Table 6: Common spaces impacted by climate stress, urbanisation, and informality

Table 5: Common spaces impacted by climate stress, urbanisation, and informality.

Settlement Typology Settlement Space and Category Activities Climate Stress Urbanisation trends that can aggravate climate stress Informality associated factors that can aggravate climate stress Coping Strategy (if any)

Informal Pavement along settlement boundary (A) • Livelihood • Domestic

Informal Landfill (A) • Livelihood • Livestock

Crematorium (A) • Socio-cultural Related • Religious Related Flooding during rainfall events Backflow of flood water due to level difference between the road and house and clogged city drainage network Dumping of SW in internal drains due to limited access to SWM services

Intersectional vulnerability

Flooding issue exacerbated by disconnected urban development initiatives between the city and settlement. These locations at the settlement periphery are usually the first to be affected. Heat stress and dust Concretisation as a part of development initiatives within and around settlement accompanied by loss of vegetation and green cover Use of materials like corrugated sheets and tarpaulin as roofs

Intersectional vulnerability

Location at the settlement periphery increases the heat stress and dust issue due proximity to external main roads. Stress is compounded by use of materials that increase internal heat. Flooding during rainfall events

Flooding during rainfall events Location of city level infrastructure near settlement without measures to reduce risks

Location of city level infrastructure near settlement without measures to reduce risks Locational disadvantage leads to leachate and waste flowing into settlement area during rains Locational disadvantage leads to increased pollution in the Household level intervention: Construction of small platforms near house entrance

Intervention by members of one household, but impacts settlement area: Some of the trees were forcefully retained by a household citing its necessity in bringing down heat stress

No coping strategy observed

No coping strategy observed

Traditional Lakes or Tank (A) • Livestock (cattle grazing) • Livelihood (animal husbandry)

Informal Lakes or Tank (A) • Livestock (cattle grazing) • Livelihood (animal husbandry)

• Livelihood (washer men) • Domestic

Traditional Railway Track (A) • Domestic (open defecation, dumping solid waste)

Traditional Public Chowk (A) • Socio-cultural Related • Livestock Related

Informal Open ground –fenced (A) • Domestic (dumping solid waste) - Fencing limits possibility of use by community for social/livelihood/domestic activities Dumping of SW in due to limited access to SWM services No coping strategy observed

Heat Stress

Informal

• Livelihood Flooding Location of city level infrastructure (landfill) Critical spaces for carrying out all activities Activities are limited to private spaces

Lake encroached for development settlement from the crematorium

Fencing the lake as a part of urban development initiatives which prevents access for livelihood and other needs Pollution due to dumping of untreated sewage These tanks recharge the neighbouring wells and bore wells

Concretisation of the common space associated loss of vegetation Informal status preventing access to lake and surrounding

Lack of access to toilets leading to vector borne diseases.

Dumping of SW in due to limited access to SWM services Have started commuting to other lakes/tanks in the city area which are further away from their settlement, gradual change in livelihood pattern Moving into the lake area through small gaps in the fencing

Gradual change in livelihood pattern. Rely on other water sources for their use. No coping strategy observed

No coping strategy observed

Pockets of open spaces between the built structures (B) • Livestock • Recreational • Daily household • Religious and spiritual • Socio-Cultural

Traditional Small shrines under trees (B) • Religious • Socio-Cultural Heat stress Urbanisation leading to densification and concretisation of settlement and surrounding; accompanied loss of green space - Green spaces associated with religious structures are often retained which are used as spaces for socialising during evenings.

Traditional and Informal

Inner streets and lanes (B) • Daily household • Recreational • Livelihood • Socio-cultural

Traditional Junctions of internal lanes (B) • Recreation Related Heat stress Concretisation as a part of development initiatives within and around settlement accompanied by

proximity to settlement without measures to reduce risks and other health issues are affected due to locational disadvantage. Lack of drainage system worsens situation.

Intersectionality: Locational disadvantage leads to leachate and waste from landfill flowing into settlement area during rains. The situation is exacerbated due to lack of efficient drains. Existing drains channels are mostly clogged worsening the situation. This often leads adverse health impacts due to vector borne diseases.

Heat stress

Floods Concretisation as a part of development initiatives within and around settlement accompanied by loss of vegetation and green cover

Backflow of flood water due to level difference between the road and house and clogged city drainage network Lack of open spaces due to dense fabric

Dumping of SW in internal drains due to limited access to SWM services during flooding events.

Production in manual units (rice puff) is reduced. Automatic unit uses dryer which consumes more energy thus adding on to their operating cost.

Streets and lanes used for socialising and relaxing during evenings due to lack of other open spaces.

Assets are usually covered in plastic bags and stored on higher racks and cupboards.

• Livelihood Related

Informal House Frontage (C) • Daily household • Recreational • Religious • Livelihood Floods

Heat stress

Floods Backflow of flood water due flawed city drainage network In the rainy season they have limited space to carry out domestic and livelihood activities. Assets are usually covered in plastic bags and stored on higher racks and cupboards.

loss of vegetation and green cover Backflow of flood water due flawed city drainage network Cutting down of trees in the area which is resulting lesser shaded spaces within the settlement - Complain to higher authorities

Sleeping outside during summer nights is a common coping strategy.