India perspectives jan feb'15 tamil

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,e;jpahtpd; Kd;nkhopT: ru;tNjr Nahfh jpdk;

2015

Kd;Ndw;wk; If;fpa ehLfs; rig ‘70 taJ ,isQd;’

kupahij

ciuahly;

Rgh]; re;jpu Ngh];

,d;]n ; gf;uH rf;jp Njtp

fjk;gk; ,e;jpah KOtJk; elf;fTs;s epfo;Tfs; kupahijahf gz;ghL rpHg+H Njrpa eld kw;Wk; rq;fPjj; jpUtpohthdJ ngsj;j jykhd rpHg+Uf;Fupa xU kupahijahFk;.

7Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fupa yf;];kd; Nfhapiy mjd; gpd;dzpapy; nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,e;jj; jpUtpoh Njrpa kl;lj;jpNyNa mjpf vjpHghHg;Gld; vjpHNehf;fpapUf;Fk; epfo;thf khwpAs;sJ. vg;NghJ: adtup 16-18 vq;Nf: rpH;g+H> rl;B];fhH

nghq;fy;

Nfhth jpUtpoh

ehd;F ehs; mWtilj; jpUtpohthd nghq;fy; MdJ g+kpj; jha;f;F ed;wpnrYj;Jtjw;fhf jkpo;ehl;by; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ. ngz;fs; Gjpjhf mWtilnra;j muprpapy; xU ,dpg;Gg; gz;lkhd nghq;fiyr; rikg;gH. khLfis topgl;L> #upaf; flTSf;F topghLfs; elj;jg;gLk;> eldk; kw;Wk; fhis mlf;Fjy; Nghl;bfSk; ,e;jf; nfhz;lhl;lq;fspd; xU gFjpahFk;.

,e;jj; jpUtpoh tuk;gw;w Ntbf;ifahFk;. Nfhth jpUtpohtpy; Rw;Wyhr; nraw;ghLfspd; fpsHr;rp rpwg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;> kf;fs; ehs; KOtJk; tpUe;Jz;gjpYk; kfpo;r;rpNaw;gLj;JtjpYk; <LgLtH. mg;gFjp kf;fs; fz;ftH cLg;Gfis mzpe;jgb Nfhthtpd; njUf;fspy; tyk;tUtH. vg;NghJ: /ngg;utup 14-17 vq;Nf: Nfhth

vg;NghJ: adtup 14-17 vq;Nf: jkpo;ehL

ghiytdj; jpUtpoh ,e;j %d;W ehs; jpUtpoh ngsHzkp ehsd;W KbTf;F te;J> uh[];jhd; khepyj;jpd; tskhd kw;Wk; tz;zkakhd gz;ghl;il fhl;LfpwJ. Jbg;ghd kw;Wk; tz;zkakhd cLg;gzpe;Js;s mg;gFjp kf;fs; fhjy; ghly;fSf;Fk;> ehl;Lg;Gw fjhehafHfspd; mtyj;jpw;Fk; Vw;g eldkhLtH. vg;NghJ: /ngg;utup 1-3 vq;Nf: n[a;ry;kH> uh[];jhd;

cj;juhad;

f[{uhN`h eldj; jpUtpoh

rHtNjr gl;lj; jpUtpoh vd;Wk; $wg;gLfpd;w cj;juhad; jpUtpohthdJ tre;jfhyj;ijAk;> tuTs;s mWtilg; gUtj;ijAk; giwrhw;WfpwJ. khepyj; jiyefukhd m`kjhghj;jpy; xU thu fhyj;jpw;F 24-kzpj;jpahyKk; elf;Fk; gl;lr; re;ij ,e;jj; jpUtpohtpw;F topfhl;LfpwJ.

,j;jpUtpoh tre;jfhyj;ij tuNtw;fpwJ. ,e;jpahtpd; kpfTk; tz;zkakhd kw;Wk; jpwikahd fpshrpf;fy; eld tbtq;fs; ,e;jj; jpUtpoh elf;Fk; fhyj;jpy; fz;fSf;F xU ngUtpUe;jspf;fpd;wd. f[{uhN`h Nfhtpy;fis gpd;dzpapy; itj;J Mlg;gLk; ,e;j eldq;fs; jdpj;Jtkhd tpUe;jhf ,Uf;fpwJ.

vg;NghJ: [dtup 14 vq;Nf: F[uhj;

vg;NghJ: /ngg;utup 20-26 vq;Nf: f[{uhN`h> kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;

Kd;Diu mT];jpNuypahtpy; G20> kpad;khupy; ASEAN kw;Wk; Neghsj;jpy; SAARC vd Kf;fpakhd gyjug;gl;l cr;rpkhehLfspYk; Cf;fj;Jld; gq;Fgw;Wtjd; %yk;> ,e;jpah xU Gjpa cyfshtpa xOq;FKiwia tbtikg;gjw;fhd nraypy; Kidg;ghd mq;fj;jtuhf ,Uf;fj; jahH vd;gij cyFf;Ff; fhl;LfpwJ. ,e;jpa njhopy;El;gj; jpwid cyfk; KOtJk; gug;Gtjpy; fUtpahf tpsq;Fk; ,e;jpa njhopy;El;g kw;Wk; nghUshjhu $l;Lj;jhgdk; (ITEC) jpl;lk; jdJ 50 tUlj;ij epiwTnra;Js;sJ. ,e;jr; rhjidfSf;F eLtpy;> If;fpa ehLfs; ,e;j tUlk; 70 taJs;s “,isQH" MfpwJ> NkYk; mjd; “Young@70" vd;w ,yf;Fthrfk;> ,e;jpah Nghd;w tsHe;JtUk; ehLfspdhy; tYt+l;lg;gl;L Mjupf;fg;gLk; xU Gj;Jap&l;lg;gl;l I.eh eilKiwapypUf;Fk; vd;W thf;fspf;fpwJ. `upahdhtpYs;s ,yFtpy; tifg;gLj;j ,ayhj uhfpfhH`p vd;w fpuhkk; ,g;NghJ cyfpYs;s kpfg;ngupa `ug;gh ehfupf jyj;jpy; NrHj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;L nfsutk; ngw;Ws;sJ. 800 tUlq;fSf;Fg; gpwF ehse;jh gy;fiyf;fofk; kPz;Lk; jpwf;fg;gl;Ls;sik xU fy;tpj; jykhf ,e;jpahtpd; tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij kPz;Lk; typAWj;JfpwJ. fhty;Jiwapy; ngz;fspd; epiyia Kd;Ndw;Wjy;> ghypd mbg;gilahd td;KiwfSf;F vjpuhfg; NghuhLjy; kw;Wk; ghypay; J\;gpuNahfj;jpw;F cs;shdtHfSf;F Mjutspj;jy; Nghd;wtw;wpy; Mw;wpa gq;Ff;fhf ,e;j Kiw I.eh rHtNjr mikjp fhg;gtH tpUJ ,d;];ngf;uH rf;jp Njtpf;Ff; fpilj;Js;sjhy; ntw;wpr; rupj;jpuq;fs; njhlHfpd;wd. NkYk;> rpWtH njhopyhsUf;F vjpuhd mwg;NghUf;fhfTk;> rpWtH cupikfSf;fhf NghuhLtjw;fhfTk; ifyh]; rj;ahHj;jpf;F Nehgy; mikjp tpUJ fpilj;Js;sJ. ,e;jpa ,ir vg;gb cyfshtpa ];tuq;fspy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jp te;Js;sJ vd;gJ gw;wp ,iraikg;ghsH rq;fH kfhNjtd; NgrpAs;sJld; ,e;jpahTf;F cyfg; ghuhl;L mjpfupj;Js;sJ. kfpo;r;rpiag; gfpHe;Jnfhz;L> cyfk; KOtJk; gpizg;Gfisf; fl;likf;Fk; Nehf;fpy; N`hyp gz;bif nfhz;lhlg;gLk;. ,e;jpa ngUq;fhg;gpakhd kfhghujk; vRg;ghdpa nkhopapy; nkhopngaHf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ> ,jdhy; ,jd; thrfHfs; mjpfupj;Js;sNjhL> gpg;yp mzpfyq;fs; kw;Wk; gl;l (Jzp) rpj;jpuk; Nghd;w ghuk;gupa fiy tbtq;fs; cyfshtpa / gh\Df;Fs; CLUtpAs;sJ. mofhf nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;s `thyp]; vdg;gLk; gz;ila ,e;jpa muz;kid Nghd;w tPLfSs;s ,lkhd Nrfhtl;bf;F tp[ak; nra;fpNwhk;> ,J fle;j rfhg;jj;jpypUe;j fhjy; fijfis RUf;fkhf tpgupf;fpwJ. $j;jhl;Lg; nghk;ikfisj; jahupf;Fk; fiyia ghHf;fhky; jtwtplf; $lhJ> mJ ,e;jpahtpy; fpl;lj;jl;l 3000 tUlq;fshf Nt&d;wpAs;sJ. 2014 nrg;uk;gupy; ,e;jpag; gpujkH jpU eNue;jpu Nkhb rHtNjr Nahfh jpdj;ijf; nfhz;lhl Ntz;Lnkd;W miog;G tpLj;jijj; njhlHe;J> ,e;ehis a+d; khjk; 21 Mk; jpfjp filg;gpbg;gnjd I.eh nghJr; rig jPHkhdpj;Js;sik gw;wpa xU fl;Liuapd; Clhf> ,e;j ntspaPl;by; NahfhTf;Fk; ,lkspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Nahfhtpd; Njhw;wq;fisAk; Ratptuq;fisAk; jlkwpfpd;w jp fpNuw; ,e;jpad; Nahfh kh];uH]; vd;w Gj;jfj;ij tpkHrpf;fpNwhk;. ,Wjpahf> rikaypYk;> Rfg;gLj;Jk; rj;JzTf;fhd jahupg;gpYk; ghtidapYs;s ,e;jpag; ghuk;gupakhd MAHNtjk; gw;wpf; fijf;fpNwhk;. NkYk;> gpnuQ;R kw;Wk; NghHj;Jf;Nfauhy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;s jdpj;Jtkhd fl;llf;fiyiaf; nfhz;l vq;fs; a+dpad; gpuNjrkhd GJr;Nrup Fwpj;j vq;fSila fhl;rprhH tpupthf;fj;ijg; ghHf;fj; jtwhjPHfs;.

29

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iraj; mf;gUjPd; ,e;j ru;t pahtpd Njr ; K Nahf d;nkho h j pdk pT: ;

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;Ndw

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,e;jpa juprdk;

njhFjp 29 n ntspaPL 1 n [dtup-ngg;utup 2015

MrpupaH: iraj; mf;gUjpd; cjtp MrpupaH: epfpNy\; bf;\pj; ntsptptfhu mikr;R miw ,y. 152> ~V| gpupT> rh];jpup gtd;> GJby;yp- 110001, ,e;jpah njh.: 91.11.23388949> 23381719 njhiyefy;.: 91.11.23384663 ,izak;: http://www.indiandiplomacy.in fUj;J my;yJ Nfs;tpfspw;F: osdpd2@mea.gov.in

khf;];NghrH kPbah F&g; ,e;jpah gpiuNtl; ypkpw;nwl; gpuRupg;gtH kw;Wk; jiyik eltbf;if mjpfhup: tpfh]; N[h`up jiyik epHthfp kw;Wk; epHthfg; gzpg;ghsH: gpufh\; N[h`up epiwNtw;W MrpupaH: nrsug; jq;fh jiyik mYtyfk; khf;n]f;]N ; ghrH kPbah F&g; ,e;jpah gpiuNtl; ypkpw;nwl; gpupT ,y. v/g;2gP> ,uz;lhtJ khb> MIRA NfhHg;gNul; #l;]>; pGnshl; ,y. 1&2> ,\;thH efH> kJuh rhiy> GJby;yp – 110065, ,e;jpah njh: +91.11.43011111 > njhiyefy;: +91.11.43011199

CIN No: U22229DL2006PTC152087 fUj;J my;yJ Nfs;tpfspw;F:

indiaperspectives@maxposure.in Nfs;tpfspw;F | MMGIPL njh: +91.11.43011111 njhiyefy;: +91.11.43011199 www.maxposure.in

,e;jpa juprdk; mNugpa> g`r ,e;NjhNdrpa> Mq;fpy> gpnuQ;R> N[Hkdpa> ,e;jp> ,j;jhypa> gh\;Nuh> ghurPf> NghHj;Jf;Nfa> u\pa> rpq;fs> ];ghdpa kw;Wk; jkpo; Mfpa nkhopfspy; gpuRupf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpa juprdk; GJby;yp> miw ,y. 152> ~V| gpupT> rh];jpup gtd;> GJby;yp- 110001 ,Ys;s ntsptptfhu mikr;rpd; $l;Lr; nrayhsUk; cj;jpNahfg+Ht Ngr;rhsUkhd iraj; mf;gUjpd; vd;gtuhy; mr;rplg;gl;L ntspaplg;gLfpwJ. NkYk; ,J MaXposure kPbah F&g; ,e;jpah gpiuNtl; ypkpw;nwl; (MMGIPL)> gpupT ,y. v/g;2gP> ,uz;lhtJ khb> MIRA NfhHg;gNul; #l;]>; Gnshl; ,y. 1&2> ,\;thH efH> kJuh rhiy> GJby;yp – 110065> ,e;jpahtpy; ntspaplg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpa juprdk; xU tUlj;jpy; MW jlitfs; ntspaplg;gLfpwJ. midj;J cupikfSk; ghJfhf;fg;gl;lit. ,jpYs;s vOj;jhf;fk;> glNtiy kw;Wk;/my;yJ Gifg;glj;ij ‘,e;jpa juprdj;jpw;F” ed;wp njuptpj;J cgNahfpf;fyhk; my;yJ kW mr;rplyhk;. ,.nt.m kw;Wk; MMGIPL Mfpait kdkhuf; nfhLf;fg;gl;l nghUl;fs;> ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpfs;> Gifg;glq;fs;> glNtiy> xspa+LUT glq;fs; my;yJ kw;iwa nghUl;fspd; ,og;gpw;F nghWg;ig Vw;Wf;nfhs;s khl;lh. ,r;rQ;rpifapy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; fUj;Jfs; ,.nt.m my;yJ MMGIPL ,d; fUj;Jf;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;ba mtrpakpy;iy.

vq;fisg; gpd;gw;Wq;fs;: http://www.facebook.com/MEA http://www.twitter.com/MEA http://www.youtube.com/MEA ,e;jpa juprdj;jpd; gpujpnahd;iwg; ngWtjw;F mUfhikapYs;s ,e;jpa ,uhaje;jpu J}jufj;ijj; njhlHGnfhs;sTk;.

26

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16 62

$l;L tpahghuk; tsHe;JtUk; nghUshjhuj;jpypUe;J tsHe;JtUk; mjpfhuk; tiu................................ 06

GJik GFj;jy; cq;fSila czit cq;fs; kUe;jhf;Fq;fs;.......................................... 46

$l;L tpahghuk; rpwe;j Ml;rp: nrhe;j ehl;bYk; ntspehl;bYk;......................................... 09

GJik GFj;jy; mg;spf; ijay; Ntiyapd; ftHr;rp kw;Wk; ~gl;l| tz;zj; jl;L.................................. 50

$l;L tpahghuk; 50 tUl njhopy;El;g> nghUshjhu xj;Jiog;G.......................................... 12

];dhg;n~hl;fs; fpof;fpd; /gpnud;Q; uptPuh....................................... 54

ntw;wp ehl;bd; ntz;nghd;................................................... 14 Kd;Ndw;wk; I.ehTf;F 'Young@70' tajhfpwJ...................... 16 nfhz;lhl;lq;fs; N`hypapd; rHtNjr rhay;fs;............................ 20

fyhr;rhuk; jHk rf;fuj;jpd; ehyhtJ Row;rp....................... 62 fyhr;rhuk; rupahd E}y;fis ,Oj;jy;.................................. 66 ,ir ,uhfq;fs; cUthFk; topiaf; fz;Lgpbj;jy;........................................... 73

ghuk;gupak; uh[];jhd; xU jpwe;jntsp fiyf;$lk;........ 26

Gj;jfq;fs; kfhghujk; ];ghdpa tbtj;ijg; ngw;w fij......................................... 78

ghuk;gupak; rupj;jpuj;Jldhd Kd;Ndw;ghL.............................. 34

Gj;jf tpkHrdk; vy;yh tajpw;Fk; Nahfh........................................ 80

ghuk;gupak; kiwe;J Nghd efuk; uhf;fpfH`p....................... 36

Gj;jf tpkHrdk; cyfpd; cr;rj;jpy; ,e;jpaHfs;.......................... 82

Kf;fpa ikak; Nahfh jhd; top........................................................ 42

kupahij ek; ehL ePz;lfhyk; thol;Lk;;............................. 84

milT xu; cd;dj Kaw;rp................................................... 45

ciuahly; ‘rpW Jsp ngU nts;sk;’...................................... 88

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$l;L tpahghuk;

tsHe;JtUk; nghUshjhuj;jpypUe;J

tsHe;JtUk; mjpfhuk; tiu gyjug;gl;l Nguitfspy; tPupakhfg; gq;Fgw;wp tUtjd; Clhf> ,e;jpah ,g;NghJ mjpf epahakhd cyf epytuj;ij mikj;J> jdJ nrhe;j ek;gpf;ifr; rhd;Wjis epWtptUfpwJ ciu | ka+up KfH[P

,e;jpag; gpujkH jpU eNue;jpu Nkhb %d;W fpoikfis tplf; Fiwe;j fhyj;jpy; ehY rHtNjr Nguitfspy; gq;Fgw;Wtjd; %yk; ,e;jpa gy;jug;gl;l ,uh[je;jpuj;jpy; 2014 etk;gH khjk; Kd;ndg;NghJk; epfo;ej ; puhj xU khjkhff; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mrpaj; jiytHfSldhd ,U NtWNtW epfo;rr ; pj;jpl;lq;fSld;> mjhtJ ,e;jpahTf;Fk; njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfspd; fofj;jpw;Fk;; (ASEAN) ,ilapyhd cr;rpkhehL kw;Wk; kpad;khupy;

,e;jpa juprdk;

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tpupthf;fg;gl;l fpof;F Mrpa khehL Mfpatw;Wld; ,e;jr; Rw;Wyh Muk;gpj;jJ. mjd; gpwF /gp[p> Rthtpy; 14 grpgpf; jPT ehLfspd; jiytHfSlDk;> mT];jpNuypahtpy; G20 ehLfisr; NrHe;j murhq;fj; jiytHfs; midtHfSlDk; $l;lj;jpw;F te;jhH. ,Wjpahf> Neghsj;jpy; gpuhe;jpa $l;LwTf;fhd njw;fhrpa fofj;jpd; (SAARC) tUlhe;j khehl;Lf;F te;jhH. ,e;j tUlj;jpd; Muk;gj;jpy; elhj;jg;gl;l

kpad;khupy; ele;j 25tJ ASEAN cr;rpkhehL kw;Wk; njhlHghd cr;rpkhehLfs;

ntw;wpfukhf mike;j BRICS (gpNurpy;> u];ah> ,ize;Jnfhz;lJ> gpd;dH ,J 1996-,y; KO ,e;jpah> rPdh kw;Wk; njd;dhgpupf;fh) khehl;ilAk; gq;fhsp ehlhf juKaHj;jg;gl;lJ. 2002 njhlf;fk;> NrHj;Jg; ghHj;jhy;> ,e;j epfo;rr ; p Vw;ghLfs; ,e;jpahthdJ ,e;j 10 ehl;Lf; FOTld; NrHe;J ,e;jpmatpd; gue;j tPrR ; s;s cyfshtpa tUlhe;j cr;rpkhehLfspy; fye;Jnfhz;Ls;sJ> ,uh[je;jpu Kaw;rpfspd; ,g;NghJ ,uz;Lk; xU cj;jprhH KOikahd fUj;ij $l;L tpahghuj;ijg; gfpHfpd;wd. toq;Ffpd;wd.

ASEAN-,e;jpa cwthdJ tzpfk; GJg;gpf;fg;gl;l ASEAN ,e;jpah my;yJ kw;Wk; Nghf;Ftuj;Jj; njhlq;fp fpof;fhrpa cr;rpkhehLfSld; gz;ghL kw;Wk; Rw;Wyhj;Jiw fpof;fpy; nraw;gLk; Muk;gpg;Nghk;. ,e;j ,uz;LNk Clhf tpQ;Qhdk; kw;Wk; nfhs;ifahdJ> ,e;jpahtpd; jrhg;jfhy ghJfhg;G tiu gyjug;gl;L ,e;jpahTf;Fk; mjd; gioikahd fpof;Nf ghH ePzL ; nfhz;L nry;fpwJ. ASEAN gq;fhsp nfhs;ifAld; fl;likf;fg;gl;L> mKy;gLj;Jtjw;Ff; fpl;lj;jl;lj; ,e;jpahtpd; njd;fpof;fhrpa jahuhfTs;s Nritfs; kw;Wk; ehLfSf;Fk; mz;ilehLfSld; mjd; KjyPLfspy; Rje;jpu tHj;jf ,ilapy; nghUshjhu njhlHr;rpahd <Lghl;Lf;fhd cld;gbf;ifahdJ ,e;j cwtpd; mgptpUj;jp> ifj;njhopy; jsj;ij cUthf;f kpfKf;fpa iky;fy;yhFk;. 2011 cjTfpd;wd. gpujkuhy; ,y; nraYf;Ff; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l kakhf;fk; kw;Wk; rpwg;ghff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l tzpfr;ruf;FfspYs;s Rje;jpu tzpfk; Mfpatw;wpd; GJg;gpf;fg;gl;l fpof;fpy; tHj;jf cld;gbf;ifAld;> xU xU Gjpa Afj;ij nraw;gLk; nfhs;ifahdJ> Gjpa xg;ge;jKk; $l ASEAN,e;jpahTf;Fk; mjd; ASEAN ,e;jpa cwTfis Gul;rpfukhf;Fk; milahsg;gLj;JfpwJ gq;fhsp ehLfSf;Fk; Mw;wiyf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ASEAN,ilapy; nghUshjhu ,e;jpa cr;rpkhehl;ilj; njhlHe;J mgptpUj;jp> ifj;njhopy; kakhf;fk; kw;Wk; ele;j fpof;fhrpa cr;rpkhehL Ke;ijajpd; tzpfk; Mfpatw;wpd; xU Gjpa Afj;ij tpupthf;fg;gl;l gjpg;ghFk;> ,J mg;gpuhe;jpaj;jpYs;s milahsg;gLj;JfpwJ. ,e;jpah 1992-,y; xU rfy gq;FupikahsHfisAk; xNu Nkilf;Ff; gpupTf;Fupa gq;fhsp ehlhf $l;likg;gpy; nfhz;L tUfpwJ. ,jpy; US> u];ah> rPdh> ag;ghd;>

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MNyhridr; Nritfs; vd;gdTk; ,jidj; njhlu;eJ ; tP Mu; j Ntu;yl ; ; J}juq;fSlDk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. vd; w ghly; xypf; f g; g l; l NghJ rigapy; ntspehl;lYty;fs; ITEC epWtdj;jpd; tpz;zg;gr; mku;ej ; pUe;j midtUk; nka;kwe;J mikr;rpd; nrad;Kiwiaj; Jupjg;gLj;jp ITEC ,urpj;jdu;. mjidj; njhlu;eJ ; Nyha; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSlDk; epWtdj;jpd; gq;Fgw;Weu;fSf;Fk; fpuhNjhq; vd;w jha;yhe;J eldnkhd;W ,e;jpa epWtdq;fSf;Fk; rpwe;j NkilNaw;wg;gl;lJ. ,ilj;njhlu;Gfis tiyaikg;G mDgtq;fis toq;Fk; ,f;fyhrhu epfo;rr ; p> gNkl; ,d; Vw;gLj;jp gpd;D} Nehf;fpy;> Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l Gjpa ,z;bah vd;w gpugykhd ghlYld; l;ly;fis toq;Ftjw;F ,izaj;jsnkhd;iw cUthf;Fk; epiwTw;wJ. myp\h rpdha; mtu;fspd; gzpia ntspehl;lYty;fs; mikr;rpd; gRik ,yf;fj;jpw;F Vw;g ntspehl;Lg; trjpapid toq;Fk; mgptpUj;jpg; gq;Flik epu;thfk;-II gq;Fgw;Weu;fs; MLtijAk; gpupT Muk;gpj;Js;sJ. Neghsj;ijr; ghLtijAk; ghu;jJ ; rigNahu; Nru;ej ; tpz;zg;gjhuu; xUtupd; tpz;zg;gj;jpw;F mDkjp midtUk; nka;kwe;J ,urpj;jdu;. ITEC epWtdj;jpd; toq;fpajd; %yk; kj;jpa murpd; ntspehl;lYty;fs; gq;Fgw;Weu;fs; `pe;jpg; ghly;fisg; ghba xt;nthU mikr;ru; ,e;j ,izaj;jsj;jpw;fhd Vw;ghLfis re;ju;gg ; j;jpYk; rigNahu; midtUk; fuNfh\k; nra;J Muk;gpj;J itj;jhu;. Neghsj;ijr; Nru;ej ; tpz;zg;gjhuu; mtu;fsJ mtu;fsJ Kaw;rpiag; ghuhl;b jq;fsJ xUtu; fhnzhsp khehl;bd; Clhfj; Njhd;wp jdf;F fspg;ig ntspg;gLj;jpdhu;fs;. ,f;fyhrhu epfo;rr ; p ,e;jpahtpy; gapw;rpngWtjw;Fr; re;ju;gg ; k; toq;fpaikf;fhf mgptpUj;jpaile;JtUk; ehLfSf;F ,e;jpah toq;FtUk; ,e;jpa murhq;fj;jpw;F ed;wp njuptpj;jhu;. ITEC xj;Jiog;Gf;fis cz;ikahfNt epidT+l;Lk; xU epWtdj;jpd; Gjpa ,izaj;jsk;>ITEC epWtdj;jpd; epfo;thf mike;jpUe;jJ.

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ntw;wp

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If;fpa ehLfs; cUthf;fg;gl;L 70 tUlq;fs; epiwtiltij 2015 Mk; Mz;L Fwpf;fpwJ. ,J xU gue;J-tpupe;j gazk; Mdhy; I.ehtpd; Nehf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; nfhs;iffs; 1945 Mk; Mz;by; rhd; gpuhd;\p];Nfhtpy; ifnaOj;jhFk;NghJ cUthf;fg;gl;lij tpl ,g;NghJ typikahf cs;sJ. “If;fpa ehLfs; gpufldk;” vd;W 1942 Mk; Mz;L cUthf;fg;gl;lNghJ Kjy; ehlhf ifnaOj;jpl;lJ ,e;jpah> mjw;F Kd;G cyf ehLfs; rq;fj;jpy; cWg;gpduhf ,Ue;J> Rje;jpuk; miltjw;F Kd;gpypUe;Nj If;fpa ehLfs; mikg;gpd; 51 epWtd cWg;gpdHfspy; xd;whf ,Ue;jJ. ,e;jpa ehl;il cUthf;FtJ gw;wpa rpe;jidfs; I.ehtpd; mikjpahd cyfk; gw;wpa newpapay; rhHe;j ghHitia nghUk;ghYk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ. ehl;L kf;fSf;F ePjp> fy;tp> midtUk; rkk; kw;Wk; nghJ rigapy; ,e;jpa gpujk ke;jpup jpU eNue;jpu Nkhb NgRfpwhH rNfhjuj;Jtj;ij cWjp nra;Ak; ,e;jpahtpd; murpayikg;ghdJ kdpj cupikfs;> ePjp kw;Wk; ePz;l Rje;jpuj;ij toq;Fk; r%f nray;ghLfs; gw;wpa I.ehtpd; rhrdj;Jld; jiyikNaw;f> vspjhf;f kw;Wk; rHtNjr ngUk;ghYk; xj;Jg; Nghfpd;wJ. xj;Jiog;ig czu ,e;jpah Kide;jJ. Muk;g Mz;Lfspy; I.ehtpd; Fuy; kw;Wk; gdpg;NghUk; ,e;jpahtpd; Gjpa nghUshjhuf; gq;nfLg;G cWg;gpduhf ,Ue;j ,e;jpah> nfhs;ifapd; mKyhf;fKk; Kbe;j 1940fs; kw;Wk; 1950fspy; fhydpahjpf;fj;ij gpwF> cyfk; mg;NghjpUe;jJ NghyNt ePf;Fjy; kw;Wk; kf;fspd; Ra-jPHkhd cupik> my;yhky;> ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupd; nghJ kw;Wk; KOikahd MAjf; fisT> gpd;dhd cz;ikepiyfisg; gpujpgypj;j ,d ghFghl;il KbTf;F nfhz;LtUtJ mjpfhur; rkepiyia I>eh fl;likg;Gfs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; ,e;jpah Kjd;ikahf ,Ue;jJ. epiyehl;bd vd;W czHe;Jnfhs;sg;gl;lJ. mikjp fhg;gJ njhlHghd I.ehit kWrPuikg;Gr; nra;Ak; I.ehtpd; gzpfspy; ,e;jpahtpd; Kaw;rpfs;> rkhjhdj;jpw;fhd gq;fspg;G> Nt&d;wpAk;> I.ehtpd; gq;Nfw;G epfo;r;rpepuiyAk; $l;L rhuh epiyg;ghL newp mgptpUj;jpf;fhd cWg;gpduhf %yKk; ,Ue;jJ> 1950 ,y; epfo;r;rpepuiyAk; fhydpahjpf;f nfhupahTld; njhlq;fp cyfpd; nfhz;l ,Orf;jpiag; kpfg;ngupa JUg;Gfs; toq;Fk; ePff ; j;jpw;fhd ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ> Mdhy; %d;whtJ ehlhf ,e;jpahit mHj;jKs;s kWrPuikg;G fhuzq;fs; ngupjhf;fpaJ. tsHe;j tpyf;fg;gl;Nl ,Ue;jJ. 2000 kw;Wk; Ra-jPHkhd ehLfspd; ngUk;ghd;ikia Mk; Mz;bd; Muk;gj;jpy;> cupik njhlHghd rupnra;Ak; tifapy; tsUk; kpy;Nydpa cr;rpkhehl;Lld; ehLfspd; vz;zpf;ifia KbTfspy; ,e;jpah msTf;fjpfkhd fUj;juq;Ffs; nghJ thf;nfLg;gpy; rkepiy elj;jg;gl;L> mit kdpj ntw; w paile; J s; s J nra;Ak; tifapy; Mgp;upf;fh cupikfs;> ngz;fs; kw;Wk; Mrpahtpy; KOtJk;; cupikfs;> epiyj;J ePbf;Fk; fhydpahjpf;f ePf;fk; ngw;w mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; gy vd gyjug;gl;litahf ehLfs; Rje;jpuk; ngw;W If;fpa ehLfspy; mike;jd> mNjhL rHtNjr $l;LwT cWg;gpduhf khwpaJ 1960fspy; mjpfkhf epfo;r;rpepuiyAk; tiuaWf;fpwJ. ,Ue;jJ. ,J Kf;fpa epfo;r;rpfspy; I.ehtpd; mjpfhu vy;iyahdJ rHtNjr gujpgypj;jJ NkYk; gytifahd rkhjhdj;ijAk; ghJfhg;igAk; NgZtjpy;> rpf;fy;fs;> Fwpg;ghf 1970fspy; rHtNjr mjhtJ I>ehtpd; Kf;fpa %d;W J}z;fshd Nkk;ghl;il fUj;jpy; nfhz;Lk; tHj;jfj;jpy; mikjp> mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; kdpj cupikfs; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l ,izg;ig Mjupj;Jk; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;Ftjw;fhf mjd; ehLfspd; tsHr;rpf;F cjTk; tifapy; cz;ikahd vy;iyiaj; jhz;br; nrd;wJ.

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[dtup-ngg;utup 2015

(,lJ) ,e;jpahtpy; I.ehtpd; 70 Mz;L tpoh njhlf;f epfo;r;rpapy; eldk; MLgtHfs; ruz;ah re;jpud; kw;Wk; R.. Mk;upjh ];Ujp ngz;fs; ghJfhg;G Fwpj;j fUj;jpy; ghuk;gupa eldj;ij MLfpwhHfs; (tyJ) ,e;jpahtpypUe;J ,uz;L Adpnr/g; FOf;fs; fz;fhzpg;gpy; cs;sd

I.eh FLk;gj;ij cUthf;Fk; rpwg;ghf tsuNtz;Lnkd mikf;fg;gLfpwJ. mikf;fg;gl;l mikg;Gfs; kw;Wk; gpw vg;NghJNk mjpfupj;JtUk; rthy;fisr; epWtdq;fs;- mjhtJ UNDP, UNICEF, rkhspg;gjw;fhf njhlHr;rpahf tpupthf;Ffpd;w UNESCO kw;Wk; I.eh ngz;fs;- jkJ mjpfhu Kfj;jpy;> I.eh jdJ ntw;wpfisAk; nraw;ghLfis mjpfupj;Jf;nfhz;ld> Njhy;tpfisAk; ngw;Ws;sJ> Mdhy; ,J mtHfsJ mjd; njhiyNehf;fpd; Ntiyia kpy;Nydpa rf;jp -midtUf;Fk; mgptpUj;jp ,yf;Ffspd; cupikfisAk; epiyj;J cyf Nkk;ghl;bw;F (MDG) rhjidia epw;Fk; mgptpUj;ijiaAk; vjpuhf cUthfp Nehf;fpajhf xUKfkhfpd. nfhz;l mikjpahd> tUk; Neha;fs; njhiyj;njhlHGfspy; Vw;gl;l If;fpa cyfk;- ,g;NghJk; njhopy;El;g Kd;Ndw;wq;fs; njspthfNt cs;sJ. ,e;jf; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G ,aq;Ffpd;w ,e;j cyfj;ij Nfhl;ghLfspd; mbg;gilapy; Mgj;Jfisf; xd;Wlndhd;W gpizj;J xU gfpug;gl;l vjpHfhyj;ij nfhz;l cyfpy;> cyfkakhf;fy; cs;spia ,J vjpHghHf;fpwJ> ,jw;F vl;Lk; Ntfj;ij NkYk; J} ,e;jpahTk; I.ehTk; mtHfsJ rHtNjr z;btpl;ld. rf;jpfisg; gpuNahfpf;f xUq;fpizg;G 2015f;F gpd;dhd mgptpUj;jp Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jpah Nghd;w xd;W kl;LNk epfo;r;rpepuyhdJ fspd; vOr;rpngw;WtUk; jiytHfshy; tsu Ntz;Lk; Kf;fpa gbg;gpidfis tYt+l;lg;gl;L> Mjupf;fg;gLk; cs;slf;fp tbtikf;fg;gl;L capHg;g+l;lg;gl;l I.eh MdJ tUfpwJ. fhyepiy khWfpd;w> jw;NghJk; vjpHfhyj;jpYk; Neha;fs; gutptUfpd;w kw;Wk; cyfshtpa cyfk; vjpHNehf;Fk; vz;zpylq;fhj mgptpUj;jpf;F mr;RWj;jy; tpLfpd;w ghJfhg;G rthy;fSf;F cyfshtpa gjpiy mr;RWj;jy;fs; Kjypait cs;s xU xUq;fpizg;gjw;fhf kpfTk; Mw;wy;kpf;f cyfj;jpy;> rHtNjr $l;LwTf;fhd Njit topKiwahf ,Uf;Fk;.

[dtup-ngg;utup 2015

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nfhz;lhl;lq;fs;

N`hypapd; rHtNjr

rhay;fs;

epwq;fspd; jpUtpoh cyfk; vq;fZk; Jbg;igAk; kfpo;r;rpiaAk; gug;GkhW vy;iyfisf; fle;J caHe;Js;sJ

,e;jpa juprdk;

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[dtup-ngg;utup 2015

If;fpa mnkupf;fh>NghHdpahtpy; gy fspahl;lq;fs; ;gpNy\;Nkhdpah vdg;gLk; N`hypf;fhd `pe;jpj; jpiug;glq;fspd; eldk; If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpd; fypNghHdpahtpy; cs;s ] dpNty; efupy; tUlk;NjhWk; eilngWk;.

Ngyd;l; ghHf;fpy; eilngWk; ,e;j cd;djkhd epw epfo;r;rpfspy; tisFlh gFjpfspy; ,Ue;J Mapuf;fzf;fhd kf;fs; fye;Jnfhs;thHfs;. 5000 capupay; epwq;fSf;F Nkw;gl;l mjp rf;jpAila epfo;r;rpfSld; mjp ftHr;rp eldq;fSk; rhl;-g];bq; nghypt+l; ek;gHfSk; ,lk;ngWk;.

MrhN`hyp vdg;gLk; 5000 ,whj;jy; czT juj;jpyhd epwk ;nfhz;l kpa+] pf;Fld; $ba eldq;fSk; ,uz;L ehl;fSf;F Nky; eilngWk;. ,e;epfo;r;rpia ghHf;fpNs gy;fiyf;fofk; Muk;gpj;j> MrhNghH vbANfrd; vdg;gLk; ,yhgkpd;wp ,aq;Fk; Mrh N`hypapdhy; xOq;F nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk; gy Nfspf;if tpisahl;Lf;fSk; Ritg;gjw;F vz;zpyq;fhj czT tiffSk; mq;F fpilf;Fk;.

[dtup-ngg;utup 2015

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nfhz;lhl;lq;fs;

“re;Njhrkhd” nfhupahtpd; ngUehs; N`hyp vd;gJ ~re;Njhrkhd|ngUehs;> epwq;fisg; gupkhwpf; nfhs;tJ cWjpahd cwTfisf; fl;bnaOg;GtJld; kfpo;r;rpiaAk; gu];guk; gupkhwpf;nfhs;tjhFk;| vd nfhupahtpy; cs;s re;ijfspy; NjHr;rpngw;w #f;a+q; vd;gtH $Wfpd;whH. NkYk;> N`hyp vd;gJ ,e;jpaHfs; khj;jpuk; nfhz;lhLk; xU ngUehs; my;y> vd nfhupahtpy; cs;s ,e;jpa r%f mikg;gpd; Kd;ida ehs; jiytH ,k;jpah]; myp vd;gtH Fwpg;gpLk;NghJ ,J "2012y; ,Ue;J nfhupahtpy; cs;s ,e;jpaHfspdhy;

Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l xU r%fk; rhHe;j cw;rtkhFk;. vy;yh r%fq;fspy; ,Ue;Jk; gyUk; MtYld; fye;Jnfhs;Sk; xU ngUehshFk;. jw;NghJ N`hyp vd;gJ xU rHtNjr epfo;r;rpahFk;.| vd mtH fUj;Jj; njuptpf;fpd;whH. rupahf ,e;jpa ghzpapyhd (epwk; rhHe;j rf;jp) vdg;gLk; gupr;rrakhd Fyhy; cw;rtk; nfhupahtpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Gspaq;fha; gTliu NfhJik khTld; fyg;gij ,jw;F cjhuzkhff; $wyhk;. nghypt+l; eld epfo;r;rpfSld; ,e;jpa czT tiffs; gupkhwg;gLtij k];l]; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

—­ mq;fpyp #kp

,e;jpa juprdk;

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[dtup-ngg;utup 2015

njhlHe;J - tpupthfpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; Jgha; nthd;lHyhz;by; cs;s mf;Fth ghHf;fpy; nrd;w tUlk; eilngw;w N`hyp epfo;r;rpapy; 22000f;Fk ;Nkw;gl;l vy;yh tajpdUk; fye;J nfhz;ldH. ehDk; vdJ FLk;gj;jpdUk; mjpy; fye;Jnfhz;likia xU ghf;fpakhff; fUJfpd;Nwhk;. xt;nthUtUk; mtutH toikg;gb epwq;fis tPrpf;nfhz;bUe;j mNjNeuj;jpy; BN[ tpisahl;Lld; N`hyp ghly;fs; ,e;jpad; ,dpg;Gfs; tpw;gidnra;Ak;

Gl; NfhdHfSk; eilngw;Wf; nfhz;bUe;jd. ,e;jpahtpy; ,e;j epfo;r;rp ghupa mstpy; nfhz;lhlg;gl;l NghjpYk;> nfhz;lhl;lj;jpd; kdczHit ehk; ,q;Nf mile;J nfhz;Nlhk;. N`hypapy; vq;fs; rpwhHfs; ngw;w mDgtq;fisg; nghWj;j tiu kpf Kf;fpakhd mk;rk; vd;dntdpy; mtHfs; ,q;F jhd; gpwe;jhHfs;. NkYk; mit epwq;fshy; epuk;gp ,Ue;jik uk;kpakhfj; njd;gl;lJ.

—­ mdpy;NtHkh

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nfhz;lhl;lq;fs;

njd; Mgpupf;fhtpy; cs;s N[h`d;d];NgHf;fpy; xd;W$ly; njd; Mgpupf;fhtpy; cs;s ,e;jpa FLk;gq;fspd; nfhz;lhl;l epfo;r;rpfSf;F mg;ghy;> upf;nfw; thq;fp fye;Jnfhs;Sk; N`hyp epfo;r;rpfs; gw;wp mjpfkhfg; Ngrg;gLfpd;wJ. njd; Mgpupf;fhtpy; eilngWk; epwf; nfhz;lhl;lkhd-N[hGf; N`hyp td;mit vy;yh fl;lq;fspYk; cs;s kf;fisAk; ntFthff; ftHfpd;wJ. ntz;ik epwkhd cLg;Gk; capupay; rhHe;j ,yFtpy; gupkhw ,aYkhd> er;Rj;jd;ik ,y;yhj ,yFtpy; mopaf;$ba> xt;thikaw;w epwj;Jld; $ba czTr; rhak; NrHf;fg;gl;l muprp khTk; ,jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j epfo;r;rp> xw;Wikiaj ;J}z;LtJld; vkJ tho;tpy; tz;zj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. mLj;j nfhz;lhl;lk; vjpHtUk; Vg;uy; khjk; 11 jpfjp eilngw jpl;lkplg;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ.

,e;jpa juprdk;

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vfpg;J> nfa;Nuhtpy; nfhz;lhl;lq;fs;

kpad;khH> ad;$dpy; epwq;fs;

“rhk; me; e]Pk;" my;yJ" Gj;JzHr;rpAldhd kzk;" vd;w nghUspy; vfpg;jpaHfs; gpHmTd; fhyk; Kjy; tre;j fhyj;jpd; tUifAld; nfhz;lhl;lq;fs; elhj;jp tUf;fpd;wdH. g+f;fs; kyHtijg; ghHg;gjw;F mtHfs; ngUk; FOf;fshf g+q;fhf;fSf;Fr; nry;Yk;NghJ epwkhd Kl;ilfs;> Gifapy; tjf;fpa kPd;fs ;Nghd;w tpNrlkhd czTfisAk; mtHfSld; nfhz;Lnry;thHfs;. mz;ikf; fhykhf> ,e;jpad; ghuk;gupaj;Jf;F Vw;g N`hypia vfpg;jpaHfs;> gy epwq;fSld; nfhz;lhlj; njhlq;fpAs;sdH. 2010k; Mz;L Kjy; nfa;Nuhtpy; tUlhe;j fyH nfhz;lhl;lq;fis elhj;Jfpd;wdH. mjpy; 16000f;Fk; Nkw;gl;ltHfs; FY}y; vdg;gLk; epwkhd khTfis xUtUf;nfhUtH tPrp tpisahLfpd;wdH. mq;F ,e;jpad; czTtiffs; gupkhwg;gLtJld; fye;Jnfhs;gtHfs; ,e;jpad;> vfpg;jpa ghly;fSf;F Vw;g eldkhLfpd;wdH.

—­ k`;%j;nuh];jk;

ad;$Df;F ehd; nrd;wNghJ tpag;gile;Njd;.

Gjpa ,lk;> Gjpa fyhrhuk;> Gjpa kf;fs;.

Mdhy;> vdJ ehl;il ,oe;J Fwpg;ghf vkJ nfhz;lhl;lq;fis ,oe;J ,q;F tUif je;jik vdf;F ftiyia Vw;gLj;jpaJ. Mdhy; ,e;jpaHfs; nry;Ykplnky;yhk; mtHfs; xd;WNrHe;J nfhz;lhl;lq;is elhj;Jfpd;wdH vd;gij tpiutpy; mwpe;Jnfhz;Nld;. ahd;$dpy; ehk;> N`hyp> jPthsp> JN]uh> etuhj;jpup Nghd;w vy;yh epfo;r;rpfisAk; rkkhd mNj czHTld; ehk; nfhz;lhLfpd;Nwhk;. jPghtyp vd;gJ ntspr;rKk; thzNtbf;iffSk;> etuhj;jpup vd;gJ fHgh vdg;gLk; (F[uhj;jpd; ghuk;gupa eldk;) nfhz;lJ. Mdhy; N`hyp vd;gJ vq;fSf;F kpf tpUg;gkhdJ. Thspfspy; fyHfis epug;gp ePHigg;Gfisg; ghtpj;J ehq;fs; tpisahLNthk;. vq;fSf;F kj;jpapy; Nfspf;if Nghl;bfSk; eilngw;wd. ~ad;$dpy; kpf mjpfkhd epwq;fisf ;nfhz;ltH| vd;w gl;lj;Jld; mjpf fyHfisf; nfhz;ltH ntw;wp ngw;whH. mjd; gpwF vy;yh ,e;jpahtpd; czTfSk; nfhz;l gfy;Nghrdj;jpy; gupkhwg;gl;lJ. -lhy; kf;d (gUg;Gf;fwp) NrhW> nuhl;b (,e;jpad; nuhl;b) rh`p gdPH (,e;jpahtpd; Fok;gpy; fye;j fpuhkg;Gw rP];). kpfTk; tha+wiy Vw;gLj;jpaJ F[Pah (ed;F gpiw gz;zpaN`hypnl]l;) mJ mq;Nf fpilf;Fk; vd ehd; vjpHghHf;fNt ,y;iy!

—­ U\;rp mfHthy;

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ghuk;gupak;

uh[];jhd; xU jpwe;jntsp

fiyf;$lk;

mofhd kw;Wk; Ez;zpa Ntiyg;ghl;Lld; $ba rpw;g Xtpaq;fs; N\f;`htjp khspiffis moFgLj;Jfpd;wd. ,e;j fl;likg;Gfs; fle;j fhyj;jpd; tPu kw;Wk; ijupakhd fijfis ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ciu | Rg;upah mfHthy;

e Pq ;fs ; tskhd ghuk ;gu pakpf ;f kw ;Wk ; N\f ;`htjp (uht ; N\f\ ;‌ ht pd ; Njhl;lk ); mofhd fl;ll Xt paq ;fis ghHj ;J vd ;W miof ;fg ;gLfpwJ. tuyhW 18 Mk ; mDgt pf ;Fk ; fiy MHtk ; nfhz ;ltuhf kw ;Wk ; 19 Mk ; E}w ;whz ;Lfs py ;> kpfg ; ,Ue ;jhy ;> uh[] ;jhd py ; cs ;s ngu pa mst py ; tHj ;jfk ; nra ;a khHthu p N\f ;`htjp cq ;fs ; gazj ;jpw ;fhd tz pfHfs ; N\f ;`htjp gFjpiaj ; Kbthf ,Uf ;Fk ;. ehthy ;fH> r pfhH> NjHe n ; jLj ;jdH> mtHfshy ; ,e ;j [{Q ;RZt pd ; f o P ; tUk ; muz ;kid Nghd ;w khs piffs ; Ma puf ; fzf ;fhd fpuhkq ;fs ; my ;yJ ghJfhg ;ghd t PLfs ; kw ;Wk ; efuq ;fs ; kw ;Wk ; RU> fl;lg ;gl;lJ nju pfpwJ. ,e ;jf ; 18 Mk; kw;Wk; ehft H; kw ;Wk ; n[a ;g ;g+u pd ; fiy Xt paq ;fs ;> ,uhkhazk ;> r py gFjpfs ; khepy jiyefH kfhghujk ; kw ;Wk ; fpU\ ;zh 19 Mk; E} n[a ;g ;g+u pypUe ;J 165 fpk P yy P h (fpU\ ;z gfthd pd ; w;whz;Lfspy;> gug ;gst py ; N\f ;`htjp tho ;f ;if Xt pak ); Mfpa khHthup gFjp mike ;Js ;sJ> mJ fht paq ;fs py ; ,Ue ;J tzpfHfshy; cyfpYs ;s Xt paq ;fSf ;F gy N; tW fUg n ; ghUs ;fisr ; vy ;yhk ; jiyr ;r pwe ;j r pj ;ju pf ;Fk ; tifa py ; cl;G w ,e;j muz;kid $lhukhf t psq ;FfpwJ. RtNuht paq ;fs ; nry ;tk ; khspiffs; ,g ;gFjpa pd ; ngauhdJ kw ;Wk ; nry ;tr ; nropg G; fl;lg;gl;lJ vd n\fhtj ; uh[ G; l; thu prhd myq ;fu pf ;fg ;gl;Ls ;sJ. ,e ;j kfh uht ; N\f ;fh [ p jdJ Xt paq ;fs ; N\f ;`htjp tuyhW $WfpwJ. t Puk ; kw ;Wk ; Nguhz ;ika pd ; uh[ G; j ;fs ; %yk ; %yk ; 15 Mk ; E}w ;whz ;by ; mw pKfg ;gLj ;jpait vd ;Wk ; Ml;r p nra ;jjd ; fhuzkhf ngwg ;gl;lJ. $wg ;gLfpwJ. ,e ;j khs piffs py ; kfh uht ; N\f ;fh [ pf ;F g pwF> mtuJ nts pg G; wj ;ij Mz ;fSf ;fhd kHjhd re ;jjpfs ; fhyk ; Kjy ; ,d ;iwa Njjp vd ;Wk ; cs G; wj ;ij ngz ;fSf ;fhd tiu gy E}w ;whz ;Lfshf fiy kw ;Wk ; nrdhdh vd ;Wk ; miof ;fg ;gLfpwJ. ,e ;j fyhr ;rhuj ;jpd ; gy N; tW tbtq ;fs py ; Xt paq ;fs py ; gyTk ; Fk ;`H (ghl;lH) jioj N; jhq ;fpaJ. ,jd ; fhuzkhfNt> r%fj ;jpy ; ,Ue ;J te ;j r pj ;juh] ;

,e;jpa juprdk;

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ghuk;gupak;

(NkNy) uhk;ehj; xU NghlH `Ntyp mUq;fhl;rpafj;jpy; uhjh fpU\;zH Xtpaq;fs; (gf;fk; thl;by;)nkhuhHfh `Ntyp mUq;fhl;rpafj;jpy; uh[hf;fs; Fwpj;j Xtpak;

(fiyQHfs ); 1900 kw ;Wk ; 1930 ghJfhg G; gz pfs ; njhlq ;fpaJ. Fiwe ;j fhyj ;jpw ;F ,ila py ; tiuag ;gl;lit. rhj ;jpakhd FWf ;f Pl;bd ; %yk ; ghuk ;gu pa N\f ;`htjp Xt paq ;fs ; ghur f P > nghUl;fis nfhz ;L ,e ;j Xt paq ;fisg ; n[a ;g ;g+H kw ;Wk ; Kfyha gs ;s pfs pd ; ghJfhg ;gJ ngUk ; rthyhf ,Ue ;jJ. Xt paq ;fs ; kw ;Wk ; Guhzq ;fs ;> Ntl;ilf ; ghJfhf ;Fk ; nghUl;L gbe ;Js ;s J} fhl;r pfs ; kw ;Wk ; md ;whl tho ;f ;ifa pd ; r pia e f P ;Fjy ;> jhtu kw ;Wk ; ca pu pay ; r pj ;ju pg G; fs ; Mfpatw ;iw tsHr ;r pfis Rj ;jk ; mbg ;gilahff ; nfhz ;L nra ;a njhlq ;fpaTld ;> fhzg ;gLfpwJ. mit khs piffs py ; mike ;Js ;s Fiwe;j g pu pl;b\ ; nry ;thf ;F kw ;Wk ; fl;llf ;fiya py ; gy N; tW rhj;jpakhd gy N; tW Jiwfs pd ; g pu pTfs py ; Vw ;gl;Ls ;s FWf;fl P b ; d; jhf ;fj ;jhy ; ntFthf Nrjq ;fis xOq ;fikj ;J khw pt pl;lJ. 19 Mk ; E} typikahf mikj ;jdH. %yk; ghuk;gupa w ;whz ;by ; fhHfs ;> epiyahd nray ;ghl;bd ; nghUl;fis t pkhdq ;fs ;> fpuhNkh / %yk ;> khs piffs ; nfhz;L ,e;j Nghd ;fs ; kw ;Wk ; Mq ;fpNyaH KOikahd tbtj ;ij Xtpaq;fisg; Nghd ;w fUg n ; ghUs ;fshy ; ngw ;wd. r py ,lq ;fs ; jq ;fs pd ; ,Ug G; epiyia mUq ;fhl;r pafq ;fshf ghJfhg;gJ epiyg ;gLj ;jpdH. vd pDk ;> khw ;wg ;gl;lTld ; kw ;wit ngUk; rthyhf ,e ;j Xt paq ;fs ; epiyahd ,g N; ghJ t pLjpfshfTk ; ,Ue;jJ. nts pg ;ghl;bd ; fhuzkhf cs ;sd. nkhuhHfh `Ntyp r Puopa njhlq ;fpaJ. ,J vdg ;gLk ; mUq ;fhl;r pafk ;> nrjpyhfTk ;> nga pz ;l; ,uz ;L Kw ;wj ;Jld ; $ba kf ;Fjy ;> mu pg G; > cg G; f ;fs ;> fUg G; khs pifahFk ;> ,J 1900 Mk ; Mz ;by ; ghr pfs ; kw ;Wk ; epwkhw ;wk ; Nghd ;w n[a ;uhk ; uNk\ ; jh] ; nkhuhHfhthy ; tbtq ;fs py ; mopaj ; njhlq ;fpaJ. fl;lg ;gl;lJ. ,jd ; Rtu py ; RkhH 700 mjdhy ;> ghJfhg G; kl;LNk j P Hthf Xt paq ;fSld ; $ba xU jpwe ;jnts p ,Ue ;jJ. ehthy ;fH gFjpa py ; cs ;s Xt paj n ; jhFg ;ghFk ;. EioT tha py ; / Kjypy ; nkhuhHfh mwf ;fl;lisa py ; NghHNfhHby ; jpwf ;fg ;gl;L fhzg ;gLk ;.

,e;jpa juprdk;

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ghuk;gupak;

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[dtup-ngg;utup 2015

(,lkpUe;J ,lQ;Ropahf) uhk;ehj; xU NghlH `Ntyp mUq;fhl;rpafj;jpy; tHzk; jPll ; g;gl;l fyup kw;Wk; Kw;wj;jpy; Eiothapypy; cs;sJ> cj;ju `Ntypapy; tz;zkakhd [hnuhfh]; ([d;dy;fs;) cs;sd kw;Wk; nkhuhHfh `Ntyp mUq;fhl;rpafj;jpy; uhkH jpUkz fhl;rpfs; cs;sd

[dtup-ngg;utup 2015

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ghuk;gupak;

mq ;F fhzg ;gLk ; gbfs ;> nrnddh Kw ;wj ;jpw ;fhd kw n ; whU EioTtha pyhf t psq ;FfpwJ. ,q N; f fhzg ;gLk ; Xt paq ;fs py ; murHfs ; kw ;Wk ; mur pfs ;> jhtuq ;fs ; kw ;Wk ; t pyq ;fpdq ;fs ;> t pehafH khw ;Wk ; fpU\ ;zH Mfpait cs ;slq ;Fk ;.

1890 Mk ; Mz ;L Nf\hH Njt ; nkhuhHfhthy ; fl;lg ;gl;l cj ;ju `Ntyp> xU t pUe ;jpdH khs pifahf gad ;gLj ;jg ;gl;lJ> ,J ,g N; ghJ ghJfhf ;fg ;gl;lJ. ,uhZt CHtyj ;jpd ; fhl;r pfs ;> uhjhfpU\ ;zd ; uh] ;y y P h> fhisa pd ; kJ P mkHe ;J fhzg ;gLk ; r ptd ; ghHtjp kw ;Wk ; uhay ;a p Xt paq ;fs ; Nghd ;wtw ;iwr ; rhl;r pahf ghHf ;f KbAk ;. fz ;zhbfs ; gad ;gLj ;jp <ukhd g psh] ;uu py ; nra ;ag ;gLk ; uh[] ;jhd pa pd ; njhopy ;El;gj ;Jld ; NeHj ;jpahd KfyhaHfs ; kw ;Wk ; uh[Gj ;jpu Kiwa py ; fhzg ;gLk ;

nkhuhHfh `Ntyp kpa+rpa Kd;wypy; n[djh (ngz;fs;)

,e;jpa juprdk;

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RAJASTHAN

Shekhawati

vg;gbr; nry;yyhk;

nry;tjw;fhd rpwe;j Neuk;

n[a;g;g+upy; cs;s rq;fNdH tpkhd epiyak;> N\f;`htjpapd; mUfpy; cs;sJ. by;yp> n[a;g;g+H kw;Wk; gpfhdPH uapy;fs; topahf N\f;`htjp ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

xf;NuhgH-khHr;

Njrpa jiyefH kw;Wk; khepy jiyefupypUe;J J}uk; GJby;yp - 281 fp.kP. n[a;g;g+H - 170 fp.kP.

(,lJ) nkhuhHfh `Ntyp mUq;fhl;rpafj;jpy; mofhf tz;zk; jPl;lg;gl;l RtH (,lJ) cj;ju `Ntypapy; rpwe;j El;gj;Jld; EioTthapy;

Xt paq ;fs ; Kjd ;ikahd myq ;fhu epGzH fz ;fhz pg ;g pd ; f o P ; mk ;rq ;fs ; ,q ;Fs ;sd. nra ;ag ;gl;lJ> Xt paq ;fs ; mjd ; mry ; "N\f ;fhtjpa py ; mike ;j Xt paq ;fs ; jd ;ikiag ; jpUk ;g ngWtjw ;F 10 xU r py Mz ;Lfs ; kl;LNk tUlq ;fs ; MdJ. kuf ;fw p ,Ue ;jhYk ;> mtw ;iw gw ;w p kw ;Wk ; fd pk epwq ;fs ; ekf ;F rw ;W nju pAk ;. %ykhfNt Ntiyg ;ghLfs ; ehthy;fupy; xU mtHfs ; t pl;Lnrd ;w eilngw ;wd. rpy khspiffs; midj ;Jk ;> New ;W N\f ;`htjp fiy kw ;Wk ; tiuag ;gl;bUe ;jijg ; Nghd ;W fyhr ;rhuj ;ij Cf ;Ft pf ;fTk ;> kPlf ; g;gl;ld. mofhf cs ;sd" vd ;W Rw ;Wyh gaz pfis Xtpaq;fs; nkhuhHfh mwf ;fl;lisa pd ; <Hf ;Fk ; tifa pYk ;> kPzL ; k; Nrjd jiytH fky ; nkhuhHfh ,g ;gFjpa py ; /ngg ;utu p $WfpwhH. khjj ;jpy ; N\f ;fhtjp t poh tz;zk; %yk; ghJfhg ;gNjhL kl;Lkpd ;w p nfhz ;lhlg ;gLfpwJ. khepy jPll ; g;gl;L GJg; ehthy ;fu py ; xU r py Rw ;Wyh Jiw kw ;Wk ; nghypTld; khs piffs ; k Pl;fg ;gl;ld. nkhuhHfh mwf ;fl;lis Jiw fhzg;gl;lJ. mry ; Xt paq ;fs ; k z P ;Lk ; ,ize ;J elj ;Jk ; t poht py ; tz ;zk ; j Pl;lg ;gl;L GJg ; Rw ;Wg ;gazq ;fs ;> fiy nghypTld ; fhzg ;gl;lJ. kw ;Wk ; ift pid nghUl;fs ;> ,g N; ghJ mUq ;fhl;r pafkhf cs ;s fhy ;eilfs ;> Nrjd czTfs ; kw ;Wk ; fyhepjp uhk ;ehj ; xU NghlH fpuhkg G; w t pisahl;Lfs ; Mfpait `Ntypa pd ; kWr Puikg G; g ; gz pfs ; cs ;slq ;Fk ;.

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ghuk;gupak;

rupj;jpuj;Jldhd

Kd;Ndw;ghL

uh[;fpHupYs;s ehse;jh gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; elf;Fk; tFg;Gfspd; kWkyHr;rpahdJ gP`hupd; ngsj;j Rw;Wg; gpuahzj;jpw;F ftHr;rpiar; NrHj;Js;sJ ciu | mQ;rdh rl;lH[P

gz;ilf; fhyj;jpa fw;wy; ,lk; mopf;fg;gl;L 800 tUlq;fs; Md gpd;dH> uh[;fpHupYs;s ehse;jh gy;fiyf;fofk; kWkyHr;rp ngw;Ws;sik gP`hupy; ngsj;j Rw;Wyh gpuahzj;ij NkYk; tskhf;Fnkd thf;fspf;fpwJ. me;jg; gioa gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; Gjpa gjpg;G> gioa gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; mopghLfspypUe;J 15 fp.kP J} uj;jpYk;> gP`hupd; jiyefukhd ghl;dhtpypUe;J njd;fpof;Nf 110 fp.kP J}uj;jpYKs;s uh[;fpH

,e;jpa juprdk;

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rHtNjr Nguit ikaj;jpy; 2014> nrg;uk;gH 1 Mk; jpfjpad;W njhlq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ghupastpy; tsHe;JtUk; ,e;j tshfk; 153 Vf;fHfspy; tuTs;sJ> ,J uj;dfpup ghHtl;bYs;s cyfg; gpugykhd tp];t rhe;jp ];J}gpapd; gug;gsTf;Ff; fpl;lTs;sJ. rkhjhdj; J}gp vdg;gLfpd;w 129 mb caukhd ghy; nts;is ];J}gpf;Fk; tuTs;s ehse;jh 2.0 tshfj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapYs;s J}uk; 7.5 fp.kP MFk;. ,e;jg; Gjpa gy;fiyf;fofj;jpw;fhd

Nahridia [dhjpgjp fyhepjp APJ mg;Jy; fyhk; 2006 ,y; Kjd;Kjypy; Kd;itj;jhH. gpwF ,J fyhepjp mkHj;ah nrd; %yk; 11 khztHfisf; nfhz;L Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;lJ. 2014> nrg;uk;gH 19 Mk; jpfjpad;W ,e;jg; gy;fiyf;fofj;ij a+dpad; ntsptptfhu mikr;rH jpUkjp R];kh Rtuh[; rk;gpujha Kiwapy; mq;FuhHg;gzk; nra;J itj;jhH. fp.gp 15 Mk; E}w;whz;by; epWtg;gl;l gioa ehse;jh gy;fiyf;fofk; 1193 tiu ,Ue;j KjyhtJ cyfshtpa gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; xd;whfj; jpfo;ej ; J. ,J ngsj;j fy;tpfSf;nfd;W rkHg;gzk; nra;ag;gl;lJ> Mdhy; kUj;Jtk;> fzpjk;> thdrh];jpuk;> murpay; kw;Wk; Ez; fiyfs; vd;W gpw JiwfisAk; fw;gpj;jJ. ,jd; Muk;gfhy khztHfspy; 7 Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; NrHe;j rPd gpuahz Ma;thsuhd `pAntd; l;rhq; xUtH- ,tuJ QhgfhHj;jkhf ehse;jh mopghLfspypUe;J 1 fp.kP njhiytpy; xU kz;lgk; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ> mtH mq;F gbj;jNjhL kl;Lky;yhky; gpd;dH mq;F fw;gpj;Jk; ,Ue;jhH. ,Ue ;jhYk ;> 11 Mk ; kw ;Wk ; 12Mk ; E} w ;whz ;LfSf ;F ,ila py ; ,e ;jpa murHfs ; ,e ;jg ; gy ;fiyf ;fofj ;jpw ;F MjuT toq ;fhjjhy ; mJ ,f ;fl;lhd epiyf ;Fj ; js ;sg ;gl;lJ. 1193 Mk ; tUlj ;jpy ;> mbik murFyj ;jpw ;Fu pa Ml;r pahsH fpa+l;Gj ;jpd ; Ighf ;fpd ; n[duy ; ,f ;jpahH-cjpd ; KfkJ g pd ; ghf ;jpahH fpy ;[p ,jw ;Fj ; jPitj ;jjhy ; mJ KbTf ;F te ;jJ. ,e ;j Neuj ;jpy ; jhd ; xf ;]/; NghHl; (UK) kw ;Wk ; nghNyhf ;dh (,j ;jhyp) Nghd ;w gy ;fiyf ;fofq ;fs ; Muk ;g pf ;fg ;gl;ld> `hHthHl; my ;yJ ahNy Nghd ;wtw ;iw epWt 500 nrhr ;r tUlq ;fs ; vLj ;jpUf ;fyhk ;. ,jd ; nghw ;fhyj ;jpy ;> ehse ;jh gy ;fiyf ;fofj ;jpy ; 10000 khztHfSk ; 1500 Mr pu paHfSk ; ,Ue ;jdH vd ;W ek ;gg ;gLfpwJ. ehse ;jh gy ;fiyf ;fofj ;jpd ; cg Nte ;jH Nfhgh rgHthy ;> “Gjpa tshfk ; gz ;ila

gy ;fiyf ;fofj ;jpd ; rhay ;fisf ; nfhz ;bUf ;Fk ;> NkYk ; ,J g+r ;r pa rf ;jp kl;lj ;ij> g+r ;r pa khR ckpo ;jiy kw ;Wk ; gRikahd #o ;epiyia Vw ;gLj ;Jtjpy ; ftdk ; nrYj ;Jk ;" vd ;W $WfpwhH. Gjpa gy ;fiyf ;fofkhdJ fh[h vd ;w ,d pg G; fSf ;Fg ; ngaHngw ;w r pyhNtht pypUe ;J ntWk ; 5 fp.k P J}uj ;jpYs ;s uh[ ;fpH g] ; epiyaj ;jpw ;F mUfpYs ;s cly ;eyg ; guhku pg G; kw ;Wk ; Muha ;r ;r pg ; g pu pt pd ; jw ;fhypf tshfj ;jpy ; ,aq ;Fk ;. tuyhw ;W Kf ;fpaj ;Jtkpf ;f ,e ;jg ; gy ;fiyf ;fofj ;jpd ; mopghLfs py ; MW nrq ;fy ; Nfha py ;fs ; kw ;Wk ; 11 Jwt p klq ;fs ; Mfpatw ;wpd ; vr ;rq ;fs ; mlq ;Ffpd ;wd> ,it 1915-37 kw ;Wk ; 1974-82 fhyq ;fs pd ; ,e ;jpa njhy n ; ghUshuha ;r ;r p Ma ;t pdhy ; mfo ;e n ; jLf ;fg ;gl;ld. fh[h ,d pg G; fis Ur pj ;Jg ; ghHg ;gjw ;F r pyhNtht pd ; thfdq ;fis epWj ;JtJ xU ey ;y NjHthf ,Uf ;Fk ; mNjNtis> itrhypa py ; epWtg ;gl;Ls ;sij xj ;j Njhw ;wKs ;s ] {th/gHba pYs ;s J}g pf ;Fr ; nry ;tJk ; r pwg ;ghf ,Uf ;Fk ;. mopghLfs pypUe ;J 3 fp.k P njhiyt py ; K] ;j/ghg+u pYs ;s Gj ;jH r piyiaf ; fl;lhak ; ghHf ;f Ntz ;Lk ;.

Rw ;wpg ;ghHf ;ff ; $ba ,d n ; dhU ,lk ; ehse ;jh kfht pfhiu. ,ij g ` P hH murhq ;fk ; efuj ;jpd ; fy ;t pu j P pahd kug pd ; #oypy ; epHkhz pj ;jJ. my ;yJ nfsjk Gj ;jUf ;fhd g pk ;g prhuht pd ; KjyhtJ gu prhd NtZthd pYk ; epd ;W nry ;yyhk ;. gthGu p xU Rthu] ;akhd Rw ;Wyhthf mikAk ;> ,J uh[ ;fpHu pypUe ;J 25 fp.k P J}uj ;jpYs ;s i[dHfSf ;fhd xU Gd pj jykhFk ;. mq ;F kfht pfhiu vu pj ;Jr ; rhk ;gyhf ;fg ;gl;lJ. ,U mofhd i[df ; Nfht py ;fshd [hy ;ke ;jpH kw ;Wk ; rNkhrud ; Mfpait ,q ;F mike ;Js ;sd.

vg;gbr; nry;tJ Gifapujk; uh[;fpHupy; Gifapuj epiyak; cs;sJ by;yp kw;Wk; ghl;dhtpypUe;J Neub Gifapujq;fs; cs;sd thd; top kpfTk; mUfpYs;s tpkhdepiyak; ghl;dh. uh[;fpH Nehf;fp 110 fp.kP J} uk; nry;yTk; nrd;W ghHg;gjw;Fr; rpwe;j fhyk;: xf;NuhgH njhlf;fk; khHr; ti a+dpad; ntsptptfhu mikr;rH jpUkjp R];kh Rtuh[; ehse;jhtpd; rHtNjr Nguit ikaj;jpd; fiyeakhd gpujpepjpj;Jtkhd gy;fiyf;fofj;ij mq;FuhHg;gzk; nra;fpwhH

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ghuk;gupak;

kiwe;J Nghd efuk;

uhf;fpfH`p `upahdhtpy; 350 n`f;uaH epyg;gug;gpy; gue;J tpupe;Js;s> vspjpy; tifg;gLj;j ,ayhj ,e;jf; fpuhkk;> cyfpd; kpfg; ngupa `ug;gh ehfuPfj;jpw;fhd jskhFk;. ,JNt ehfuPf tsHr;rpahff; fUjg;gLk; rpe;J rkntsp ehfuPfk; Njhd;wpa xNu ,lkhFk; ciu | nrsug; jq;`h

HARYANA

Rakhigarhi

,e;jpa juprdk;

n

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`upahdh khepyj;jpy; cs;s `prhH efUf;F mUNf mike;Js;s uhf;fpfH`papy; vq;fSila ehfuPfj;jpd; tuyhW vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. ghfp];jhdpy; mike;Js;s kpfTk; gpugykhd ,lkhd nkhfQ;rjhNuhit xg;gpLk;NghJ> ,uz;L Gjpa Fd;Wfisf; fz;nlLj;jjd; %yk; Vw;fdNt mfo;e;njLf;fg;gl;l VOld; NrHj;J `ug;gh my;yJ rpe;J rkntsp ehfuPfj;jpd; kpfg; ngupa jskhfNt khwptpl;lJ uhf;fpfH`p. cz;ikapy;> `ug;gh ehfuPfk; `upahdhtpy; cs;s ff;fH gs;sj;jhf;fpy; njhlq;fp rpe;J rkntspf;F nkJthf gutpapUf;fyhk; vd njhy;nghUs; Ma;thsHfs; ek;Gfpd;wdH. 1963 Mk; tUlk; rpe;J rkntsp ehfuPfj;jpd; milahsq;fs; fhzg;gl;lNghJ uhf;fpfH`p Kjypy; njhy;nghUs; Ma;thsHfspd; tiuglj;jpy; Njhd;wpaJ. 1997 Mk;

[dtup-ngg;utup 2015

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ghuk;gupak;

tUlk;> ,e;jpa njhy;nghUs; Ma;Tj;Jiw (ASI) Fd;Wfis mjd; ghJfhg;gpd; fPo; vLj;Jf;nfhz;L nkhfQ;rjhNuh kw;Wk; `ug;ghitf; fhl;bYk; ngupa xU efuj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; 1998 kw;Wk; 2001 Mk; tUlq;fspy; njhlHe;J nray;gLj;jpaJ. NkYk;> 5000 tUlq;fs; gioik tha;e;j Vuhskhd njhy;nghUs;fisf; fz;nlLj;jdH. "ey;y rhiyfs;> tbfhy; mikg;G> ngupa kio ePH Nrfupg;G> Nrkpg;G Kiw> RLkz; nrq;fw;fs;> rpiy cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; njhopy;eakpf;f ntz;fyg; nghUl;fs; mj;Jld; tpiyAaHe;j cNyhfq;fs; Nghd;w milahsq;fs; fhzg;gl;lijaLj;J `ug;gh fhyq;fspy; uhf;fpfH`p Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gJ fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. RLkz;zhyhd fhg;Gfis> rq;F Fz;Lfs;> jq;fk; kw;Wk; miu tpiyAaHe;j fw;fs; cl;gl eiffSk; fz;lwpag;gl;ld. cz;ikapy; ,e;j ,lk;> `ug;gh ehfuPfk; (fp.K 2600-1900)> kf;fs; kpfTk; mjpkhf trpf;Fk; gFjpahd ff;fH gs;sj;jhf;fpd; ikaj;jpy; `ug;gh ehfuPfk; mike;Js;sJ"> njhlf;fj;jpy; vd uhf;fpfH`papy; njhy;nghUs; `upahdhtpy; mfo;TfSf;F ff;fH jiyikNaw;Fk; rpNu\;l gs; s j;jhf;fpy; njhy;nghUs; Ma;thsH NguhrpupaH tre;j; FkhH Muk;gpj;jJ \pz;Nl Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH. vd;W fle;j tUlj;jpd; njhy;nghUs; Muk;gj;jpy;> nkhj;jKs;s Ma;thsHfs; 350 n`f;nuaH gug;gstpy;> ,e;j ,uz;L ek;Gfpd;wdH. Gjpa Fd;Wfspd; gug;G xt;nthd;Wk; RkhH 25 n`f;nuaH gug;gsTf;F Njhz;bnaLf;fg;gl;lJ. msT> gupkhzk;> %Nyhgha ,lk; kw;Wk; Fwpg;Gfs; Mfpa midj;Jk;> `ug;gh kw;Wk; nkhfQ;rjhNuhit fhl;bYk; mjpfkhfNt uhf;fpfH`papy; cs;sJ. ,Jtiu> ,e;jpah> ghfp];jhd;> Mg;fhdp];jhd; cs;s 2>000 `ug;gh jsq;fspy; nkhfQ;rjhNuh jhd; ngupaJ vd epGzHfs; ek;Gfpd;wdH. cz;ikapy;> ehfuPf tsHr;rpahff; fUjg;gLk; rpe;J rkntsp ehfuPfk; Njhd;wpa xNu ,lk; uhf;fpfH`pahFk;. ,ay;ghfNt> uhf;fpfH`p `ug;gh jsq;fspy; xd;whf ,Ug;gJ kWf;f Kbahj tuyhW - fp.K 6000 - 4500 tiu `ug;gh tptrha r%fq;fs;> fp.K 4500 - 3000 ,ilapyhd fhyj;jpy; `ug;gh efukakhf;fy;> gpd;dH mjd; kHkkhd rupT fhuzkhf fp.K 3000 njhlf;fk; fp.K 1800 tiuapyhd `ug;ghtpd; fhyk; kHkkhfNt cs;sJ. "uhf;fpfH`papy; cs;s Fd;whdJ kiyf;Nfhl;ilapd; Kf;fpa gFjpahf

,e;jpa juprdk;

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Nky; ,lkpUe;J tyQ;Ropahf: Njhz;bnaLf;fg;gl;l jsq;fspy; xd;W@ RLkz; nghk;ikfs;> cile;j fhg;Gj; Jz;Lfs;> nrg;Gg; nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; `ug;gh Kj;jpiu@ uhf;fp fh]pypUe;J Njhz;bnaLf;fg;gl;l kl;ghz;lg; nghUl;fs;

Njhd;WfpwJ> ,J uhf;fp fh]; kw;Wk; uhf;fp \hGH Mfpa fpuhkq;fspd; fPo; cs;sJ. Fwpg;ghf mfopfspy; (1999 ,y; ASI %yk; Njhz;bnaLf;fg;gl;lJ) Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l mfo;thuha;r;rpapy;> `ug;ghtpd; fhyk; njupate;jJ"> vd NguhrpupaH \pz;Nl Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. Ie;J gJq;F Fopfspy; ,Ue;J Njhz;bnaLf;fg;gl;l ntw;W kl;ghz;lk; kw;Wk; tz;zk; g+rpa kl;ghz;lk;> Jisj;j kl;ghz;lk;> rpypg;GL kl;ghz;lk;> fUQ;rptg;G kl;ghz;lk;> fiyeakpf;f kl;ghz;lk;> Mg;gpspf; kl;ghz;lk;> fpuPk; rpypg;GL kl;ghz;lk;> rhk;gy; epw kl;ghz;lk;> ig-FNuhk; kl;ghz;lk;> nrhf;Nyw; kl;ghz;lk; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;Gldhd kl;ghz;lk; cs;spl;ltw;wpy; `ug;ghtpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs; fhzg;gl;ld. ",e;jf; fhyj;jpd; gpw;gFjpapy; `ug;gh ehfuPfk; ,y;iy. ehq;fs; mbg;gFjpfs; tiu Njhz;ltpy;iy vd;gjhy;> `ug;ghtpd; fyhr;rhu tsHr;rp gw;wpa ve;j

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ghuk;gupak;

NkNy: mfo;Tj; jsk; kw;Wk; Fspayiwapy; xU tifahd Rz;zhk;Gf; fw;fs;> je;jk; kw;Wk; fhzPypadhy; (fPNo) cUthf;fg;gl;l nghUl;fs;

jftYk; ,y;iy"> vd NguhrpupaH \pz;Nl kw;Wk; fopT ePH Xl;lj;jpw;fhf mikf;fg;gl;l ntspg;gLj;jpAs;shH. nrq;fy; tupirapyhd RtH Nghd;witAk; mfo;thuha;r;rpfspy; 1.92 kP mfykhd mfo;e;njLf;fg;gl;ld. rhiyfSld; $ba xU jq;fk; kw;Wk; nts;spahy; ed;F jpl;lkplg;gl;l efuk; myq;fupf;fg;gl;l xU ntz;fy ,Ug;gJ fz;lwpag;gl;lJ> jq;fk; kw;Wk; ghj;jpuj;jpw;fhd rhd;whf fypgq;fd; kw;Wk; nts;spahy; RLkz; rpiyfs;> epiwfs;> ghdthypapy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l fiyeak; kpf;f ntz;fy myq; f upf; f g; g l; l xU kl;ghz;lq;fs; xNuNghy Ntiyg;ghLfs;> rPg;G> nrg;G ntz;fy ghj;jpuj;jpw;fhd ,Ug;gpDk;> fypgq;fid tpl kPd; nfhf;fpfs;> Crpfs; rw;W gue;j mstpyhdJ. rhd;whf RLkz; kw;Wk; RLkz; Kj;jpiufs; fypgq;fd;> ff;fH Mw;wpd; Mfpait fhzg;gl;ld. RkhH rpiyfs;> ntz;fy njw;F fiuapy; mike;Js;sJ> 3>000 nghyp\; nra;ag;glhj Ntiyg; g hLfs; > Mdhy; ghdthyp rpe;J tpiyAaHe;j fw;fSld; nrg;G kPd; nfhf;fpfs;> rkntsp ehfuPfj;jpd; $ba xU nghd; cUf;Fk; fhye;njhl;ljhFk;> ,J Crpfs; kw;Wk; RLkz; $lk;> nghyp\; nra;tjw;Fg; tlfpof;fpy; 120 fpkP gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fUtpfs; Kj; j piufs; Mfpait njhiytpy; ,Ue;jJ gyTk;> xU ciyAk; fhzg; g l; l d Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,q;Nf fz;nlLf;fg;gl;ld.

RtHfshy; #og;gl;l Fopfs;> tl jpirapy; jiy gypnfhLf;Fk; my;yJ kj itf;fg;gl;l 11 vYk;Gf;$Lfs; mlf;fk; tpohf;fSf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Fopfs; nra;Ak; ,lKk; Njhz;bnaLf;fg;gl;lJ.

,e;jpa juprdk;

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uhf;fpfH`papy; Njhz;bnaLf;fg;gl;l xU rpfuk;

mtHfs; jpdKk; gad;gLj;jf;$ba my;yJ rJu miwfSld; $ba `ug;gh Ie;J ghj;jpuq;fs; mtHfSila jiy fl;lk; (fp.K 2600 njhlq;fp fp.K. 2000 mUfpy; itf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. %d;W ngz; tiu) fz;lwpag;gl;lJ. Rz;zhk;G vYk;Gf;$Lfspd; mUNf rpg;gpf; fhg;GfSk; kw;Wk; rpije;j Gw;fs; Nghd;w fzprkhd xU jq;ff; fhg;Gk; fhzg;gl;lJ. mtHfspd; jlaq;fs; fsQ;rpaj;jpd; Rtupd; fPo; ml;bifapy; xU gFjpahf gFjpapy; fhzg;gl;ld> ,Ug;gijf; fhl;Lk;> mJ g+r;rpf;nfhy;yp kw;Wk; tpiyAaHe;j fw;fSk; <ug;gjj;ijj; jLg;gjw;fhf tl jpirapy; jiy mUNf fhzg;gl;ld. gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUg;gJ "`f;uh ntaH" vd;gJ jhdpaq;fspd; itf;fg;gl;l 11 nghjpf;fg;gl;l gy Nrkpg;Gf; fplq;fhf vYk;Gf;$Lfs; Kj;jpiufs; jsj;jpy; ,Ue;jpUf;ff;$Lk; mlf;fk; fhzg;gl;ld (rpe;J vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. nra;Ak; ,lKk; rkntsp Muk;g fl;lq;fs; `ug;gh fhyj;ij kw;Wk; ru];tjp ejp ntspg;gLj;Jk; vl;L Njhz;bnaLf;fg;gl;lJ. gs;sj;jhf;F twl;rpf;F fy;yiwfs; mtHfs; jpdKk; Kd;ghd Njjpfs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld. gad;gLj;jf;$ba nghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ). mjpy; ngUk;ghYk; nrq;fy; Ie;J ghj;jpuq;fs; njhlf;f kw;Wk; KjpHe;j %lg;gl;bUf;Fk; `ug;gh njhy;nghUs;fSk; fy;yiw Fopfspy; mtHfSila fhzg;gl;ld. `f;uh xd;wpy; ku rtg;ngl;b jiy mUfpy; kw;Wk; njhlf;f fhy fhzg;gl;lJ. itf;fg;gl;bUe;jd fl;lq;fs; 500-600 gy;NtW tifahd Mz;LfSf;F Kd;ghfNt fy;yiw Fopfs; gpupf;fg;gl;lJ. `f;uh njhq;fpf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; kf;fs; rpe;J kf;fSf;F Kd;ghdtHfshf tifapy; kz;zhy; Fopfs; ,Uf;fyhk; vd fUjg;gLfpwJ. fspkz;> mikf;fg;gl;L kw;Wk; cly; mjd; nrq;fy; kz;zhy; g+rg;gl;l jsj;Jld; fPNo itf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. fy;yiwapd; $ba fsQ;rpak; Kjy; KjpHe;j `ug;gh Nky; nrq;fw;fs; %yk; xU $iu fhyfl;lj;ijr; rhHe;j VO nrt;tf mikf;fg;gl;bUe;j;J.

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Kf;fpa ikak;

Nahfh

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2014> nrg;uk;gH khjj;jpy; ,e;jpag; gpujkH jpU eNue;jpu Nkhb Kd;itj;j miog;igj; njhlHe;J> a+d; khjk; 21 Mk; jpfjpia rHtNjr Nahfh ehshff; filg;gpbf;f I.eh nghJr; rig jPHkhdpj;Js;sJ ciu | gpuhj; ,uh[huhk; ah[;dpf;

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vd;Dila fnkuhtpy; ,e;j Guhjd fiyiag; glk;gpbg;gjw;fhf> 2005,y; ehd; xU cyfg; gpuahzj;ijj; njhlq;fpa Ntisapy; Nahfh kPjhd vdJ <LghL Muk;gpj;jJ. Nfh ghq;fd; jPTfspy; njhlq;fp epa+NahHf;> nyh]; VQ;ry;]; kw;Wk; /gpuhq;/GHw; njUf;fs; tiu> xt;nthU fz;lj;ijAk; NrHe;j kf;fisr; re;jpj;jJk;> mtHfSf;F Nahfh kPjpUe;j Miriag; gw;wpf; Nfs;tpg;gl;lJk; ehd; vd;Ds;Ns Mokhd xU NjLjiy elj;jf; fhuzkhfpd. ,J> Nahfh vd;gJ xU cyfshtpa eilKiw> mij Vw;wthW khw;wf;$bajhf ,Ug;gJjhd; ,jd; cyfshtpa Vw;Gf;Ff; fhuzk; vd;w xU mwpTj;jpwj;ij vdf;Ff; nfhLj;jJ. Nahfhtpd; Mrdq;fis vkf;F Vw;wthW khw;wyhk; vd;gJ jtpu> mijr; nra;Ak; top kw;Wk; KiwAk; $l khw;wj;jf;fit jhd;. NahfhTf;nfd;W gpuj;jpNafkhd juk; cs;sJ> ,ij ve;jnthU gpuhe;jpak;> gz;ghL kw;Wk; fhyfl;lj;jpw;Fk; nghUe;j itf;fyhk;.

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Kf;fpa ikak;

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Channel MEA INDIA

,e;jpag; gpujkH jpU eNue;jpu Nkhb> xU rHtNjr mz;ikapy;> ,d;Ws;s Nahfh vd;gJ 27 Nahfh ehisf; filg;gpbf;f Ntz;Lnkd;W I.eh gpy;ypad; mnkupf;f nlhyHfs; ngWkjpahdJ vd;W nghJr; rigapy; miog;G tpLj;jhH. `/gpq;ud; Ngh];w; vd;w xd;iyd; nra;jpj;jsk; fle;j rpy tUlq;fshf> vd;Dila jdpg;gl;l mwptpj;Js;sJ. “kf;fs; jq;fSila Md;kh ,ilj;njhlHGfs; gy;tifg;gl;bUe;jd: xd;gJ rk;ge;jkhd tho;fi ; fia xU Nahfh topapy; tajhd Nahfh gpugyKk;> nuhud;Nuhtpd; kpfg;ngupa nghWg;Ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wdH. mJ Md;kf P j;jpd; Nahfh ];&bNahf;fspy; xd;iw Kfj;ij khw;Wfpd;wJ". iuk; elj;JgtUkhd WWE rk;gpad; jpup\; ,d;q.; epWtd ntspaPlhd l;uty; ,e;jpahtpd; ];lu; hui]r; re;jpj;jJ njhlf;fk;> mz;l; nya;rH MdJ kpfr;rpwe;j jdJ tho;tpd; miuthrpia 25 cyfshtpa NrUkplq;fisg; ,e;j gpy;ypad; tpl mjpf fhykhf Nahfhitr; gl;baypLfpwJ. Rthu];akhd nlhyH gpuhz;bd; nra;JtUgtuhd gpd;yhe;ijr; NrHe;j tifapy; ,e;j ,lq;fspy; Mw;wYf;F Nkup kpy;YNfh];fpiar; re;jpj;jJ ePqf ; s; Nahfhit 11 rHtNjr tiu. Nahfh rk;ge;jkhd cLg;G nkhopfspy; gapw;rpnra;ayhk;: rhd;W gfHe;J> epWtdkhd YYNynkhdpw;Fs; nfkH> ag;ghdpak;> ];ghdpak;> xU rHtNjr EioAk; xt;nthU jlitAk; mJ jha;> gpnuQ;R> ,j;jhypad;> NaHkd; Nahfh ehisf; vd;id Mr;rupag;gl itf;fpwJ. kw;Wk; ldp\; Mfpait mtw;wpy; 1998 ,y; td;$tupy; js;Sgbiaf; rpythFk;. Nahfhitg; gw;wp $Fs; filg;gpbf;f fopj;Jtpl;Lg; ghHj;jhy;> ,jpy; tiuglj;jpy; ghHj;jhy;> mJ gy;NtW Ntz;Lnkd;W 2>800 CopaHfSk;> tUkhdkhf 1.3 njhiytplq;fspy; ,e;jpag; gpujkH gpy;ypad; mnkupf;f nlhyHfSk; ,Ug;gijg; ghHf;fyhk;> miog;G tpLj;jhH cs;sJ. Nghd fpoik jha;yhe;jpy;> fpof;fpy; fKa;> ag;ghd; Nahf;fHl; fg; xd;wpd; nghjpapy; xU njhlq;fp Nkw;fpy; Nahfh Mrdk; ,Ug;gijg; ghHj;Njd;. myh];fhtpYs;s ,e;j cyfpy; Nahfh ];&bNah ,y;yhj xU `ypGw; Nfht; tiu. tlf;fpy; efuj;ij ehd; ,d;Dk; fz;Lgpbf;ftpy;iy.

NehHNtapd; NehH[py; njhlq;fp r%f Clf tiyaikg;Gfs;> ifNgrpfs; kw;Wk; njw;fpYs;s rpypapd; me;jhl;bf;fh ,izak; Mfpatw;wpd; ghtid mjpfupj;jjhy; rpNydh tiu: fUj;JNtWghl;Lf;F ,lkpy;yhj xU cyfshtpa mbr;RtL. cyfk; ,g;NghJ RUq;fp xU jfty; kw;Wk; ,ilj;njhlHgpd; xU tuk;gpy;yhj fl;lj;jpy; xUNtis ,e;jpahtpd; ,e;j ,Ug;gjhy;> cyfkhdJ ,e;j Guhjd fiy gpy;ypad; nlhyH gpuhz;bd; Mw;wYf;F tbtj;jpy; gpujpgypj;J> ,jd; filg;gpbg;ig NkYk; rhd;W gfHtJ cyfj;ijf; NkYk; mjpfupj;J tUk; ,f;fhyj;jpy; xU rHtNjr nfhz;Lte;J epWj;jyhk;> cyfj;jpw;F Nahfh ehs; vkf;Fj; Njit vd;gij tpl mjpfkhf ,e;jpah mspj;Js;s guprhf ,e;j vd;dhy; xd;iwAk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;s KbahJ. Guhjd tpQ;Qhdj;ij tpgupj;Jf; $wpa

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cq;fSila czit cq;fs;

kUe;jhf;Fq;fs;

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“kUe ;J" vd ;gjd ; fz L ; g pbg G; tiujhd ; ehfu pfq ;fs ; k pfTk ; re N; jhrkhf tho ;e ;jd vd ;w %Jiu gy E}W tUlq ;fshf ,Ue ;J te ;jJ. jd pahd xU Nghf ;fpy ; kUe ;j pd ; cjakhdJ Kidg ;ghf ,Ue ;j czT mbg ;gilahd Rfhjhu mikg ;g pd ; $lhf ngu panjhU Mg ;ig mbj ;jJ. j pBnud ;W> czTk ; kUe ;Jk ; ,uz L ; ntt N; tW milahsq ;fshfpd. tsq ;fs ; ,U$whf ;fg ;gl;ld. czT vd ;gJ Fiwe ;j typikAs ;s Mdhy ; cz ;zf ;$ba nghUl;fisf ; Fw pj ;j rkaj ;j py ;> kUe ;Jfis czthf cs n ; sLf ;f Kbat py ;iy. vd pDk ;> ,e ;j pah ,e ;j t pj pf ;F t pj pt pyf ;fhfNt ,Ue ;jJ> ,q ;F czTk ; kUe ;Jk ; xd ;whfNt ,Ue ;jd. kd pj clypd ; rkpghl;ilAk ; mfj ;Jw pQ ;riyAk ; kw ;Wk ; mjd ; e z P ;l MAisAk ; mj pfu pg ;gjw ;fhf mit mbf ;fb xd ;w pizf ;fg ;gl;ld. me ;jr ; rkaj ;j py ; %d ;W Njhrq ;fis ($Wfis) - thjk ;> g pj ;jk ; kw ;Wk ; fgk ; - rkepiyg ;gLj ;Jk ; fUJNfhis mbg ;gilahff ; nfhz ;bUe ;j MAHNtjNk Mjhukhf ,Ue ;jJ> ,jd ; mbg ;gila pNyNa r%fj ;j pd ; czTg ; gof ;fq ;fSk ; gz ;ghLk ; Rod N; whbd. me ;jf ; fhyj ;j pypUe ;j czT ntWk ; ca pHtho ;Tf ;Fu pajhf kl;L k ; ,Uf ;ft py ;iy> mJ clypd ; rf ;j pf ; fl;likg ;g pd ; rkepiyiaAk ; NgZtjhf mike ;jJ. me ;jf ; fhyj ;j pypUe ;j cz ;Zk ; gof ;ftof ;fq ;fs ;> rkepiyahd czt pd ; et d P fUj ;Jfs pypUe ;J t pj ;j pahrkhf

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mike ;j pUe ;jd> ,e ;j rkepiyahd czntd ;gJ xNu mbg ;gil czT tiffisNa (,iwr ;r p> ghy ;> gok ;> jhd paq ;fs ; kw ;Wk ; kuf ;fw pfs ); cz ;ZkhWk ;> cly py ; xNu “epak" msT t pw ;wk pd ;fs ;> fd pAg G; fs ; kw ;Wk ; Ez ;Z}l;lr ;rj ;Jfisg ; ngWkhW vy N; yhiuAk ; tw G; Wj ;Jf pwJ. mf;dpNt~h E} "gw ;whf ;Fiwahf jd pj ;jd pahff ; yhdJ> MAHNtjk; Fw pg ;g plg ;gl;Ls ;sjhf" ,ijf ; $w p ,e ;j mZFKiwia czit vg;gbg; t pyf ;f pAs ;s MAHNtjk ; ghHj; jJ vd;gijg; MdJ kw ;w tifa py ;> cly pd ; gw; wp tpupthf %d ;W Njhrq ;fisAk ; rkepiy nra ;f pd ;w xU jd pegu pd ; tpsf;fpaJ> kw;Wk; czitj ; j P Hkhd pj ;jJ. mij jdpj;jdp Rthu] ;akhd tifa py ;> egHfSf;Fg; ,ijj ;jhd ; ,d ;W xU czTj ; nghUe;JkhW j pl;lj ;ij Kd ;itf ;f pd ;w my ;yJ xU Rft d P j ;ijg ; Nghf ;Ff pd ;w tifg;gLj;jpaJ mNjNtis> ,e ;j Guhjd t pQ ;QhdKk ; g pd ;gw ;Wf pwJ. cjhuzj ;j pw ;F> ta pw ;Wf ;Fj ;j pw ;F r pf pr ;iras pf ;Fk ; ghuk ;gu pa cj ;j pfs ; ,Ue ;jijf ; Fw pg ;g pLfpwJ. ja pH> kUj ;Jtj ;ijg ; Nghy my ;yhky ;> MAHNtjk ; MdJ gd P H kw ;Wk ; gUg G; Nghd ;w czTfs ; fp.K 200 Rft d P j ;j pw ;fhd fhuzj ;ijj ; j P Hkhd pj ;J> g pd ;dH Mk ; E}w ;whz L ; fhyj ;j pNyNa ,e ;j pa czt py ; njhFj pf ;F tYt+l;L k ; mNjNtis g pur ;ridiaAd ; ,Ue ;jd. me ;jf ; fhyj ;j py ; r pWjhd paq ;fs ; Kf ;fpa ef P ;f cjTk ; xU czTf ; $l;il tbtikf ;Fk ;. cl;$Wfshf ,Ue ;jd. NkYk ; fpr ;rb (mu pr pAk ; ,e ;j Kiwa py ;> ghuk ;gu pa kUj ;Jtj ;j pd ; “cldb gUg G; k ; NrHj ;Jr ; nra ;ag ;gLk ; czT) Nghd ;w MWjy "; ,y ;iynad ;whYk ;> ,J mNefkhd Bnuhf ;] ; law ;w py ; mbf ;fb cgNahfpf ;fg ;gl;ld.

Rft d P q ;fSf ;F vj puhd xU t pidj ;j pwdhd kuf ;fw p vz n ; zAk ;> gRg ;ghypypUe ;J r pf pr ;irahFk ;. ,e ;j paht py ; MAHNtjk ; f p.K fpilf ;Fk ; nea ; Nghd ;w ghw n ; fhOg G; k ; 100 tUlq ;fSf ;F Kd ; ,Ue ;jjhff ; Fw pg ;g pLk ; nfhOg ;ghfg ; ghHf ;fg ;glt py ;iy> Mdhy ; mit mf ;d pNt\hthy ;> MAHNtjkhdJ czit vg ;gbg ; Nehnaj pHg G; rf ;j pia Vw ;gLj ;j cjTk ; r pwe ;j ghHj ;jJ vd ;gijg ; gw ;w p t pu pthf t psf ;fTk ;> mij Cl;lr ;rj ;Jf ;fshfg ; ghHf ;fg ;gl;ld. cliyf ; jd pj ;jd p ca pu pj ; njhFj pf ;Fk ; nghUe ;JkhW Fs pHikahf ;f nea ; mtr pakhf ,Ue ;jJ. nea ; tifg ;gLj ;jTk ; Kbe ;jJ. cz ;ika py ;> me ;jg ; czTfSld ; NrHf ;fg ;gLk N; ghJ me ;j czt pd ; Gj ;jfk ; Fw pg ;g pl;l r py cly ; eyf ;FiwTfs py ; ey ;y Fzq ;fis nea ; clypy ; NrHj ;J t pLfpwJ> k psF> ,Q ;r p> fuhk G; kw ;Wk ; g+f ;fs ; Nghd ;w NkYk ; mjw ;Fu pa Fzq ;fis ,of ;fhky ; eWkzj ;j put paq ;fs pd ; gad ;ghl;ilf ; Fw pg ;g pLfpwJ. mg ;gbNa$l cs n ; sLf ;fg ;gl;lJ. ,jdhy ; f p.K 200 Mk ; tUlj ;j py ; vOjg ;gl;l ,uz ;lhtJ jhd ; ngUk ;ghyhd MAHNtjf ; Fw pg G; fs py ; Gj ;jfkhd> rhufh rk ;` pjh vd ;gJ czt pd ; rikay ; my ;yJ fyf ;Fk ; Clfkhf nea ;ia Cl;lr ;rj ;Jf ;fs ; mg ;gbNa ,Uf ;FkhW mij cgNahfpf ;fg ;gLtjhf cs ;sJ. Ur pahf ;f cgNahf pf ;fg ;gl;l miumt pay ;> thl;Ljy ;> MAHNtj MNuhf ;fpaj ; njhFj pa pdJk ; kw ;Wk ; ja puhf ;Fjy ; kw ;Wk ; t piuthfg ; nghu pj ;jy ; Nghd ;w MNuhf ;fpaj ;ij Nkk ;gLj ;Jtjw ;F t pj ;j pahrkhd

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Rit tpQ;Qhdk; MAHNtjk; $Wtjw;F ,zq;f> cly; Ritj; njhFjpahdJ xU czT me;j clYf;F ey;yjh nfl;ljh vd;gijj; jPHkhdpf;f cjTfpwJ. ,dpg;Gr; RitahdJ ,ioaf; $WfSf;F typikaspf;fpwJ> ,J Cl;lkspg;Gf;Fr; rpwe;jJ kw;Wk; kdij mikjpg;gLj;JfpwJ. ,dpg;Gr; RitAs;s nghUl;fs; vd;gJ rPdpr; RitAs;s nghUl;fis kl;Lk; $wtpy;iy> Mdhy; ,jpy; NrhW> nea; kw;Wk; goq;fSk; mlq;Fk;. ,dpg;GzT rkpghl;by; fdkhdJ.

nrbfs ;> jhtuq ;fs ;> NtHfs ; kw ;Wk ; czT Mf patw ;w pd ; fyitia ,J vg ;gb cgNahf pj ;jJ vd ;gjw ;Fk ; k pfEZf ;fkhd cjhuzq ;fs py ; xd ;W r pahtd ;g puh\ ; vd ;Dk ; nuhd pf ;. czitr ; Nrhbahf ;FtJ ey ;tho ;t pd ; Ie ;J Nfhl;ghLfs pd ; -Rit (ur)> gz G; (Fzk ); > Mw ;wy ; (t Pu pak ); > mDNrg t pisT (t pghfh) kw ;Wk ; r pwg ;ghw ;wy ; (g pughth) - mbg ;gila py ; nra ;ag ;gl;lJ. VNjDk ; Fiwthd fyitahdJ> cly ; njhFj pf ;F j Pq ;if Vw ;gLj ;jf ;$bajhf ,Ue ;jjhy ; ,J Kf ;f pakhff ; fUjg ;gl;lJ> ,g N; ghJk ; $l ,J ,ioaq ;fs pd ; xU tiyg ;g pd ;dyhff ; fUjg ;gLf pwJ. ,jdhy ; jhd ; rikj ;j czit> mijr ; nra ;J Kbj ;J xU kz pj ;j pahyj ;j pw ;Fs ; rhg ;g pl Ntz L ; nkd ;W MAHNtjk ; mw pTWj ;Jf pwJ. gOjhf pa czT clYf ;F mj pfgl;r Nrjj ;ij Vw ;gLj ;Jtjhf ,J ek G; f pwJ. MAHNtjk ; MdJ MNuhf ;f paj ;j pd ; Nfhl;ghl;bd ; k J P nraw ;gl;lJ> ,J czit mjd ; nrhe ;jr ; Rit (ur)> ntg ;gkhf ;Fk ; kw ;Wk ; Fs p&l;L k ; rf ;j p (t Pu pak ); kw ;Wk ; rk pghl;Lf ;Fg ; g pd ;dhd t pisT (t pghfh) Mf patw ;w pd ; mbg ;gila py ; xt n ; thU czitAk ; kj pg ;g pLf pwJ. ,J cliyg ; ghj pj ;j ey ;y my ;yJ nfl;l fyita pd ; gl;baiy cUthf ;ff ; $bajhf ,Ue ;jJ. rkpghliltjw ;fhf mjw ;Fu pa rk pghl;L nehj pak ; Njitg ;gl;l ntt N; tW czT nehj paq ;fs pd ; t pQ ;Qhdk ; mg N; ghNj ed ;W mw pag ;gl;bUe ;jJ. cjhuzj ;j pw ;F> ghYld ; thiog ;goq ;fisr ; rhg ;g pLtJ mf ;d pia (#l;il) Fiwj ;J> eQ ;Rfis cw ;gj ;j pnra A ; k; FlYf ;Fu pa jhtuj ;ij khw ;wyhk ; vd ;Wk ;> ird] ;> jbkd ;> ,Uky ; kw ;Wk ; xt ;thikfis Vw ;gLj ;jf ; $Lk ; vd ;Wk ; mw pag ;gl;bUe ;jJ. ghuk ;gu pa kUj ;Jtk ; ,g N; ghJ r py jrhg ;jq ;fSf ;F Kd ;dHjhd ; fz L ; g pbj ;j xU cz ;ik ,JthFk !;

Gspg;Gr; Rit rkpghl;Lr; nraw;ghLfisAk; nehjpaq;fisAk; J} z;LfpwJ. cjhuzj;jpw;F vYkpr;ir kw;Wk; Gsp Nghd;w Gspg;Gr; RitAs;s czT rkpghliltJ ,yF kw;Wk; ,J ,jaj;jpw;F ey;yJ. tpdpfH kw;Wk; rpj;jpupf;fkpyk; Mfpait ,e;jg; gl;baypy; tuhJ. cg;Gr; RitahdJ rkpghl;ilj; J}z;LfpwJ> clypd; nry;jlq;fspYs;s jilfis tpyf;FfpwJ> tpaHit Rug;ig cz;lhf;FfpwJ kw;Wk; rkpghl;bd; Mw;wiy mjpfupf;fpwJ> Mdhy; ,dg;ngUf;fr; Rug;Gfis ntWikahf;Fk; Nghf;Fs;sJ. msTf;fjpfkhd cg;G KjpHe;j Njhw;wj;ijAk;> RUf;fq;fisAk; Vw;gLj;Jk;. ntq;fhak;> kpsF kw;Wk; cs;sp Kjypatw;wpYs;s ciwg;Gr; Ritfs;> rkpghl;Lf;F cjTfpd;wd> mDNrgj;ij Kd;Ndw;Wfpd;wd kw;Wk; clypYs;s Foha;fis mfyg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. frg;Gr; RitAs;s czTfs; gw;wPupa $Wfis ePf;Ffpd;wd> FUjpiar; Rj;jpfupf;fpd;wd kw;Wk; mit ,yFtpy; rkpghlilaf; $bait. cUisf;fpoq;Ffs;> mg;gps;fs;> ntw;wpiyfs;> ngUk;ghyhd gr;ir kuf;fwpfs; kw;Wk; Njapiy Nghd;w udpd; cs;s czT Kjypa JtHg;Gr; Ritia mjpfkhff; nfhz;l gjhHj;jq;fspy; Gz;fs; kw;Wk; fhaq;fisr; Rfg;gLj;Jk; ,ay;Gfs; cs;sd. mit clypYs;s <ug;gjj;ijAk; nfhOg;igAk; tul;rpailar; nra;J> ePH cwpQ;rpfshfr; nraw;gLfpd;wd.

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GJik GFj;jy;

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gpg;yp mg;spf; ijay;Ntiyia cgNahfpj;Jr; nra;ag;gl;l myq;fhukhd tpsf;Fr;rl;lq;fs;

n[fehjH (tp\;Ztpd; kW mtjhuk;)> n[fehjH topghl;ilg; gug;Gtij ntw;wpfukhfr; nra;J topghL kw;Wk; n[fehjH ciwtplk; (trpg;gplk;) Kbj;jd. ghuk;gupa xbrh fiy gpugykilifapy;> Mfpait kpfg;ghupa> gy;tifg;gl;l xbrd; fiy gl;l rpj;jpuk; “mdrhu gl;b" vdg;gLk; mjd; kw;Wk; gz;ghl;Lf;F ce;Jjyspj;J> tYt+l;Lfpd;wd. Kk;kb Nkirapy; mry; Gfio xj;jjhfNt uFuh[;g+H gl;l rpj;jpuj;jpidr; rhHe;j njhlHe;jpUf;fpwJ. ehuhazH> GtNd];tup kw;Wk; gilf;ftrKk; gpg;yp /gg;upf; EZf;fKk; ,e;j Mde;jh glq;fisj; jhq;fpAs;s ,e;j tifahdJ Gdpj Kf;Nfhzj;jpy; xU neUq;fpa xw;Wikiaf; “Rfkpy;yhj" n[fehjH> ghygj;uH kw;Wk; Rgj;uh nfhz;Ls;sd. ,d;ndhU Nghd;w kuj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;l tifapy; $wpdhy;> g+upapypUe;J nja;t tbtq;fisg; gjpyPL RkhH 14 fp.kP J}uj;jpYs;s nra;fpwJ. ,e;jf; fl;lkhdJ “gl;l rpj;jpuk; Jzp uFuh[;g+iur; NrHe;j XtpaHfs;> cyfg; gpugykhd fhH jpUtpoh kPJ tiuag;gLfpwJ> fpU];z yPiy (fpU];zupd; fhyq;fspy; fha;rr ; Ys;s tho;fi ; f tuyhW)> ,e;Jf; nja;tq;fs; kl;LNk ntspapy; me;jj; Jzp flTs;fshd n[fehjH> ghygj;uH $g;gplg;gLk; mdrhu vd ePzl ; fhyk; kw;Wk; Rgj;uhit xj;jitiar; miof;fg;gLk;. Mdhy;> fpU];z ePbj;jpUg;gij rpj;jupf;fpd;wdH. kw;iwajpy;> yPiy kw;Wk; mijg; Nghd;wij g+upapypUe;J fpl;lj;jl;l 40 tpsf;Ffpd;w ,jd; [w;wp gl;b cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf fp.kP js;spAs;s gpg;ypapd; (ahj;jpiu Xtpaq;fs;) MdJ Rz;zhk;Gf;fl;b lhH]pfs; (iftpidQHfs;)> mjd; Neuhd fl;Lg;ghLfs; kw;Wk; kw;Wk; Gspg; gir mbg;gilahf xU Jzpia epwj; njhFg;Gfspy; jpUg;gf; g+rg;gl;L jbj;j itj;J mjpy; jhtuq;fisAk; fl;lq;fisg; gjpTnra;Js;sJ. rpWtpyq;FfisAk; ijg;gjd; “gl;l rpj;jpuk; Jzp kPJ gilnfhz;ljhff; %yk; /gg;upf; xl;LNtiyfspy; tiuag;gLfpwJ> me;jj; Jzp fhzg;gLk; jkJ NfhHf;fg;gl;l Mguzj;jpd; ePzl ; fhyk; ePbj;jpUg;gij ftHr;rpia ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wdH. cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ,uz;LNk rpf;fyhdit kw;Wk; NeHj;jpahdit.

Rz;zhk;Gf;fl;b kw;Wk; Gspg; gir g+rg;gl;L ,uz;LNk rpf;fyhdit kw;Wk; jbj;j gilnfhz;ljhff; fhzg;gLk;. ,J Nfhapy; NeHj;jpahdit.,e;j ,uz;L fiy tbtq;fSk; fp.gp RtHfspYk; mbj;jsq;fspYk; jPll ; g;gLfpwJ" 12 Mk; E}w;whz;by; g+upapy; kd;dH Mde;jtHkd; vd;fpwhH rpj;ufhu g+Hzh k`uzh. #lfq;fhNjtH n[fehjH Nfhtpiyf; fl;baNghNj gl;l rpj;jpu Ntiyiag; NghyNt mg;spf; ijay; ,Ue;jjhff; $wg;gLfpwJ. gbg;gbahf> mit NtiyAk; xU Nfhapy; fiyahFk;. NfhGukhdJ nropg;gile;J murFy Mjutpd; fPo; n[fehj nja;tq;fspd; jiyfSf;F NkNy caukhff;

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fl;lg;gLk; mNjrkak;> n[fehjH kw;Wk; mtupd; rNfhjuHfspd; re;jd; ahj;uh Nghd;w jpUtpohf; fhyq;fspy; Fil cgNahfpf;fg;gLk;. ,NjNghy> rhkuk;> gzg; ig kw;Wk; rpf;fyhd vk;Guha;lupiaf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,d;Dk; Vuhskhd nghUl;fspYk; ghuk;gupa mg;spf; ijay; Ntiyfspd; ifj;jpwd; cs;sJ. ,g;NghJ> yhk;N\l;fs;> njhiyf;fhl;rp ciwfs;> Rtupy; njhq;ftpLgit> Njhl;lf; Filfs; kw;Wk; gpsh];upf;> ehH> Nue;ij kw;Wk; ,NjNghd;w RUf;fq;fisf; nfhz;l tho;fi ; fKiw jahupg;Gfs;> rpW mzpfyd;fs; kw;Wk; Mguzq;fs; Kjypatw;wpy; tifiaAk; gy;tifj;jd;ikiaAk; Kf;fpag;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lk; tifapy; Vuhskhd Ntiyg;ghLfs; cs;sd. gl;l rpj;jpukhdJ mjd; kbg;gpy; gyjug;gl;l cUkhw;wq;fis xUq;fpizj;Js;sJ. Kd;ngy;yhk; tpsf;Ff; fWg;G> rpg;gp nts;is> <a nre;J}uk;> rptg;G kQ;rl;fhtp kw;Wk; fl;kpa kQ;rs; Mfpait mbg;gil epwq;fshf ,Ue;jd. ,g;Nghija epwj;jl;by; rhk;gy; epwk;> ,sQ;rptg;G kw;Wk; Cjh Nghd;w fyit epwq;fs; cs;sd. Gjpa tplaq;fs; gl;l rpj;jpuj;jpd; gluPjpahd tHzidfspy; ngUk;gFjpiaj; jhq;fpg;gpbf;fpd;wd. eldkhLjy;> ghLjy;> Ntl;ilahLjy; kw;Wk; tpisahLjy; Nghd;w ntt;NtW nraw;ghLfspd; cUtg;gl tiujy;fis njspthf tpupj;Jiuf;fpd;w XtpaH RjpH k`huzhtpd; “64 fiyfs;" mij vLj;Jf;fhl;LtJ kl;Lky;yhky; tpupTgLj;jTk; nra;fpwJ. rpj;uhfhH gpfhup k`huhzhtpd; “xbah kfs; yf;Rkpapd; tho;fi ; f tuyhW" MdJ ,e;j ele;Jnfhz;bUf;Fk; jHf;fj;ij r%f epfo;TfSf;F RUf;fkhfj; njhFj;jspf;fpwJ. ,NjNghy> GtNd];tupYs;s Njrpa / gh\d; tbtikg;G epWtdj;jpd; ,izg; Nguhrpupauhd R];kpjh ngn`uh> /gg;upf; ngapd;upd; cjtpAld; urH rpy;f; kPJ Ntiyg;ghL nra;ag;gl;l gl;l rpj;jpuhtpd; tbtikg;Gfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; mtUila ijay; rk;ge;jkhd xuprh %yq;fSf;fhf rpy tUlq;fSf;F Kd;dH Kk;igapy; itj;J gl;lq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lhH.

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(,lJ) gpg;yp mg;spf; mbg;gilahd epidTg;nghUisr; nra;fpd;w xU fiyQH (tyJ) gl;l rpj;jpu Xtpaj;jpw;F ,Wjp xg;gid nra;Ak; xU rpj;ufhH

,Ue;jhYk; Gjpa tplaq;fs; Gyikkpf;ftHfSf;Fk; khWtjw;fhf mij ehY ehl;fs; tiu mg;gbNa gpbthjkhd ghuk;gupa fiyQHfSf;Fk; Fog;gj;ij tpLfpwhH. ,jdhy; Fwpg;gpl;l fhy vy;iyf;Fs; Vw;gLj;Jtjpy;iy. mtHfSf;F Mr;rupaj;ij Ntiyia Kbg;gJ jilg;gLfpwJ. ,Njkhjpupahf> Vw;gLj;jpaJ vd;dntd;why;> mbg;gil epwf; gpsh];upf; J}upifahdJ gl;l rpj;uh Xtpaq;fspd; fyitfs; kw;Wk; ghuk;gupag; ghzpapyhd NfhLfis EZf;fkhfTk;> rpwg;ghfTk; khw;Wfpd;wd" fiuj;jYld; “rkurk; nra;tjhFk;". "Njhuizfs;> vd;fpwhH mtH. mkHe;jpUf;Fk; epiyfs; kw;Wk; xbrp ghzpapy; rpj;ufhH fud; rh`{> “gioa nghUl;fspy; Mguzkzpjy; Mfpait mlf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd" Gj;jhf;fq;fs;" vd;gJ Kd;Ndw;wk; kw;Wk; vd;W Gjpa gupNrhjidf;fhd tpUg;gj;ij ,izj;j Kd;Ndw;ghbd;wpr; nra;jy; Mfpatw;wpd; xU nrayhf gpfhup kfhuhud; ,uq;FfpwhH. ,Ue;jJ> kw;Wk; fiy tbtq;fspd; xbrh yypj; fyh mf;flkpapd; Gfio vOr;rpngwr; nra;Ak; xU Kd;dhs; nrayhsuhd RN uhjh rhgkhf elj;jg;gltpy;iy vd;W mry;jd;ikapd; $Wk;NghJ> “kuf;fwp kw;Wk; thjpLfpwhH. “mupg;G”f;F vjpuhf jhJg;nghUs; epwq;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf fy;tpkhd;fSf;Fk; ghuk;gupaf; XtpaHfSf;F vdhky; ngapd;wf ; s; kw;Wk; fiyQHfSf;Fk; gl;l rpj;uj;jpd; mf;upypf; epwq;fspd; ghtidahdJ mry;jd;ikapd; “mupg;G"f;F KZKZg;G mbg;gilahd fiyfis ,urpf;Fk; vjpuhf mtHfSila KZKZg;G ,Ue;jNghJ> Gjpa Qhdj;Jf;F ngUq;NfL tpistpg;gjhf ,Ue;jNghJ> Gjpa tbtikg;GfSk; tbtikg;Gfs; / ep&gpf;fpwJ" vd;fpwhH. /gg;upf;Fk; mg;spf; ijay; gg;upf;FlDk; ,Ue;jhYk; iftpidg;nghUl;fs; Ntiyg;ghLfshf khw;wg;gl;ljhy; kw;Wk; Fbirf; ifj;njhopy;fs; mjpUg;jpaile;jdH. Jzpjhd; mtHfs; mNjasT jpizf;fsj;jpd; ,af;FeH mbg;gilahf ,Ue;jhYk; $l> mjpUg;jpaile;jdH FOtpd; Nkyjpf ,af;Feuhd BK nty;ntw;> Nf];Nkw;> rpy;f>; Ny];> gz;lh> Njrpa kw;Wk; rHtNjr gpsh];upf; kw;Wk; ehH Kjypatw;wpd; fsq;fis Cf;fg;gLj;Jk; ghuk;gupa jw;Nghija gad;ghlhdJ J} tbtq;fSf;F rkfhyj;jpa Njhw;wj;ij mspf;fpd;w a;ikiaf; fUJk;NghJ mtkupahijahff; khw;wq;fis vjpHghHf;fpwhH. ",e;jf; fiy tbtq;fspd; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. "nraw;ifahd kw;Wk; Vida ghuk;gupa kw;Wk; rkfhyj;jpa Njhw;wj;ij mjpfupf;f nghUl;fis mg;spf; ijay; Ntiyfspy; cjTtjw;fhf m`kjhghj;jpYs;s Njrpa tbtikg;G ghtpg;gjhdJ jPqF ; jUtnjd;W ep&gpf;fg;gLfpwJ" epWtj;jpy; xd;iwr; nra;aj; J}z;Ltjw;F murhq;fk; vd;W uhkh`up n[dh jdJ fUj;ijg; gfpHfpwhH. jpl;lkpLfpwJ" vd;fpwhH mtH. ,d;ndhU tifapy;> ,Ue;jhYk;> iftpidQuhd C P kfhgj;uh $WfpwhH> rpj;uhfhH RjpH k`huhz> “Gjpa jd;ik" vd;gJ “lhgh> Fyh> fe;jpnrsf;fh Nghd;w ghuk;gupa gzpapd; Ntfj;ij mjpfupg;gNjhL kl;Lkyyky;> xU tbtq;fis cgNahfpj;jhy;> ,uz;L re;Jthf;fis XtpaUf;F Vw;gLfpd;w typiaAk; ePfF ; fpwJ vd;W kl;Lk; xU tUlj;jpy; cUthf;fyhk;. ,j;jifa epidf;fpwhH. “nts;is epwj;ijj; jahupg;gij xU jahupg;Gf;F RkhH 10000 &gh nrythFk;. kypthd cjhuzkhf vLg;Nghk;. XtpaH rpg;gpia khthf tifnahd;W 500 &ghTf;F tpw;fg;gLk; NghJ ,ij miuj;J> mijf; nfhjpf;f itj;J> mJ girahf ahH thq;FthH?"

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xU ikaj ;j py ; t pof ;$bathW> xs p cl;nry ;Yk ; jukhd fz ;zhba pyhd xU g+Nfhsk ; mq N; f itf ;fg ;gl;Ls ;sJ.

g puhd ;]pd ; nry ;thf ;F RkhH 300 tUlq ;fshf ghz ;br N; ru pa pd ; xU gFj pahf g puhd ;] ; ehL ,Ue ;J tUtJld ; g puhd ;]pd ; nry ;thf ;fpy ; cUthfpa gy Nfht py ;fs ;> Njthyaq ;fSk ; mq N; f fhzg ;gLfpd ;wd. rf ;j p vd ;w flTSf ;F mHg ;gz pf ;fg ;gl;l fd ;d pfh guNk] ;tu p Nfht py ; toikf ;F khw ;wkhf g puhd ;] ;> ,e ;j paht pd ; fl;​ lf ;fiya pd ; xU g puj pgypg ;ghFk ;.

1865y ; fl;lg ;gl;l Nyb xt ; Vd ;[y ;] ; vd ;w mofhd ntz ;ikAk ; nghd ;epwKk n ; fhz ;l

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GJr;Nrup kpa+rpaj;jpy; jiyrpwe;j rpw;gq;fs; cs;sd ,l;J: GnuhkpNdl; flw;fiuapy; fhe;jp rpiy ,Ug;gJ me;j efuj;jpd; xU milahsk;

Njthyaj ;j py ; mtNyba pd ; QhgfHj ;jkhf g puhd ;] ; ehl;L murdhd neg N; ghypad ; III gu prhf toq ;fg ;gl;l k pfTk ; mu pa ngWkj pkpf ;f Xt paq ;fs ; itf ;fg ;gl;bUf ;fpd ;wd.

g pugQ ;r u j P pahd jhf ;fk ; g puhd ;]pd ; tbtikg ;g pyhd nrq ;Fj ;jhd ghijfs ; ghz ;br N; ru pa py ; fhzg ;gLfpd ;wd. ,e ;j pa> g puQ ;R gFj pfs pd ; vy ;iyfshf mit fhzg ;gLfpd ;wd. g puQ ;R gFj pfs py ; fhyd pj ;Jt mikg ;g pyhd caHe ;j tbtikg ;g pyhd ad ;dy ;fSk ; caHe ;j $iufSk ; nfhz ;l fl;llq ;fs ; fhzg ;gLk ; mNjNeuk ;> ,e ;j paht pd ; ghz pa py ; mike ;j tuz ;lhf ;fSld ; $ba t PLfs ; ,e ;j pa gFj pfs py ; fhzg ;gLfpd ;wd. ,q ;F jkpo ; g pujhd nkho pahf ,Uf ;Fk ; mNjNtis> njYq ;F> kiyahsk ; Nghd ;w ,e ;j pa nkho pfisg ; NgRk N; ghJ> Mq ;fpyk ;>g puQ ;R nkho pfisAk ; mq ;Fs ;s kf ;fs ; ruskhfg NgRfpd ;wdH.

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NkNy ,lJ: GnuhkpNdl; flw;fiuapYs;s NghH epidthyak; NkNy tyJ: GnuhkpNdl; flw;fiuapYs;s fw;J}z; (Kfg;Gg; gf;fk;) NkNy: GJr;Nrup flw;fiufspy; glNfhl;lk; gpugyk; fPNo: gy /gpnud;Q; ghzpapyhd fgpw;Nwupahf;fspy; xd;W

mofhd flw ;fiu flw ;fiuf ;F mLj ;jhw N; ghy mike ;j pUf ;Fk ; ghz ;br N; ru pa py ; mofhd fly ; fhl;r pfisf ; fhzyhk ;. #u pad ; cj pg ;gJk ; khiya py ; #u pad ; kiwtJk ; ,q ;F fz n ; fhs ;shf ;fhl;r p. mt N; uh g r P ; vd ;gJ er P ;ry ; gz ;Ztjw ;F nghWj ;jkhd ,lk ;.

Ur pahd czTfs ;> jukhd ghdq ;fis gu pkhWtj pYk ; NkYk ; gy trj pfSf ;Fk ; NgHNghd ,lk ; guil] ; g r P ;.

1.5 f pNyh k w P ;wH J}uk n ; fhz ;l GNuhnkNdl; g r P ;> elj ;jy ;> n[hf ;f pq ; nra ;jy ;> ] N; fbq ;>Nahfh Nghd ;w ga pw ;r pfSf ;F k pfTk ; g pugy ;akhdJ.

Vida Kf ;f pa mk ;rq ;fisg ; nghWj ;jtiu Aj ;j QhgfhHj ;j e pidTfs ;> ghuk ;gu pa e pidT kz ;lgk ;> nts pr ;r t P L > N[hd ; xt ; MHf ;> kfhj ;kh fhe ;j p> khHf] ; Lg ;yf ;] ;> ,e ;j paht py ; g puQ ;R mikg ;ig e pWt pa ftHdH n[duy ; Mf pNahu pd ; cUtr ; r piyfSk ; fhzg ;gLf pd ;wd.

KO ehSk ; j pwe ;J ,Uf ;Fk ; g puQ ;R nu] ;l;lhud ;l;> fz ;bg ;ghf ju pr pf ;f Ntz ;ba ,lk ;. e Pu py ; k pje ;J t pisahLtjw ;F nrud pb g r P ; g pugy ;ak ;. mNjNeuj ;j py ; t Puhk ; l;lzk ; g r P ; k pf e s P khdJk ;> k pfTk ; g pugy ;ak pf ;f g r P ;Rfs pYk ; xd ;whFk ;.

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ngsj;jk; vd;gJ fle;j ,U E}w;whz;Lfspy; ngsj;jj;jpd; Mrpa tuyhW nghJtpy; Mrpahtpy; kl;Lky;yhky;> ngsj;jj;jpd; Mrpa tuyhw;wpypUe;J jUtpj;Jf; Mrpahtpd; fyhr;rhur; nry;thf;if INuhg;gh nfhs;sf;$ba rpy nghJthd KbTfs; my;yJ Nkw;FyfpYk; gug;Gtjw;fhd rfy cs;sd. KjyhtJ> ,e;jpahtpypUe;J kw;iwa fyhr;rhuj;ijAk; cs;slf;fpa Mrpa ehLfSf;F guTk; xU xU kj;jpa];juhf mjd; gq;F rkakhf ngsj;j kjj;jpd; mupjhfNt mwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. rpy nghJthd ,ay;Gfs;. rpy ehLfspy;> ,J jhuhskhd J}z;Ljiy ,e;j ehLfs; rpytw;wpy;> mspj;J> jj;Jtk;> rkak;> fiy rkz kjj;jpypUe;J rkz kjj;jpypUe;J Njhd;wpa kw;Wk; ,yf;fpak;> cstpay; gpugy topghl;L Kiwfspd; Njhd;wpa gpugy kw;Wk; cstpay;rpfpr;ir gpd;dzpahf ngsj;jkjk; topghl;L Kiwfspd; Nghd;w gy fyhr;rhu <LghLs;s js;spf;nfhz;L Kd;nrd;wJ> Gyq;fspYk; xU rthiy gpd;dzpahf ngsj;j kjkhdJ eilKiwfs; Kd;itj;jJ. fy;tprhHe;j kw;Wk; rk;gpujhaq;fs; cl;gl ngsj;jkjk; JiwfisAk; fle;J> ,jd; ,e;j topghl;L Kiwfspd; js;spf;nfhz;L nry;thf;fhdJ ePjpnewpfspy; rpy nray;Kiwfspy; Kd;nrd;wJ ("thOk; Kiw" vd;W cs;slq;fpaJ> mtw;wpd; tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sg;gLtJ) cs;ehl;Lf;Fupa Md;kthjf; Fwpg;ghf ,aw;ifAld; my;yJ Fl;bf; flTs;fis ngsj;jf; nghJtpy; tho;f;ifAld; kdpjDf;Fs;s flTs;fspd; gpujpepjpfshf khw;wpaJ kw;Wk; njhlHig cs;slf;Ffpd;w xU ngWkjp cs;ehl;L tpohf;fis ngsj;j tpLKiwfSld; mikg;Gf;fhd ePjpnewpfisg; gutyhf;Fjy; rk;ge;jg;gLj;jpaJ. Vw;fdNt epiyehl;lg;gl;l (kdpjUf;F ,ilapYs;s njhlHGfisf; rka tof;fq;fisf; nfhz;l ehLfspy;> ,J fl;Lg;ghl;by; itf;Fk; xU ngWkjp mikg;G) ,uz;lhtJ (my;yJ %d;whtJ) kjkhf Fwpj;j tpNrl mOj;jj;Jld; ngUk;ghYk; ,izahf epWtg;gl;lJ> rpy rkaq;fspy; mwpe;Jnfhs;sg;gl;lJ. rkhjhdkhf ,itAk; mq;fpUe;jd> Kuz;ghlhd

gP`hH> Gj;jfahtpy; kfhNghjp tpfhiuapYs;s Nghjp kuk;

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ngsj;j kjk; elg;gpYs;s rkakhf my;yJ rkaq;fspy; me;j ehl;Lf;Fupa kjj;Jld; mNrhfupd; fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;jJ Nghy Kuz;gl;L ,Ue;jJ. xU ehl;bd; rkakhf ,Ue;j NghJ> kw;iwa ngsj;j kjk; cs;ehl;L nkhopfspy; rkaq;fs; Juj;jg;glNth my;yJ njhe;juT nkhopngaHf;fg;gl;L> ,e;jpag; g+HtPfj;jpd; nra;ag;glNth ,y;iy my;yJ nfhs;iff;F nkhopngaHf;fg;gl;l ciuj; njhFjpf;Fr; khwhditahfNth ,Uf;ftpy;iy. jpNgj;jpYk; NrHf;fg;gl;l Gjpa ciueil tof;fq;fs; ag;ghdpYk;> ngsj;jk; kpftypikahf murpay; tpgupf;fg;gl;ld. gpf;Ffspd; ePjpnewpAk; mlf;fKk; mjpfhuj;Jld; my;yJ ,uhZt cs;ehl;L kuGfspy; gFjpahf ePjpnewpAld; fye;Jnfhz;lJ. Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. ngsj;j jpNgj;jpy; jdpahd epHthfk; kjk; ,e;jpahtpy; ruptile;j ngsj;jk;> Njrpa vJTk; cUthf;fg;gl;bUf;ftpy;iy fhyj;jpy; (gilnaLg;ghsHfspd; gz; g hl; L kjpg; G fis vd;gjhy; ,g;gb ele;jJ. fLk; mOj;jj;jpd; fPo;)> K];ypk; mlf;fpahs;tjhf MfNt yhkhf;fNs (Gj;j gilnaLg;G ele;j Neuk; tiu gpf;Ffs;) ehl;bd; mjpfhu (fp.gp 1000-1200)> mq;F Fwpg;ghf nraw;gltpy;iy kdg;ghq;Fs;stHfspd; gq;ifAk; ehse;jh gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; gy;NtW ehLfspy; g+Hj;jp nra;aNtz;bapUe;jJ. Cf;fj;ij ehLtjw;Fk; ,jw;nfd;W ag;ghdpy;> ehl;L kf;fSld; “%yj;ij Muha;tjw;Fk;" nrhe;jkhd Ml;rpahsH xd;wpiza ahj;jpupfHfs; te;jpUg;ghHfs;. ,e;j Ntz;bapUe;jjhy; ,J ele;jJ. ahj;jpupfHfspy; rpyH> mjhtJ rPd ghlrhiyfSk; ehq;fs;> cjhuzj;jpw;F Fg;jH ngsj;jHfshd `;Rtd; -l;rhq; cl;gpupTfSk; fhyj;J (5Mk; E}w;whz;L) epw;Fk; kw;Wk; I l;rpq; Nghd;NwhH (8Mk; E} ,Ue;jd Gj;jH> ag;ghdpYs;s (7Mk; E} w;whz;by;) jkJ gpuahzq;fspdJk; w;whz;L) RF-[p NfhapypYs;s ngsj;j eilKiwfs; mkHe;jpUf;Fk; kpNuhF kw;Wk; NghjidfspdJk; (ikj;NuaH) glk; kw;Wk; (12Mk; E}w;whz;L) ngWkjpkpf;f tptuq;fis tpl;Lr;nrd;Ws;sdH. fk;Nghbahitr; NrHe;j VIIMk; n[atHkdpd; ,e;j epfo;Tfs;> xU Mrpa fyhr;rhuj;jpw;F jiy Kjypatw;iw xg;gpl;Lg; ghHj;jpUe;jhy;> ,ilapyhd kj;jpa];juhf ngsj;j kjj;jpd; mit mtw;Wf;Fupa Neuk;> ,lk; kw;Wk; Njrj;jpd; gq;if Cl;b tsHj;jd> ,J ehl;L vy;iyfis> jdpj;Jtkhd rpwg;gk;rq;fisf; nfhz;l rpw;gq;fs; murpay; MHtq;fis kw;Wk; Kuz;ghLfisf; vd;w cz;ikiaAk; kPwp> fsq;fkpy;yhj J} fle;J nrd;wJ. vdNt jHkk; MdJ kj;jpa MrpahtpypUe;J [hthTf;F> ,khyaj;jpypUe;J #upa a;ik kw;Wk; guptpd; xNu Kfghtidiaf; fz;Lgpbj;jpUg;Nghk;. cja ehlhd ag;ghDf;F gutpaJ.

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jiytpjpiaAk; czu;TG+u;tkhff; fhl;l Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nehf;fpy; ‘Neau;fspd; ,jaj;ijj; njhLtij" cWjpg;gLj;Jk; tha;nkhop %yk; fw;gpf;fg;gLk; ehl;lhu; ftpij ,yf;fpa tifiar; rhu;ej ; itahf cs;sd. jw;NghJ 21 Mk; E} w;whz;by; fhtpaq;fSf;F ,lkpy;iy vd;W ehk; epidf;f KbAk;. Mdhy; jpiug;glq;fSf;fhd ftu;rr ; p> Fwpg;ghf> n[apf;f Kbahj jilfis vjpu;jJ ; g; NghuhLk; fjhehafu;fisf; nfhz;l jpiug;glq;fSf;fhd ftu;rr ; p vk;kj;jpapy; njhlu;eJ ; k; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. 1988 Mk ; Mz ;lst py ;> `] ;u pdgu kd ;wj ;jpy ; ,e ;jpaj ; jj ;Jt kw ;Wk ; rkag ; ghlnewpa pd ; Nghjdhr pu pau ; xUtu ;> gftj ; fPijia t psq ;Ftjw ;fhd xU g pd ;dz p mwpKff ; Fwpg ;ghf mikAk ; r pW E}y ; xd ;iw vdf ;F toq ;fpdhu ;. mjd ; %yk ; mu ;r ;Rdd ;> ju pl;lh\ ;bud ;> Ajp\ ;bud ; Mfpa ngau ;fSk ;> ePz ;l FLk ;g tuyhWk ;> rjpfs ;

epuk ;g pa gy N; tW rk ;gtq ;fSk ; vdf ;F mwpKfkhfpaJld ; t uP jPu czu ;Tfis nts pg ;gLj ;Jk ; gioa> ghukhd nkhop eil ,g G; j ;jfj ;ij KOikahf mwpAk ; Mtiy vdf ;Fs ; Vw ;gLj ;jpd. vt ;thwha pDk ;> ,uz ;L njhFjpfisf ; nfhz ;l RUf ;fpa tbt pyhd ] ;ghd pa nkhopg ; gjpg G; xd N; w mf ;fhyj ;jpy ; fhzg ;gl;lJ fkyh Rg ;ukz pak ; vd ;gtuhy ; xU njhFjpahf RUf ;fp vOjg ;gl;l Mq ;fpyg ; gjpg ;ig ehd ; nkhopngau ;f ;f Ntz ;Lk ; vd ;W `] ;jpdGuh kd ;wj ;jpd ; ngy ;fpNuNdh fpisa pd ; mg N; ghija gz pg ;ghsu ; jpUkjp/nry ;t p xu pahdh nghg N; ght pr ; Ntz ;bf ; nfhz ;lhu ;. mjid ehd ; G+u ;j ;jpnra ;j NghJ> KOf ; fht paj ;ijAk ; r pwg ;ghf t psq ;f Ntz ;Lk ; vd ;W J} z ;lg ;gl;Nld ;. 400 kpy ;ypad ; kf ;fshy ; Ngrg ;gLk ; ] ;ghd pa nkhopa py ; ,e ;E}y ; fhzg ;glhik xU Fiwghlhf cs ;sJ vdTk ; mJ nkhopngau ;f ;fg ;gLkha pd ; ,e ;J fyhrhuj ;ijr ; r pwg ;ghfg ; Gu pe ;J nfhs ;s KbAk ; vdTk ; czu ;e N; jd ;. mjdhy ;> 1997 Mk ; Mz ;by ;> r pwe ;j Mq ;fpyg ; gjpg ;ig KOikahf nkhopngau ;g ;gjw ;Fj ; jPu ;khd pj ;J> MNyhridfisg ; ngWtjw ;fhfTk ; mr ;re ;ju ;g ;gj ;jpy ; ,e ;jpaj ; J}juf E}yfj ;jpy ; ,Ue ;j 12 njhFjpfisg ; g pujp nra ;tjw ;fhfTk ; mDkjp toq ;FkhW

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,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; xU ghupa jhf;fj;ijf; nfhz;bUe;jjw;fhf Nghw;wg;gLk; Gfo;kpf;f ,e;jpaj; jiytUk; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lf;fhuUkhd Rgh]; re;jpuNgh];> mtUila ce;Jjyspf;Fk; tho;j;JfSf;Fk; RNyhfq;fSf;Fkhf ed;F mwpag;gl;bUe;jhH. 1944 a+iy 4 Mk; jpfjpad;W gHkhtpy; (,g;NghJ kpad;khH) ele;j xU Nguzpapy;> ‘vdf;F FUjpiaj; jhUq;fs;> ehd; cq;fSf;F Rje;jpuj;ijj; jUNtd;” vd;W mwptpj;jhH. ,d;ndhU RNyhfkhd by;yp rNyh (by;ypf;Fg; NghNthk;) vd;gJ mtUila jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; fPo; ,Ue;j ,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZt (INA) cWg;gpdHfspd; ifnahg;g miog;ghf khwpaJ. Mdhy; Ngh]; mtUila n[a; `pe;j; (,e;jpah ePz;lfhyk; thol;Lk;) vd;w RNyhfj;jhNyna rpwg;ghf mwpag;gLfpwhH> ,J mtUila jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; fPo; mopahg; Gfiog; ngw;wJ. ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l fhyj;jpy;> Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lf;fhuHfs; mbf;fb n[a; `pe;J];jhd; fp vd;W $wpdhHfs;. ,jd; RUf;f tbtkhd fUj;J ‘,e;jpahTf;F n[a; `pe;j; ntw;wp” my;yJ ‘ehl;Lf;F MdJ Fwpg;ghf tuNtw;gsp” vd;gjhFk;. ,jd; RUf;fg; gjpg;ghd Ngh]; mij INA n[a; `pe;j; vd;gJ INA ,y; tzf;fk; ,d; cj;jpNahfg+Ht njuptpf;Fk; tho;j;J tbtkhf Ngh] hy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg; cj;jpNahfg+Ht gpd;dH tof;fj;jpw;F tbtkhf te;jJ. rpyH> N[Hkdpapy; Vw;Wf;nfhz;l jdJ nghwpapay; gbg;igf; iftpl;Ltpl;L gpd;dH Ngh]pd; nrayhsuhfTk; vy;NyhuhYk; nkhopngaHg;ghsuhfTk; cgNahfpf;fg;gLk; ,Uf;f te;j tof;fhfpaJ i`juhghj;ijr; NrHe;j xU fnyf;uupd; kfdhd i]d; cy; mgpjPd; jhd; ,e;jr; RNyhfj;ijr; rpghupR nra;jjhf ek;Gfpd;wdH. kw;wtHfNsh ,e;jpa Rje;jpu ,af;fj;jpYk;; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j nrk;gf;fuhkd; gps;isjhd; ,e;jg; gjj;ijg; Gide;jhH vd;W $Wfpd;wdH. vg;gbnad;whYk;> n[a; `pe;j; ,e;jpaHfs; mbf;fb gad;gLj;Jk;> Fwpg;ghf FbauR jpdk; (adtup 26) kw;Wk; Rje;jpu jpdk; (Xf];w; 15) Nghd;w Kf;fpa ehl;fspy; gpugy RNyhfkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. 1947 Xf];w; 15 md;W ,e;jpahTf;Fr; Rje;jpuk; fpilj;j ehspy;> Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; QhgfhHj;j mQ;ry; milahsk; - n[a; `pe;j; mQ;ry; milahsk;- Kjd;Kjypy; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. kpf mz;ikapy;> mjhtJ 2012 xf;Nuhgupy; cz;ikahd ,uhZt ngWkjpfis cs;thq;fp> mjd; Kf;fpa kjpg;GfSf;F ,zq;f fz;bg;ghf xOFtjd; nghUl;L> ,e;jpa ,uhZtj;jpd; rfy juj;jpdUk; xUtiu xUtH> murhq;f cj;jpNahfj;jHfs; kw;Wk; mjd; Jizr; Nritfisr; NrHe;jtHfisr; re;jpf;ifapy; n[a; `pe;ij xU kuGtof;fhd tzf;fkhf cgNahfpf;FkhW mwpTWj;jg;gl;ldH.

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Mdhy; fPuj ; j ; pkpf;f If;fpa ehLfs; mikg;gpd; ru;tNjr mikjpfhg;ghsu; tpUJ jdf;F fpilf;fTs;sJ vd;w nra;jpia ,d;]n ; gf;lu; rf;jp Njtp mtu;fshy; ek;g Kbatpy;iy. " ehd; fdT fhz;gjhfNt ehd; epidj;Njd;. ,e;j tUlj;jpw;fhd tpUJ vdf;F fpilf;fTs;sij vd;dhy; ek;g Kbatpy;iy. mjdhy; kpd;dQ;rypy; cs;tUk; ngl;bia jpUk;gj; jpUk;g jpwe;J ghu;jN ; jd;. ehd; mrhjhuzkhd vjidAk; rhjpf;ftpy;iy vd;Nw czu;fpd;Nwd;. ,e;jpahtpd; Ff;fpuhknkhd;iwr; Nru;ej ; mlf;fkhd xU FLk;gj;ijr; Nru;ej ; xU ngz; vd;w tifapy; vdf;F vjpu;ghu;gG ; f;fs; vJTk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. ehd; xU rpwe;j kdpjdhf ,Uf;fNt tpUk;gpNdd;. vt;thwhapDk;> vy;yh tifapYk; jho;ik czu;Tld; ,e;j tpUij Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;Nwd;!" vd;W jdJ kdjpy; cs;sij ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;whu;> jw;NghJ Mg;fhdp];jhDf;fhd If;fpa ehLfs; cjtpg; gzpf; FOtpy; (UNAMA) gzpGupAk; nghyp]; cj;jpNahj;ju;. ,t;tpUJ> If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; rkhjhdr; nraw;ghLfspy; rpwe;j nrayhw;Wifapid ntspg;gLj;Jk; ngz; nghyp]; mikjpfhg;ghsu;fSf;F Nghl;b mbg;gilapy; toq;fg;gLk; xU nfsutkhFk;. ,t;tpUJ toq;fg;gLtjd; Nehf;fk;> cyf rkhjhdr; nraw;ghLfspy; nghyp]hupd; tfpghfk; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;ij Cf;Ftpg;gJk;> mjpy; ngz; nghyp] hu; nra;fpd;w Kaw;rpfisg; ghuhl;LtJk;> gy;NtW ehLfspy; ngz; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; nfhz;Ls;s tfpghfk; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;ij mjpfupg;gJk;> If;fpa ehLfs; mikg;gpd; rkhjhdg; gzpfspy; midj;J ehLfSk; gq;Nfw;gij Cf;Ftpg;gJkhFk;. rf;jp Njtp> [k;K fh\;kuP ; khepyj;jpd; clk;G+u; khtl;lj;jpy; gu;dhuh fpuhkj;jpy; $l;Lf; FLk;gnkhd;wpy; ehd;fhtJ gps;isahfg; gpwe;jhu;. rf;jpNjtpapd; gps;isg; gUtk; fhl;Lf;Fr; nrd;W tpwF Nrfupg;gjpYk;> mf;fpuhkj;jpy; jdJ je;ij elhj;jp te;j khT miuf;Fk; Miyapy; je;ijf;F

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Muk;gj;jpy;> rf;jp Njtpapd; FLk;gj;jpdu; mtuJ jPuk ; hdj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;stpy;iy. " jdJ je;ijAldhd “jPuf ; f ; khd” ciuahlypd; NghJ> ‘ehd; Mrpupaj; njhopiyr; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W mtu; Ntz;baJld; ehd; xU ngz;zhf ,Ug;gjd; fhuzkhf nghyp]; cj;jpNahfk; ,yFthdjhf mikakhl;lhJ vdf;$wp nghyp]; Jiwapy; Nru Ntz;lhk; vd vr;rupj;jhu;. ,Wjpapy;> ehd; vdJ gzpia Neu;ikahfr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;> vdJ mjpfhuq;fisj; jtwhd Kiwapy; gad;gLj;jf; $lhJ vd;w epge;jidapd; mbg;gilapy; mtu;m jw;F cld;gl;lhu;." rf;jp Njtp mtu;fs; [k;Ktpy; cs;s ngz;fs; khj;jpuk; gzpGupAk; nghyp]; epiyak; mlq;fyhf [k;K> fh\;kuP py; nghyp]; epiya nghWg;G cj;jpNahfj;juhfg; gzpahw;wpdhu;. mtu; (2009-2012) fhyg;gFjpapy; kfspu; gpuptpd; epiyag; nghWg;G cj;jpNahfj;juhfg; gzpahw;wpdhu;. ,f;fhyg; gFjpapy; mtu; ngz;fSld; njhlu;Gila - jpUkzg; gpzf;F Kjy; tPlL ; td;Kiwfs;> ghypay; ty;YwTfs; tiuahd - 3>000 ,w;Fk; Nkw;gl;l Kiwg;ghLfisf; ifahz;lhu;. rf;jp Njtpf;F Mg;fhdp];jhdpy; gzpGuptjw;fhd tha;gG ; f; fpilj;j NghJ> mtuJ FLk;gj;jpdu; mtu; mq;F

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