Chemical Weapons Convention - An umbrella regulation for Chemical Security

Chemical Weapons Convention – An umbrella regulation for Chemical Security CWC AP – ANKLESHWAR, GUJARAT Dr. R. Narayanan, CWC Help Desk In-charge Indian Chemical Council

Indian Chemical Industry  Indian population is approximately 1.3 billion as of 2016.The Indian

Chemical Industry has witnessed robust growth in the past decade.

According to UNIDO, in terms of value and production volume, Indian chemical industry is the 3rd largest producer in Asia and 6th by output in the world.  Chemical Industry contributed to 9% of the total export from India.

India accounts for approximately 16 per cent of the world production of dyestuff and dye intermediates, particularly for reactive acid and direct dyes.  India is currently the world’s third largest consumer of polymers and third largest producer of agrochemicals .Indian specialty chemical market is expected to reach USD70 billion by 2020.

Indian Chemical Industry  Government recognizes Chemical Industry as a key growth element of Indian Economy. In Chemical Sector, the Indian Government allows 100% Foreign Direct Investment.  The expected growth potential is going to be huge and will touch $ 400 billion in 2025. 9 million more people will be employed.  Indian Chemical Industry’s main growth segments are Petroleum

and Petrochemicals, Chlor-Alkali, Pesticides, Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals & Bulk Drugs.

Specialty

When you have growth you have problems as well…

Security in the CWC perspective  Are we secure in this world? Are we secure from anti social

elements and terrorists?  Are we secure from Chemical theft or sabotage of Chemical Industry? Are we secure from WMDs - Chemical Weapons?  Chemical Weapons Convention being an umbrella regulation helps the cause.  Member States who possess CWs destroy them at a stipulated time frame and the chemical manufacturers submit the declarations through the National Authorities to OPCW for supporting non-proliferation.

Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction

Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)

Nobel Peace Prize Awarded in 2013

th 20

Anniversary of OPCW

 OPCW is the implementing agency of CWC is administered . It is located in The Hague, The Netherlands.  The CWC entered into force on the 29th of April 1997 . This year is the 20th Anniversary of OPCW and to commemorate the success of OPCW not only for eliminating the Chemical Weapons from this world but for the prevention of proliferation of CWS and for promoting peace in the world in whatever way the Organisation can.  The OPCW is is the fastest growing international disarmament

organisation in history. As of now 192 countries are Member States to CWC. The countries yet to become members are Egypt, Israel, North Korea and South Sudan.

CWC HELP DESKS - OUTREACH  CWC Help desks are acting as the interface between industries and NACWC . They are being run with the help of Indian Chemical Council. No of declarations increased from 300 to more than 600

since 2009 after the first CWC HD was started in Gujarat.  - Interface between NA and Industry.  - Online – E -filing from 2013 for error fee declarations  - CWC Awareness Programmes, Data for potential declarants etc  CWC HDs also act as Outreach Centres for the Industries, Police force, Customs (DGFT regulations), Central Excise and the General Public to create awareness about Chemical Disasters and attacks.

Post World War I

• 1936 German discovery of the first nerve gas Tabun

• After WWII several allegations of the use of CW • Vietnam (1961-72) – Agent Orange • The amount of CW agents stockpiled by the member states which were declared to OPCW was more than sufficient to wipe out the entire population of the world twice.

Post World War I

• 1936 German discovery of the first nerve gas Tabun • After WWII several allegations of the use of CW • Moscow theatre hostage crisis – 3 methyl fentanyl – Kolkol 1 – 2002 (50 chechniyans and 850 hostages - 40 died and 130 hostages died) • 2011 – 13 and16-17 Syria on its own people – Thousands died • Iraq on Kurdish people – Thousands died • Sarin in Tokyo subway – a dozen died and a lot injured

CWC: GENESIS

Egypt, Israel, North Korea and South Sudan – Non Member states

OPCW and its role in elimination of CWs ,nonproliferation, preaching peaceful applications of chemistry through ICA and other world bodies for safety and security, assisting member states for protection and assistance‌

CWC Implementation in India What is CWC Act 2000?

Why should the industries which produce chemicals for peaceful applications need to declare? Why should a pharma industrial unit, a dye unit or additives mfg unit conform to the requirements of CWC Act 2000?

CWC IN INDIA -THE CWC ACT 2000  STATUS OF IMPLEMENTATION : THE ACT ENACTED BY THE PARLIAMENT IN 2000 & CAME INTO FORCE w.e.f 1ST JULY 2005.  SECTIONS 15 – 17 DEAL WITH PROVISIONS FOR TRANSFER OF SCHEDULED CHEMICALS.  THE CWC ACT HAS PROVISIONS FOR CRIMINAL PUNISHMENT FOR CONTRAVENTION OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION IN RELATION TO NON SUBMISSION OF DECLARATION AND TRANSFER OF CHEMICALS.

MAIN PROVISIONS OF CWC DOCUMENT CONSISTS OF 24 ARTICLES &

Confidentiality

Verification

THREE ANNEXES, these are:

Guidelines for schedule of chemicals

THREE SCHEDULES OF CHEMICALS – 1,2,3.

SCHEDULE 1- CHEMICAL WEAPONS. SCHEDULE 2- Toxic Chemicals and Precursors – (Weaponizable Dual Purpose Chemicals) SCHEDULE 3 - Toxic Chemicals and Precursors – (Weaponizable Dual Purpose Chemicals) DOCS -

Discrete Organic Chemicals

Classification of chemicals (contd..) • SCHEDULE 1 CHEMICAL: possesses lethal or

incapacitating toxicity as well as properties that would enable it to be used as a chemical weapon. It has little or no use for legitimate commercial applications.

Classification of chemicals (contd..) • SCHEDULE

2 CHEMICAL

1. possesses such lethal or incapacitating toxicity as well as other properties that could enable it to be used as a chemical weapon 2. may be used as a precursor in one of the chemical reactions at the final stage of formation of a chemical listed in Schedule 1 or Schedule 2, part A; 3. it is not produced in large commercial quantities for purposes not prohibited in CWC •

Classification of chemicals (contd..)

SCHEDULE 3 CHEMICAL 1. it possesses such lethal or incapacitating toxicity as well as other properties that might enable it to be used as a chemical weapon.

2. It poses a risk to the object and purpose of this Convention by virtue of its importance in the production of one or more chemicals listed in Schedule 1 or Schedule 2, part B 3. It may be produced in large commercial quantities for purposes not prohibited under this Convention.

ARTICLE- VI PURPOSES NOT PROHIBITED UNDER THIS CONVENTION ARE: a) INDUSTRIAL, AGRICULTURAL, RESEARCH, MEDICAL, PHARMACEUTICAL OR OTHER PEACEFUL PURPOSES; b) PROTECTIVE PURPOSES, NAMELY THOSE PURPOSES DIRECTLY RELATED TO PROTECTION AGAINST TOXIC CHEMICALS AND TO PROTECTION AGAINST CHEMICAL WEAPONS; c)MILITARY PURPOSES NOT CONNECTED WITH THE USE OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS AND NOT DEPENDENT ON THE USE OF THE TOXIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICALS AS A METHOD OF WARFARE; d) LAW ENFORCEMENT INCLUDING DOMESTIC RIOT CONTROL PURPOSES.

COMMERCIALLY TRADED SCHEDULE 2 CHEMICALS             

2-Chloro N, N-Di-isopropyl ethylamine Diethyl amino Ethanethiol O, O, Dimethyl Methyl Phosphonate 2-Hydroxy N, N-Diisopropyl Ethylamine N, N-Diethyl Amino ethyl Chloride Hydrochloride Di-ethyl Amino ethanethiol Hydrochloride Di-Methyl Amino ethyl chloride Hydrochloride Di-Methyl Amino ethanethiol Di-Methyl Amino ethanethiol Hydrochloride Phosphorothioic acid, S [2-(diethylamino) ethyl] O, O – diethyl ester 1-Propene, 1,1, 3, 3, 3, - Pentafluoro – 2- (trifluoromethyl) (PFIB) Benzeneacetic acid, alphahydroxy – alpha-phenyl, 1 – azabicyclo [2.2.2.] oct-3-yl ester Phosphonic Acid, Methyl-compound with (aminoimino methyl) urea (1: 1)

Dual Purpose Chemicals as per CWC  “The complexity of the chemical weapon definition needed to meet

the objectives of the Convention can be seen when considering “dual-use” items and technologies. Many chemicals used widely for peaceful and commercial purposes can also be used as, or applied to the creation of, chemical weapons. To address the potential threat posed by these chemicals, the CWC definition of a chemical weapon had to be as comprehensive as possible.”

Horrors of Dual-use Chemicals ï‚— PAST

PRESENT

Chemical theft : Why? ◦ Dual-purpose chemicals can be used

to make  Precursors for drugs  Precursors for chemical weapons  to cause direct harm

Examples of Dual Use Scheduled Chemicals 1. Thiodiglycol 2. Arsenic

trichloride 3. Phosphorus trichloride 4. Triethanolamine Several other compounds are listed

1. Water-based inks, textile dyes, plastics, and

coatings.

2. Ceramics, organic arsenicals, semi conductor industry(?)

3. Herbicide glyphosate, chlorinating agent, catalyst, pharmaceutical products, synthetic colourants, organophosphate flame retardants, insecticides, plasticisers, and metal extraction solvents 4. Surfactants, cosmetics, dyes, metalworking, downhole oil wells, grinding aids and concrete additives, etc

Categories of chemicals which are not covered under CWC ď‚— Chemical Weapons Precursors for the production of sarin-family

nerve agents ď‚— Ammonium bifluoride - Wood Preservative - CAS No. 1341-49-7 Potassium bifluoride - Wood Preservative - CAS No. 7789-29-9 Sodium bifluoride - Insecticide; Former EPA List 3 Inert - CAS No. 1333-83-1 Sodium fluoride - Insecticide, Wood Preservative - CAS No. 768149-4

Categories of chemicals which are not covered under CWC (contd..)

Some of the precursor chemicals which are early in the production process and/or are widely produced in industry (and hence not considered suitable for effective monitoring under the CWC [Chemical Weapons Convention]) have been included on the AGL [Australia Group List], because they are either known or suspected to have been sought for CW purposes. Such precursors include: ...the fluoride chemicals ... for the production of sarin-family nerve agents...

Examples of Dual Purpose Chemicals involved in synthesis of CW agents

Examples of Dual Purpose Chemicals involved in synthesis of CW agents ď‚— Sarin = DF + IPA mixture ď‚— GB chemical bombs can be manufactured where DF (Methylphonyl

diflouride) is reacted with Isopropyl amine and Isopropyl alcohol mixture. In between 2 cannisters there will be thin membrane which will shear on spinning and the two chemicals are mixed together in the air to form the binary chemical weapon.

Examples of Dual Purpose Chemicals involved in synthesis of CW agents - Contd..  Soman = Pinacolyl alcohol + DF

  Sulphur Mustard:  In the Meyer method, thiodiglycol is produced from chloroethanol and potassium sulphide and

   

chlorinated with PCl3.

3 (HOCH2CH2)2S + 2 PCl3 → 3 (ClCH2CH2)2S + 2 P(OH)3 In the Meyer-Clarke method, concentrated HCl instead of PCl3 is used as the chlorinating agent: (HOCH2CH2)2S + 2 HCl → (ClCH2CH2)2S + 2 H2O Thionyl chloride and Phosgence, the latter of which (CG) is also a choking agent have also been used as chlorinating agents.

Examples of Dual Purpose Chemicals involved in synthesis of CW agents - Contd..  VX :  Step 1: PCl3 + methyl phosphorous dichloride + Ethanol = QL = (O-(2-

diisopropylaminoethyl) O’-ethyl methylphosphonite – Agent QL is a mixed phosphonite.  Step 2: QL + Elemental Sulphur = VX

Furious face of Chemistry  The industrial accidents in the past 2 decades have greatly decreased due to the   

  

implementation of Process Safety System throughout the world.

December 3, 1984: The Bhopal Disaster , India,-MIC .

World’s worst disaster- 3787 died and injured tens of thousands of people living around the plant November 1, 1986: The Sandoz disaster , Switzerland – made the Rhine river Redtons of agrochemicals got spilled from warehouse due to fire- OPs, OCs,urea, dyes, Mercury cpds- Completely eliminated European eel population.

October 23, 1989: Phillips Disaster in Pasadena, Texas ,USA- HDPE plant 23 died 314 injured May 1, 1991 :Sterlington, Lousiana, USA - Nitro paraffin 8 died 120 injured September 21, 2001: Toulouse, France – Amm nit plant 29 died 34 sev injured

Recent Incidents and Accidents  27th Feb 2017 – Assam – A tanker carrying a propylene capsized at

22:30 hrs.

- One of the 3 valves opened, gas got fire and turned a house into ashes which was located 150 metres away. 3 persons killed. Fire fighters brought the situation under control.  7th March 2017 – Gujarat – Major fire in a Pharma plant - EHS – Emergency Team with 25 personnel and 10 vehicles were rushed to the spot and situation was brought under control. One person got killed , 2 injured.

Cause: Unexpected chemical reaction in the mixing unit.

ICCA - Responsible Care  Responsible Care is a global voluntary initiative of chemical industry to excel and

continually improve health, safety and environmental performance.  Commitment to build trust and confidence between the Industry and the stake holders

viz. employees, community, customers, suppliers, contractors  The International Council of Chemical Associations (ICCA) manages Responsible Care at

the global level monitoring its implementation and ensuring its integrity.  ICCA accounts for more than 75% of worldwide manufacturing operations. Main channel of

communication between the industry and various international organizations, including UNEP, WTO, UNITAR and the OECD.  In India, Indian Chemical Council (ICC) , a member of ICCA , coordinates and promotes

Responsible Care. ICC provides the guidance to the companies and monitors its implementation. ICC is authorized to issue the RC logo after satisfactory completion of audits.

Responsible Care®Codes of Management Practice Why do we need RC Codes?  • Companies needed a common roadmap with common

language to achieve Responsible Care goals and expectations.  • Focus on agreed-upon disciplines.  • Coordination of collective performance improvement.

SEVEN CODES OF RESPONSIBLE CARE POLLUTION PREVENTION

EMERGENCY RESPONCE

PROCESS SAFETY

PRODUCT STEWARDSHIP

DISTRIBUTION

SECURITY

EMPLOYEE HALTH & SAFETY

Process Safety Code  Elements - Management, Technology, Facilities, Personnel

 Management Commitment  Accountability  Performance Measurement

 Incident Investigation  Sharing of Information  Concern for the Community – Corp Soc Responsibility

 Documentation  Hazard information  Hazard Management in Process

 Management of Change

Process Safety Code - contd  Siting  Engineering Practices  Safety Reviews, Maintenance and Inspections

 Layers of protection, Emergencies from Natural Events  Identification of Skills, Safe work practices  Training

 Skill Proficiency  Fitness for duty  Contractors

Nicer Globe - Transportation  Vision  Enable chemical industry with globally acclaimed standards, infrastructure

and services for safe and secure transportation  Mission  Nicer Globe is dedicated to  

  

establish standards for transport safety, security & emergency response routinely evaluate and improve transport safety and security capabilities enable emergency response infrastructure and services foster mutual cooperation and collaboration within industry enhance community’s admiration for the chemical industry

Challenges in absence of surveillance Security • • • •

Check on driver’s indulgence in pilferage of chemicals required across all materials Gather forensic evidence to establish pilferage for trial incase of dispute Check unauthorized occupancy in driver cabin Check driving by authorised driver only

Safety

• • • •

Need for dynamic road and neighborhood conditions for Journey Risk Management Obtain real-time data on traffic conditions Enable control room to observe driver behavior during trip for fatigue and safe driving Obtain pre accident/incident details for investigation

Emergency Response • Obtain view of surroundings and incident in case of emergency

Surveillance  Mobile electronic surveillance equipment installed on trucks/tankers to meet the

challenges aforementioned.  Trials were made on Trucks / Tankers on various routes from Mumbai  Surveillance package comprises of  GPS enabled portable Network Video Recorder (NVR)  Internet Protocol Camera with remote viewing facility  Emergency panic button

 Manhole sensors  Valve open/close sensor  Control room to crew cabin voice communication

Elements of RC - Security Code • Leadership commitment • Analysis of Threats, Vulnerabilities and Consequences • Implementation of Security Measures • Information and Cyber-Security • Documentation • Training, Drills and Guidance • Communications, Dialogue and Information Exchange

Elements of RC - SC (cont.)

• Response to Security Threats

• Response to Security Incidents • Audits • Third-Party Verification • Management of Change • Continuous Improvement

Emergency Preparedness and Mitigation Includes 1. detection equipment and alarm systems 2. protective equipment 3. decontamination equipment and decontaminants 4. medical antidotes and treatments and, 5. advice on any of these protective measures

OPCW’s role in Assistance against Chemical Weapons All Member States have pledged to provide assistance and protection to fellow Member States threatened by the use of chemical weapons or attacked with chemical weapons.

First OPCW Exercise on Delivery of Assistance held INSeptember 2002 in Zadar, Croatia

Assistance against Chemical Weapons

Training for first responders in rescuing and treating victims of a chemical attack, conducted in Chile.

Courtesy OPCW web site

Cleaning and Disposal

Coming in contact with a dangerous chemical may make it necessary for you to remove and dispose of your clothing right away and then wash yourself.

OPCW taking part in an assistance and protection exercise.

Evacuation IT WILL INVOLVE HOW TO KNOW THE NEED TO EVACUATE AND WHAT TO DO ESSENTIALLY ON OFF SITE PROCEDURE DEVELOPED AND PRACTICED BY THE STATE PARTIES. THIS INCLUDES BESIDES OTHERS SHELTERING IN PLACE

PPE - Level A to D -EP

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) - EP  Level A protection is required when the greatest potential for exposure to hazards exists, when

the greatest level of skin, respiratory, and eye protection is required.  Level A clothing and equipment include: positive pressure, full face-piece self contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or positive pressure supplied air respirator with escape SCBA;; inner and outer chemical-resistant gloves; and disposable protective suit, gloves, and boots.  Level B protection is required under circumstances requiring the highest level of respiratory

protection, with lesser level of skin protection. Level B protection include:  positive pressure, full face-piece self contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or positive pressure supplied air respirator with escape SCBA; inner and outer chemical-resistant gloves; face shield;hooded chemical resistant clothing; coveralls; and outer chemical-resistant boots.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) - EP  Level C protection is required when the concentration and type of airborne substances is known and the criteria for using air purifying respirators is met. Typical Level C equipment includes: full-face air purifying respirators;  inner and outer chemical-resistant gloves; hard hat; escape mask; and

 disposable chemical-resistant outer boots.  Level D protection is the minimum protection required. Level D protection may be sufficient when no contaminants are present or work operations preclude splashes, immersion, or the potential for unexpected inhalation or contact with hazardous levels of chemicals. Appropriate Level D protective equipment may include:  Gloves; coveralls;safety glasses;face shield; and chemical-resistant, steel-toe boots or shoes.  While these are general guidelines for typical equipment to be used in certain circumstances, other combinations of protective equipment may be more appropriate, depending upon specific site characteristics.

National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)  National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) Guidelines for Nuclear, Biological and Chemical

(Terrorism) Disasters  Guidelines for Chemical (Terrorism) Disasters developed in 2009 together with the expertise of National Authority – CWC, DRDE and other Disaster Management Institutes .  “Guidelines” is being continuously updated based on the domestic scenario and also based on international experience and inputs.

NDMA Guidelines on Chemical Terrorism  The approach followed in the Guidelines lays emphasis on:  Security and surveillance measures for installations

manufacturing/using/storing chemicals.  Strengthening intelligence regarding the movement of chemicals.  Preparedness for counter-terrorism measures: a. safety of chemicals and risk reduction strategies; b. strengthening of response through rescue and emergency medical resources. c. preparedness of all emergency functionaries in terms of protection, detection, capacity building and infrastructure development.

SUMMARY 1. Introduction to CWC and relation to Chemical security as an Umbrella regulation 2. CWC Helpdesk – an OUTREACH initiative 3. Responsible care – Security Code 4. OPCW - Assistance to member states for protection from CW attacks .

5. Emergency preparedness –NDMA guidelines

THANK YOU