the figure as shown. The most important reason given by the respondents in the inner city areas was ‘value for money’. It seems that the availability of affordable housing had considerable impact on the residential decision of the respondents in the inner city areas. However, types of tenure were also seen to be an important factor that divides reasons for residence in the areas, particularly respondents in the inner city areas. The differences in reasons for residence between types of tenure are inevitable because owner-occupiers chose to live there, but social housing renters were ‘chosen’ to live there. Owner-occupiers had
opportunities to consider beneficial factors before moving to the areas. For social housing renters, however, good housing with familyrelated factors might be only reasons that were relevant to them. One interesting finding from this study is that the factor that both city authorities considered as a catalyst for drawing in potential residents, namely ‘the availability of cultural and leisure facilities’ seems to be relatively ineffective in attracting new residents. Overall, the reason for residence to practical factor of their everyday life, ‘value for money’, is an important feature of their living in or near the city center.
Image 3.0: Bentley House Estate residents protesting with placards against the parking arrangements on Hulme Street
flexibiLITY
Tom Kundig
3.2 Precedents
Tom Kundig designed apartments in Seattle, 1111 E. Pike which brought architectural diversity to the Pike/Pine neighborhood by serving as a modern counterpoint to nearby remodeled historic structures. The project was designed so that owners would be able to choose the exterior color of their unit from a pre-selected set, much like selecting your own car color.
3.2.1 Tom Kundig
3.2.2 Live/ Work/ Home
Simple materials and straightforward construction kept costs low, enabling people who work in the community to live there as well. Inside each unit, a custom-designed Puzzle Door allows owners to adapt their space as needed. The apartments have sliding walls that divide the bedroom from the living room. Known for his moving pieces a special request was made for a window wall that rotates open so easily that a child could do it.
3.2 Pre
3.2.1 Tom Kundig
3.2.2 Live/ Work/ Image 3.1: Sliding wall at 1111 E. Pike Mixed-Use
Image 3.3: Rotating
Image 3.2: Conceptual sketch of the sliding wall configuration
Image 3.4: View of
ecedents
g
/ Home
g window at Chicken Point Cabin
the rotating window from a bedroom
Image 3.5: The complex mechanism that alows easy access to the window
flexibiLITY
Live/ Work/ Home
3.2 Precedents
Today, the neighborhood faces high unemployment rates and lacks space for creative industry. Affordable housing alone does not respond to the needs of the neighborhood; its vitality as a community is a question of sustaining livelihoods and the social diversity.
3.2.1 Tom Kundig
3.2.2 Live/ Work/ Home
by Cook + Fox Architects
Live
The flexible home “seeds” the neighborhood with many different building types, driving a positive cycle of long-term investment. Essentially a small modern loft, the simple and flexible construction of Live Work Home—a column-free structure with sliding doors and mobile partitions—was designed to address a range of uses over time and allows for a lifetime of waste-free remodeling. It’s efficient and highly adaptable space enables it to change use with the needs of the community, making it socially, economically and environmentally sustainable. Flexible enough to accommodate a number of different uses, it has an open plan modeled after the Native American longhouse with the bathroom and kitchen determined by their connection to plumbing and other services. Other spaces can be reconfigured into bedrooms, offices, or a workshop.
Live/ Work
Image 3.6: Interior renderings of different interior uses
Work
Image 3.7: View of th
he interior
reverse side
Image 3.8: Diagrams on the flexibility of the space
flexibiLITY
Affordability: Flexibility Introduction
3.3 Affordability: Flexibility
What if it is possible to create a housing community that could give its residents the leverage of creating economic opportunities? The tenant is given that much unfurnished space of 9m x 6m for him to renovate it as according to his lifestyle. However, there will be unused space which could be rented out to other tenants or even converted into other modules which could help generate income for the person.
3.3.1 Introduction 3.3.2 Unit Design Moving Components
The income generated from the modules rented out by the extra business could even be used to pay of his own rent whereby in the long run could sustain him even without any proper job. A concept of movable walls, built according to the residents’ desires, encourages transformation of spaces into one for business opportunities.
=
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LANGUAGE CLASS
TUITION CENTRE
DAYCARE CENTRE STUDENT HOUSING
COOKING CLASS YOGA CLASS
EDUCATION CENTRE
SKILLS CENTRE
BACHELOR HOUSING
SINGLE HOUSING
LEARN RELAXING ZEN GARDEN
LIVE
PLAY
FUTSAL COURT
MULTIPLE HOUSING
LIVE
RECREATIONAL
INTERNET CAFE
SERVICE SQUASH COURT
FAMILY HOUSING
WORK
BUSINESS PLATFORM RESTAURANT
LAUNDRETTE COMMUNITY HALL
STARTUP OFFICE
COOP MARKET
flexibiLITY
Affordability: Flexibility Introduction
3.3 Affordability: Flexibility 3.3.1 Introduction
+
3.3.2 Unit Design Moving Components
home + home
+ home + office
home +
? home + home + home
LIVE + LIVE
+ +
home + combined office + home
LIVE + WORK
+
home +
LIVE
+
+ garden
+ squash
+ PLAY
+ home + tuition centre
+
home + daycare centre
LIVE + LEARN
+ home + laundrette
+
home + community hall + home
LIVE + SERVICE
+
flexibiLITY
Unit Design Moving Components
3.3 Affordability: Flexibility
An exploration of what interior shifting can be within the unit
3.3.1 Introduction 3.3.2 Unit Design Moving Components
[FACADE] • Shigeru Ban’s opening facades and elevator kiosks. The idea of a ‘universal facade’ to allow continuity between the elevation. This subtle “removable skin” echoes the neighboring gallery after-hours shutters, subtly contextualizing the building within its site.
[WALL] • MVRDV’s bathroom door that creates the bathroom wall, exterior pocket door that forms a wall
Flexibility of Facade Treatment Alongside with the flexibility option of choosing the modular space, the tenants are given the option to choose which faรงade that best suits their lifestyle adapting to the sustainability issue. For example, for the office space they may need extra solar panels for energy to power up their electrical appliances. Whereas for the garden space they may require rainwater catchment panel for irrigation of their crops.
+ daycare
= green wall
+ garden
= water collection panel
+ office
= solar panel
sustainable ENERGY
Energy and the City
4.1 Energy and the City
Cities by definition are a focal point of energy consumption. Their forms have a significant bearing on the balance of building energy use, which is directly affected by urban planning. An air conditioned office building to current building regulations consumes approximately six times the energy per square meter of a house. So it would be fair to say that the energy and environmental implications of buildings are at least twice as significant as those for transport (Koen 2003). However, the long term perspective of global environmental concerns (climate change, ozone depletion, acid rain, reducing fossil fuels, etc.) clearly means that building energy use needs to be addressed, particularly in relation to
urban areas. This is combined with increasing urbanisation resulting in a predominantly urban global population. It is thus, essential to minimize the deleterious global and local effects of urbanisation to ensure that the life nurturing qualities of the city can be restored and maintained. Building energy use is a predominant factor in this context. (Koen 2003) When one considers the implications of high density on the demand side of building energy use and on building integrated renewable energy production (such as photo-voltaic), does the balance begins to tip in favour of lower densities? This balance is likely to depend on building type.
Taking UK as an example to demonstrate the point, the energy demand in housing is dominated by space heating, which on average accounts for 60% of the total energy (BRE 1992). It is the space heating that will be most affected by design, the remaining consumption being largely determined by occupant needs and not strongly dependent on climate. In dispersed developments with the possibility of greater solar access, passive solar design will have greater potential to reduce space heating demands and thus, overall energy use in housing.
cars 6% 6%6% 8% 35% 6% 8%8% 26% 35%35% 6% 8% 14% 8% 14% 35% 14% 35% 14% 11% 14% 11% 11% 11% 26% 26% 11% 26% Image 4.1:Energy use breakdown for UK housing 26% 26%
19th Century
air/ rail/ buses 11% air/ air/rail/ rail/buses buses air/ rail/vehicles buses goods goods vehicles air/ rail/vehicles buses goods goods vehicles cars cars vehicles goods cars cars industry industry cars industry industry commercial commercial buildings industry commercial buildings buildings commercial domestic domestic buildings commercial domestic buildings buildings domestic buildings domestic buildings
7%7%
industry
10% 10%
commercial buildings domestic buildings
60%
60%
23%
23%
cooking cooking light&&appliances appliances light water heating water heating space heating space heating
Image 4.2: Energy use breakdown for Manchester
20th Century
21st Century
Image 4.3: The history of energy consumption and how we’ve improved (source: Albert, Righter and Tittmann Architects)
energy surface production increases
sustainable ENERGY
Solar Energy
4.2 Renewable Energy
Southeast facade is a solar gain facade, both of passive heating and light to inner spaces, as well as an active production of energy. By pushing the southern block downwards, the total surface of the south facade has increased, allowing more sunlight to enter the courtyard especially during the winter when the sun is lower than normal.
4.2.1 Solar Energy
4.2.2 Biomass Energy 4.2.3 Rainwater Collection
The photovoltaic system is sited in the glazed areas of the southeast and southwest facades, are integrated in an innovative venetianbind-alike system. Each lamella is a triangular parallelepiped in which one of the faces is covered by triple junction amorphous silicon cells, set with 30% transparency so to allow for diffuse indoors natural lighting. The lamellas function as a vertical axis tracking system, therefore optimising the collected radiation over the day. Commercial triple junction amorphous silicon materials are selected because they are less sensible to shading effects. The system is also intended to regulate the quality and quantity of isolation of the apartments.
louver module function 360o rotation
semitransparent surface photovoltaic film
conceptual sketch of how the modules work
Winter a
alignment
buy in from national grid import meter
photovoltaic solar panel
back up battery stage
fuse box
prefabricated GLULAM beams ac/dc inverter electricity
export meter sell back to national grid
prefabricated CLT panels
prefabricated GLULAM pillars installations located inside the ventilation gap double glazed glass
lacquered aluminium window case
stiff termal insulation panels galvanised steel anchor tied to the structure prefabricated lamella system
Summer alignment
sustainable ENERGY
Biomass Energy
4.2 Renewable Energy
The production of low and zero carbon energy is a key element of the UK Government’s strategy for reducing greenhouse gases. Reusing the roof for renewable energy crops offers a unique opportunity to produce carbonneutral biomass fuels without impacting on food production. The edge-of-urban context of many previously developed sites means that further greenhouse gas reductions are achievable, for example, through the use of organic waste streams diverted from landfill. This adds nutrients to the soil and economic returns through biomass fuels, creating a sustainable alternative to redevelopment.
4.2.1 Solar Energy
4.2.2 Biomass Energy 4.2.3 Rainwater Collection
grey water or crops are fed into a storage hopper the automated system feeds fuel from the hopper into the biomass furnace the energy produced is absorbed into a heat exchanger the heat exchanger feeds into the building suppling hot water and heating waste ash is used as organic fertilisers Image 4.4: How Biomass Works (East Tech Electrical Ltd, 2012)
[1]
[3]
[1] Geothermal heating and cooling within a
closed loop, direct exchange system hydroponic system provides radiant heating and cooling
[2]Biomass generator produces energy from biomass providing heat for space heating and supplements energy demands
[2]
[3]Living machine greenhouse for backwater
treatment and remaining gray water from entire block composite center
sustainable ENERGY
Rainwater Collection
4.2 Renewable Energy
Rainwater Harvesting is a technology in which individual building or a group of buildings collect and utilize rainwater during the rainy season. This water can be stored in storage tanks and used for non-domestic purposes. In a rainwater harvesting system, a storage tank is required which can be a part of the underground water tank or separate tank on the surface. This tank collects water falling on the building terraces. The main purpose of rainwater harvesting system to collect and store rainwater falling on the ground which can be further be used in the future. If the ground is hard, the rainwater does not seep into the ground and is thus not brought into use. Rainwater harvesting pit is an ideal solution for such problems. The increasing population has resulted in increase of the use of the water consumption. The water table has gone down considerably. Hence it is necessary that we make an attempt to store rainwater and use it in the best possible way.
4.2.1 Solar Energy
4.2.2 Biomass Energy 4.2.3 Rainwater Collection
Water pumped to the recycled water tank Enclosed and cemented catchment area
Collecting grey water from bath and kitchen A water filter is used to make the water usable for daily activities. An RO filter is used to make it portable
rainwater storage
sand filter
main concrete tank
pump
tank Water after a certain level in the main tank is allowed to flow freely into soil, through a filter and valve combination to make sure that the soil does not enter water n the main tank.
Collecting rainwater from road drainage Concrete cistern collects rain from the roof, drainage water and cleans it through a gravity driven mechanical filter Sand and UV light filtration to eliminate any remaining impurities
Storm water catchment
Total catchment from hard-scape and green roofs are reused for domestic needs and migration Distribution by gravity to agriculture irrigation system
material ITY
Revolutionized Wood Technology
5.1 Revolutionized Wood Technology
Engineered wood products are a good choice for the environment. They are manufactured for years of trouble-free, dependable use. They help reduce waste by decreasing disposal costs and product damage. Wood is a renewable, recycle, biodegradable resources that is easily manufactured into a variety of viable products Glued laminated timber (glulam) redefines the possibilities for engineered wood construction. Glulam is an engineered wood product that optimizes the structural values of a renewable resource. Glulam members are composed of individual pieces of dimension lumber. The pieces are end-jointed together to produce long length which are then bonded together with adhesives to create the required beam dimensions. Because of their composition, large glulam members can be manufactured from smaller trees harvested from second- and third-growth forests and plantations. Glulam has greater strength and stiffness comparable dimensional lumber. Pound for pound, its stronger than steel. That means glulam beams can span long distances with minimal need for intermediate supports. Life Cycle Assessment shows woods is the greenest building product. A 2004 Consortium for Research on Renewable Industrial Materials
(CORRIM) study gave scientific validation to the strength of wood as a green building product. In examining building products’ life cycles - from extraction of the raw material to demolition of the building at the end of its long lifespan - CORRIM found that wood was better for the environment than steel or concrete in terms of embodied energy, global warming potential, air emissions, water emissions and solid waste production. Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) normally forms the structural floor and wall element of buildings. CLT is formed in a similar fashion to glulam, using small sections of timber bonded together with permanent adhesives. CLT differs from glulam in that it is formed into panels rather than beams, hence the layers of timbers (lamellas) are bonded perpendicularly to one another, resulting in structural strength across two dimensions and improving structural integrity and dimensional stability.
Image 5.0: Exposed glulam beam in the ridge and intermediate
Manufacturing wood is energy efficient. Wood products made up 47% of all industrial raw materials manufactured, yet consumed only 4% of the energy needed to manufacture all industrial raw materials. Wood, it’s a natural choice for the environment, for design and for strong lasting construction.
Image 5.2: Manufacture of CLT
e supports for this condominium residence provide both visual drama and structural integrity
Image 5.1: Glulam columns and headers provide primary support in this condominium construction
Image 5.4: Cross-laminated timber can provide a finished surface as soon as it is installed
material ITY
METLA
5.2 Precedents
The construction of The Finnish Forest Research Institutes (METLA) new building to accommodate the Joensuu Forest Research Institutes expanding workforce started in April 2003 and was finished in October 2004. From the exterior, the building appears to be a wood box. The forecourt, which is the gate to the building and which is demarcated by the walls made from logs from demolished houses.
5.2.1 METLA 5.2.2 Paul Chevalier School
The primary goal of the construction project was to use Finnish wood in innovative ways. Hence, wood is the main material used throughout the building, from the post-beamslab -system in the structural frame to the exterior cladding. A flexible column-beamslab system was created for the building in a 7.2 m module. For the structure and building technology, 1.2 m modules have been prepared for flexible conversion. This solution makes it possible to move partition walls and even change the faรงade. The columns, beams and box slabs of the frame are made from fir glulam. The height of the box slab intermediate floors is that of a concrete intermediate floor. The faรงade elements have been clad with vertical fir planks on the outside and plywood on the inside. The vertical ribs of the outer frame are made of fir glulam.
Image 5.5: The 7.2m height fir glulam column
Image 5.6: View of the glass facade from the courtyard
Image 5.7: The distinctive materiality of wood used on the exterior of the building
Image 5.8: Detailing of the fins construction at the exterior facade of the building
material ITY
Paul Chevalier School by Tectoniques
5.2 Precedents
The opening of a wood-clad nursery and elementary school sits administratively and structurally autonomous to one another. The structures feature generous spaces and light filled hallways and public areas. Various natural timber textures are found throughout the exterior an interior, from light knotted planks to the repetitious slats on the outside envelope. An angular green rooftop slices through the progression of orthogonal volumes creating an artificial landscape elevated above the ground that also shades the windows with its deep overhangs. A series of carefully designed pedestrian walkways and courtyards streamline the daily routines of the parents, children and faculty as they shuffle to and from dropping off or picking up children.
5.2.1 METLA 5.2.2 Paul Chevalier School
Image 5.9: The overall look of the building using CLT timber panels
Image 5.10: Detailing of the construction of the building
Image 5.11: The roof garden which could be sustained by the wood columns
material ITY
Zero Carbon Materiality: Construction
5.3 Zero Carbon Materiality:
The following digram illustrate the structural configurations utilising the glulam system. The structural capacity principally determines the possible height. For my design, a building height up to 4 storey with a roof garden is achievable employing glulam columns at the perimeter as the supporting structure.
5.3.1 Construction 5.3.2 Prefab Straw Bale Wall
For this structural system, the glulam columns are deployed as the supporting structure. Since none of the interior walls are required to have a load bearing function, a great amount of flexibility is afforded in terms of floor plan layout. As well in the abscence of exterior load bearing walls, this design allows flexibility in the design of the facade, including the ability to support an entire curtain wall envelope. Additionally, interior modifications are easily made to allow for future changes in occupancy of use.
Image 5.9: The overall look of the building using CLT timber panels
Building Envelope
Glulam Columns + Glulam Beams
material ITY
Zero Carbon Materiality: PreFab Straw Bale Walls
5.3 Zero Carbon Materiality:
Today, straw bale is used in modern construction because of its excellent thermal properties and its low environmental impact. Straw is described as a renewable material. A renewable material is one that can be replaced by natural processes at a rate comparable or faster than its rate of consumption by humans, rather than a finite resource that is depleted through use.
5.3.1 Construction 5.3.2 Prefab Straw Bale Wall
As a renewable material, straw has what is known as a carbon positive footprint. As plants grow they absorb CO2 molecules from the atmosphere. Through the process of photosynthesis, plants can separate the twooxygen atoms form the single carbon atom. They return the oxygen to atmosphere, and keep the carbon to make complex sugars such as cellulose, the building blocks of plants. Carbon positive means that there is more CO2 equivalent banked in the form of carbon in straw than is emitted through the process of planting, harvesting, baling and building a building using straw.
prefabricated straw bale wall polycarbonate surface
1. polycarbonate transparent outer layer 2. straw bale prefabricated panel 3. natural ventilation for the interior areas through ducts 4. manually controlled natural ventilation system 5. window with wood framing system 6. double layered transparent polypropylene panel
7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
interior wall: sandwich panel with two exterior cardboard layers and an inner insulation layer of natural wool anchorage through rails of the CLT panels floor finish: light wood brushed and polished glulam framing structural system ceiling finish of CTL panels natural ventilation for the interior areasthrough ducts
food
Food Agricultuture
6.0 Food Agriculture
The green-roof movement has slowly been gaining momentum in recent years, and some cities have made them central to their sustainability plans. Roof green serves multi purposes. By adding mass it improvise isolation and reduces heat losses from living quarters. It also acts as an agricultural production, CO2 sequestration and air purification.
The vegetation plan took into account the principles for a sustainable maintenance. The production and maintenance must follow rules established for the whole, the production shall be allowed to be sold at a sale open to public.
It is designed in a way that it promotes intensive usage of space, gardens and plants, whereby irrigation is obtained from the reservoirs of rainwater, and fertilizers from organic wastes.
step further and grow vegetables on it?
AGRICULTURE
“We took a space that was already a productive green roof, and we said, ‘Why not take that one
”
- Angie Mason (director Chicago Botanic
Image 4.6: Comparison between traditional ro
Garden’s urban agriculture programs)
Green Roof Yards
Trees Inside Blo
Intense sun radiation
Good sun radia
Exposure to the wind
Protected from w
Regular conditions
Very good conditi
Moderate size vegetation
Big sized vegeta
Image 4.5: An example ilustration of the view of the garden
oof and green roof
ock
ation
Image 4.7: The roof garden will be planted with small scale vegetables
Ground Floor Green Stripes
wind
Ground floor green stripes
ions
Trees inside block
ation
Tees in sidewalk Green roof yards
future
What do the Residents Really Want for the Future Living?
7.1 What do the Residents Really Want for the Future Living?
Although new residents considered beneficial factors for residential before moving to the area, they might face unexpected problems when living in the area. In examining factors of satisfaction, one interesting result was found in the study. Factors of satisfaction after moving in expressed by respondents seem to be very different from the reasons for moving there.
DEVELOPMENT
The study found that the previously seen ‘less important’ factors for respondents in the inner city areas, such as ‘close to all social amenities’ and ‘availability of cultural and leisure facilitates’ become valuable benefits for living in the areas. Housing itself was seen as an important benefit for living in the areas. However, important reasons for choosing to reside in the areas such
as ‘value for money’ seem to be less valuable factors once living there. Possibly the most important thing to emerge from this analysis is that respondents consider different factors to be important as reasons for moving (value for money) to their new residence, than appear to be important after they moved in (e.g. close to all social amenities, availability of social and cultural facilities, and satisfaction with housing). This indicates that one set of factors is important in the re-urbanisation process, to persuade people to move, but another set of factors is important in sustaining the re-urbanisation. The finding implies that although a certain set of
factors might primarily lead to re-urbanisation in previously troubled urban areas, this set of factors might not guarantee sustainability of population in the areas. It could be much more difficult to sustain re-urbanisation than to make it happen. This is because the sustainability of re-urbanisation is a long term commitment. The preference of city living people might consistently change, thus it would be difficult to provide all their demands effectively. Therefore, it is important to consider ways of sustaining the re-urbanisation once it has happened.
Image 7.0: The ideal community living for the city
future
Sustainable Development
DEVELOPMENT 7.2 Sustainable Development
ntre
city ce
2013s generating
The block will slowly generate its own energy and food to sustain its habitats but is still feeding of the main power supply from the city.
ntre
city ce
2030s self sustainable
In a few decades the block should be able to generate enough energy and capital to self-sustain itself.
ntr
city ce
2100s off grid sys
More blocks ar an off grid syst
re
stem
re built creating a network of system allowing tem from the main supply.
tre
n city ce
ntre
city ce
2xxx surplus
A whole community of blocks may have generated more than enough energy to supply back to the city or sell it off.
Re:Birth of Manchester What if affordibility isn’t less , but more?
personal SUMMARY This project was a good experience in terms of working individually on a medium scale project which requires attention to detail in different aspect. What was originally a simple concept of a family’s growth and the typology evolving based on the growth, evolved into a more complex concept taking into account of a more wholistic approach, including the concept of ecology. It made me rethink of how should we see the concept as a whole instead of fussing into the little details and trying to tie the pieces together which will collapse due to the weak tie between themsleves. It was a new challenge for working in a new and unknown site, with a whole different climate and culture from what I am used to and known to. A four season climate, where you will have to think about insulation, as compared to a tropical climate where ventilation and shading is the priority. However, the most interesting fact that I’ve discovered is that Affordable Housing is a global issue, involving residents from all over the world.
Re:Birth of Manchester What if affordibility isn’t less , but more?
[ Technology | Ecology ] Spring 2014
TECHNOLOGY ECOLOGY
Each group are required to present an informative seminar as a group, then to submit an individual report.
introduction of
CONTENTS
The ecologies element of our technology subject essentially comprises of two parts. We were required to present an informative and lively seminar as a group, then to submit an individual report/ illustrated essay based on the presentation but augmented with further personal research and viewpoints. As in this portfolio, we were required to include the slides that were presented earlier, and afterwards the developed personal research. Therefore, the first component is my personal research and the second is the presentation slides.
1.1 1.2
Illustrated Essy PowerPoint Slide Presentation
illustrated ESSAY
HOW TO TACKLE CONSTRUCTION WASTE [and save the world]
Figure 1: If the facts are right, we are essentially in WALL-E, the prequel except that it’s going to happen a lot sooner. Set in the year 2805, earth has become one enormous landfill, so cluttered and polluted that it cannot sustain organic life anymore. It is every environmentalist’s worst nightmare. In an obvious critique of consumerism, humanity has used up all of its resources and leaves earth to fend for itself.
Tonnes of waste materials are being cast out every year, and it is becoming a burden to the society, resulting in an argument that the degradation of the environment are in large part the cause of conventional construction methods making them highly responsible (Durmisevic 2006). These wastes may be problematic to recover, as they are termed ‘difficult’, due to their material composition, contamination, their low value, techniques of demolition or strip-out, and as a result
they are likely to end up in a landfill (Adams, Hobbs & Yapp, 2012). Moreover, as according to (Adams, Hobbs & Yapp, 2012), due to their hazardous qualities, high embodied energy or global warming potential; and some may also have relatively high environmental impact, so the inability to recover these wastes at the end of their lifetime increases their overall effect onto the environment.
87 million tonnes in 2008
[Construction and Demolition Waste] Construction and demolition (C&D) waste was defined by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as waste materials consisting of the debris generated during the construction and also demolition of existing buildings, roads and bridges. Materials that include: concrete, asphalt, wood, metals, gypsum, plastics and salvaged building components are usually
classified under C&D materials (Shrivastava and Chini 2009). As according to (Shrivastava and Chini 2009), new construction and demolition of an existing building/ structure are not the only main cause of the waste generation from the construction industry, but also renovation or repair of buildings. A quarter of the solid waste disposal is roughly constituted of construction, renovation and demotion wastes. As there has been an increased in public awareness in some regions, alongside with concerns over the shortage of available disposal sites, landfills, subsequent excessive haulage distances for the municipal waste as well as greater consciousness of end-of-life resource utilisation issues. Several provincial and municipal jurisdictions were the results from these concerns (Kyle, Foo & Torrey, 2012).
What is even more alarming is the fact that is happening right under our noses without our realisation. A research done by (Adams, Hobbs & Yapp, 2012) stated that, in the UK, waste from construction, demolition and excavation represents the largest waste stream at an estimated 87 million tonnes in 2008. Out of this figure, at least 21 million tonnes of inner waste are from demolition wastes, such as concrete, bricks and soil. According to the State of UK Waste Management, nearly 3 million tonnes of C&D wastes were landfilled in UK last year, this equates to over 12% of the total C&D waste (Saleh and Chini 2009). However, in a similar situation other demolition waste types tend to be reused or recycled, such as solid timber. All this will lead to a high diversion from landfill rates, typically over 90%, for demolition wastes
(Adams, Hobbs & Yapp, 2012). Due to the fact that (C&D) waste is bulky, heavy and inert, it will be a very challenging task in handling it; with an additional fact that it is also a mixture of various materials of different characteristics. A suitable disposal method would also be difficult to choose, as for example, due to its high density and inertness, it cannot be easily incinerated (Shrivastava and Chini 2009). Globally, productions of 2 to 3 billion tonnes of waste production per year are estimated, of which 30% to 40% is concrete. Not only is (C&D) waste issues important for the developed countries, but also to the developing countries which have already entered or are entering the construction boom era (Vilas and Guilberto 2007). Looking into a developing
country, according to Dubai Municipality’s Waste Management Department’s annual report, in 2007 a total of 27.7 million tonnes of construction waste were removed from various construction sites in the city. In comparison to the waste generated in 2006, it is a recording growth of 163% as compared to just 10.5 million tonnes (Shrivastava and Chini 2009).
[Connection Between Waste and Growth] Owing to the growth of construction in the world, it is appropriate to link the (C&D) waste with growth (Saleh and Chini 2009). However, finite resources such as petroleum products, water and minerals are being consumed in high rates to produce our buildings. The depletion of the Earth’s energy resources and materials will continue to increase, as the world’s population is continuing to grow, which
leads to the degradation of the human health and also our natural environment ((EEA) 2001). A research done by (A. Paduart, et al. 2009) indicates that the sector that is responsible for a high contribution to the consumption of these natural resources is the built construction world. New construction, renovation of buildings, maintenance including the production of building materials, generates 45% of the European waste (A. Paduart, et al. 2009)
problem. (A. Paduart, et al. 2009) However, there is a growing concern of the possibility to improve, or maintaining these high recycling rates into the future in the demolition sector, due to the increasing prevalence of difficult demolition waste (Adams, Hobbs & Yapp, 2012). By 2050, we will need to colonise another planet if natural resources continue to be exploited at the current rate. This coincidentally is the plot of WALL-E. (The Guardian n.d.)
Demolition of an existing building is also one of the main causes of waste generation other than new constructions from the construction industry. Due to the limited landfill space and increasing quantum of demolition waste, minimisation and handling of C&D waste is a necessary tool to resolve the outstanding
The Roadmap anticipates that by 2020, ‘during the lifecycle, there will be significant improvements in resource and energy which will contribute to a competitive construction sector and the development of a resource efficient building stock. Improved sustainable materials, higher waste
Figure 2: The Great Pacific Trash Patch recycling and improved design will also be a part of the improvements, which requires the active engagement of the whole value chain in the construction sector (Altamura, 2012). Due to the limited landfill space and increasing quantum of demolition waste, minimisation and handling of C&D waste is a necessary tool to resolve the outstanding problem (Shrivastava and Chini 2009). Reusing building components and introducing prefabrication strategies to reduce material usage
are one of the multiple efforts made to address the C&D waste and recycle demolition materials. However, we are interested in a more radical strategy which completely reorient or reimagine the lifecycle of a building.
materials are integrated in one closed and dependent structure, not allowing the disassembly and alterations on its components. The incapacity to exchange and remove the buildings’ components and their systems results in not only an increased in waste production and significant material and energy consumption, but also in the lack of technical serviceability and spatial adaptability of the building. (Durmisevic, 2006)
Figure 3: Natural cycle: Cradle-to-Cradle
[Lifecycle Control of Building Design: Cradle-to-Cradle]
question by (Storey 2009) is that “is there a financially beneficial and resources effective way of dealing with these buildings?” The general definition of demolition is as the process whereby the building is torn down or broken up, with little or no attempt to recover any of the constituent part for reuse. (Durmisevic 2006)
(A. Paduart, et al. 2009) stated that “since the existing building stock will remain with us for decades, their importance as an economic, social and cultural capital should not be wasted”. Both the community at large and the building sector have the general feeling that buildings should be demolished, yet they represent a huge investment of resources. So the general
To answer the variable factors of everyday life, building transformations are more and more required to be as a solution. However, these crucial transformations are not enabled due to the lack of flexibility in the conventional building design, which often causes the demolition of either the building parts or even of an entire building structure in present renovations of buildings. (A. Paduart, et al. 2009) A building system comprising of different functions and
Is there not a new way of whereby the building is made adaptable to the design for disassembly and whose components could be used as a resource pool for a new construction? (Durmisevic, 2009) The design of sustainability is as a component of my frame of study which focuses on the lifetime of building and materials used. As a whole, these buildings are designed for assembly, but not neither for disassembly nor the recovery of components. The process is similar to the way that resources are reused in natural ecosystems, whereby there are no ‘useless’ waste in nature, however they are always getting reused for something else. In this case it is as the natural cycle of the fish pond (Zero Waste Youth n.d.). As can be seen, using energy measures, research had been done which commonly focuses on the analysis of the environmental performance of the building, its components and the materials. However, looking at the three columns of sustainability materials, mainly ecological, economic and social dimensions; within the context of sustainability of building materials, a much wider scope should be considered. Thereby, with respect to sustainability, requirements for building materials have not only to be considered but also need to be classified according to the three dimensions. (Sunke and Schultmann 2009)
Figure 4: integrative life cycle model of the built environment
[Design for
Disassembly] Designing for disassembly (DfD) is a tool used to reduce the environmental burden by designing for the recovery of materials that have the capacity to be reused or recycled. As a result, the achievement of different environmentally caution results could be facilitated by designing for deconstruction such as closing the materials loop, minmising the ecological footprint required for the lifecycle of the different
building materials, and finally reducing the embodies energy and emissions of CO2 (Saleh and Chini, Building Green Via Design for Deconstruction and Adaptive Reuse 2009) (DfD) and recycling enables resources to be reused when the building is eventually demolished in the most efficient and productive way. As compared to maximising recycling and the recovery of existing buildings using the latest demolition or recycling technologies, this is very different as it had tended to be the focus when considering resource efficiency and demolition. (Hobbs & Adams 2012) The zero waste philosophy is the goal in achieving a complete removal of waste from the process of making things. This means not using any un-reusable materials and any extra materials
produced are reused and recycled. By doing so, we could ensure that no waste is sent to the landfills and incinerators. As compared to conventional production whereby the wastes are sent to the landfill, a zero waste production is whereby the waste is recycled and reused back into the system. According to a research done by BioRegional Development Group in UK, one of the enormous potential ways in eliminating the need for new materials is by salvaging and recycling building materials. The study suggests that up to 95% of the reclaimed, recycled and reused materials’ embodied energy could be saved up. (Lazarus 2005) Zero waste is not just a theory, but it is an idea that already exists and is practiced in the real world.
One of the precedents that we could learn from is the Masonic Amphitheatre. It is a charitable undertaking that was designed and built by 16 third year undergraduate Architecture students from Virginia Tech’s design/ buildLAB. The project consists of the complete redevelopment of a post-industrial brownfield into a public park and performance space. Material re-use was essential to the project’s sustainable approach. To this end, the decaying industrial warehouse that previously occupied the site was disassembled rather than demolished. The vast majority of its material, including pine timbers and galvanized cladding, were re-purposed to build a Farmers Market in a neighboring town. Materials like scrap metal and plastics, not suitable for re-use, were re-cycled.
Figure 5: Conventional Production Diagram
[PRECEDENT 1:
Masonic Amphitheatre]
Because the site previously housed an industrial production facility, its warehouse sat on a massive concrete plinth that was conserved as the stage and foundation for the new Amphitheatre, minimizing concrete use and disturbance along the adjacent creek. All new surfaces are pervious, minimizing run-off to the delicate creek ecosystem. To this end, new floors are wood decking and new hard surfaces are compacted gravel fines. Lumber, including white oak decking, was sourced from locally sawn timbers. LED lighting ensures long bulb life and extremely low energy consumption. Finally, the pavilion was oriented and shade trees were planted to limit solar gain and eliminate the need for mechanical cooling. Digital fabrication played a substantial role in the sustainability of the project by maximising structural efficiency and minimising waste. The
Figure 6: Zero Waste Production Diagram
Figure 7: The Masonic Amphitheatre structure of band shell walls are comprised of prefabricated wood trusses. Additionally, the Alpolic Metal Composite panels used to clad the underside of the band shell were digitally fabricated. All component parts are based on a 10’ wide module to facilitate prefabrication and transportation to the site. At the scale of the town, the building reads as a seamless
gesture. At the scale of the occupant, the details express the modular construction. The students prefabricated the Amphitheatre structure, including floor, walls, sound booth, roof panels, and benches at VA Tech’s Environmental Systems Laboratory. A local contractor was hired to complete the foundations and utility connections. This allowed for two phases
of construction, site work and framing, to happen simultaneously. In total, the students prefabricated and assembled the structure in less than four months. The efficiency of working in a controlled environment, with easy access to tools and equipment was essential in achieving the schedule of one academic year.
[Disassemble, not Demolish]
Figure 8: Reused elements from previous structure
[PRECEDENT 2: Bolig+] Another successful precedent that we could take example from is the Bolig+ by Vandkunsten, 2009. It is a scheme for an open building system with energy consumption below zero obtained by means of passivehaus technology and integrated renewable energy sources. Spatial versatility and reversible assembly technique are employed as long term resource-saving strategy. In order to separate the more volatile skin layer from the permanent structural layer (prefab concrete elements), non-thermal conducting intermediary consoles of fiberglass are attached to the slab edges, resulting in a gargoyle-like motif, onto which additional applications can be mounted such as balcony element, sunscreens or windshields. The separate structure and skin layers are visibly displayed in the interior, as a double framing motif enforced by different materials: concrete and wood. In this, the motif appears as a combination of two layers. The console element exemplifies how mechanical connections can be designed as autonomous components rendering an architectural motif.
Figure 9: Vandkunsten Bolig+ uses different alternatives in achieving a successful sustainable design
The success of the execution is largely due to the excellent monitoring of the construction process on every step of the way including the management of waste & energy during construction. The sustainability brief given was so rigorous that everything possible was measured, from the materials used to the daily journey to work made by the construction workers, to the fuel use of visiting consultants so that full environmental footprint could be calculated. Figure 10: Vandkunsten Bolig+, materials are carefully selected based on 3 key aspects
F
Figure 11: Vandkunsten Bolig+, proposal for zero-energy
construction process
waste management and embodied energy
[Conclusion]
The technology is already here however due to current obstacles such as lack of knowledge and policies; it has yet to set a stand in UK. Moreover, Sweden is already nearly there as only 4% of waste end up in the landfills while the rest is recycled. In fact, they recycle so much that they have 80 thousand tonnes of trash imported from Norway every year so that they can have more trash to recycle into energy. Figure 12: The barter system between Norway and Sweden
Not only does Norway pay Sweden to get rid of its garbage, but the ashes produced which are highly toxic in content from the electivity production are sent back to Norway. (Saskwaster Education n.d.) However, having said that we believe that humanity has reached its peak of one way consumption. Therefore, we need to take a few steps in order to mend our ways and save the planet before it is too late. We need to change our way of thinking and designing products. So that products are manufactured with the intent to reuse, disassemble, taken back or upcycle. We can reduce waste by simply considering the life-cycle of objects we make. We have to give up tis craven throw-away consumer culture that would intentionally aim for producing short-lifespan products for financial profits. Being realist, however by taking into account all the waste that already exist seems impossible to deal with, as we have to ask ourselves if urban environments and waste can actually mix? If waste could be used to regenerate our cities? What if waste is not recycled through infrastructural mechanisms but instead up-cycled forever? In fact, we could use the advancement of technology to resolve our waste-issues. However, this design of sustainability runs the danger of, without transformation aspects of the building structures being an integral part of the design process, carried out on an arranged and formed basis. (Durmisevic, 2006) The building sector needs to adapt to the new ways of construction if it is to respond to the global environmental and economic challenges. It would be possible instead to disassemble sections back into components and to reassemble them into new combinations, rather than destroying the structures
Figure 13: No more exploiting natural resources, no more construction waste and systems while adapting the building to fit into new requirements. This means that we should consider how we can design and integrated building system and components in order to be able to replace them later on, and accordingly, how we can access and replace parts of existing building systems and components. (Durmisevic, 2006) Eventually, the future city would make no distinction between waste and supply. Cities, unlike machines, are similar to a complex ecology. Ecology is capable of achieving a continuous harmonious state or even further, a positive intensification. If ecological models are productively everlasting, urban models can logically follow. (Joachim n.d.)
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Construction Waste: A thing of the past? It all lies in our hands
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[Reference] (EEA), European Environment Agency. Indicator Fact Sheet Signals - Chapter Waste. via www.eea.europa.eu/ thees/waste/indicators, 2001. Architectural Review. n.d. http://www.architectural-review.com/wales-institute-for-sustainable-educationby-david-lea-and-pat-borer-machynlleth-wales-uk/8609396.article (accessed November 2013). Durmisevic, E. “Transformable Building Structures: Design for Disassembly As A Way To Introduce Sustainable Engineering to the Building Design and Construction.” Proefschrift, February 2006: pg 1 - 306. Joachim, Mitchell. Terreform ONE’s Rapid Re(f)use and Homeway Projects. n.d. https://docs.google.com/ document/d/1OrDba4ooqPrwVf1Jqy_8XjhrNLSXyd46v4asEF1_tTo/edit?usp=sharing (accessed November 2013). Lazarus, N. Potential for Reducing the Environmental Impact of Construction Materials. BioRegiona Development, 2005. Paduart, A, W Debacker, H. N. D Temmerman, W. P. D Wilde, and H Hendrickx. “Construction Materials and C&D Waste in India.” Conference Lifestyle Design of Buildings, Systems and Materials Book of Abstracts. Netherlands: International Council for Building Research Studiesand Documentation (CIB), 2009. pg 18 - 23. Paduart, A., W. Debacker, C. Henrotay, N. D Temmerman, W. P. De Wilde, and H. Hendrickx. “Transforming Cities: Introducing Adaptibility in Existing Residential Buildings Through Reuse and Disassembly Strategies for Retrofitting.” Conference Lifestyle Design of Buildings, Systems and Materials. Netherlands: International Council for Building Research Studies and Documentation (CIB), 2009. Saleh, T., and A. Chini. “Building Green Via Design for Adaptation and Deconstruction.” Conference Lifestyle Design of Buildings, Systems and Materials Book of Abstracts. Netherlands: International Council for Building Research Studies and Documentation (CIB), 2009. Saleh, T., and A. Chini. “Building Green Via Design for Deconstruction and Adaptive Reuse.” Conference Lifestyle Design of Buildings, Systems and Materials. Netherlands: International Council for Building Research Studies and Documentation (CIB), 2009. pg 31 - 36. Saskwaster Education. n.d. http://www.saskwastereduction.ca/recycle/resources/zero-waste/sweden-runsout (accessed November 2013). Shrivastava, S., and A. Chini. “Construction Materials and C&D Waste in India.” Conference Lifestyle Design of Buildings, Systems and Materials. Netherlands: International Council for Building Research Studies and Documentation (CIB), 2009. pg 74 - 78. Storey, J. B. “From Ugly Duckling to Swan: Transformation as an Alternative to Demolition.” Conference Lifestyle Design of Buildings, Systems and Materials. Netherlands: International Council for Building Research Studies and Documentation (CIB), 2009. Sunke, F., and F. Schultmann. “Requirements for Sustainable Construction Materials and Components.” Conference Lifestyle Design of Buildings, Systems and Materials. Netherlands: International Council for Building Research Studies and Documentation (CIB), 2009. pg 26 - 28. The Guardian. n.d. http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/jul/07/research.waste (accessed November 2013). Vilas, A., and F. Guilberto. “Construction and Demolition Waste Management: Current Practices in Asia.” International Conference on Sustainable Solid Waste Management. Chennai, India, 2007. Zero Waste Youth. n.d. http://zerowasteyouth.org/en/?page_id=29 (accessed December 2013).
Figure 14: Terreform ONE: Rapid Re(f)use project, New York
-END[how to save the world]
powerpoint PRESENTATION
1.
3.
87 million tonnes 2.
We’re in WALL-E the prequel
4. (minus the love story)
Conventional
How to tackle Construction Waste [and save the world]
Zero Waste
Resources
Resources
Production Eco-Production
Waste Green Waste
5.
7.
Landfill
Natural Cycle cradle-to-cradle
NOT just a THEORY
6.
8.
powerpoint PRESENTATION Disassemble, not Demolish
9.CASE STUDY 1:
Masonic Amphitheatre, Virginia Tech
11
Reuse elements from previous structure
10.
CASE STUDY 2: 12. Bolig+, Vandkunsten
construction process
13.
15.
waste management & embodied energy
Learn from Sweden
14.
16.
powerpoint PRESENTATION
Terreform ONE: Rapid Re(f)use project, New York
Action 17.
18.
-END[how to save the world]
[Reference] d3 Competition Atkinson, R., and G. Moon. Urban Policy in Britain: the City, the State and the Market. London: Macmillan, 1994. Bianchini, F., J. Dawson, and R. Evans. “Flagships projects in Urban Regenerations.” Edited by P. Healey. In Rebuilding the City, 1992: pg. 245 - 255. BRE. Domestic Energy Fact File. Watford: Building Research Establishment, 1992. Council, Manchester City. Economic Development Strategy. Manchester: Manchester City Council, 1992. Findlay, A., A. Morris, and R. Rogerson. “Where to Live in Britain in 1988: Quality of Life in British Cities.” Cities Vol. 5 (1988): pg 268 - 276. Koen, S. “Energy and the City: Density, Buildings and Transport.” Energy and Buildings (Elsevier) Vol. 35 (2003): pg. 3 - 14. Lawless, P. Britian’s Inner Cities. London: PCP, 1989. McCrone, G. “Urban Renewal: The Scottish Experience.” Urban Studies vol. 22 (1991): pg 919 - 938. Seo, J. K. “Re-urbanisation in Regenerated Areas of Manchester and Glasgow.” Cities (Elsevier Science Ltd.) vol. 19 (2002): pg 113 - 121.
ecology
APPENDIX
(EEA), European Environment Agency. Indicator Fact Sheet Signals - Chapter Waste. via www.eea. europa.eu/thees/waste/indicators, 2001. Architectural Review. n.d. http://www.architectural-review.com/wales-institute-for-sustainableeducation-by-david-lea-and-pat-borer-machynlleth-wales-uk/8609396.article (accessed November 2013). Durmisevic, E. “Transformable Building Structures: Design for Disassembly As A Way To Introduce Sustainable Engineering to the Building Design and Construction.” Proefschrift, February 2006: pg 1 306. Joachim, Mitchell. Terreform ONE’s Rapid Re(f)use and Homeway Projects. n.d. https://docs.google. com/document/d/1OrDba4ooqPrwVf1Jqy_8XjhrNLSXyd46v4asEF1_tTo/edit?usp=sharing (accessed
November 2013). Lazarus, N. Potential for Reducing the Environmental Impact of Construction Materials. BioRegiona Development, 2005. Paduart, A, W Debacker, H. N. D Temmerman, W. P. D Wilde, and H Hendrickx. “Construction Materials and C&D Waste in India.” Conference Lifestyle Design of Buildings, Systems and Materials Book of Abstracts. Netherlands: International Council for Building Research Studiesand Documentation (CIB), 2009. pg 18 - 23. Paduart, A., W. Debacker, C. Henrotay, N. D Temmerman, W. P. De Wilde, and H. Hendrickx. “Transforming Cities: Introducing Adaptibility in Existing Residential Buildings Through Reuse and Disassembly Strategies for Retrofitting.” Conference Lifestyle Design of Buildings, Systems and Materials. Netherlands: International Council for Building Research Studies and Documentation (CIB), 2009. Saleh, T., and A. Chini. “Building Green Via Design for Adaptation and Deconstruction.” Conference Lifestyle Design of Buildings, Systems and Materials Book of Abstracts. Netherlands: International Council for Building Research Studies and Documentation (CIB), 2009. Saleh, T., and A. Chini. “Building Green Via Design for Deconstruction and Adaptive Reuse.” Conference Lifestyle Design of Buildings, Systems and Materials. Netherlands: International Council for Building Research Studies and Documentation (CIB), 2009. pg 31 - 36. Saskwaster Education. n.d. http://www.saskwastereduction.ca/recycle/resources/zero-waste/swedenruns-out (accessed November 2013). Shrivastava, S., and A. Chini. “Construction Materials and C&D Waste in India.” Conference Lifestyle Design of Buildings, Systems and Materials. Netherlands: International Council for Building Research Studies and Documentation (CIB), 2009. pg 74 - 78. Storey, J. B. “From Ugly Duckling to Swan: Transformation as an Alternative to Demolition.” Conference Lifestyle Design of Buildings, Systems and Materials. Netherlands: International Council for Building Research Studies and Documentation (CIB), 2009. Sunke, F., and F. Schultmann. “Requirements for Sustainable Construction Materials and Components.” Conference Lifestyle Design of Buildings, Systems and Materials. Netherlands: International Council for Building Research Studies and Documentation (CIB), 2009. pg 26 - 28. The Guardian. n.d. http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/jul/07/research.waste (accessed November 2013). Vilas, A., and F. Guilberto. “Construction and Demolition Waste Management: Current Practices in Asia.” International Conference on Sustainable Solid Waste Management. Chennai, India, 2007. Zero Waste Youth. n.d. http://zerowasteyouth.org/en/?page_id=29 (accessed December 2013).