India perspectives july august'15 sinhalese

bkaÈhd o¾Yk

29 jk fj¿u n ksl=;=j 4 n cQ,-s wf.dai; a = 2015

f,dalh mqrd wka;¾cd;sl fhda. Èkh ieuf¾

iudrïNh

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ixjdoh idkshd ñ¾id

fmdÜmqß bka È hdfõ meje;a ù ug ks h ñ; W;a i j kdYsla l=ïN fï,d

fuh fï wdldrfha wd.ñl W;aijhla i|yd tla /ia jk úYd,;u ckldhhs" l=ïN fï,dj iEu j¾I ;=klg jrlau wkqiaurKh flf¾' kdYsla ys l=ïN fï,dj w;r;=r ;u mõ fidaod yeÍug ne;su;=ka f.daodjÍ kÈfhys c,fhka iakdkh lrkq oelsh yelsh' ljodo( cQ,s 14- iema;eïn¾ 25 fld;ek§o( kdYsla" uydrdIag%

wu¾kd;a hd;%d

fkare l=i,dk kd. fndaÜgq ;rÕh

È.= ld,hla ;siafia n,d isá" jvd;au m%p,s; jkaokdj" wu¾kd;a hd;%d Ysj iajdñ mQcdj wu¾kd;a f,kaj, uq¿ fohs' oyia .Kka ne;su;=ka wNsfhda.d;aul l÷lr N+ñNd.h Tiafia weúo hk w;r iajdñ Ysjf.a whsia u; msysá ,sx.h iys; ysfuka ie¢ mQckSh l=áh jkaokd lsÍu ms‚i wiSre mdßißl ;;a;ajhka Tiafia .uka .ks;s' ljodo( cQ,s 2 - wf.daia;= 29 fld;ek§o( Y%S k.¾" cïuq iy ldYaó¾

wf.daia;= ui fojk fikiqrdodfõ mqkakïod jefõ§ fuu biõj meje;afõ' fuu fndaÜgq ;rÕdj,sh meje;afjk Èkfha" jej bÈßmsg ,laI foll muK msßila /iafõ' bkaÈhdfõ flar< m%dka;fha l=Ügkdoa .ïudkfha t<fUk udi .Kkla mqrd ch ieuÍu flf¾' ljodo( wf.daia;= 9 fld;ek§o( mqkakïod jej" flar<h

yßhd,s f;aÊ

;u mjq,aj, hy meje;au Wfoid ish¨‍u ldka;djka úiska md¾j;S fojÕk jkaokd lrk yßhd,s f;aÊ weoys,af,a iy fl<sfof,ys W;aijhls' cdhsmQ¾ ys§" k.r ukaÈrfha jdy,alv wi,ska úYd, fmryrla wdrïN flfrk w;r md¾j;S fojÕkf.a m%;sudj /.;a m,a,elalsh uq¿ k.rh mqrd ùÈ irhs' ljodo( cQ,s 22-23 fld;ek§o( rdcia:dka

oaÍ W;aijh

fuh wreKdp,a m%foaYa ys wmgdks f.da;%slhka úiska iurkq ,nk lDIs W;aijhls' gduq" yd¾ksheka" fïá iy odkahs - foúhka i;r fok W;aijh iufha msÿï ,nk w;r n;a iy ñ,Ü ìh¾ iys; idoh jeo.;a ;ekla .kS' idïm%odhsl k¾;k wx. fuu W;aijfha úYd,;ajh ;SrKh lrkq ,nk idOlhla fõ' ljodo( cQ,s 4-5 fld;ek§o( iSfrda" wreKdp,a m%foaYa

Mdka.a ,dífida,a

fuu úfYaIs; W;aijh islSufha wdrlaIl foaj;djd jk ldkapkafvdka.aid fj; lem lrkq ,en ;sfí' th f,mapd iy N+;a,d m%cdjkaf.a ifydaor;ajfha iïuq;shls' úÑ;% fjiauqyqKq me<¢ mQcljreka úiska lrk k¾;khla f,iska fuu iïuq;sh ms<sn| l:dj rÕ oela fõ' ljodo( iema;eïn¾ 9 fld;ek§o( islSï ys§

fmrjok R;= fjkia ù fudaiï ld,h bkaÈhdjg t<öu;a iu." wmg fhda. ms<sn| wka;¾cd;sl Èkh id¾:lj ieuÍug wjia:dj meñK we;' miq.sh jif¾" w.%dud;H kf¾kaø fudaä fuu biõj cqks 21 jk Èk iurkq fhfylehs le|ùula l< w;r tlai;a cd;Skaf.a uyd uKav,hg bÈßm;a lrk ,o fhdackdjg rgj,a 177 l cd;Skaf.a iu wkq.%yh ,enqKq nj;a ish¨‍u wfkl=;a idudðl rdcHj, iydh m< jQ nj;a i|yka lruq' m<uq iaurKh id¾:l;ajh ieuÍula n÷h" k.r 250 l meje;afjk úúO biõ iu.ska rgj,a 192 la Bg tla fjhs' bkaÈhd o¾Yk fuu l,dmfha §" wms wmf.a .uk bÈßhg f.k hkafkuq" ;jo bkaÈhdfõ fm!rd‚l ksOdkh fi!LH m%;s,dN imhkjd muKla fkdj" wd;;sh iy kùk f,dalfha mSvkhka iu. .kqfokq lsÍfï udj;la úh yels nj fmkajd fokafkuq' cd;Hka;r fõÈldj u;" w.%dud;H kf¾kaø fudaä uy;d uE;§ Ökh fj; l< ixpdrh rgj,a fol w;r ixialD;sl ine¢hdjka fmkakqï l< jeo.;a wjia:djla úh" th w.%dud;Hjrhdf.a IshEka ixpdrh u.ska Woa§ma; lrk ,§' wd¾Ól rdcH ;dka;%sl Ndjh fmrg wdfhah" Iekaydhs kqjr§ fvd,¾ ì,shk 22 l .súiqï w;aika lsÍu isÿ úh' tfukau foaYmd,k WmfoaYd;aul jYfhka jeo.;a" bkaÈhd - Ök iïnkaO;d u.ska wdlD;s kej; ks¾jpkh lsÍfï wjia:djla Wodùula úh' wm%sfh,a ui fkamd,fha úkdYldÍ N+ñlïmdjla we;s úh' bkaÈhdkq rch" bkaÈhdkq yuqod n, we‚ iu." ffu;%S fufyhqu hgf;a ljrodl fyda flreKq úYd,;u iyk jev igykla uQ,drïN lrk ,§' lïmkh uq,a Èkj,§ ;SrKd;aul tlla jQ w;r i;s lsysmhla wjidkfha ÿ#Lodhl fohla úh' wms tfukau rdy;a fufyhqfï id¾:l;ajh mÍlaId l< w;r fhaukfha hqoaOhg ueÈjQ 4700 la muK jQ bkaÈhdkq mqrjeishka uqod .ekSu tys b,lalh lr .;suq' w;sf¾l jYfhka" wms whswd¾tkatiatia-whs ã pkaøsldj ;j;a pkaøsld ;=kla iu.ska taldnoaO lrñka bkaÈhdj iy wjg l,dmfha iajdëk pkaøsld hd;%dlrK moaO;shla iemhSu Woa§mkh lrkafkuq' fuu moaO;sfha ó<Õ jdrh whswd¾tkatiatia - whs B t<fUk udij,§ Èh;a lsÍug ish¨‍ lghq;= iQodkï lr ;sfí' tneúka iïmQ¾K moaO;sh pkaøsld y;lska iukaú; jkq we;' w.%dud;H kf¾kaø fudaäf.a bkaÈhdfõ§ ksmojkak uQ,drïNfhka meyehla ,nd .ksñka BidkÈ. l,dmh fõ.j;a m:hla lrd W;af;ackh lsÍu Bidkfha§ ksmojkak uQ,drïNh iu. ixj¾Okh jkakg n,d isák fmfoiaj,g wiajeis,a,ls' fiahdoiqka fldgfia§" wms úchmQ¾ ys újD; l,dm fl!;=ld.drh i;= úYsIag;dj ieriqulg n÷ka lrkafkuq' th bia,dñl hq.h olajd od;u lrkakg yels tlla jk w;r fvlEka l,dmh Bg uqyqK fok wdldrh msgq w;r .fõIKh lrkafkuq' wms iqfLdamfNda.S ;djld,sl ksjiak .x.d" n%yaumq;%d iy yQ,s winv bÈßm;a lrkafkuq' ;jo ixjdoh fujr fjkajkafka" idkshd ñiard f.a fgksia úl%uh jißka jir j¾Okh jk wdldrh" wehf.a w;alr .ekSï iy iïudk ms<sn| l;d lrkakghs' wms l%Svd Y+ßh Èß .kajuq'

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bkaÈhd o¾Yk

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ixialdrl( úldia iajrema iydh ixialdrl( ksÅf,aIa älais;a úfoaY lghq;= wud;HdxYh ldur wxl 152, ta - wka;h, Ydia;%S Njka kj È,a,sh, 110001 bkaÈhdj ÿrl:k( 91'11'23388949, 23381719 *elaia( 91'11'23384663 fjí wvúh( http://www.indiandiplomacy.in Tnf.a m%;spdr $ úuiSï i|yd( osdpd2@mea.gov.in uelaiafmdaIqj¾ óähd .DDma bkaähd mqoa.,sl iud.u m%ldYl yd m%Odk fufyhqï ks,OdÍ( úldia fcdydß m%Odk úOdhl ks,OdÍ yd l<uKdldr wOHlaI( m%ldIa fcdydß úOdhl ixialdrl( fi!rí gkaLd m%Odk ld¾hd,h uelaiafmdaIqj¾ óähd .DDma bkaähd mqoa.,sl iud.u tall wxl Ô-0-ta, ìï uy," MIRA ixia:dms; ldur fldgia wxl 1 yd 2" BYaj¾ k.¾" u;=rd mdr" kj È,a,sh" 110065" bkaÈhdj ÿrl:k( +91.11.43011111, Fax: +91.11.43011199 CIN No: U22229DL2006PTC152087 Tnf.a m%;spdr $ úuiSï i|yd( indiaperspectives@maxposure.in úuiSï | MMGIPL i`oyd ÿrl:k( +91.11.43011111 *elaia( +91.11.43011199 www.maxposure.in

bkaÈhd o¾Yk wrdì" nydid bkaÿkSishd" bx.%Sis" m%xY" c¾uka" yskaÈ" b;d,shdkq" meIafgda" m¾ishka" mD;=.Sis" reishdkq" isxy," iamd[a[" fou< iy Ök NdIdj,ska m%ldYkh flf¾' bkaÈhd o¾Yk úldia iajrema, iu f,alï ^tlaiamS& iy ks, m%ldYl, úfoaY lghq;= wud;HdxYh (MEA), ldur wxl 152 —ta— l=¿K, Ydia;%S Njka, kj È,a,sh -110001 f.a m%ldYkhla jk w;r úfoaY lghq;= wud;HdxYh fjkqfjka m%ldYkh lrkq ,nkafka uelaiafmdaIqj¾ óähd .Dma bkaähd m%hsfjÜ ,sñgâ, (MMGIPL) tall wxl Ô-´-ta, ìï uy,, tïwhswd¾ta ixia:dmk ldur, fldgia wxl 1 yd 2, BYaj¾ k.¾, u:qrd mdr” kj È,a,sh - 110065, bkaÈhdj - úisks¡ bkaÈhd o¾Yk jirlg 6 jrla m%ldYhg m;a fõ¡ ish¿u ysñlï weúßKs¡ fuys m<jk ,sms” ie,iqï yd $ fyda PdhdrEm bkaÈhd o¾Yk ys wkque;sh we;sj Ndú;d l< fyda kej; ks¾udKh l< yelsh¡ MEA yd MMGIPL, úfYaI b,a,Sula fkdue;sj imhk ,o ksIamdok” w;a msgm;a” PdhdrEm” ie,iqï úksúoNdjh yd fjk;a oE j,g isÿjk ydks fyda mdvq ms<sn|j j.lshkq fkd,efí¡ iÕrdj ;=, we;s woyia w;HjYHfhkau MEA fyda MMGIPL ys woyia fkdjk nj i,lkak¡ tkak wm yd( http://www.facebook.com/MEA http://www.twitter.com/MEA http://www.youtube.com/MEA —bkaÈhd o¾Yk˜ msgm;a i|yd wdikak;u bka§h ;dkdm;s ld¾hd,h wu;kak¡

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yjq,aldß;ajh

bkaÈhdkq .ukd.ukh - weußld tlai;a ckmoh iuÕ kj u.lg........................................16

iudrïNh

wjYH fudfydf;a§ flfrk —id¾:l;ajh— fufyhqu..........................................18

.fõIKh

c,h iqmsß iqj NdKavhlsa........................................ 26

m%.;sh

wYajdfrdayl we‚hl .uk....................................60 .%SIau R;=j i|yd isis,a ix.%y................................. 65

bjqï msyqï

bkaÈhdkq rih f.k tñka......................................66

kfjda;amdokh

bkaÈhdkq iajNdúl wd¾Ól l,dmh.......................... 72

id¾:l;ajh

jkÔù wêlrK iydhl úoHdfõ mßKduhla.............74

Wreuh

flar<fha ,S úiauh................................................ 76

k.r ieleiau fjkia lsÍu bkaÈhdfõ ieleiau fjkia lsÍuls.......................................... 34

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bÈßhg ;enQ fhdaO msïula....................................... 39 úchmQ¾( l,dfõ ue‚l.......................................... 42 bkaÈhdkq yuqod n,ld Wreuh....................................54

ioaNdù ñksfil=g flfrk f.!rjh........................80 hqo u;lfha u,a l<Ula ........................................ 82 f,dalfha ckm%sh;u idl,Hjd§ fi!LH mßph..........86 fgksia j,g Wmka wdorh fjkqfjkas........................ 88 cQ,s-wf.daia;= 2015

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b,lalh

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bkaÈhd o¾Yk

n

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cQ,s-wf.daia;= 2015

fhda. ms<sn| wka;¾cd;sl Èkh fhda. úoHdfõ idl,Hjd§ m%;s,dN lrd wjOdkh wÈkq ,nhs

b;sydifha m%:u j;djg cqks 21 jk Èkh whqßka" fï wNsirK ikaêfha§" mek kef.k f,dal uÜgñka —fhda. ms<sn| wka;¾cd;sl m%Yakh jkafka fhda. ms<sn| yÈis Wkkaÿjla Èkh— ieuÍug hhs' wdl¾IŒh whqßka" fuu my< jkafka ukao hkakhs' wo mjd fhda. Èkh tlai;a cd;Ska úiska ksfõokh l< w;r ie,flkafka —wdOHd;añl mqyqKq lsÍu— la bkaÈhdj" fhda.j, ckau N+ñh" we;=¿j ish¨‍u f,isks' th tu ud¾.fha .uka lsÍug iyc rgj,a úiska tu Èkh jvd;a fhda.H wdldrfhka Wkkaÿjla we;s fukau jhia t<öfuka ñ§u ieuÍug tlÕ;dj m%ldY fldg ;sfí' i|yd we;sjk wNsm%dhfhka hqla; wh úiska fuu wjia:dfõ§" tlai;a muKla l%shdjg kxjkq yels cd;Skaf.a uyf,alï" neka lS uQka úIhhla f,i fmkS hhs' uy;d úiska m%ldYhg m;a l< jvd jeo.;a fya;=idOl w;=ßka ljr fyda wdldrhg wka;¾cd;sl fhda. tlla kï" fï by< mqoa.,noaO wjia:djlg ms<sn| Èkh fhda.j, idl,Hjd§ úoHdj kùk úoHdj úiska fy<k fyda b,a,Sulg m%;s,dN f.k tkq we;' —jdyl ,o jdia ;úl ne,au ksid tys fhda. wod< lr fkdjk frda. iïnkaOfhka l= i ,;duh ,laIK Woa§mkh ù .ekSfï yelshdj kej; m%lD;su;a lsÍfï odhl;ajh fmkS f.dia we;s njhs' ldhsl m%S;sh tys Yla;sh ù fhda. ;=<ska wfmalaId l< yelsh' m% j ¾Okh lrk ljrla fyda flá ;sfí Bg tald;añl lsÍfï W!rejlska wdhqld,hlg iSud jk w;r rih m%cdjka tla l< yels jk w;r fjkilg n÷kaùu isÿ fõ' tajdfha l%Svdjla f,iska ixj¾Okh iy iduh i|yd iajNdjh wkqj is; iy yeÕSï wkjr; fjkia odhl;ajh iemhsh yelsh' Bg wd;;sfhka miqjk ùug hg;a jk w;r fjkia ùug n,d isák whg iykhla iemhSu i|yd yÈis wjia:dj,§ ixialD;Skaf.a taldldr;dj ord isàug wmyiq mqoa.,hkag Wmldrj;a úh yelsh'— fuu fiah' kj;u fya;=N+;hka wod< lr .kakd m%ldYfha § nEka uy;d mejiSh' wjÈu;aNdjh foa muKla Èú .,jd .kS' fï ixo¾Nh ;=< §" yeu iSud udhsulau ì| oud we;' wdl¾IŒh b,a,Sug iß,k iemhSula foñka wjYH;djg

cQ,s-wf.daia;= 2015

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b,lalh

yev .eiSfï kuH;dj orñka fhda. w;HjYH ia:dkh ;yjqre lr .kakd w;r úl,am m%;sldr uQ,slhka we;s nj ;yjqre lr ;sfí' ;djld,sl l%uhla f,i fkdj wksjd¾h wkqmQrl ms<shï úi÷ï iemhqï lrk ;dlaIKhka fyda mrud¾:hka l%uhla f,i ;u ia:dkh fmkajd isákq we;' wo u;lfhka .s,syS hdu ksrka;rfhka isÿ jkakls' ojfia ffjoHjrfhl=f.a m<uq ks¾foaYh fhda. ljr wjia:djlg fyda fhda. wod< lr .; yels jkakg bv ;sfí' is;a weo.kakd f,iska" udkisl ùfï .=Kh tys Yla;su;a Ndjfha i,l=Kls' frda. iqjm;a lsÍfï udhdù n,mEu fhda. ;=< we;s ysud,hdkq l÷lrfha f,ka ;=< Wmka neúka we;eï iakdhq ffjoHjreka fï Ydia;%h wo we;eï úg frday,a j, w;r th m<uq f;aÍu njg ks;e;skau fuu úoHdj mjd isák oyia .Kka ckhdg Ydka;sh m;aù we;' fuh —fhda. fõoh˜ kï n,Yla;s ms<shu w;alr fohs' fhda. —wd;au ;Dma;— lafIa;%h ;=< mj;skakls' th fhda. j, lrd ú;eka .=Kfhka hqla; jk w;r mqreÿ mqyqKq —fhda.H;d wNHdi˜ lrd meñŒfï§" fjñka ;sfí" th lrkakd yg —iajdëk;dj— w;alr th jHdhdud.dr j,g fiñka we;=¿ jQ iqjm;a lsÍfï fohs' fuh fhda. jvd;a ckm%sh ùug w;r wka;¾cd;sl ;,h lrd msúisfhah' wdo¾YSh úl,am n,md we;s wkkH ,laIKhhs' .,k w;=re wdndO j,ska f;drj YdÍßl ms<shïlrKh .x.djla fuka fhda. ;u .ufka§ yd udkisl fhda.H;dj fhda. j,ska fjñka ;sfí ieu fokdgu iqnisoaêh w;alr fohs' msßkukq ,nhs' w;sf¾lS jYfhka" oYlhlg fmr ld,h olajd" th mqreÿ wdOHd;añl lafIa;%h ;=<§" tys mqyqKq lrkq ,enqfõ" l=vd ljhka ;=< jqj;a th oeka —iu;=,s;˜ Ndjh foúhka ms<s.ekSu olajd úysfok wka;¾cd;sl ;,fha Wkkaÿjla Èkd f.k we;' w;r tu.ska th jvd;a fyd|u wkqmQrl mßph kj iyi%h ;=< f,djg fokakg fhda. Ydia‍;%h ;=< f,ig m;aù we;af;a ljr fyda wd.ñl wxYhla yd .nvd ù we;af;a fudkjdoehs wms n,uq' t<fUk uqiq ù hdu ksidh' ld,h;a iu.ska" wms úoHd;aul j¾Ij,§" —iqjm;alsÍu— kï flakaøh ;=< fhda. ish wkdjrKhka fndfydajla iu.ska idlaIs orkakg

fhda. ;=<ska w;=re wdndO rys;j YdÍßl yd udkisl fhda.H;dj imhkq ,nhs

bkaÈhd o¾Yk

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yelshdj ,nk w;r —.ecÜ— j,ska Ôú;h mqrjd f.k jYfhka th udkj j¾.hdg tald;añl wjia:djka frda.S jk udkj j¾.hd w;r —jerÈ Ôjk p¾hdj— ,nd fohs' OHdk" fhda. Ydia;%h ;=< Ndjkd l%uh" g fyd| ms<shula fokakg iQodkï fjñka isáuq' is; fhda.H iy ld¾hlaIu njg m;alrkq ,nhs' th tu ksid" YÍrfha ish¨‍u fmaYs yd fldgia i|yd isf;a ;;a;ajh fjkia lrkq ,nk w;r f,daNh" p,khka imhk fhda. ksis m;a;shu njg m;a fjñka oafõIh iy B¾IHdj jeks wmsßisÿ oE ukiska ks;sm;d mreÿ mqyqKq lsÍu wksjd¾h my lrjhs' njg m;a lrñka ;sfí' ;jo YÍrh t<fUk oYlh ;=< frday,a" ld¾hd, kshu yevfhka hqla;j mj;ajd .ksñka yd m%cd tla/ia jk ia:dk j,§" fhda. frday,a" ld¾hd, kshñ; reêr iemhqu we;=,; ksis c, is h ia:dkh ;yjqre lrkq we;' yeu yd m%cd /iajk iemhqula iu.ska ksfrda.S f,iska YÍrh ;eklu iajdëk fhda. úYaj úoHd, ia:dk j, mj;ajkq ,eîug WmldÍ fjhs' wdik ìys jkq we;' fï ixo¾Nh ;=<" mefha fhda. úiska ;u ^fN!;sl wNHdi&" kï fhda. l%uh wjYH;dj kï fyd| fhda. wdpd¾h ia:dkh ;yjqre wd;au ;Dma; wdrlaIs; wNHdi l%uhla jreka ìys ls Í u iy fhda. mqreÿ mqyqKq lrkq we; imhkq ,nhs' m%;sldrd;aul lafIa;%h lrkakka yg fhda.j, m%;sM,h jk we;=,;" —n,Yla;s iqjm;a lsÍu— foig kshu YdÍßl yd udkisl fi!LHh ú;eka ùu" m%dKdhdu n,Yla;s ms<shï" úl,amSh ;yjqre lr §u iïnkaO Wmudkhka iq/lSu jkq we;' m%;sldr l%uh f,i ke.S ths' m%dKdhdu" iajik idrdxYhla f,iska" fhda.dpd¾h l%sIaKdupd¾hf.a wNHdi" frda. iqjlsÍfï ms<s;=r imhhs' mqreÿ mqyqKq joka wkqj" —fhda. mqoa.,hd i|yd úkd mqoa.,hd lrkakka yg —Ydka;sh— w;alr foñka wjidkd;aul fhda. i|yd fkdfõ— hkak wjOdrKh l< hq;=h' rplhd kjÈ,a,sfha fudrdð foaidhs cd;sl fhda. ms<sn| wdh;kfha md,l iNdfõ idudðlfhls' fpkakdhs ys l%sIaKdupd¾h fhda. ukaÈrï ys Ndr uKav,fha idudðlfhls

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yjq,aldß;ajh

bkaÈhd - Ök ne£ï kej; is;shï .; lsÍu( wdishdkq Y; j¾Ihla

i|yd iu odhl;ajh

kf¾kaø fudaä uy;df.a Ök ixpdrfhka miqj" cd;Ska fol w;r oaúmd¾Yaúl iïnkaO;d 21 jk Y; j¾Ih kej; ,sùfï N+ñldjla lrd iqixh; f,iska /Õ=‍ulg fmr<s‚ joka | udksIa pdkaoa

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uqyqK; msgqj: w.%dud;H kf¾kaø fudaä Ök ckrcfha ckdêm;s IS ðkamska uy;d iu.ska¦ Trf,daiq uqyqKf;a Èidjg( bkaÈhdkq w.%dud;Hjrhd úYd, jkÔù md;a; .yKhla ne,Sug hhs" IshEka" Ökh¦ Ök w.%dud;H iy fudaä uy;d fmkS isák Üúg¾ iajPdhdrEmhla¦ fudaä uy;d IShEka ys fgrdfldgd fl!;=ld.drh krUoa§

th bkaÿ-Ök iïnkaO;dj,g wkkH fudfyd;la úh" wdishdkq Y; j¾Ihl wkuH l:khlg kejqï wkqkdohla fmkajd isá wjia:djla úh' rdcH ;dka;%slNdjh" ixialD;sh" jHdmdßl in|;d iy N+foaYmd,kh tlg ne| ;nñka w.%dud;H kf¾kaø fudaä uy;df.a uehs 14-16 ixpdrh Ök k.r ;=klg úysÿKq w;r IshEka" fnhsðx iy Iekayhs k.rj, ixpdrh l< wjia:dj wdishdfõ kdhl wd¾Ólhkaf.a ÈkquÈkqu iyfhda.s;d iïnkaO;d j, ke.S tk .Dyks¾udKhla Tijd ;enQ wjia:djla úh'

uõkd.ßl rdcH;dka;%slNdjh fuu ixpdrh ixfla;lrKfha iy oDYH;djfha Wiia ,l=Kq /ia lsÍula úh' ;ks bßhõjlska" Ök ckdêm;s IS ðkamska uy;d IshEka" IdkalaIs m<df;a w.kqjr msysá wêrdcH hq.fha wdKavq wuq;a;kaf.a Yd,dfõ§ idorfhka ms<s.kakd ,§' Ök- bkaÿ iïnkaO;d" — ia:dhS ixj¾Okhla w;aolsñka ;sfnk w;r mq¿,a wkd.;jd§ iqn ksñ;s j,g uqyqK foñka isà— hkqfjka ckdêm;s IS m%ldY l< w;r ta bkaÈhdkq

w.%dud;Hjrhd fgrdfldgd hqoaO Nghkaf.a wdY%uh iy cd;Ska fol w;r ixialD;sl ine¢hdjkaj, ixialD; ,l=Kq m;, l< mßj¾;kSh hq.hl fn!oaO mkai,a .Dy ks¾udK ne,Sug .sh wjia:dfõ§ l< l:dfõ§h' fuh ckdêm;sjrhd úiska ;u Wreu jdiNjfka§ úfoaY kdhlfhl= ms<s.;a iy i;aldr l< m<uq wjia:dj úh' IShEka lrd fudaä uy;df.a ixpdrh;a miq. sh jif¾ Ök ckdêm;s jrhdf.a .dkaêk.¾ iy wyuodndoa ixpdrh;a uõkd.ßl rdcH ;dka;%slNdjfha kj joka je,la bkaÿ- Ök iïnkaO;d fjkqfjka tla l< w;r ck;d-ck;d iïnkaO;d iy ixialD;sl iïnkaO;d j,g wjOdrKh l< wjia:djka úh'

iQpl m%;sM, uehs 15 jk Èk w.%dud;H fudaä uy;d iy Ök w.%dud;H ,S lsheka.a w;r fnhsðx ys mej;s idlÉPd mq¿,a mrdihla olajd úysoùug uõkd.ßl rdcH;dka;%sl Ndjh ;dkhla ilia l<dh' fudaä uy;d fnhsðx ys ck;djf.a m%Odk k.r Yd,dfõ mej;s W;aijdldr ms<s.ekSulg iyNd.s úh'

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yjq,aldß;ajh md¾Yaj fol úiska .súiqï 24 la i|yd w;aika ;enQ úysfok foaY iSud .eg¿ o thska wduka;%Kh lr w;r há;, myiqlï" yqrenqyqá k.r iy ÿïßh ;sì‚' —ud wjOdrKh lr isákjd Ökh flf¾ jk ixj¾Okfha isg ixialD;sl" l=i,;d ixj¾Ok" wjYH;dj wmf.a yjq,aldß;ajfha iïmQ¾K NjH;dj wNHjldY fukau foaY.=‚l fjkialï o fï wjfndaO lr .ekSfuys ,d tys m%fõYh ms<sn|j w;rg we;=,;a úh' fomd¾Yajh úiska rdcH ;dka;%sl kej; i,ld ne,Su .ek— fudaä uy;d mejiSh' in|;d ;Sj% lsÍug ;SrKh l< w;r ta w;rg ta w.%dud;H ,S uy;d iu. mej;s taldnoaO udOH ks;sm;d iuq¿ /iaùu meje;aùug iy fpka.avQ iy m%ldYkfha§h' fuu.ska WKqiqï m%Yak iïnkaOfhka fpkakdhs ys kj fldkai,a ld¾hd, újD; lsÍug bkaÈhdfõ ie,ls,a, ms<sìUq lrk ,o w;r cïuq yd ;SrKh lsÍuo isÿ úh' ldYaór iy wreKdp,a m%foaYa jdiSkag úfoia m%;sm;a;sfha iyfhda.S ùid n,m;% ksl=;a lsÍfï Ök mßph iuQydKavqjdohla fudaä uy;d o we;=,;a j ;j;a m%Yak idlÉPd ke. tk wd¾Ól úiska wjOdrKh l< wjia:dfõ§ lrk ,§' kshe,Su i|yd bkaÈhdj iy Ökh tlaj m%dka; iy YlH È.= ld,Sk m<d;a kdhlhkaf.a ixiohla tkï wd¾Ól rdcH ;dka;%sl l%shd rduqjla i|yd tu j¾.fha m%:u Èh;a lsÍula t<s cd;Ska fol w;r fnhsðx iy IshEka jk b,lalhls olajkq ,enQ wjia:dj forggu úfYaI idlÉPd ish iuia; iïnkaO;dj, wjia:djla úh' th forfÜ m%dka; § wd¾Ól ne£ï lrd flakaø.; lsÍu iy m<d;a md,kfha iqúi,a wka;¾l%shd oduhlg flf¾ i,l=Kq ud;%hla fmkakqï l<dh' —wms myiqlï imhkq we;' tys m<uq /iaùu uehs 15 wmf.a wd¾Ól iïnkaO;d j,g Wiia uÜgfï jk od fnhsðx ys§ mj;ajkakg fhÿKq w;r Bg wNsm%dhhla ilia lr ;sfnkjd" wmg oaúmd¾Yaúl bkaÈhdkq w.%dud;H jrhd o iyNd.s úh' uydrdIag% wd¾Ól wjia:djka .Kkdjla olakg ;sfnk w;r m%Odk wud;H foafõkaø *dâkdúia uy;d iy kd.ÍlrKh jeks iudk wdldrfha wNsfhda. Bg .=crd;a m%Odk wud;H wdkkaÈfnka mdf;,a uy;añh wh;a fjkjd"— fudaä uy;d mejiSh' kdhlhka bkaÈhdkq md¾Yajh ksfhdackh lrñka iyNd.s úh' fofokd w;r idlÉPd j,§ bÕshla m< lrñka fudaä uy;d mejiQfha" — jeä jQ Ök iyNd.s;ajh wjHdchs m%.;sYS,shs iu.ska tajd iyfhda.S jk w;r wmf.a bkaÈhdfõ§ iuq¿ uÜgfuys wka;¾l%shd j,ska l=ula ilia lr ksmojkak iy há;, myiqlï wxYh flf¾ b,lal ÿkafka o h;a tajd —wjHdc— iy —ixialrKjd§— lr ;sfnkjd— hkqfjks' Iekaydhs ys mej;s forfÜ m%fõYhla f.k ;sì‚' oYl .Kkdjla mqrd m%Odk úOdhl ks,Odßkaf.a ixiofha § fudaä

w.%dud;H fudaä fnhsðx ys Isxyqjd úYaj úoHd,fha§

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ol=fKa( fudaä uy;d iy Ök w.%dud;H ,S uy;d fnhsðx ys fgïm,a T*a fyjka ys§¦ my<( bkaÈhdkq w.%dud;Hjrhd Ökfha IShEka ys olaIskaIdka mkai, keröug hhs

uy;d úiska b,lalh kej; n,d;aul lsÍfï wjYH;dj meyeÈ,s lf<ah' fvd,¾ ì,shk 20 l wdfhdack bkaÈhdj ;=< lsÍug Ök m%;s{dj f.dv ke.Su;a iu.u" t<fUk miajir ;=<§ Ök bkaÈhd wd¾Ól lghq;= j, kejqï fjkila isÿ jkq we;' fuh wkdjrKh lrk ,oafoa miq.sh iema;eïnrfha Ök ckdêm;sjrhdf.a bkaÈhdkq ixpdrfha§h' fomd¾Yajh úiska fvd,¾ ì,shk 22 la jákd .kqfokqj,g w;aika ;eîh' fvd,¾ ì,shk 30 l weia;fïka;=jla blaujd hk fj<| fYaIhla lrd hdfï bkaÈhdfõ ie,ls,a,g m%;spdr olajñka" Ök md¾Yajh úiska bkaÈhdkq f;dr;=re ;dlaIK iy T!IO iud.ï flf¾ fj<|m, wjia:d iemhSfï úYajdih ;yjqre lsÍug lghq;= l<dh' b,lalh jkafka jgdmsgdj Tiafia msìo tk wd¾Ól kshe,Sï i|yd È.= ld,Sk mshiaila ;yjqre lr ,Suhs' fuu miqnEug tfrysj" ;SrK /ilau .kq ,enQfha Wmdh ud¾.sl wd¾Ól ixjdohla meje;aùu we;=¿j" tkawhsàwhs wdfhda.a ys Wm iNdm;s iy Ök tkaãwd¾iS ys iNdm;s jrhdf.a iuiNdm;s;ajfhka 2015 fojk Nd.fha§ mia wjqreÿ fj<| yd ixj¾Ok ie,iqula ke. wd wjia:dfõ§h' th forfÜ jd‚c wud;HdxY w;r isÿjk .kqfokqjls'

ixj¾Ok yjq,aldß;ajh wd¾Ól iy ixj¾Ok jgdmsgdj ;=<" jeo.;a m%;sM,j,g we;=,;a jkafka( w& Ö kh úiska .=crd;a iy uydrdIag% fmfoiaj, l¾udka; WoHdk folla msysgqùu wd& f pkakdhs-fnx.dÆre-uhsiQ¾ udj;a j, fõ.h jeä lsÍu we;=¿j ÿïßh jHdmD;sj,g iydh oelaùu" È,a,s-kd.amQ¾ fldgfia wêfõ.S ÿïßh ine¢hdjla i|yd YlH;d wOHhkhla lsÍu iy ÿïßh úYaj úoHd,hla msysgqùu we& Ö kfha .=jdkafvdaka.a m<d; iy .=crdgh w;r iy .=jdkafidajQ iy wyuodndoa ifydaor k.r w;r ñ;%YS,S iïnkaO;djla jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu

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kf¾kaø fudaä uy;d iy w.%dud;H ,S uy;d fnhsðx fgïm,a T*a fyjka ys mej;s fhda.-gdhs Ö noaO m%o¾Ykh w;r;=r orejka iu. iqyo jQ fudfyd;la

wE& k shuq yqrenqyqá k.r jHdmD;shla bkaÈhdfõ .=crd;a wka;¾cd;sl uQ,H ;dlaIK k.rh iy Ökfha fIkafIka w;r Èh;a lsÍu b& u qïndhs-Iekayhs iy wyuodndoa-.=jdkafIda" yhsødndoa-lskavdfjda" Trka.dndoa-vqkayqjeka.a" fpkakdhs-fpdkalska iy ifydaor m%dka;$m<d;a w;r tkï .=crd;a-.=jekafvdka iy l¾KdgliSpqjdka w;r ifydaor k.r iïnkaO;d msysgqùu'

Bg Iekaydhs" *Qvdka úYajúoHd,fha .dkaê o¾Ykh iy bkaÈhdkq wOHHk i|yd flakaøhla ia:dms; lsÍu" oaùmd¾Yaùh nqoaê uKav, ixiohla msysgqjd ,Su" l=kañka ys fhda. úoHd,hla msysgqùu iy ixialD;sl iïnkaO;d i|yd jQ bkaÈhdkq WmfoaYl iNdj iy hQkdka cd;sl úYajúoHd,h w;r iyfhda.s;dj we;sj fhda. úoHd,hla msysgqjd ,Su o we;=,;a úh' Bg w;sf¾lSj" islSï ys kd;= .d mdia ud¾.fhka jd¾Isl ukidfrdaj¾ fudaä uy;df.a ck;d flakaøShhs hd;%d i|yd w;sf¾l .uka u.la Ök ixpdrh fudaä uy;df.a Ök ixpdrh" i|yd .súiqula w;aika flreKq w;r ixialD;sl rdcH ixialD;sl rdcH ;dka;%slNdjfha W;a;¾ldkaoa yS mj;akd ,smqf,ala ;dka;%slNdjfha ,laIHdf,dalhla f,i isys .ekafjk mdia j,g w;sf¾lj fuh bÈ isysjgkhls w;r bkaÿ - Ök yjq,aldß;ajh úysÿjd flf¾' by< ;,fha ck;d-ck;d ,Sfï jev igyfka yojf;a ck;din|;d ilia lsÍug mshjrla ck;d in|;d jeäÈhqKq lsÍu ia:dk.; lsÍu jYfhka" fudaä uy;d ksfõokh lf<a" Ök b,lal lrhs' taldnoaO fhda. iy gdhs Ö idOk ixpdrlhka i|yd B-ùid myiqlï iemhSu i|yd w;r ixialD;sl uqiqjla meyeÈ,s lrkq ,eîh' jQ —;s<sK lsÍu— hs' Ök úfoaY wud;Hjrhd" jeka uehs 15 jk Èk" fnhsðx ys fgïm,a T*a fyjka hS uy;d" th ;s<sKhla f,i y÷kajkq ,eîh' — ys m%fudaockl ;;a;ajhla wdrEV jQfha bkaÈhdkq wms bkaÈhdkq w.%dud;Hjrhdf.a ;s<sKhla f,i orejka gdhs Ö /Õ=‍ula mE w;r Ök orejka fhda. th y÷kajuq" Bg ia;=;s lruq— jEka uy;d mejiSh' /Õ=‍ula mE wjia:dfõ§h' ta wjia:djg fudaä uy;d 2015 bkaÈhdj Ök ixpdrfha kshe,Su iy 2016 iy Tyqf.a Ök u,a,jhd o iyNd.s úh' Ökh bkaÈhdfõ ixpdrfha kshe,Su u.ska ck;duQ,drïNhka mka;shla u.ska ixialD;sl ck;d ne£ï ixpdrl lghq;=j,§ by< ;,hlg iïnkaO;d kej; jHqy.; flfrkq olakg ,eì‚' f.k taug wfmalaId flf¾'

bkaÈhd o¾Yk

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bkaÈhdkq w.%dud;Hjrhd Iekaydhs ys bkaÿ - Ök jHdmdßl ixio /iaùu wu;hs

§¾> mrdi oelau

wNs,dIhkag iydh ,nd fokafka wjfndaOd;aul mßirhl isáñkqhs"— taldnoaO m%ldYfhka lsheú‚' fudaä uy;df.a l=¿÷,a Ök ixpdrh u.ska forfÜ ish,a,g by<ska" ixpdrh u.ska —úi,a n,j;=ka— ì,shk 2'6 la muK jk ck;djg bkaÿ-Ök in|;d w;r l:k rduqjla ks¾udKh jQ w;r j¾OkSh j,ska wjHdc iïnkaO;d Wreu lr §fï NjH;djla Èia wdis h dkq Y; j¾Ihla lrd bkaÈhdfõ iy Ökfha úh' tu.ska Tjqkaf.a Ôjk ;;a;ajfha fjkia lï kejqï iïnka O;d ia:dk.; lsÍu lrkq ,eîh' —l,dmfha u.lg fhduq jkq we;' ngysr wdishdfõ ;%ia;jdoh m%Odk n,j;=ka fofokd yeáhg iy mj;akd ;;a;ajh we;=,;aj yria bkaÈhdfõ iy Ökfha iïmd; ke.sàu lemqï m%Yak j,g úi÷ï fiùfï§ mQ¾j fjkqfjka kdhlhka fom<f.a tlÕ;dj 2015 bka È hdj l%shdldÍ iyfhda.s;djla fuu kshe,Sï m<úh" ;jo wdishdkq Y; j¾Ih ;=<§ Ökfha ixpdrh i|yd uQ,sl lghq;=j,§ úia;drKh lrk f,dalh úiska ie,lshq hq;= úi,a wjia:d ls Í u iy 2016 ,§' 2015-2020 wNHdjldY iyfhda.s;d msßkukq we;ehs hkak n,dfmdfrd;a;=j Ökh bka È hdfõ jev igyk w;aika ;eîu u.ska fõ'— fudaä uy;d iy w.%dud;H ,S ixpdrh ls Í u wdishdfõ fhdaOhka fofokd w;r kejqï uy;d w;r idlÉPd j,ska miqj ixpdrl la f Ia ; % h iyfhda.s;djl ,laIK újD; lrk ,§' ksfõokh jqKq taldnoaO m%ldYh mejiSh' by< ;,hlg ie,lsh hq;= j¾OkSh ;;a;ajhl ,d" Ökh —bkaÈhdkq - Ök oaùmd¾Yaúl iïnkaO;d .ekS f ï b,la l hls m<uq j;djg bkaÈhdj kHIaÀl iemhqï 21 jk Y; j¾Ih wdishdfõ Y; j¾Ih lKavdhfï ,d bkaÈhdfõ wNs,dIhg f,i ks¾jpkh lrñka iqixh; ld¾h igykla ;eîh' Ndrhla bgq ls Íug forgg we;s wjia:dj Tjqka igyka —úYd, ;rfï ixj¾Okh jk rgla f,i lr .;a ; d" we;a ; jYfhkau f.da,Sh ixo¾Nhl"— wka;¾cd;sl lghq;=j,§ bkaÈhdfõ ;;a;ajh úYsIag fuu mq ¿ ,a oela u iy il%ShlrKh jk o¾Ykjdohla jeo.;alulska hqla;j Ökh úiska ms<s.kq ,nkjd" iu.s k a " bka ÿ -Ök ñ;= ou t<fUk ojiaj,§ kj udhsï tlai;a cd;Skaf.a uyd uKav,fha iy wdrlaIl lrd ms ú fikq we;' uKav,fha § úYd, N+ñldjla ;=< kshe,Sug bkaÈhdfõ udksIa pdkaoa bkaÈhdj ,shhs cd,fha m%Odk ixialdrljrhdh" www.indiawrites.org" bkaÈhdkq l;dj iy wka;¾cd;sl lghq;= i|yd jk B-b.eKqï oajdrhls

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bkaÈhdkq .ukd.ukh - weußld

tlai;a ckmoh iuÕ kj u.lg

fuu iyfhda.s;d .súiqu iEu whqrlskau cd;Ska fol w;r jvd;a ÈhqKq wdrlaId iys;" ld¾hlaIu yd Mlsfklg ne£ mj;sk m%jdyk moaO;shla we;s l, yels nj fmkajhs joka | udksIa pdkaoa

tlsfklg ukdj ine¢ ixj¾Okh iuÕ ke.S tk rdcH ;dka;%sl in|;djka" kj mßÉ‍fþohlg fhduqlrñka bkaÈhdj yd weußld tlai;a ckmoh Tjqkaf.a úúOdx.slrKh jQ iyfhda.s;d .súiqula wdishd‍‍fjys f;jk m%Odk wd¾Ólfha kd.ßl m%jdykh Yla;su;a lsßu fjkqfjka w;aika ;enqy' tlÕ;d .súiqu wfma%,a 08 Èk kjÈ,a,sfhaÈ bkaÈhdkq ud¾. m%jdyk lghq;= wêfõ.S ud¾. yd kdjql lghq;+ ms<sn| iïnkaëlrK wud;H ks;ska .oaldÍ uy;d iy weußld tlai;a ckmo m%jdyk f,alï weka;ks f*dlaia uy;d w;r w;aika ;nkq ,eì‚' fuu iyfhda.s;d .súiqu iEu whqrlskau bkaÈhdj yd weußld tlai;a ckmoh w;r Okd;aul jQ iy‍‍fhda.s;djla f.dv k.k w;r th ish¿u wdldrfha m%jdyk udOHhka " rdcH yd fm!oa.,sl iïm;a w;r wka;¾ in|;djka f.dvke.Su" yd úfYaIs; oekqula we;s jvd;a ÈhqKq wdrlaId iys;" ld¾hlaIu yd Mlsfklg ne£ mj;sk m%jdyk moaO;shla we;s l, yels nj fmkajd foa' b;d iqnodhl fmroelaula iys; fuu ;SrKd;aul cd;sl mßj¾;k jHdmD;sh ms<sn|j .oaldÍ uy;d olajk woyi jkqfha fuksid —weußld tlai;a ckmoh i;+j mj;sk f,dalfha kùk;u ;dlaIKh bkaÈhd‍‍fjys jdßud¾. moaO;s ixj¾Okhg yd tlsfklg ne÷kq flakaø.;jQ nyqld¾h jHdmD;s i|yd fhdod.ekSug ,e‍fnk njhs' ckdêm;s Tndud yd w.ue;s fudaÈ weußld tlai;a ckmoh yd bkaÈhdj hk forg uqyqK fokq ,nk jeo.;a isoaëka iïnkaOj iduQyslj tlÕ;dfjka lghq;+ lrk njg— uE;§ .súiqï m%ldYhg m;a l, nj f,alï f*dlaia uy;d mejiSh'— Tyq wjOdrKh lf,a —fuu wjfndaO;d .súiqu forg w;r iyfhda.s;djh Yla;su;a

bkaÈhd o¾Yk

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lrk w;r m%jdykfha isÿjk b;d jeo.;a isÿùï bkaÈhdkqjkaf.a Ôjk ;;ajh jeäÈhqKq lrkq ,nk njhs'— fuu m%jdyk iyfhda.s;d .súiqu m%:u j;djg we;slr.kq ,enQfõ weußld tlai;a ckmo m%jdyk fomd¾;fuka;+j yd bkaÈhdkq ÿïßh" ud¾. m%jdyk " wêfõ.S ud¾." kdjql yd k.r

ld¾hlaIu yd ish¿ myiqlï iys; m%jdyk moaO;shla

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lsÍug yd bkaÈhdfõ jrdhkays isg m%Odk l,dm j, k.r j,g lemùfuka yd ld¾hYS,S núka hq;= fõ.j;a NdKav m%jdykhla we;s lsÍu Èßu;a lsÍug iydh §ug o forg tlÕ ù we;' k.r jvd;a iÔùlrKh jk h;=r r|d mj;afka ld¾hlaIu m%jdyk moaO;shla we;s lsÍug ksjerÈ l%u‍fõo iuÕ l%shd;aul ùu u; nj f,alï f*dlaia uy;d Tyqf.a idlÉPdfõ§ i|yka lf,ah' Tyq jHx.fhka i|yka lf,a weußld tlai;a ckmo rcfha W;aidyh fufia m%dfoaYSh .ukd. uk ÈhqKqjg úi÷ï Èßu;a lsÍu yd bkaÈhdfõ kùk k.r 100 f.dvke.Su wdrïN lsÍfï fhdackdj m%YxikSh yd b;du;a i;=gqodhl tlla nj;ah' .súiqu w;aika lsÍu ;+,ska bÕs lrkqfha bkaÈhdj yd weußld tlai;a ckmofha jefvñka mj;sk iyfhda.s;dj bkaÈhd‍fõ há;, myiqlï wxYh ms<sn|j jk w;r wjidk idlÉPdj Yla;su;aj wdrïN jQfha w.ue;s kf¾kaø fudaä uy;df.a ux., wd.ukh fjdIskagka k.rhg isÿ jQ 2014 iema;eïn¾ ui 30 fjksod jk w;r thg iaÓridr wdldrhla ,enqfka weußld tlai;a ckmo ckdêm;s ne/la Tndud uy;d bkaÈhdkq ckrc Èk W;aijfha úfYaI wdrdê; wuq;a;d f,i kjÈ,a,s ixpdrh isÿ l, ckjdß ui w;r;=r§h' fuu .súiqu ikacyd m%hdia yd inld úldia ‍fofokdf.a iduQysl W;aidyfha m%;sM,hla f,i fy,soelafõ' —ieugu ixj¾Okh— fuu iduQysl m%ldYkfha uOH.; f;audj .,d wdfõ ne/la Tndud uy;df.a fuu jif¾ isÿjq ft;sydisl bkaÈhdkq ixpdr‍fha§h' kqÿre wkd.;fha§ k.r kùlrKh yd há;, myiqlï Yla;su;a lsÍu f,dalfha mer‚;u yd úYd,;u rdcHhka w;r iyfhda.s;d ixj¾Okfha rduqj ;=, iuksjqka f;audjka fia ieliS we;' miq.sh jif¾" w.ue;s fudaÈ uy;df.a weußld tlai;a ckmo wd.ukh w;r;=r fomd¾Yjh úiska Èh;a lrk ,oafoa k.rno bkaÈhdfõ c,h" fi!LHdrlaIdj" yd mú;%;dj‍fha ñ;%;aj tlÕ;dj kï" mßj¾;kd;aul fhdackd‍fõ l%ufõoh ikd: lrk M, oeÍu kï fmdfrdkaÿj mßÈ bkaÈhdkq k.r j, kej; ke.Sisàuhs' ixj¾Ok iyfhda.s;djh bkaÈhdj yd weußld tlai;a ckmoh jvd;a ióm lsÍu lrkqfha kqÿre Èkhkays§ tys m%;sM, idudkH ck;djf.a Ôú; j,g o¾Ykh jk mßÈ n,mdkq ,nk ksidfjks'

udksIa pdkaoa bkaÈhdkq f,aLl cd,fha" www.indiawrites.org cd;Hka;r in|;d yd bkaÈhdkq l;dj flakaø lr.;a úoHq;a iÕrd oajdrh m%Odk l¾;D jrhd fõ

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wjYH fudfydf;a§ flfrk

—id¾:l;ajh˜ fufyhqu

bkaÈhdkq rch úúO w¾nqo wjia:d j,g uqyqK ÿka wh uqojd .ekSug yd iyk ie,iSug b;d jeo.;a w;HjYH fufyhla lrkq ,eîh' tjka wjia:d kï( fhaukfha ry;a fufyhqu yd fkamd,fha ffu;%S fufyhquhs

Sana’a Mumbai

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4,700+

people were rescued in Operation Rahat

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New Delhi

574

people were evacuated by Air India

Most aircraft and ships touched base in Kochi and Mumbai and the evacuees were transported to their respective hometowns free of cost by the Indian Railways cQ,s-wf.daia;= 2015

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bkaÈhdkq W;aidyh b;d Yla;su;a yd m%;sM,odhl o h;a tlai;a rdcOdksh yd weußld tlai;a ckmoh we;=¿ rgj,a 26 la Tjqkf.a mqrjeishka kej; ishrgj,g f.kajd .ekSug bkaÈhdkq Wmldrh ,nd .;ay

bkaÈhd o¾Yk

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fhaukfha uqojd .ekSfï jev ms<sfj, úiska lrkq ,enQ iyk ie,iSfï jev ms<sfj, jk ry;a fufyhqu" 4700 la jQ bkaÈhdkqjka msßila bj;a lr.ekSug yd fírd .ekSug odhl úh' fuu bkaÈhdkq W;aidyh b;d Yla;su;a yd fl;rï m%;sM,odhl o h;a tlai;a rdcOdksh yd weußld tlai;a ckmoh we;=¿ rgj,a 26 la Tjqkf.a mqrjeishka o kej; ishrgj,g f.kajd .ekSug wmf.a Wmldr ,nd .;ay' o;a; j,g wkqj rgj,a

Sana’a

YEMEN

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wd.ñl lKavdhï folla w;r .egqï mj;sk úg fjk;a w;rueÈ fldgia thska n,h yd wjia:d ,nd.ekSu ksid" fhaukfha mqrjeishkaf.a ;;a;ajh wjodkug m;a flßks' wrdì rgj,a j,g fuu ;;a;ajh 2015 fmnrjdß ui isg .eg¿ldß úh' wjidkfha§ fuu mSvkh fuu jif¾ wfma%,a ui§ mqmqrd .sfha" oyia .Kkla bkaÈhdkq mqrjeishkaf.a Ôú; wjodkulg m;a lrñks' bkaÈhdkq rch

ixLHdk o;a; j,g wkqj rgj,a 41 l cd;Ska 960 muK fuu fufyhqu w;r;=r uqojd.kq ,eì‚

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41 lska meñ‚ cd;Ska 960 muK fuu fufyhqu w;r;=r fírd.kq ,eìK' bkaÈhka .+jka yuqodjg wh;a tla j;djl§ /f.k hd yels u.S Odß;dj 600 la jk iS-17 .af,daí udiag¾ia .+jka hdkd 2 la " thd¾ bkaÈhd .+jka hdkd 3 la fukau bkaÈhka kdjql yuqod hd;%d jk whs tka tia uqïndhs" whs tka tia g¾ldIa yd whs tka tia iqñ;%d Tjqkaf.a uQ,sl l|jqre j,ska msg;aj .sfha fuu bj;alsÍfï l%shdj,sh fõ.j;a lsÍu i|ydh' whs tka tia uqïndhs irKd.; msßila iuÕ wfma%,a 16 jrdhg ,Õd jQ w;r whs tka tia g¾ldIa" .,a*a uqyqÿ l,dmfha wdrlaIdj iemhSu iïmQ¾K lr wfma%,a 18 jkod uõ l|jqrg ,Õdúh' ;jo idkd k.rfha isák bkaÈhdkq ;dkdm;s" wïß;a ¨‍.+ka ;dkdm;sf.a fufyhùfuka bkaÈhka .+jka hdkd j,g wjYH lghq;+ lr.ekSug fi!È .+jka m%ydr k;r lr iydh oelaùug iyk ld,hla ,ndfok f,i tlÕ úh' Èk lsysmhl uqyqÿ .uklska miqj bkaÈhka cd;slhka yd úfoaYSh cd;slhska wdrlaIs; jQfhka" fuu fufyhqu b;d id¾:l f,i ksud úh' fuu fufyhqu ;+,§ bkaÈhka ÿïßh fiajho úYd, jYfhka iudk iydhla ,nd ÿkafka irKd.; msßig Tjqkf.a .ukdka; lrd myiqfjka ,Õdùug fkdñf,a ÿóßh .uka jdr wjirm;a ,ndfoñks'

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fuu bkaÈhdkq cd;slhska yd úfoaYSh cd;Ska uqojd.ekSfï fufyhqu mqrd Èk lsysmhla ;+, isÿjqjo b;d id¾:lj wjika úh

Kathmandu

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ñ;%;ajfha i;H bßhõj uE;l§ fkamd,fha isÿjQ N+ñ p,k j, úkdYldÍ m%;sM, ksid Ôú; ish,a, tl ;ek k;r jQ‍‍fha ñ,shk .Kkla wj;eka lrñks' bkaÈhdj fkamd,‍fha isÿjq ßÑgd¾ udmlfha 7'9 úYd,;ajfhka hq;= N+ñlñmdjg m%;spdr olajñka Tjqkf.a Wmldrl yia;h È.= l, m<uq rg úh' fuh bkaÈhdkq rch yd bkaÈhdkq ikakoaO yuqod úiska úfoaY rgl mSvd ú¢k ck;djlg Wmldr lsÍug fu;=jla ld,hl§ Èh;a l, úYd,;u fufyhqu nj lsj yelsh'

—ffu;%S fufyhqu— hgf;a bkaÈhdj tys m%:u lKavdhu iajdNdúl úm; isÿj meh 6 la we;=,; wi,ajeis cd;Ska fj; msg;a l<dh' cd;sl úm;a m%;spdrl yuqodfõ uqojd .ekSfï lKavdhï l;aukavq j,g f.dv neiafia yÈis wjYH;d i|yd w;HjYH iyk ie,iSfï WmlrK o iuÕh' tys bkaÈhdkq .+jka yuqod hdkd 32 la" fgdka 520 l iyk fiajd WmlrK jk fgkaÜ" úh,s wdydr øjH" ‍fnfy;a" c, l,ukdlrK moaO;s yd Tlaiscka

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iudrïNh

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bkaÈhd o¾Yk

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;jo bkaÈhdkq ikakoaO yuqodfõ ffjoH lKavdhï 18 la" bxðfkare wkq LKav 18 la yd tka ã wd¾ t*a lKavdhï wirK jQ úúO cd;Ska yg Wmldr l,y

jdhq is,skav¾ wdÈh wka;¾.; úh' ;jo bkaÈhdkq ikakoaO yuqodfõ ffjoH lKavdhï 18" bxðfkare wkq lKav 18 la yd tka ã wd¾ t*a lKavdhï wirK jQ úúO cd;Ska yg m%;sldr lsÍï yd Wmldr l,y' ;=jd, jQ 900 la muK fokd bj;a lsÍu"

mqoa.,hka 1700 la fokd m%jdykh lsÍu yd fgdka 207 l iyk øjH fnod yeÍu isÿ lf,a bkaÈhdkq .+jka yuqodfõ tï whs 17 hdkd 8 lska yd bkaÈhdkq ikakoaO yuqodfõ ta t,a tÉ fy,sfldmag¾ hdkd 5 lsks' ñksia n,h muKla fkdj" hkaf;%damlrK mjd N+ñlïmdj isÿjq l,dm fj; hjkq ,enqfõ uyd ud¾. msßisÿ lsÍug yd ñh.sh msßi fiùugh' wksl=;a id¾:l jQ fufyhqï j,§ fukau" bkaÈhdkq rch iamd[a[ cd;slhka ygo fuu uqojd .ekSfï jEhfïÈ Wmldr l,y' th msvdjg m;a jQ iEu flfkl+gu yels iEu whqrlskau Woõ lrk njg iamd[a[ úfoaY weu;s jrhd fj; Tjqka ÿka fmdfrdkaÿjls' fuu uqojd .ekSfï fufyhqu wjidk jQfha fkamd, rch úiska ish —ñ;+rkaf. ka— kej; ish uQ,sl l|jqre fj; hk f,ig lrkq ,enQ b,a,Su;a iuÕh' —ffu;%S fufyhqu—" Okd;aul m%;sM, ,nd ÿka lS¾;su;a fufyhqula jk w;r bkaÈhdj w¾nqoldÍ ;;ajhka yuqfõ l%shd l, wdldrh ksrka;rfhkau y~ k.d l;d lrkafkuq'

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iqj NdKavhls

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iqfLdamfNda.S .x.d .uk

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Tn ksjdvqjla .; lrñka isák w;r hyk n%yaumq;%d kÈh iy .x.d kÈhhs" .x.dj u; je;sÍ wmyiq jevl ksr; jkakdla fuka ngysr fnx.d,fha yQ,sh f,iska úreohg cfka,fha ùÿrej uE;a lrñka w,i ld,hla md;% ù we;' kd.ßl ksjdi .yK" iaudrl .; lrkq úh yelsh' .ukd.ukfha .x.djka fyda ÿria: Èjhskaj, lfvd,dk mßir fõjd úiska w,xldrh .fõIKh iqieÈ idudkH ck Ôú;fha pdß;% lrñka iqfLdamfNda.S ksjdvqjla jdß;% úYajdi weoys,s Ys,aml%u .; lsÍug Tng wjia:dj i,id iy ckl;dj,ska úoyd oelafjk .uk u.ska yeu foñka foaYfha ft;sydisl ix.S;h úùfï l,dj ueá n÷ka ixpdrlfhl=gu odhdohg Wreu lï idod fohs' ;ekSu wdydr iy W;aij wdÈh m<uq jrg uqyqK oeka .x.djka ud¾.fhka iam¾Y lrñka bÈßhg wefohs' fok w;aoelSula ie;mqï 1750 l ÿrla .ufka by<g iy my<g we§ hñka ,o msßkeóug fhfokakg yelshdj mj;sk yels wdiajdoh ms<sn| f;aÍï l< fmdfrdkaÿ fjhs w;r bkaÈhdfõ wNHka;r c, yels w;r hful=g .fõIKh ud¾. m%lg k.r yryd .,d lsÍug wjYH .uka u. f;dard .; hñka iy jkÔù wNhN+ñ iy ft;sydisl yels wjia:djka /ila msßkuhs' iaudrlj,g myi ,nd foñka mq¿,a úúO;ajhla w;a lr fohs' n%yaumq;%d kÈfha .uka lsÍu fuu .ukaud¾. fufyhjkq ,nkafka n%yaumq;%dj" idka.afmda n%yaumq;%d f,iska m%Odk .x.d folla wdY%s; lrñks - ta ye¢kafjk wka;¾ m%dka; iSudikak kÈh

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wdishdfõ m%Odk tajdhska tlla fõ' kÈfha by< .uk w;r;=r" Tn bkaÿ-N+;dk foaY iSudfõ c,dOdrh y÷kdfkd.;a ÿrlska hqla; jk w;r msysá ukdia cd;sl WoHdkh kerôh hq;=u hd¨‍ka.a idka.afmda ia:dmkh lrk wjia:dj fõ' mqrdúoHd;aul wvúhl ixpdrhla" Ys,amSh jk úg 1884-86 la muK ÿrla y÷kd.; .ïudkhla fyda jkaokd uOHia:dkhla Bg tla yelsh" ta ;sín;h yryd .ufka fh§fï§ lr .; yelsh' tfukau" weiEufha .=ydj;S Bg ,eî we;s kuls' kÈfha .ukd.ukh hï fj;ska .uka wdrïN flfrk w;r fgiamQ¾ iy wfhl=g m<uq w;aoelSu msßkeóug lisrx.d wi, is,a.dÜ j,§ wjika fmdfrdkaÿjla foñka .,hs' l< yelsh' lsf,daóg¾ Tlaf;danrfha isg wm%sfh,a olajd fuys úfYaI ia:dk jkafka 260 la È. w;= ld,h ;=< ixúOdkh flfrk kdfïß iy lisrx.d cd;sl WoHdk .x.djla jk ixpdr meflacj,g rd;%S y;rla" iy fgiamQ¾ ys fldaú,a iuQyhhs' yQ,sh" .x.d y;la iy oyhla jk f;dard .ekSï Tn weiEufha .uka lrk w;r;=r kÈfha YdLdjla wvx.= lrkq ,en ;sfí' iajNdjh tla Woa§mkh l< hq;= .ukla jk w;r w;sl%dka; ;djld,sl kjd;eka jkafka isíid.¾ lrd jk msúiSuhs' mßmQ¾K .ukl fld,algd fyda fnx.d,fha iQodkï th mer‚ wdfydaï rcjrekaf.a mßmQ¾K .ukl lrjd .; yels jk w;r n%yaumq;%d w.kqjrhs" udcq,s Èjhsk yskaÿ myi imhhs j, isg weiEufha Èíre.d¾ fj; wdY%u m%cdfõ uOHia:dkhls' msúish yelsh' foaYfha yeu wiaila uq,a,la kEr .uka úis;a;hg tla flfrk ixpdrfha fhfokak" idïm%odh úfYaIdx. w;rg jkÔù i*dß ^Ôma r:hlska iu. noaO ù we;s l,dj iy Ys,amSh {dkh fyda w,s msg hñka fyda&" .ïj, ixpdr Wlyd .kak' md.uka" f;aj;= keröu" k.r .fõIKh" mdmeÈ fyda ßlafIda ijdß" ndnlshq w;aoelSï .x.d kÈfha .uka lsÍu úh<S .sh ¥m;a j<§ ,eîu fukau k¾;k wx. ysud,fhka wdrïNh ,nk lsisÿ .x.djla iy l¾udka; .fõIKh wdÈh jefghs' fuu - wd.ñl" ixialD;sl" wd¾Ól iy iudÔh

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uqÿfka jfï isg Trf,daiq uqyqKf;a Èidjg( bjqrenv we;sß,s fmfoi¦ rdïk.¾ fldgqfõ uOH wx.kh¦ udfk¾ yS iQ*s fudfid,shu¦ cdjqkamQ¾ fldgqfõ Idys l=hs,dj¦ meÜkd - *drlald .ufka oiqka¦ idrdkd;a ys ia;+m

cQ,s-wf.daia;= 2015

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.fõIKh

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uqÿfka jfï jï mig uqyqK,d Trf,daiq uqyqKf;a Èidjg( meÜkd *drlald .ufka§ .;a fiahd oiqka¦ pQkd¾ ys uq,a fuda.,a hq.fha fidfydka .enla¦ jdrdKdisfha jdy,alv¦ .uka uf.a ysre nei hk whqre kerUqu¦ fidafkamQ¾ .j mÜá fmd<¦ meÜkd -*drlald .ufka wisßh¦ wka;¾cd;sl ixpdrlhka úiska leurd ldpfha l< igyka

cQ,s-wf.daia;= 2015

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.fõIKh

uqÿfka isg Trf,daiq uqyqKf;a Èidjg( .ufka § ,o yels iamd fiajh¦ ysre t<sh jefgk udkh¦ we;sß,s fmfoi¦ .ufka§ msßkefuk m%Œ; wdydr¦ wdydr .kakd fldgi

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jYfhka - .x.d kÈh ;rï jeo.;a ld¾h Ndrhla Wiq,kq ke;auh' .Kkla ke;s YsIagdpdruh fjkialï /ila fjkqfjka bkaÈhdj idlaIs ork w;r fï Y=oaO .x.dj tu jmißfha jeo.;a ia:dkhl isáhs' .x.dfõ .ukd.ukh W;a;¾ m%foaYa ys jdrdKdiS kqjßka wdrïN fõ" ;u .uk fuda.,a iufha isg ì%;dkH hq.h olajd wisßu;a l< pQkd n,fldgqj" ì%;dkH fidfydkaìula olajd hd;%d lrñka rdïk.¾ ys uydrdcdf.a ukaÈrh iy .x.d wd¾;s iu. ;djld,sl kjd;eka ,nñka" .; lr; yelsh' ìyd¾ foig .uka lrkafka kï" idrdkd;a fn!oaO wvúhg msúfikak" fI¾ Idya iQßf.a nqlaid¾ n,fldgqj krUkak' ìydrfha§ ixpdrlhkag kd,kaod isg fndaoa. hd olajd Èkl ixpdrhla fhdod .; yelsh' wNHka;r c,ud¾. wêldßh t<fUk jif¾§ jeä .ukajdr ixLHdjla fufyhùu i|yd ie,iqï lrhs' Bg w;sf¾lSj" kdndoaùma ^m%p,s; pdhskHd uydm%N+&" pdkaodkdf.daf¾ ys mer‚ wêrdcHjd§ fmdfydi;a m%xY ixialD;sh krUkak" flda,algdfõ ;j;a wE;g hkafka kï" olaIsfkaiaj¾" fnƾ" udhdmQ¾" uq¾Isodndoa ^fuda.,a ud<s." fl!;=ld.dr iy m,a,s" rdÊ uy,a& krUkak' iïmQ¾K ÿr lsf,daóg¾ 1200 la muK jk fï .uk ixialD;sl iy ft;sydisl w;aoelSï iuqodhl myi ,nd fok W,am;la jekak' .x.d bjqrej, wrd isák i;aj iuQyhd w;r le,E W!rka" isj¿ka" fnx.d, ysj,d" le,E n<,d" ÍIia ueldjq" w¿ ,eka.¾ia" l=¿ yrl=ka iy wd§ jk i;=ka kerôh yels jk w;r fuu kd,sldj u;aiH úfYaI 90 lg muK jdiia:dkh iohs' bkaÈhdkq Tg¾" fgrmska" leianEjqka iy .x fvd,amska j¾. .Kkdjla ta w;r fjhs'

yQ,s kÈfha .uka lsÍu lsf,daóg¾ 260 la È.e;s .x.d kÈfha w;= .x.djls' yQ,sh mßmQ¾K .ukd.uk udj;la idohs' ngysr fnx.d,fha ljdldrj hñka" th fld,algdfõ isg *drlald fj;g udj;la ks¾udKh lrhs' m%lg fydaõrdya md,u" yid¾ vqjdß" iy leáf.da,d ukaÈrh ta winv fjhs' m%y¾Ih Wmojk oiqka b;sydih" ixialD;sh" idïm%odh iy o¾Yk w,xldrh f.k tñka fyd¢ka mqyqKq l< ld¾h uKav,hl fiajh ,nd fok ,dnodhS fukau iqfLdamfNda.S mßmQ¾K jÜfgdarejla iys;j .x.d w;aoelSula ,nd fohs'

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m%.;sh

k.r ieleiau fjkia lsÍu bkaÈhdfõ

ieleiau fjkia lsÍuls

rg kd.ßl úma,jh woaor ;dlaIKh u; l%shd;aul jk k.r jHdmD;sh iuÕska ;dlaI‚lrKh jQ k.r 100 wruqKq lr.kS

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f,dal ck.yKh jeäùfï m%jK;djh k.rdY%s; fmfoiaj,g ixl%uKh ùug iudkqmd;sl jk w;r m%Odk fmf,a úYaf,aYlhka mjikqfha f,dalfha kd.ßl ck.ykh jir 2050 jk úg fo.=Khla jk njhs' fï jk úg bkaÈhdfõ kd.ßl ck.yKh iïmQ¾K f,dal ck.yKfhkaka 31% jk w;r rfgys o< cd;sl ksIamdokhg 60% lg odhl fõ' k.rhka jkdyS wd¾Ól j¾Okfha ßhÿrka f,i oelafõ' jir 2030 jkúg bkaÈhdkqjka f.ka y;frka ;=kla muKu k.rj, jdih lrkq we;s wh jkq we;' úYd, mßudKfha kd.ÍlrKh ùu hkq k.rhka .%dóh fmfoia j,ska

tk ixl%u‚lhka uev meje;aúh yels mßmd,J hdka;%Khla ;sîu ld¾hlaIu;dj yd ksIamdokh jeälsÍu iïm;a ydksh wju lsÍu yd Ôjk ;;ajh jeäÈhqKq lsÍu fõ' fláfhkau lshfjkafka k.rhka ;dlaI‚lrKh úh hq;=h hkakhs'

k.r mßj¾;kh 2050 jkúg tys kd.ßl ck.yKh ñ,shk 400 isg ñ,shk 814 olajd jeä jkq we;' bkaÈhdj Ökh fuka úYd, mßudKfhka kd.ßlrKh uqyqK foñka isà' th fï jkúg;a fndfyda k.r j,g oeäf,i n,md we;' bkaÈhdkq w.%dud;H kf¾kaø fudaä

k.rno m<d;a o< cd;sl ksIamdokfha jeä fldgilg odhl fõ

cQ,s-wf.daia;= 2015

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m%.;sh

;dlaIŒlrKh jQ k.r i|yd mej;sh hq;+ ;;a;ajhka m%jdykh fõ.j;a kd.ÍlrKhg myiqlï iemhSug yqrenqyqá k.r 100 la 2022 jk úg bÈ fldg ;eîug fmdfrdkaÿ úh' i;H jYfhkau —;dlaI‚lrKh jQ k.r— hkq l=ulao@ k.rhl we;s ;rÕldÍ;ajh iïm;a yd fkdkeiS mj;ajdf.k hdu w;r we;s wka;¾ iïnkaO;djhg tys mÈxÑ lrejkg .=Kd;aul núka hq;= ðjk ;;ajhla ,nd §ug yel' ;dlaI‚lrKh jQ k.r ms<sn|j bkaÈhdkq rc‍fha kd.ßl ixj¾Ok wud;HxY‍ wka;¾ cd, f;dr;=re j,g wkqj —;dlaI‚lrKh jQ k.r j,g jvd;a fyd| há;, myiqlï tkï c,h ikSmdrlaIdjúYajdiodhS fiajdjka fi!LHdrlaIdj wdl¾YŒh wdfhdack l%u fj<| l%shdj,s myiqfjka mj;ajdf.k hdug yels úksúo fmfkk l%shdj,shka ,nd§fï yelshdj wka;¾ cd,h ;dlaIŒlrKh yryd wkque;sh ,nd.ekSfï jQ k.r ir, l%shdj,shka ,nd§fï ixj¾Okhg yelshdjo ;sìh hq;=h—' odhlùug

lghq;= iïmdokh lsÍu

bkaÈhdj kùk k.r ljqkais,h f.dv k.h

;dlaIKh u; l%shd;aul jk k.r ljqkais,h m;alrkq ,enQfõ rfgys ;dlaIŒlrKh jQ k.r ixj¾Okhg odhlùug yd bÈßhg mj;ajdf.k hdu i|ydh' th weußld tlai;a ckmofha kùk k.r ljqkais,h u; mokï jQjla jk w;r k.r ;dlaIŒlrKh ms<sn| m,mqreÿ úfYaI{hkaf.a 100 lg jeä idudðl ixLHdjla yd rgj,a 140 mqrd fufyhjk WmfoaYl ixúOdk j, wkql+,;djho iys; fõ' fuu ;dlaIŒlrKh jQ k.r 100 f.dvke.Sfï fufyhqu wfmalaId lrkqfha mj;sk iïm;a yd há;, myiqlï ld¾hlaIuj fhdod .ekSu i|yd ;dlaIŒlrKh jQ úi÷ï we;slsÍu ;=<ska k.rno Ôjk ;;ajh ÈhqKq lsÍu yd msßisÿ jvd;a l,a mj;sk mßirhla ,nd§uh' fuu jev igyk ‍hqfrdamd ix.uh úiska wdo¾Yhg ‍;jÿrg;a lrkq ,nk tl;lsÍu iuÕ fõ.j;a jkq we;' taldnoaO rch ;j jir 05lska ;dlaIŒlrKh jQ k.r 100 we;slsÍug remsh,a

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•l =vd yd uOHu mßudK k.r i|yd .ukd. uk ld,h Wmßuj úkdä 30 yd úYd, k.r m<d;a i|yd úkdä 45 la •n hsisl,a Odjkh fjkqfjkau lemjQ yd fN!;slj fjkalrkq ,enQ óg¾ 2 fyda thg jvd m<, tla ÈYdjlg tl ne.ska jk nhsisl,a Odjk ;Sre iEu óg¾ 10 lg jvd jeä NdKav f.k hk mdrla iys; ùÈhlgu ,ndÈh hq;+ fõ ^wd¾ ´ ví fkdjk&' •W iia ;;a;ajfha yd ks;ru isÿflfrk m%Odk m%jdykhka‍‍ óg¾ 800 we;+,;$^úkdä 10-15 w;r weúÈk ÿrlska& mqoa.,hska 175lg jeä f.dvke.+ ish¿u ckdjdiS m<d;a i|yd •W m yqjudre uOHia:dk j,g óg¾ 300 la we;=,; weúÈk ÿrlska <Õdúfï yelshdj

úÿ,sn,h • 1 00% lau ksjdi i|yd úÿ,sn, in|;d •ú ÿ,sn, iemhqu meh 24 iy Èk 7 mqrdu • 1 00% lau úÿ,sn, iemhqu uekSu • 1 00% lau úhou kej; Wmhd .ekSu •k dia;sh wju lrk .dia;+ ldKav

fi!LHdrlaIs; myiqlï • 1 00% lau mÈxÑ lrejka i|yd ÿria: ffjoH myiqlï ;sîu •y Èis wjia:d i|yd úkdä 30l§ m%;spdr oElaùu •i Eu mÈxÑ lrejka 15000 la i|ydu fnfy;a Yd,djla •, laI 01 l ck;djla i|yd we|ka 25 ;a 30 ;a w;r we;s id;a;= ksjdi <ud iqNidOkh yd ud;D idhk •w ;rueÈ frday,a ^î ldKavh&- ,laI 01 l ck;djla i|yd we|ka 80 iys; jk •w ;rueÈ frday,a ^ta ldKavh&- ,laI 01 l ck;djla i|yd we|ka 200 iys; jk •ú úO úfYaI{;d iys; frday,a - ,laI 01 l ck;djla i|yd we|ka 200 iys; jk •i dudkH rcfha frday,a- ,laI 01 l ck;djla i|yd we|ka 500 iys; jk • iEu mqoa.,hka 50000 lgu mjq,a iqNidOk uOHia:dk 10020

ÿrl:k in|;d • 1 00% lau ksjdi j, cx.u ÿrl:k we;+¿ ÿrl:k in|;d ;sfnkq we;

bv myiqlï i|yd msUqrem;a

c,dmjykh yd ikSmdrlaIdj

•m ÈxÑ l/jka 95% yg is,a,r NdKav ñ,g .ekSfï úfkdao Whka m%d:ñl mdi,a yd úfkdaodiajdoh ,eìh yels bvlv jeks ffoksl wjYH;d ;uka isák ;Ek isg ógr 400 l weú§fï ÿrlska ;sìh hq;+h • 9 5% mÈxÑ lrejka yg /lshdj i|yd rcfha fyda mqoa.,sl wdh;J j,g uyck m%jdyk fiajd fyda nhsisl,a fyda md .ukska hdug yelshdj ;sìh hq;+h

• 1 00% lau ksjdi wdY%s;j jeisls,s ;sìh hq;=h • 1 00% lau mdi,a j, .eyeKq <uqka i|yd fjku jeisls,s ;sìh hq;=h • 1 00% lau ksjdi wmf;a hk c,h l<ukdlrK cd,h iuÕ iïnkaO úh hq;=h •w mf;a hk c,h tl;= lsÍu yd l<ukdlrKh ms<sn|j 100% l ld¾hlaIu;dj •u ,dmjyk tl;= lsÍfï cd,‍‍fhys 100% l ld¾hlaIu;dj

>k wmøjH l<ukdlrKh

c, iemhqu •c , iemhqu meh 24 iy Èk 07 mqrd • 1 00% u ksjdi i|yd m%Odk c, iemhqu iuÕ in|;dj •t al mqoa., c, iemhqu ,Sgr 135 la • 1 00% lau c, iemhqu ógr in|;djh

• 1 00% la ksjdi j, Èkm;d wmøjH ksjigu meñK tl;+ lsÍfï l%ufõohla we;slsÍu • 1 00% lau k.rfha >k wmøjH tl;= lsÍu • 1 00% >k wmøjH m%;spl%SlrKh lsÍu

wOHdmkh

l=Kdgq iys; úg c, nei hdu

fmr m%d:ñl isg oaú;shl s wOHdmkh olajd •i Eu mÈxÑ lrejka 2500 la i|ydu fmr m%d:ñl mdi,a $fmr mdi,a •i Eu mÈxÑ lrejka 2500 la i|ydu ^01 isg 05 olajd mka;s iys;& m%d:ñl wOHdmk mdi,a •i Eu mÈxÑ lrejka 7500 la i|ydu ^06 isg 12 olajd mka;s iys;& Wiia oaù;shl s wOHdmk mdi,a •, laI 01l ck.ykhla i|yd talh S mdie,a ^01 isg 12 olajd mka;s iys;& •Y dÍßlj wNsfhda.d;aul .eg¨‍j,g uqyK q § isák iEu mÈxÑ lrejka 45000 la i|ydu mdi,la' •u dkislj wNsfhda.d;aul .eg¨‍j,g uqyK q § isák ,laI 10l ck.ykhla i|yd mdi,la

Wiia wOHdmkh •, laI 1'25 ck.yKhla i|yd mdi,la •ú Yaj úoHd,hla •, laI 10l ck.yKhla i|yd ;dlaI‚l wOHdmk uOHia:dkhla •, laI 10l ck.yKhla i|yd bxðfkare úoHd,hla •, laI 10l ck.yKhla i|yd ffjoH úoHd,hla •, laI 10l ck.yKhla i|yd jD;a;h S úoHd,hla •, laI 10l ck.yKhla i|yd mßmQrl fjoH wdh;khla

•u d¾. cd,h 100% lau l=Kdgq iys; úg c, neihdfï cd, moaO;shlska wdjrKh lsßu •j d¾Isl c, .e,Sï isÿùï wjia:d tl;+j jd¾;d ùfï w.h } 0 • 1 00% m%udKhlau jeis c,h kej; Ndú;h

jhs *hs in|;djh • 1 00% jhs *hs in|;djh •ú kdähl§ fu.d nhsÜia 100 l fõ.hla iys; wka;¾cd, myiqlu

.sks ksùï •l sf,daóg¾ 5-7 wrhlska hq;a fmfofil ck.yKh ,laI 02lg tla .sks ksùï uOHia:dkhla •l sf,da ógr 3-4 wrhla i|yd tla Wm .sks ksùï uOHia:dkhla

fjk;a •i sh¿u wxY i|yd kej; Ndú; l, yels n,Yla;Ska Ndú;h •i sh¨‍u uyck wdh;k j, jd‚c f.dvke.s,sj, fukau ;Ügq ksjdi j,o jy, u; iQ¾h fldaI moaO;s iúlsÍu •m ßir ys;ldó yß; f.dvke.s,s i|yd yqre ùu

cQ,s-wf.daia;= 2015

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m%.;sh

Ô whs t*a à fmdfrdkaÿj yd wruqK jkqfha wd¾Ól uOHia:dkhla ùug yd bkaÈhdfõ uqóndhsys m%Odk iajhx wd¾Ólh yd ;rÕ lsÍugh

oifldaá 48000 úhoï lsÍug ie,eiaula ilia f.dvke.s,s ÈhqKq l, yels jkq we;' fuu lrhs' fï jkúg .=crdÜ cd;Hka;r uQ,H ks¾udKd;aul wNHdihg uhsfl%dafid*aÜ whsîtï fgla isá ^ð whs t*a à& tn÷ jQ m<uq wdo¾Y iy isiaflda jeks iud.ï j,ska oekgu;a k.rh fmd<j hg wNHka;r há;, myiqlï iyfhda.h ,eî ;sfí' yd ld¾hd, ldKav folla kùlrKh lr we;s uE;l§ ngysr fnka.d,fha m%Odk wud;H w;r tys ie,iqï lr we;s iïmQ¾K úYd, k.rh uï;d fnk¾Ô uy;añh m%ldY lf,a wehf.a b;d Wi f.dvke.s,s mdkSh c,h iajhxl%Shj rch ;dlaIŒlrKh jQ k.r 07 la ixj¾Okh flfrk li, tl;= lsÍï yd lrk w;r jvd;a l%uj;a tu ta fjkqfjkau fjka jQ úÿ,s k.r ish¿u kùk myiqlï iys; iemhqulskao hqla; fõ' Ô whs t*a jk njh' fuu ;dlaIŒlrKh rch ;j à fmdfrdkaÿj yd wruqK jkqfha jQ k.r is,s.+ß wi, u,aod jir 05lska wd¾Ól uOHia:dkhla ùug yd Èia;%slalfha .efid,a wi, ;dlaIŒlrKh jQ bkaÈhdfõ uqïndhsys m%Odk iajhx kÈhd Èia;%slalfha l,ahdks wi, k.r 100 we;s lsÍug w¾Ólh yd cd;Hka;r k.r iuÕ n¾nqï Èia;%slalfha fnd,amQ¾ wi, remsh,a oifldaá ;rÕ lsÍugh' wikafida,a ÿ¾.dmQ¾ ld¾ñl 48000 úhoï /ialrf.k ;sfnk o;a;hka k.rh wi, pqrd,shd wdjrKh lsÍug ie,eiaula ksjerÈj fhdod .ksñka yd jk mßÈ ldis kia/,a bia,dïf.a ilia lrhs ld,Sk jQ o;a;hka úYaf,aIKh Wmka ia:dkfhao l,algdfõ yd md,kfhka Wmßu iïm;a olaIsK udhsfï .dßhd wi, yd Ndú;hg ;dlaIKh WmldÍ jk w;r tu rdcH f,alï ld¾hd,h jk knkakd wi,o fõ' o;a;hka wkqj bkaÈhdfõ uq¨‍ n,Yla;sfhka ;dlaIŒlrKh jQ k.r yd k.r 40% la Ndú;d lrk fukau fjk;a wu;r kej; k.disgqùu jvd;a iÔúlrKh jQ myiqlïo fi!LH wdrlaIdj mßmd,kh m%jdykh k.r i|yd udj; újD; lrkjd muKla yd wOHdmk myiqlïo Ndú; lrk tys m%Odk fkdj tys m%;sM,hla f,i úYd, jYfhka wx.hla jk ngysr m,df;a fodf,ard yd iqrd;a bkaÈhdkq wd¾ÓCfha j¾Okhg i|yd wjYH fukau kef.kysr m,df;a úidldmÜkï jeks Yla;sh ,ndfoa¡

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wNHjldYh

bÈßhg ;enQ

fhdaO msïula

ie,iqï lrkq ,en we;s ldKavfha ieg,hsg yf;ka y;rjk ieg,hsgh jk whs wd¾ tka tia tia-1 ã oekgu;a llaI.; lrkq ,en we;s ;j;a ieg,hsg ;=kla iuÕ iïnkaO jQfha bkaÈhdj yd th wjg l,dmhg iajdëk ieg,hsg ud¾f.damfoaYk moaO;shla ,nd§ugh

fuu jif¾ ud¾;= 28 od yßfld; ys" i;sIa Ojdka wNHjldI uOHia:dkh úiska tia tÉ ta wd¾" Y%S whs wd¾ tka tia tia- 1 ã y;rjk ieg,hsgfha id¾:l Èh;alsÍu;a iuÕu bkaÈhdfõ fmda,d¾ ieg,hsÜ f,dakaÉ fjysl,a tys wNHjldY jevigy‍‍fka ;j;a bï lKqjlg ,Õd úh' fmda,d¾ ieg,hsÜ f,dakaÉ fjysl,a úiska uq¨‍ bkaÈhdj mqrdu isák fjk;a frdlÜ llaI.; lrkakkag jvd jvd;a jeä Èh;a lsÍï .kkdjla isÿlr we;' lsf,da .%Eï 1425 nr whs wd¾ tka tia tia- 1 ã ieg,hsgh lsf,da óg¾ 282'52 iy lsf,da óg¾ 20644 l b,smaidldr llaIhg uqodyßkq ,enQ w;r th id¾:lj mS tia t,a ù y;r fõÈldfjka fjka jQfha .=jka .;ù úkdä 19 ;;amr 25l .=jka ld,hlg miqjh' .=jkg ú§fuka miqj whs wd¾ tka tia tia- 1 ã ys iQ¾hfldaI rduq iajhxl%Shj iújk ksid whs tia wd¾ ´ ys m%Odk md,k myiqlï úiska ieg,hsgh wdfrdamKh lrkq ,efí' ieg,hsgh b;du;a blaukska wxYl 30'5 l wdk;shla iys; kef.kysr foaYdxYl wxYl 111'75 .hsfrda iskafl%dkia llaIfhys ia:dk.; lrkq ,efí' ieg,hsg y;lska ieÿï,;a jk wkqms<sfjf,ys y;r‍jk ieg,hsgh jk whs wd¾ tka tia tia- 1 ã" whs wd¾ tka tia tia

ieg,hsg y;lska ieÿï,;a jk wkqms<sfjf,ys y;r‍jk ieg,hsgh jk whs wd¾ tka tia tia- 1 ã" whs wd¾ tka tia tia wNHdjldYfha fldgila fõ njg m;a fõ

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wNHjldYh

whs wd¾ tka tia tia -1 ã ys iQ¾h fldaI rduq fol whs wd¾ tka tia tia -1 ã ys iQ¾h fldaI rduq folla o, jYfhka fjdÜ 1660 l úÿ,s n,hla Wmojk laIqø iïnkaO;d ;=kla iys; iQ¾h fldaI j,ska iukaú;h' iQ¾hhd yd ;drld ixfõol j, ia:dk.; ùï ms,sn| f;dr;=re .hsfrdiafldma tlska ,nd fokq ,efí' ;jo" mrudKql fydard hka;% jeks b;d ;SlaIK WmlrK fjkqfjka ks¾udKh lrjk ,o ú‍‍fYaI ;dm md,l moaO;shla o l%shdfjys fhdojd we;' thg wu;rj" whs wd¾ tka tia tia -1 ã ys ia:dk.;ùï yd llaI md,k moaO;sh ^ta ´ iS tia&" ieg,hsÜ tflys msysàu kv;a;= lrkqfha m%;spdrl frdao" ldkaoï lrleùu u.ska fhdok n,hka" yd tkaðu úiska bÈßhg hdug ,ndfokq ,nk n,hka u.sks' th bÈßhg .uka lsÍfï moaO;sh ^m%jd,K

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moaO;sh& wka;¾.; jkqfha Èhruh wefmdaÔ fudag¾ yd ;%iag¾ia j,sks' th m%d:ñl llaIhg uqody, miq" whs wd¾ tka tia tia -1 ã ys iQ¾h fldaI rduq laI‚lj wkqms<sfj,ska iajhxl%Shj uqodyeÍu yd yidkays m%Odk md,l fiajh ieg,hsgfhys mßmd,kh ndr .kq ,nkqfha t;eka isg uQ,sl llaIfhka by< ke.S‍u olaI f,i yeisrùug tla .uka fufyhùula mDÓúhg wdikaku ,laIfha isg yd ;j;a mßmd,kh flakaø 03 la mDÓúhg ÿria:u ,laIhka j, isg o f,i wka;¾.; lrñks' ;jo fuu mßmd,k fufyhqï i|yd ieg,hsgfhys t,a ta tï Ndú; lrkqfha wjidkfha th l<ska kshu lr .kq ,nk jD;a;dldr jQ mDÓú llaIfha jQ ;eka j, ia:dk.; lrkq ,eîugh'

whs wd¾ tka tia tia- 1 ã .Eia msrúfï fufyhqu id¾:l fjñka mj;S¦ my<( Èh;a lsÍfï wjia:dj

wNHdjldYfha fldgila fõ njg m;a fõ' tys fmr ksIamdokh jQ whs wd¾ tka tia tia- 1ta' whs wd¾ tka tia tia- 1î yd whs wd¾ tka tia tia- 1iS Èh;a lrkq ,enQfõ mS tia t,a ù-iS22" mS tia t,a ù-iS23" mS tia t,a ù-iS24 yd mS tia t,a ù-iS26 f,i ms<sfj,ska 2013 cq,s ui" 2014 wfma%,a ui yd 2014 Tlaf;daïn¾ udi j,§ h' ud¾f.damfoaYl moaO;sh l,dmSh tlla jk w;r ol=kq wdishdkq l,dmh b,lal lr f.k ud¾f.damfoaYk yd is;shï ilia lsÍfï fiajdjka imhhs' jir 10l wdhq ld,hla ;sfnk" ieg,hsghg iQ¾h fldaI iuQyhlska n,h ,ndfok w;r fufyhqu i|yd jákdlu o, jYfhka remsh,a oi fldaá 1400 ls' whs tia wd¾ ´ f.a whs- 1 fla ieg,hsg nih ioñka whs wd¾ tka tia tia wNHjldY hdkd j, ialkaOh lsf,da .%Eï 603 yd lsf,da .%Eï 822 l llaI.; ‍fjñka bÈß .ukg n,h ,nd fok .Eia m%udKhla mqrjd we;' wNHjldY hdkd j,g n,h ,nd fokqfha iQ¾h fldaI hq.,lska jk w;r th lsf,da fjdÜ 1'6 l n,hla Wmojkq ,nkqfha t,a 5 yd tia ldKavfha ud¾f.damfoaYl ix{d úldYh lsÍugh' iEu ieg,hsghlau iS ldkavfha g%dkaiafmdkav¾ia yd ßfg%d mrdj¾;l f.k hkqfha th iSudjka ñkqï lsÍu" ksh; jYfhkau hdkdj wNHjldYfha ;sfnk ;ek ;SrKh lsÍug Ndú; l, yels ksidh' ish¿u whs wd¾ tka tia tia ieg,hsg th bÈßhg .uka lsÍfï moaO;sh yd mßmd,k moaO;sh wka;¾.; jkqfha ksjqgka 40 la olajd Odjk n,hla ksmoúh yels Èhruh bkaOk iys; wefmdaÔ fudag¾ $ieg,hsgh tys fufyhqï llaIhg Tijd ;eîug yd wlaI ;=ku md,kh l, yels mßmd,k m%;spdr iys; Odjl n,h fhÈh yels WmlrK 12 lska hqla;h' whs wd¾ tka tia tia- 1 ã ys fufyhqï wdhq ld,h jir 10 la jkq we;' uq¨‍ ldKavfha ieg,hsg .Kk 07 iïmQ¾K lrñka fuu ldKav‍fha ó,Õ ieg,hsgh jk whs wd¾ tka tia tia- 1 B bÈß udi j,§ Èh;a lsÍug kshñ;h'

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fiahdoiqka

úchmQ¾(

l,dfõ ue‚l

l%sia;= j¾I 10 ishjfia § ia:dmkh lrk ,o l<Hd‚ pql=,dia" úchmQ¾ k.rh ^l<ska ìcdmQ¾& tys l,d;aul iaudrl iy ixlS¾K .Dy ks¾udK Ys,amh fjkqfjka y÷kd .kq ,efí

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Tng th fvlEka l,dmfha bia,dóh hq.h olajd f.k hd yels is;a w,jk iq¿ újD; fl!;=ld.drh f,iska ye¢kaúh yelsh' msáir úchmQ¾ ^l<ska ìcdmQ¾& jir 600 la muK wdmiaig f.k hd yels lS¾;su;a l;kaorhla wmg mjihs' l<Hd‚ pd¨‍lHdia úiska ìcdmQ¾ l%sia;= j¾I 10 jk ishjfia§ ia:dmkh lrk ,§' 13 jk Y; j¾Ifha" 1347 §" fuu k.rh ish oE;a fjkia l< w;r Å,að iq,a;dkajrhdf.a mqr fldgila njg m;aúh' .=,and¾.d ys nyaudksia

Å,að fj;ska iq,a;dkajrh ,nd .;a w;r rdcH mylg muKla fnod md,kh l< fuh" fvlEka iq,a;dka rdcH f,i ye¢ka fõ" wÈ,a Idysia iu. ìcdmQ¾ ys md,kh ndr .;af;ah' m,a,s" úYd, fidfydka .en" ud<s.d iy n,fldgq j,ska wdYs¾jdoh ,en" wdÈ,a Idysia hq.fha§ fuu k.rh ish m%Odk iaudrl f.dkak tl;= lr .;a;dh' fuu iaudrl N+ñh hqfkiaflda f,dal Wreu wvúhla ;;a;ajhg Wiia lsÍug ie,iqï Èh;a fjñka mj;S'

oek isàu jà t ys hdug fyd|u ld,h Tlaf;dan¾ - ud¾;=

< Õd úh yels wdldrh fn,a.djqï .=jka f;dfÜ isg lsf,daóg¾ 205 la wE;sks' ìcdmQ¾ ÿïßh ia:dkh olajd ÿïßhla .kak" lsf,daóg¾ 2 la wE;sks' ol=Kq iy ngysr bkaÈhdfõ m%Odk k.rj, isg ks;sm;d nia fiajd we;'

f ïjdo n,kak f.d,a .=ïndia

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fiahdoiqka

by<( f.d,a .=ïndia ys w,xldr leghñka hq;a l=¿Kla my<( f.d,a .=ïndia ys we;=,a ùfï f.aÜgqj

VIJAYAPUR

KARNATAKA

Map not to scale

bkaÈhd o¾Yk

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fudyïuâ wdÈ,a Idya f.a fidfydka .en

f.d,a .=ïndia ksi, WoHdkhla f,i ieÈ" f.d,a .=ïndia fudyïuoa wdÈ,a Idya wêrdchdf.a iy ish mjqf,a ^1627-1655& fidfydka .eng jdiia:dkh imhhs' fuu fidfydka .en ksu lrk ,oafoa 1656 §h' .Dy ks¾udK Ys,amS odnq,a ys hdl=;a úiska ie,iqï lrk ,o f.d,a .=ïndia i;=j tla tla fldfkys msysá wIaGdldr i;a uy,a f.dvke.s,s y;rla iu.ska ljdldrj ieÈ fvdauhla msysáfhah'

fuu ia:ïNdldr iaudrl i;frys uqÿka ìu ljdldr i|¿;," —ññKqï Njk— f,i ye¢kafjk fldgilg újD; fõ' Y%jH úoHd;aulj tla uq,a,l isg uquqKk fohla úl¾Kdldr m%;súreoaO md¾Yajfha isg weish yels hhs lshkq ,efí' óg¾ 38 la úYalïNh we;s" fuh frdaufh ys Ydka; mS;r neis,sldjg miqj úYd,;u isriaf.da,h ^fvdauh& hhs mjikq ,efí'

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bn%dysï rdjqid jvd;a fidanudk" ksjerÈj iudkqmd; l< bkaÈhdfõ msysgqjd we;s bia,dóh iaudrl w;rg .efKk bn%dysï rdjqidj fidfydka .enlska iy m,a,shlska iukaú; ixlS¾Khls' fyd¢ka ie,iqï l< WoHdkfha uOHfha ke.S isák fmdÿ mdoul msysá jHqy folu tlu wisßhls' tys óg¾ 24 la Wi

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fld;a mka;sh gdÊ uy,a wdldrfha tlla jk w;r tys wdNdIh ,oehs ie,fla' th bÈlrk ,oafoa ish ìij kñka wehf.a ^gdÊ iq,agdkd& fidfydka .en i|ydu wêrdcH bn%dysï wdÈ,a Idya-2 úisks ^1580-1627&' flfiafj;;a" Tyq wehg fmr ñh.sh w;r tkhska tys ñysoka l< m<uq jekakd úh'

m,a,sfha p;=ri%dldr hd{d ukaÈrhla fõ" wdrelal= mylska ieÈ *eflavh isyska fld;a tla tla fldfkys ord isà' bkaÿ bia,dóh .Dy ks¾udK Ys,amh Ndú; lrñka bÈlrk ,o bn%dysï rdjqidj" m¾ishdkq .Dy ks¾udK Ys,amS" ud,sla iekav,a f.a ie,iqula jk w;r wk.s

leghï j,skao p;=ri%dldr jHqy follskao ieÈfhah' m<uq p;=ri%dldr jHqyh ;=< bn%dysï wdÈ,a Idyaf.a iy Tyqf.a wd¾hdjf.a fidfydka .en msysghs' fojekafka p;=ri%dldr fldgi ;=< m,a,shlg jdiia:dkh ieÿï ,oafoah' uq¿ jHqyhu m%dldrfhka ieÈ WoHdkh ueo msysgk w;r

bn%dysï rdjqid

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by< isg Trf,daiq uqyqKf;a Èidjg( bn%dysï rdjqidj" Ys,duh leghï iys; i|¿;,h iy bn%dysï rdjqidfõ wNHka;r m,a,sh

irik ,o fmdl=Kla ixlS¾Kh ;=< idojd ksujd we;' fidfydka .en ueÈßh my< wdrelal=uh isú,sulska hqla; jk w;r th yd isria f.da,h w;r ysia wjldYhla iys;j uofõ. fmof¾re l%uhlg wkqj läkñka ksujk ,oaols' ì;a;s wdrelal= iy l=¿Kq j,ska w,xldr lr we;' leghï iys; ñkdfrgh

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p;=ri%dldr f.dvke.s,s fol fldfka msysgqjd we;s w;r fk¿ï mdoia:,hla iys; m¾hka; isriaf.da, iys; uqÿka fhdojd ksujd we;' bn%dysï rdjqidfõ m,a,sh ol=fKa msysgqjd we;s w;r RcqfldaKdldr hd{d ueÈßhla iys;h' m,a,sh bÈßmi wdrelal= myls' wkkH jHqyfha weia meyer .kakd úfYaIdx.hls'

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cdñ uiaðofha ì;a;s l=rdKfha WOD;hka rkska leghï l< wk.s w,xlrKhlska hqla; fõ

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by<( cdï uiaðoh¦ cdï uiaðofha wNHka;rh

cdñ uiaðoh 1578 § ìcdmQ¾ wêrdchdj isá wdÈ,a Idysia úiska f.dvk.k ,oaols' cdï uiaðoh ta hq.fha k.rfha msysá úYd,;u m,a,sh úh' th wdÈ,a Idys md,lhdf.a w,s wdÈ,a Id -1 g tfrysj 1565 § gd,sfldgd igfka§ ,o úch.%yKh isys lsÍu ms‚i f.dvkxjk ,oaols' tys .Dy ks¾udK

Ys,ah bkaÿ bia,dóh wdrhla .kS' lÈu msúiqï udj;a hd{d .Dyh iïnkaO lrñka jHqyfha ueo bvlfvys ke.S isà' ueo msysá úYd, isria f.da,h jgd l=vd is¾ia f.da, 33 ls' úYd, l=¿Kq leghñka ieÈ w;r isriaf.da, fuys wdl¾IKhka w;r jeo.;a foa fõ'

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bkaÈhd o¾Yk

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ndrd lduka ksud fkdl< iaudrlhls' bkaÈhdfõ jvd;a ,dnd, wêrdcfhl= jQ w,s wdÈ,a Idya -2 f.a isyskhls' Tyq 1657 § ish jhi 18 § isxydikhg hdug iu;a úh' ndrd lduka hkafkys w¾:h wdrelal= 12 la iy iuyr wdrelal= isriaj msysgqjd iy ;j;a iurla ;sriaj msysgqjd w,s wdÈ,af.a fidfydka .en jg fldg msysgqjk ,oaola hkakhs'

ix.S;a uy,a úchmQ¾ isg lsf,daóg¾ 3 lska msysá" fuu jHqyh o¾YSh wdÈ,a Idys .Dy ks¾udK Ys,amh ksfhdackh lrhs' 16 jk ishjfia§ ksujk ,o fuh ud<s.d f.dvke.s,af,a kIagdjfYaI iy c,dYhlska hqla; fõ' tajd Wia ì;a;shlska jg fldg we;' ix.S;a uy,a úYd, jYfhka fYaIj we;af;a uyck weig iómù kjrdimQ¾ W;aijfha Ôjh fuka mj;sk wÈhrl§h'

jfï isg Trf,daiq uqyqKf;a Èidjg( ndrd lduka ys ksud fkdl< jHqyh¦ kjqrdimQ¾ iy ix.S;a uy,a ys kIagdjfYaI

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ksOdkh

bkaÈhdkq yuqod

n,ld Wreuh

Isï,d wdikakfha wkakdof,a hqo yuqod Wreuh fl!;=ld.drh" bkaÈhdkq yuqodj" tys fid,aodÿjka" Tjqkaf.a ioaNdjh" ffO¾hh iy yuqod Ñka;kh ms,sn|j úoyd mdhs joka iy PdhdrEm | wdÈ;H I¾ud

ysudp,a m%foaYa ys w.kqjr" Isï,dj" jeo.;a ft;sydisl úiauhla ord isáhs' th ì%;dkH rdcH md,k hq.fhka fYaI jqKq jeo.;a f.dvke.s,s Wreuhl tl;=jla ;sfí' fuu k.rh 80 oYlfha ueola olajd cd;sfha yuqodj, ngysr úOdk j, uQ,ia:dkh f,i l%shd l<dh' 2006 § ysudp,a m%foaYa uyweu;s ù¾Ndø isx úiska yuqod Wreu fl!;=ld.drh Èh;a lrk ,§' fl!;=ld.drhg msúiSu i;=gqodhl w;aoelSula fõ' Isï,d ÿïßh ia:dkfha isg by<g ke.Sfï§" wfhl= yuqod mqyqKq úOdkfha ks,OdÍkaf.a ksjiak msysá fkdlav%ska lrd <Õd fjhs' fu;eka isg my<g lsf,daóg¾ 4 la .sh ;ek wkakdof,a yuqod fl!;=ld. drh msysgk w;r th w,xldr l÷lr yuqod ne/lalhla f,i Èia fõ' hful= HPSEB f.dvke.s,a, miqlr hk úg md .uk úu;shg m;alrjk wdldrhla .kS' yd;ami rela fijk tlaj ieÿKq uvq¿ uq¿ ìuu tlu l+vdrula njg m;alrk w;r Ydl úúO;ajh úiauh okjk iq¿h'

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Isï,d wdikakfha wkakdof,a ys yuqod fl!;=ld.drh¦ my<( iïfï,k Yd,dfõ ì;a;s mqrd úisreKq úúO M,l iy Oc tl;=j úúO tall isys .kajhs

fl!;=ld.dr msúiqï fodrgqfõ rd;a;,a 25 ld,;=jlal=jla" ñ,sóg¾ 10 .=jkahdkd kdYl ;=jlal=jla iy ñ,sóg¾ 100 lafIa;% ld,;=jlal=jla msysgqjd we;' fl!;=ld.drh ;=< mqrd;k yuqodjkaf.a fl!;=l NdKav j,g fijk iefok w;r bkaÈhdkq Wm uydoaùmfha hqoaOuh ;;a;ajh ms<sìUq flfrk mßfNda. NdKav tys we;' kùk bkaÈhdkq yuqodfõ oEg iSud fkdù tys hk wfhl= läkï mdGud,djla yeoEÍug iQodkï úh hq;=h' tla M,lhlska fufia lshfjhs" —fuu fl!;=ld.drh bkaÈhdkq yuqodj" tys fid,aodÿjka" Tjqkaf.a ioaNdjh" Nghkaf.a mlaImd;SNdjh" Èjqreug wjk; Ndjh" wd;;shla hgf;a ffO¾hh" Tjqkf.a Ñka;kh iy yuqoduh Ñka;kh ms<sn|j fõ" jir 5000 la ;siafia miqlr f.k wd .uka u." frðfïka;= iy Tjqka b;d ´kElñka /ial< ksOdk yd wdvïnrh" bkaÈhdkq yuqodjkaf.a kdhlhka iy bkaÈhdjg idvïnr w;S;hla Wreu

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uqÿfka isg Trf,daiq uqyqKf;a Èidjg( ks¾NS;lu fjkqfjka msÿKq ;s<sK¦ wú iy wdhqO¦ Nghka úiska Ndú; l< ysia jeiqï¦ mqrd;k wdïmkak OdÍ fin<df.a m%;sudj

lrÿka Tjqkaf.a odhl;ajh ms<sn| fõ'— wuq;a;kaf.a fk;a meyer .kakd tla fohla jkafka ms;a;f,ka l< hqo Ngfhl=f.a fy,auÜ Trf,daiqjhs' jï w; me;af;a wYaj iy yia;s yuqod ld, j, Ndú; l< we÷ï iy wdik n,; yelsh' ol=fKys úúO mdn, yuqodjkaf.a Oc oel .; yelsh' hful= tys we;=,a j jydu jug hk l< ^fndfyda fokd ksi¾.fhka fuh lr;s& mqrd;k weÿñka ieÈ fï yuqod l%Svd ks,Odß rej Tjqkg iqn

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uqÿfka isg Trf,daiq uqyqKf;a Èidjg( wYajdfrdayl lafIa;%h ;=< Ndú; WmlrK iy PdhdrEm¦ ;+¾h NdKav iy ;+¾h jdok tall wdïmkak¦ fl!;=l NdKavhla¦ Nghka úiska me<¢ ikakdyhla

m;hs' hqo Nghka úiska Ndú; l< wfkl=;a ysiajeiqï j,g miqj Tyq ke.S isáhs' Bg miqj bkaÿ mdlsia;dk foaY iSudfõ md,k jefܧ Ndú; jqKq ;rdÈhls' ldurfha fiiq ìu fl!;=l NdKav" m%;sud" iq¿ wú" 1971 hqoaOfha jd¾;d Ñ;%máhla iy hqoaOh yd wdY%s;j ,shejqKq mer‚ fmd;m; wdÈh oel.; yelsh'

ld,;=jlal=j, mßudK j, isg hqo fmdfrda olajd" mqrd;kfha § Ndú; jqKq uq.=re iy m<sy olajd" kùk iufha ;=jlal= iy frdlÜ úÈk f.%fkav olajd fuu ldurh ;=< wdhqO iïm;a;sh Bg Wkkaÿjkakkag i;aldr lrkafka fkduojh' B<Õ fldgi l÷lr igka ms<sn|jhs' ì;a;s mqrd Èiajk WmlrK iy PdhdrEm tl;= fõ'

krUkakdf.a fk;a meyer .kakd m<uq wx.h jkqfha ms;a;f,ka ieÈ fin<df.a ysiajeiqï Trf,daiqjhs

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by<( fl!;=ld.dr wvúh iudrïNl W;aijh¦ my<( ñ,sóg¾ 100 lafIa;% ld,;=jlal=j

úid, l÷lr N+ñNd.h mgka ^iShdfpka .a,eishrh we;=¿j& rg wdrlaId lrk" fïjdfha jeo.;a lu fkdu| fõ' B<Õ fldgi bkaÈhdkq yuqodfõ fmdfydi;a ;+¾h jdol yuqod j, b;sydih i|yd fjka ù ;sfí' ix.S; WmlrK iy

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;+¾h jdok wjia:d fjkqfjka ye¢ wdNrK yd we÷ï rdYshlsæ úis;=re ,S leìfkÜgqjla mqrd fmd;a iy wdl¾IŒh L‚c ksheÈ .Kkdjlsæ t;eka mgka" Tn msúfikafka úúO ;rd;srfï ks,hka Ndú; lrk we÷ï iy wdhs;a;ï m%o¾Ykhghs' fï

úúO fid,aodÿ tall iy ks,hka úiska Ndú; lrk ,o ks, we÷ï

wjia:dj jk úg" krUkakl= jgd olakg ,efnk ish,af,ka Tyq úiauhg m;a ù isáhs' ta jk úg Tyq ;ud .uk wdrïN l< ia:dkhg kej; meñK we;s nj Tyqg wjfndaO fõ' flfiakuq;a" fuh wjidkh fkdfõ' Tyq m%Odk f.dvke.s,af,ka msgj jug we;s msh.egfm< Tiafia hk úg" mdn, yuqod whs;u i|yd wkkHj fjka lr we;s mdn, fldgi úiska idorfhka ms<s.kSæ úúO tallj, Oc iy m;dl wdÈh fuys tl;= lr ;sfí' hful= by<g ke. m%Odk f.dvke.s,a, yryd hk úg" úYd, yß;d.drhlg Tyqj f.k hk msh. eg fm<la we;' fï ùÿre ud<s.h ;=< jejqKq Ydl tl;=j wk¾> whqßka kv;a;= lr we;s whqre oel .ekSug ms<sjk' ksÍlaIK ueÈßhlska iy úfõl .kakd ia:dkhlska miqj kej;;a Tyqj l÷lr fmfoig f.k hk w;súfYaI fl!;=ld.dr w;aoelSula msßkeóug fuìu iQodkñka we;'

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wYajdfrdayl

we‚hl .uk

fydâikaa f.a wYajhd ^oekg bkaÈhka ikakoaO yuqodfõ 4 jk wYaj frðfïka;=j& wdrïN jQfha ì%;dkH bkaÈhka ikakoaO yuqodfõ fldgila jYfhks' wms f,dal hqoaOh w;r;=r fuu w,xlrKh lrk ,o wYaj yuqodj ms<sn| b;sydi jd¾;d ;=,ska .uka lruq joka | fma%¾kd iska.a - nqg,shd

Trf,daiq uqyqKf;a Èidjg jfï isg ol=Kg( fydâikaaf.a wire yuqodfõ ks,OdÍka 1916 l=ßhkays¦ 1915 È ì%;dkH yd bkaÈhdkq wêldß ,;a ks,OdÍka *a,ekav¾iays¦ ks,OdÍka hqoaOfhka miqj ^;=¾lsfha& udIdys§ isÿjQ ydksh msßlaiñka¦

fydâikaa f.a wYajhd we;slrk ,oafoa 1857§ ¨‍ákkaÜ iafgmkaia frhslaia fydâikaa úiska wkshï wYaj‍fhla f,iska jk w;r - frðfïka;=jla f,i f.dvke.=fka tla lf,l§ uyrdcd rkað;a iska.a fj;ska fydfrka whs;s lr.;a iSla ñIkdßjrekaj —fifmdhs ñhqáks— ì%;dkH ler,slrejka

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hg;a lsÍug Wmldr lr.ekS‍u ;=,sks' fojk weka.af,da-iSla hqoaOfha isg ^1848-49& lvq igkalrejl= f,i fukau kdhlhl= f,i we;sjQ fydâikaa f.a lS¾;sh ksid" —fydâikaa iySí nyd¥¾˜ f,i w¿;ska we;sjQ frðfïka;=j jglrñka ñksiqka ta jgd /iaùh' 1858 jk úg" fuu frðfïka;=j

by< isg my<g( î n,>kfha iSla cd;sl ñksiqka fm<md,sfhys .uka lrñka¦ lms;dka l¾lajqâ yd *af¾i¾ iS n,>kfha me;kaia iuÕ¦ 1917 leïn%dys ñksiqka fjkqfjka wms<sfj,ska ;ekQ ksjdi" wYajhka yd iemhqï¦ lekaf,hska Widúfha isÿjQ úkdYh ^1917 iema;eïn¾ 17&¦

fldgia ;=klg leãug isÿjQ w;r tkï m%:u fydâikaa f.a wYajhd" fojk fydâikaa f.a wYajhd yd ;=kajk fydâikaa f.a wYajhd f,i ^fï jkúg mlsia;dka ikakoaO yuqodfõ ‍f*kaiaf.a wYajhd f,i isák& ia:dmkh úh' m<uq ldKav fol fnka.d,s wire yuqodfõ 09 yd 10 jk frðfïka;= f,i" yd 1921 § tu ldKav fol tlla njg m;a jk;=re lsysm j;djlau kï fjkia jQ w;r wjidkfha§ flaïì%Êys 04 jk wdÈmdo jrhdg whs;s fydâikaaf.a wYajhka f,i kï úh' 1947 § flaïì%Êys wdÈmdo kduh ì|jegqkq w;r frðfïka;=j fydâikaaf.a wYajhka f,i kï úh'

hqoaOfhka tmsgg 1914 wf.daia;= 31 od" tf;la jk úg 1947 § flaïì%Ê wïnd,dys ia:dk.; wdÈmdo ;k;=r lr isá 09 jk ke;s jq w;r fuu fydâikaaf.a wYajhka frðfïka ;=j yg wK ,enqfka fydâika a f .a m%xYfha ;snQ hqoaOhg wire yuq o dj 03 jk ^wïnd,d& wire f,i kï úh fiakdxlfhys fldgila f,i ì%;dkH ks,OdÍka 08 fofkl= iuÕ yd bkaÈhdkq ks,OdÍka 18 la yd fiiq ks,hka 521 iuÕ iyNd.sùug ,shdmÈxÑ jk f,isks' msg;a ùug isá 14 jk bkaÈhdkq frðfïka;=jg Tjqkf.a úhoï" wYajhka" m%jdyk myiqlï" l=vdrï" wYajhkaf.a iEo," we÷ï yd WmlrK wd§ ieufohu imhd§ug isÿj ;snqks' kqmqyqKq wYajhka msgqmiska heùugo jhia.; wYajhka neyer lsÍugo isÿúh' fndfyda ñksiqka keõ ke.af.a WKqiqï we÷ï j,ska ikakoaOj jk w;r" tfy;a tajd Wmßuj hqfrdamSh foaY.=Khg kqiqÿiq úh' fuu lKavdhu ud¾iS,aia j,g ,Õd jQfha 1914 fkdjeïn¾ 07 jkod jk w;r

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f.dvneiafia iS; R;=fjysh' bkaÈhka yuqodj hqoaOh ;=,g m%xY cd;slhka úiska ms<s.kq ,enQfõ úYd, 09 jk fydâikaaf.a wYajhka jir 05la jYfhka ùÓ j,g /iaù —yskaÿ cd;slhka úfoaY.;j isá w;r uyd hqoaOfha§ b;d È.= È.=l,a Èfkajd˜ hs lE.iñks' bkaÈhdkqjkaf.a l,la úfoaYhl fiajh l, h,a mek.sh rhs*,a m%;sia:dmkh bkaÈhdkq frðfïka;=j fukau lrkq ,enqk w;r iEu úfoaY.;j isá msßi o fõ' 1914 fydâikaaf.a frðfïka;=jlgu m%xY cd;slhka isg 1918 olajd Tjqkf.a jákdlï 9 jk wire úiska NdId mßj¾;lhka f.dv k.d.;a w;r" kqmqreÿ yuqodj" uyd fofokl= ne.ska ,nd fokq ;;a;aj hgf;a igka lsÍuo ix.%dufha§ ,eîh' bkaÈhka wire yuqodj hqoaOfha§ f.!rjh Èkd.;ay' fukau ú‍foaY Tf¾,kaiays ia:dk.; jQ w;r 1914 foieïn¾ ui Tjqkf.a rglo §¾> we÷ï yd nhsfk;a;= ksl=;a lrk m<uq w;a oelSu jQfha Èk ld,hla fiajh ,§' Èk 10 mqrd frðfïka;=j ;= k la ;sif a ia ñksik q a iS;, yd l, bkaÈhdkq m%xY hqo msáfhys hqo w.,a" f;;ukh ks i d mS v djg m;ajQ frðfïka;=j fõ nhsfk;a;= yd w;afndaïn wdÈh *a,dkav¾ia ys Èhn;a jq wdrlaIl mqyqKq lsÍï l,y' wYajhka w.,a w,a,d.ekSu úh' fuu Yla;su;aj mqreÿ l, hq;= úh' wdrïNfha§ frðfïka;j = wid¾:l jQfha" tys§ wKfok ì%;dkH ßhÿrka yd ix{dlrejka imhk ,È" ks,OdÍhd yd fndfyda ñksik q a wêl iS;, tfy;a b;d ;o .;s we;s bkaÈhdkq yuqodj ksid yfuys we;sjQ ;=jd, yd jK ksidfjka b;du blaukska ish,a, bf.k.;ay' jqjo igfka .sjkaÑ f.!rjh Tjqkg

Trf,daiq uqyqKf;a Èidjg jfï isg( hqo iufha ia;d,hla¦ ;djld,sl ld¾;= wdrlaIlh¦ udrdIa ys bÈßfm<g lr;a; .; l< kejqï i,dl iy iemhqïlrk mßmd,k ;,h¦ ì%;dkH ks,Odßfhla iy iSla fid,aodÿjka

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Trf,daiq uqyqKf;a Èidjg jfï isg ol=Kg( ks,Odßka fjä ;eîug iqÿiq wjia:dj fidhñka" igfka§ ‍fkdfi,afjñka¦ ks,Odßkaf.a kej; meñŒu yd i;=kaf.a lE.eiSu wfmalaIdfjka isák msßila" fjä ;enQ Èkhka¦ ì%;dkH ud¾la I hqO gexlsh leïn%dys igfka§" 1917

ysñúh' ñksik q a 100000 g jvd ;=jd, jQ fyda w;r udÊ t*a weÜlskaika yd udÊ w,a *af¾i¾ urKhg ,lajQ b;sydifha oreKqu igk jQ o úh' oeka jd¾Islj fkdjeïn¾ 30 jkod fidïfï igk ^1916 cq,s isg fkdjeïn¾& frðfïka;= Èkh mj;ajkqfha ksoiqkla f,i fuu frðfïka;j = " úiska ch.;a kuq;a leïn%dhs igfka§ oelajQ ks¾NS; nj isysm;a tys§ úYd, jYfhka oreKq ;=jd,lrejka lsÍugh' th isysm;a lrkqfha fydâikaaf.a we;sjj q o 1916 § neikaghska yd 09 jk wire yuqodj fïjkúg *af,ard- flda¾isf,Üfg igfka hqoaOfha§ m%:ufhkau id¾:lj ch.%yKfha f.!rjh o ,nd.;ay' hqO gexls Ndú;d l, bkaÈhka 1917 fkdjeïn¾ 1917 fkdjeïn¾ys§ bkaÈhdkq wYajdfrdayl yuqod‍‍ frðfïka;= මස bkaÈhdkq wYajdfrdayl yuqodj leïn%dhsys j,ska tlla njh' wYajdfrdayl Y%Su;a cq,shka ìka.a úiska fuu igfka§ frðfïka;= yuqodj isÿl, m<uq hqO gexls m%ydrh ffjoH ks,OdÍ lms;dka fidaï leïn%dhsys Y%Su;a ÿgqjy' tfy;a Tjqkf.a o¾Ykh o;a yg ;= jd, jQ c¾udkq l¾k,a cq,shka ìka.a i;=rdf.a fmryerl levqkq wka; jrhl= yDohx.uju Tyqf.a ks¾NS; úiska isÿl, jeks jQ wiajdNdúl l=vd hqO njg yd Tyq úis k a .a ,diafldaÜ ys§ m<uq hqO gexls gexls l=vd ixLHdjlska iSudù lrkq ,enQ fia j hg wdpdr lrñka m%ydrh ÿgqjy fl,jr úh' fydâikaaf.a 09 hlv l=reis f.!rjh mqo lf,ah' jk wire yuqodjg f.daiafldaÜ 1918 fmnrjdß 15 Èk fydâikaf a .a ys ol=Kq foig .uka isá 08 jk yqid¾,d yg 09 jk wire yuqodj wdrlaIl w.,a iyh §ug wK ,enqks' ñksiqka úiska oelajQ w;yeßfha wïnd,d n,we‚‍fhys ì|jeàu yd ishqï nj yd wNS;nj c¾udkqjka mqÿuhg frðfïka;j = g m,ia;k S hg .shúg§ Bðma;j = g m;alrjQ w;r Tjqkf.a miqneiSug n,mEulao hdug wK ,enqkq ksidfjks' iema;eïn¾ 18 úh' fuu n,we‚‍‍fha ñksiqka yd wYajhka kd¾ t,a *d,sly a s frðfïka;f = jys n,>k w;r mSvdjg m;ajQ ;=jd,lrejka 50la muK 02 isrlrejka 70 fofkl= yd hqO WmlrK isáhy' n,>k foflys kdhlfhda ñh.sh wh w,a,d.;ay' iema;eïn¾ 30 wdrlaIl ixj¾Ok

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ksOdkh

Trf,daiq uqyqKf;a Èidjg by< isg ol=Kg( frðfïka;=j wef,laiekav%shdfõ fiajh i|yd m%xYh n,d .uka wrUñka¦ ñksil= hqO msáfhka bj;g wÈñka" wef,laiekav%shdjg uqyqÿ .uk wdrïNhg fmr¦ úkdYl, fidïfïys ud¾la I hqO gexlsh 1916 igkska miq¦ bkaÈhka Ngmsßia hqfrdamfha iS;, foaY.=Kh n,d hdug iQodkñka

ks,OdÍ udÊ úf.da¾ia ,enqKq f;dr;=rla jQfha isáho" ;j;a ld,hla n,d isàug isÿúh' ;=¾ls Nghska 70la lsif a õ foig .ukalrk njhs' Tjqka l%Svdfõ lhsfrda újD; ;rÕdj,sh Tyqf.a yuqodj ;=¾ls Nghska 900 yd ld,;=jlal= ch.%yKh l, w;r" wef,laiekav%shd y;rla iu. igka jeÿks' ;=¾ls yuqodjg úYd, weußldkq ;rÕdj,sh" wef,laiekav%shd újD; jYfhka Tjqkf.a yuqodj yd Ng msßia wysñ úh' l=i,dkh yd rcfha mdi,a l=i,dkh Tlaf;dan¾ 26 Èk fuu yuqod ÈkQy' 1920 foieïn¾ 16 Èk Tjqka lKavh wef,mafmda j,g .uka yg bkaÈhdjg meñŒug wK 1920 foieïnර lrkq ,enQ w;r 31Èk oyj,a ,enqkq w;r 1921 ckjdß 1 fuu 16 Èk wK jk úg ;=¾ls yuqodj hg;ajk frðfïka;=j wïnd,d j,g ,Õdúh' mßÈ 1921 ,È' Èk 38 we;=,; fydâikaf a .a fydâikaaf.a 9 jk wire yuqodj" ckjdß 1 Èk wire yuqodj ie;mqï 567 ú‍foaY rgl jir myl ld,hla .; frðfïka;=jg wdjrKh l, w;ru 1100 la l, m<uq frðfïka;=j jk w;r kej; bkaÈhdjg isrlrejka yd ld,;=jlal= 58 tu th uyd ix.%dufha§ jeäu ld,hla meñŒu lKavh úiska w,a,d .kakd ,È' fiajh l, m<uq bkaÈhdkq yuqod igyka h fydâikaf a .a 10 jk wire yuqodj;a lKavh o fõ' fuifmdf;añhdkq uyd ix.%dufha§ fuu jir my ;=, Tjqkf.a fiajh lrñka ne.avEvh w,a,d .ekS‍fï ld¾hfha§ mqÿuh okjk l%shd ksid frðfïka;=jg m%Odkj l%h s d l, w;r 1916-1918 iufha ldka m%xYfha yd 1914-1918 ;=, *af,akav¾ia " 1914 ne.avdä yd fuifmdf;añhdkq hqO ch.%yK j, .sjkaÑ o" 1916 fidïfï" 1916 neikaghska" f.!rjh ,nd.;ay' 1916 ,¾ia fldafi,afÜ" 1917leïn%dhs" 1918 m,ia;Skh" 1918 ldka ne.avdä" 1918 fu.sâfvda" kej; ishrg meñŒu 1918 Yefrdaka yd 1918 vuialia hqO ch.%yK j, fuu frðfïka;=j ms<s.ekSug iQodkñka f.!rjh ,enqks'

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bjqï msyqï

.%SIau R;=j

i|yd isis,a ix.%y

m<;=re iuÕ iS; lrk ,o fhda.Ü yd m%fndaOu;a lrk wU mdkh iïmQ¾K wdydr fõ,la i|yd ukdj .e,fma

wdïmdkakd

me‚ yd fhda.Ü ñY%Kfha oeuQ m<;=re Ø m <;=re ál fjk;a n÷klg oukak' foys hqI ms<sfh, lsÍfï ld,h úkdä 20 iS; lsÍu¦ meh 01" ix.%y lsÍu¦ 04 fofkl=g

wjYH øjH fyd¢ka >kg ñÿkq fhda.Ü fldamam 02" me‚ fldamam ½" l=vdjg lmk ,o w¿;a m<;=re fldamam 04" foys hqI fïi ye¢ 1½" iSks isrma j, fhdod l,a;nd .;a bÕ=‍re fïi ye¢ 03" w,xldr lsÍug l=re÷ l=vq fïi ye¢ 1

wdïmdkakd ms<sfh, lsÍfï ld,h¦ úkdä 10 msiSfï ld,h¦ úkdä 10 ix.%y lsÍu¦ 04 fofkl=g

wjYH øjH

idok l%uh Ø f hda.Ü ál §ishlg oukak' me‚ tl;= lrñka uDÿ l%Sï .;sh tk ;=re ñY% lr.kak' me‚ yd fhda.Ü ñY%Kfha oeuQ m<;=re

yd bÕ=‍re oud ñY% lr.kak' Ø m <;=re yd fhda.Ü udrefjka udrejg ;Ügq f,i fjk fjku w;=remi Ndck j,g oud l=re÷ l=vq fhdod w,xldr lr uqojd ix.%y lrkak

wuq wU .%Eï 400" j;=r ,Sgr 1 ^fldamam 4 &" iSks .%Eï 250" lnf,a neo.;a iQÿre l=vq ‍ fïi ye¢ 1" úh,d.;a ñkaÜ fïi ye¢ 1" wjYH ri muKg ¨‍Kq" l¨‍ ¨‍Kq fïi ye¢ 1$4'

idok l%uh Ø w U f,,s .id.kak' mSvk W÷kl ;nd j;=r fldamam 1 iuÕ úkdä 7-8 muK wU uDÿ isis,a m,amhla jk ;=re msi.ekSu fyda ;ïnd fmdälr .ekSu lr weg bj;a lr .kak' uqÿ taldldÍ m,amhla ,nd .ekSug fmfkarhla ;=,ska fmrd .kak' Ø m ,amh fcda.=jlg oud b;sß jQ c,h" iSks" iQÿre l=vq" ñkaÜ" ¨‍Kq yd l¨‍ ¨‍Kq oud ye¢.dkak' ñY%Kh b;d .klu kï ;j c,h ñY% lr Ys;lrKfha ;nd uqojd.kak'

wkq.%yh( b;d m%Œ; rihka( wdydr Wiia ;;a;ajfha f;a" u;ameka ñY% m<;=re mdk" bjqï msyqï wdY%s; fmd;a fm< f.k tkqfha kjÈ,a,sfha úfoaY lghq;= ^wud;HxYfha& jks;d ix.uhhs'

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bjqï msyqï

bkaÈhdkq rih

f.k tñka

bkaÈhdkq wdydr igyka ms<sfh, lr we;af;a rij;a wdydr msiSfï rgdjka iys; m%Odk wdmkYd,d f,i okakd wh úisks joka | uOq,sld odYa

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2014 wm%sfh,a 16( ms<s.;a u;hka ì| fy,k ia:dk rdclSh uq¿;eka f.j,a j,ska f.dvg î u¾jdka uy;d jd¾;d lrkqfha th idmamq meñ‚ w¨‍;a foaj,a Ô¾Kh lrk w¨‍;a jeiSula úhyels njhs' iudÔh udOHhka mkakfha wdydr j¾. j,ska ieriqKq §is j¾. fldamfhka Wu;=ù jir 100 mer‚ brdk yd bjqï msyqï ìyslrk ia:dk fõ' wdmk Yd,djla ms<sn| f;dr;=re jd¾;d úfoaYSh rdclSh uq¿;eka f.j,a j, lrhs' úia;r ke;s" fl;rï ksire jqjo biaf;damamq j, .f,dahqá flndíia fmdÿ lï ke;s- b;d uDÿ jQ udjd flala tflys ñksidg .e,fmk f,i l=vd fjkialï isg uiald nksia tl olajd ms,siaiqï W÷ka lsysmhla iu. ;=kafoa flndí fyda Nd.= fma,s 46 iys;j m;=rjd yeÍug flndí f,i ÈhqKq lr we;' fpÉ úiska kdhl;ajh .ksñks' Nd.= flndí ys ;snqKq tlu 2014 wfma%,a 16(thska yef`.kqfha uDÿ nj wvqjkqfha .f,dahqá fudaá uy,a ys§ fndïfn isg uqïndhs olajd úfYaIhka l=¿ nvq j¾. 160 ng¾ fhÿ l=l=,a tlsfklg iïnkaO lsÍug ;j;a Ndú;d lrk neúks' fmdhsyS uia fidhd .kq ft;sydisl mßÉfþohlg ;srhla isoaêhg iudk ‍fõ ' mD;=. ,enqfõ ;ka¥ß my,g jegqkdlaæ fukafõ' Sis wdkhkhla jk" fmdhs l=l=,a uia jeä î u¾jdka uy;d úiska kej; wd¾fïkshkajre fydÈ m%udKhla rgg fu;rï wdorfhka b,a,d úiska ;j;a jeäÈhqKq lrkq iuÕ ix.%y isák th l=ula .eko@ wm wo ,en- bkaÈhdfõ m%:u fílß lrk úg§h okakd mßÈ fmr§ Wka fndfyda lrejkaf.a ix.uh - ;sßÕ=‍ msá fokd fuka" î u¾jdka uy;d yd rd iuÕ idod fidfiacia bkaÈhdkq b;sydifha bjqï msyqï l%uj;a l, yd ì;a;r iuÕ ix.%y lrkq ,eîh' th fldgila fõ' tfia ke;fyd;a bkaÈhdkq bkaÈhdfõ m%:u geflda j¾.hs' bjqï msyqï b;sydih mßmQ¾K jkqfha u¾jdka fudaá uy,ays§ f,dal m%isoaO ng¾ fh¥ n÷ YsIagdpdrh yd tys rij;a nj yev. l=l=,a uia m%:ufhkau fidhd.kq ,enQfõ ekajQ wh ksidfjks' tl, fydag,a fyda ;kaÿß l=l=,a uia úYd, fydÈ m%udKhla firdhsia f,i oek isáfha mj;sk ia:dkh iuÕ ix.%y l, úgh' th 1303 tlu j¾.fha wkqjh ^firdhsia hkq wêfõ.S ud¾. wi, iÓrNdjhlska hq;=j hï fjkialula f.k jQ l=vd wdmkYd,d jk w;r" fydag,a msysgd wd nhsvd mrdgd yd iSla flndí frda,a Wm; ;sfnkqfha k.r fyda jrdhka j,h&' fuu lrd ‍f.k.sh whqßks' fï jk úg fndfyda

jfï( mggdia n%djdia by<( l=l=,a uia l=,a*s

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bjqï msyqï

by< isg my<g( fmYjdß flndí" uq/.a .f,dhqá ika.ï yd ng¾ fhÿ l=l=,a uia

fokdg m%shjQ ;ka¥ß rc biaika jeks b;d m%kS; wdydr mdkdÈh fldß frdá iuÕ jrdfha fj<÷kayg ix.%yh isÿ l, uq;a fuhg fmr máhd,dys rdclSh ud,s.dfõ /ðksjrekaf.a tla m%sh;u wdydrhla úh' fuu fydag,a j, ;sfnk fndfyda me‚ ri leú,s w;r ;ekla .kafka riau,dhs fõ' wdrïNh we;sjQfha TäYd m%dka;fha mQß kïjq mkai,a .Dydka;r ud¾. fha jk w;r riau,dhs ;ksj ;sfnk idf,mQ¾ys riuia lvj, wdmkYd,d wx. iïmQ¾Kj ;snqfKa **avd" cdf,ì" l,algdfõ nhs,fkaia ^oeka bud¾;s yd ‍fld,algd& yd wk;=rej pdÜ jeks jðâ w,s Yd rcud,s.djg fndfyda fidhd ,Õdùug fmr isgh' .ekSï j, jir .Kkla mqrd uOHia:dk úh fuu tlsfklg iïnkaO ke;s wdmkYd,d kj bjqï msyqï j¾. jk **avd" cdf,aì" bu¾á" fpdaf,a ny;+¾" pdÜ yd ifudaid jeks wdydr j¾. fidhd .ekSfï uOHia:dk úh' fuu ia:dk j,g wdl¾IKh ùfï jYSh kï Tjqkf.a ix.%yhka lsÍu /iaùï ia:dk j,§ fuka ùuh' fuys woyi Tjqkg m%;sm,odhS f,i mÍlaIK l, yelsùu yd lsÍuh' .ïñßia oeuQ WKqiqï fpdl,Ü m%:u j;djg ix.%y lf,a l=¿nvq udjf;ys jk w;r fpdl,Ü bkaÈhdjg meñ‚fha iamd[a[ cd;slhka iuÕsks' m<uqfjka jhska ksmojQfha ñÈ yd îÜ rEÜ tlg wTrd ñßld .ekSfuka jk w;r mdg ,nd §ug îÜ rEÜ tl;= l,y' 1650 § f.dvke.+ uq.,a trdys idmamq mdrd§ih jk pdkaokS fpdala ld,h f.fjk úg wdydr mdk iys;

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;kaÿÍ iSla flndí

idmamq úh' fuys mer‚u yd lS¾;su;au ld,fha§ fjk;a jYfhks' l,algd ^oeka ia:dkh mS à .hd m%idoa Ysõ prdka f.dv fld,afldgd&1880 § fâúâ ú,aika úiska ke.=fõ 1872 yd uq.ay,aia j,ska ix.%y lrk l, tys m,uq ngysr fydag,h ÿgy-úÿ,s .kafgj, y,ajd jk w;r Tjqkaf.a fidydka mxld" kdk ;gdl yd friagqrkaÜ wdÈh úh' y,ajd j,ska msÍ we;' wdmkYd,d jHdmdrh Tla,kaâ fydag,h kï jQ tys m,uq fldams msì§ug ,lajQfõ 1860 yd 1900 w;r;=r h' idmamqj l=lSia flala yd bkaÈhdkq fldams l=vd fydag,a b;sß fjk úg ix.%y lf,ah' fndïfn frdah,a rg mqrd w¿;a tajd we;sjQfha heÉ la,í ðïldkd yd úfYaIs; úfYaIfhkau È,a,sfha uqïndhs la,í y;= msfmkakdla fuka 1880 § fâúâ ^tl, fndïfn& yd fld,algd ieu ;eku ìys úh' ú,aika úiska ^tl, l,algd& j,h' fuu tfy;a uqyqo winv ud¾.fha ´la,kaâ kï iEu ia:dkhlgu Tjqkf.a u ðïldkd ;Srej ixj¾Okh jQfha jQ m%:u ngysr ye¢kaùula we;' kjÈ,a,sfhys fuu ld,fha nj lSug isÿùu fydag,h hqkhsgâ fldams ksji W!á la,í jerÈ fkdfõ' th l%slÜ ld,fha fld,algd ys tflys wdlD;sh kej;;a fh¥ l= l = , a uia f,d,s fmdma yd bÈlf,ah fuka jQ ì;a;s yd wdik iys; fidavdæ fuka 1928 f.dvk.k m%:u wdmkYd,dj fõ'fuu ,o bkaÈhdfõ l%slÜ i|yd jQ wdmkYd,dfõ wdydr mdk ,ehsia;=j bx.%Sis" l%slÜ mßmd,k uKav,h msysá ia:dkfha jQ Ök" yd bkaÈhdkq rij;a lEu iys;h' È,a,s j, we;s mer‚u iudcYd,dj,ska tlla iamd[a[ mta,d "t,j¿ rEggqhs,s yd fjdâld jk miqj fo.=Khla fõ.fhka ckm%sh jQ iuÕ fmfka we,am% fvda" fl%dhsikaÜ" ì;a;r frdIkdrdg fndfyda iudkjh' fnkälaÜ" frdjq,dfâ" f;a- bx.%Sis yd fjk;a fuys ;j;a tl me;a;la kï fuu wd§ f,i- iekaâúpia yd m%isoaO leifrda,a Wrej udj,s á*ska fiajh ^miqj tï à fmdÿ wdydr ìßhdks" hlaks" i¾od"yd fuda.,a wd¾& fuka jev lrk ck;djg wdydr

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bjqï msyqï

l=l=,a uia ìßhdks

iemhS‍fï fiajh mgka .;af;ah' th yßhg Wvqms- fudaia;r‍fha ia:dk ;;a;ajfhka by, wdydr oeßh yels ñ,lg iemhSu fuks' l,ahd‚ uqïndfha ;ju;a fkdkeiS mj;sk mer‚;u fílßh mjd" b;d uykais ù fuda,a j, jevlrk lïlre ck;dj fjkqfjka iudk mrud¾:hlska fiajh lrkqfha udih wjidkfha jqjo Wfoa wdydrh i|yd f;a fldamam folla yd ng¾ iuÕ uialdia nksia folg wekd tlg jvd wvqfjka úhoï l, yels jk mßÈh' fufia meñ‚ ish¨‍u foa ;eka fldams fndk ;ekal+,a îr w;r wdydr j¾. lsysmhla tl;= yd ñ;=rka tl;=jk ;eka njg ish,a,u w;rueo l, b;d fyd| rd;%s wdydr ñ, fjkia úh' bkaÈhdkq m%Œ; w,xlrKh l," w,xlrKh iuÕska wruqKq wdydr úiska tljru md,khg rih yd wdYdj lrf.k fyñysg jeä úh' 1917 mjrd .;a uq;a tu fldams idmamq jvjk jákdlï § muK b;d,s cd;sl wekacf,da j,g we;sjQfha fjk;a b;du iq¨‍ iys; lÈu rd;%S *s¾fmda úiska f.dvke.=kq n,mEï fõ' wdydrhka by< f,daâ w¾úka yg fiajh Ök yd mkacdì hhs lshd.kq ñ,la úh lrk by, iudchg yd miqj ,nk bjqï msyqï idudkH mßÈu bkaÈhdkq wdKavqldrjrhd yd Wm úh' m,mqreÿ fydag,alrejka wdKavqldrjrhd ygo b;d wdidlrk ;ekla úiska mj;ajdf.k hkq ,nk úYd, úh' 1920 yd 1950 w;r iq¨‍ fjkig wlue;s wdmkYd,d ixLdjla ;;ajfhka by, wdydr wh isáh§ kj u; wkqj l=vd fjkialï ,ndfoa' k.rh ÈhqKqj iuÕu —È,a,s—" ÈhqKq isÿù wdmkYd,d fyda w¿;a bjqï msyqï we;s jQ l,ard flfiajqj;a mÍlaIKd;aul bjqï jQfhah' uqïndhsys ,sfhdafmda,aâ lef*a jeks msyqï i|yd uOHia:dk fia ;ju;a we;'

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bud¾;s

fpdf,a ny;+¾

riau,dhs

tlmdrgu Ök wdydr yd flá ld,hlska ms<sfh, l, lEu j, wdl%uKhla W;=re bkaÈhdkq bjqï msyqï iuÕ iïnkaO úh' flfia jqj;a l,algd ^oeka fld,algd& fiaì úiska l, *eíßhd ys wdrïNl iQmfõ§ f.drdhs mjikqfha kj u;jdo f.dvke.Su È.gu isÿjk njhs' íÆ f*dlaia l,algd ys tla m<uq ;enEreula jQ w;r tys ñksiqka yg keàu i|yd ix.S; lKavdhula ix.S;h jdokh lrhs' th 50 oYlfha yd 60 oYlfha l,algdfjys rd;%S Ôú;h rij;a lrk jd¾;djls' fuys wdydr bx.%Sis" hqfrdamshdkq yd bkaÈhdkq ñY%Khla fõ' 1970 ka miqj bkaÈhdkq wdydr ms<sn| isoaêh oYl foll muK ld,hla WodiSkj mej;sk' Tõ"

wdmkYd,d újD; fjñka mej;=ks - fuu ld,fha újD; l, b;du fyd| kula iys; iuyrla wdmkYd,d kï vqï mqlaÜ" fmYajdß yd nqldrd - jk kuq;a fuu fndfyda wdh;k msysáfha idudkH ck;djg ,Õdúh fkdyels fydag,a j,h' 1990 .Kkaj,§" bkaÈhdkq bjqï msyqï kej;;a bÈßhg meñ‚fhah' wdydr jHdmdrh tlmdrgu jd‚cuh jákdlula iys; jD;a;shla njg m;ajq kuq;a kj fidhd .eksï yd mÍlaIK k;r úh' 90 oYlhg fmr iQm fõÈyq fõ.fhka Èj.sfha T,sõ iuÕska wdrïN jk" fmd;= yd T,sõ j,ska ieÈ leue;a; iuÕska jefvk msÜid" yd rij;a u;jdo f.dvke.sug jk w;r yÈisfhau bkaÈhdkq wdmkYd,d úYd, mßj¾;khla l,y' tkï" 2000 ka miq Nd.fha§ mÍlaIKd;aul bjqï msyqï j, yd mÍlaIKd;aul wdydr .ekSu ke. tau o" bkaÈhdj wdydr ms<sn| wKql úoHdj ÿgq neúka" fiñka msiSu" yd t<j¿ muKla wdydrhg .kakd" fidaia úfâ yd bjqï msyqï j, ÈhqKqfõ Wm; we;súk'

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MEGHALAYA MANIPUR

TRIPURA MIZORAM

bkaÈhdkq iajNdúl

wd¾Ól l,dmh

Bidk È. l,dmfha uQ,drïNh wjfndaOd;aulhs" l,dmfha taldnoaO;djh i|yd jk nyq ia:r ie,iquls" tys ck;dj iy wd¾Ólh rfÜ wfkl=;a fldgia iu. uqyq lrkakls joka | uhqÍ uql¾ð

i;a fidfydhqßhkaf.a l,dmh" kï jYfhka" weiEï" wreKdp,a m%foaYa" uksmQ¾" fu.d,hd" kd.,ka;" islSï iy ;%smqr" tlaj iefok Bidk È. l,dmh BidkÈ. wd¾Ól uQ,drïN;a iu. kj msì§ulg iQodkï fjñka ;sfí' BidkÈ. l,dmfha ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh u.ska fuu jif¾ uq,§ Èh;a lrk ,o mßÈ" w.%dud;H kf¾kaø fudaä uy;df.a wkq.%yh

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,nk jHdmD;sh bkaÈhdfõ§ ksmojkak ie,iqu iu.ska rg ixj¾Okh lsÍug lrk b,lal iu.ska yd jk w;r f.da,Sh ksIamdok uOHia:dkhla f,i rg m;a lsÍfï b,lal iu. wkq.; fjhs' Bidkfha§ ksmojkak" flfiafj;;a" cd;sl jev igyfka l,dmSh wkqjdohg jvd hï ;rulska jeä huls' th wjfndaOd;aul tlls" l,dmfha taldnoaO;djh

f;a l¾udka;h¦ ldnksl f.dú;ek

i|yd jk nyq ia:Íh ie,iquls - tys ck;dj th mj;akd nj lsj hq;=j we;s nj i;Hh fõ" iy wd¾Ólh - rfÜ fjk;a fldgia iu. fukau BidkÈ. l,dmh rfÜ tla j;alula f,i ke.S Bidkfha fuf;la iam¾Y fkdl< NjH;djh iu. isákakg yelshdj ieneúkau iys; l,dmhla nj ixj¾Okh lsÍfï kejqï uqyqKqjrls' wfkla i;Hhhs' tla uÜgul §" f;a ieliqï lsÍfï Bidkfha§ ksmojkak jev igyfka ;j;a jeo.;a l¾udka;h jeks úfYaI m%d.=KHh Èkd we;s b,lalhla jkafka ixpdrl l¾udka;h k.d lafIa;% j, BidkÈ. l,dmh ,nd we;s m%.;shg isgqùuhs' úl%udkaú; iy jkÔú wxYj, isg wd.ñl fmdaIKh iemhSu i|yd ta foi n,hs' weiEufha iy ixialD;sl wxY j, ixpdrl jHdmdrhla i|yd" f;a f,dalh mqrd f.da,Sh uÜgulska lS¾;shla i;a fidfydhqßhka i;=j ieu fokdgu fokakg Èkd isák w;r tla hq.hl§ f,dalfha m%Odk hula ;sfí' ish fkdb÷,a w,xldrh fjkqfjka f;a fjkafoais uOHia:dkhlA f,i m%lg l÷lr ia:dk .Kkdjlskau fuu .=jdyd;s m;aj ;snq‚' l,dmh iqieÈfhah' i;a fidfydhqßka l,dmSh m%ùk;djh ldnksl ish¨‍ fokdu úYsIag l÷ke.Sfï iy BidkÈ. § f.dúm< l¾udka;h flf¾ fhduq ;rKh lsÍfï wjia:djka msßkuk ksmojkak" ù ;sfí' islSï iy ñfidardï m%dka; w;f¾ islSï m%dka;h fyd|u bkaÈhdfõ§ cd;sl ldnksl f.dúm< meje;aùfï jhsÜfjdag¾ rd*aáka ^fmK iys; j;=f¾ ksmojkak cd;sl kdhl;ajh f.k l%shd lrk me§u& wjia:d msßkuhs' —wdOHd;añl— cd;sl jev w;r fu.d,hd m%dka;h o iudk w;aoelSï i|yd m%shlrK ixpdrlhka igyfka l,dmSh wdldrhlska m%.;shla w;alr f.k i|yd úúO f;aÍï .Kkdjla fuys wkqjdohg jvd we;' f.da,Sh jYfhka" ldnksl we;s w;r jir 400 la mer‚ ;djdka.a jeä huls f.dúm<lrKh ;sridr Ôjk wdY%uh wreKdp,a ys f.!rjh ,nk meje;afï Y=oaO m¾fhaIK m%mxph w;r weiEufha § ludlHd fldaú, njg m;aj we;s w;r wo jk úg f.da,Sh ldnksl f.!rjdorhg md;% fõ' wk;=rej kd.,ka;fha wdydr fj<|m, ì,shk lsysmhla jákdlu we;s fyda¾kaì,a W;aijh;a" fu.d,hd ys Isf,daka .sïydk ;;a;ajhlg m;aj ;sfí' bkaÈhdj" flfiafj;;a" W;aijh;a uksmQ¾ ys ldka.a Ñka.and W;aijh;a Bg fuu ,dNodhS fj<|mf,a ishhg tllaj;a k;= úfYaI wisßhla tla lrhs' lr f.k fkdue;s fiah' Bidkfha§ ksmojkak BidkÈ.g fnd,sjqvh f.k tafï úfYaI jev igyfkka fuys l%Svdj fjkia lsÍulg n÷ka m%h;akhla flf¾ rcfha ie,ls,a, fhduq ù ;sfí' flfrkq we;' úfYaIfhkau" l,dmfha Ydl úoHdj" tu.ska úfYaI wjia:d ìysjkq we;ehs wfmalaIdj ^wreKdp,a ys m<;=re ksIamdokh .ek is;kak& fõ' tu.ska l,dmSh há;, myiqlï" ikaksfõokh iy wdydr ieliqï lsÍfï l¾udka;h M,odhS iy wd.ka;=l i;aldr wxY jeä ÈhqKq jkq we;' f,iska ixj¾Okh ù we;' úfYaIfhkau m%jdykh jeäÈhqKq jk ,l=Kq my< ù fuu ,ehsia;=j mqk¾ckkSh n,Yla;sh iy we;' kj uxudj;a" wêfõ.S ud¾." ÿïßh ud¾. iy úl,am ffjoH jeks wxY iy lafIa;% lrd hd yels fi,shq,¾ ÿrl:k l=¿Kq bÈlsÍu i|yd uQ,H iydh jk kuq;a iq¿ ie,ls,a,lska iy fmdaIKhlska ,efnk nj oek .kakg ,eî we;'

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jkÔù wêlrK iydhl

úoHdfõ mßKduhla

úYaj uQ,sl ;dlaIKh úiska kS;s úfrdaëj ovhï lrkq ,nk úfYaI y÷kd .ekSula ia:dmkh lrkq ,eîu fya;=fjka i;a;ajhkg tfrys wmrdO ie,lsh hq;= uÜgulska wvq lsÍug Wmldrhla fõ

i;a;aj ckdjdi úkdYhg ,la ùu iy kS;s úfrdaëj ;SlaIK jk wjia:d ÿ¾,N jk w;r kS;s úfrdaëj ovhï lsÍu fya;= fldg f.k wmf.a úis;=re jkÔù ovhug ,lajk úfYaI w;rg rdcika;l ú‍fYaI .yKfha ie,lsh hq;= l%ñl my< neiSula jir wh;ajk wjia:d fõ' .Kkdjla mqrd jd¾;d úh' fï ljodlj;a ksudjla 2001 ud¾;=fõ§" wdpd¾h iqks,a l=ud¾ j¾ud iy fkdolsk .eg¿j iu. .kqfokq lsÍfï wdpd¾h ,d,að isx - ffi, iy kHIaÀ tla ud¾.hla jkafka wka;rdhlg ffcj úoHd flakaøh - úYaj uQ,sl idïm%odhslj" ,la jQ iy wdrlaIs; úfYaI j,g wh;a ;dlaIKh wkdjrKh lr .;ay' jkÔù rdcika;l l< ksheÈ y÷kd .ekSuhs" —rdcika;l ffcj úoHd;aul ksheÈhl úu¾Ylhska tu.ska ieu jkÔù wmrdOhlau jdia;úl ljr fyda uQ,dY%hlska - f,a ì÷jla fyda rEmSh úfIaIdx. f,iska wkdjrKh flfrk w;r ksjerÈj flia frdola jeks - wod< i;a;ajhd fyda u; hefmkq wkdjrKh lr .efka' ñksid ljqrekao hkak ia:dmkh lsÍug olakg ,efí idïm%odhslj" jkÔù úu¾Ylhka rEmSh Bg yelshdj ;sfí' fuu ;dlaIKh úfYaIdx. u; hefmk w;r l,d;=rlska úi,a mrdihl i;a;aj úfYaI i|yd ffcjridhksl ksIamdolhska úiska .%yKh úYaùh wdldrhlska wod< lr .efkk lr .kq ,enQ i;a;aj ksheÈ wh;a jk úfYaI fm/hSu neúka" fuh i;a;ajhka ms<sn| wêlrK iydhl lrkq ,efí' m%dfhda.slj" rEmSh úfYaIdx. úoHdkql+, wjika úi÷ula fjkjd"˜ fyda ffcjridhksl ksIamdolhka wdpd¾h j¾ud mjihs'

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úYaj uQ,sl ;dlaIKh Ø

Ø Ø

Ø

ksheÈj, iïNjh

ms<sn| mQ¾j f;dr;=re wjYH fkdlrhs' th úYaùh jYfhka

wod< lr.; yelsh' rdcika;l l< fYaI

wju m%udKhlska idOkh l< yelsh' th ir,hs"

laI‚lhs" iy;slhs'

2001 ud¾;= 28 jk Èk Tjqka fofokd úiska úYaj lghq;= ilia ù we;s w;r bkaÈhdj mqrd wêlrK uQ,sl ;dlaIKh i|yd jk úêu;a f,i fmagkaÜ whs;sh iydhl úoHd fiajd iemhSfï§ nyq,j Ndú; flf¾' i|yd f.dkq lsÍï l<y' fuu ;dlaIKh Ndú; lrñka wo olajd" tu.ska jkÔù wmrdO 1500 lg jeä iSiStïî ^ffi, iy kHIaÀ ffcj úoHd flakaøh& .Kkla úi£fï§ odhl;ajh ,nd § we;' úi|kq ,enQ m<uq jkÔù wmrdOh wÈ,dndoa ys ëjr fuu fidhd .ekSug cd;sl iïudk lsym s hla iy iduqøSh fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska f.dkq ysñ úh' 2008 Ôjk úoHd i|yd jk lrk ,oaola úh' th 2000 fkdjeïn¾ iStiawhswd¾ ;dlaIK iïudkh" 2009 rgj,a 12 la ui bÈßm;a jqKq w;r 2001 fmnrjdßfha§ nfhdati a h s d kfjda;m a dok iïudkh" úiska úYaj jd¾;d .; lrk ,§' 2001 iema;eïn¾ 26 iy 2009 tkawd¾ãiS l=i,;dmQ¾K uQ,sl ;dlaIKh jk Èk" bkaÈhdkq uOHu i;a;aj wêldßh kfjda;m a dok iïudkh o ta w;r fõ' Wfoid fmagkaÜ ,smshla fhduq lrñka ish¨‍u bkaÈhdkq —fuu ;dlaIKh i;=j mq¿,a wod< lr n,m;% m%odkh m%dka;j,g f;dr;=re iemhSu l< w;r bka .ekSula ;sfí" kS;h s n,d;aul lsÍfï§ lr we; wjOdrKh lr ;snqfKa fuu ;dlaI‚l muKla fkdj" wdydr l¾udka;fha j¾Okh ms<sn| —m%Odk jkÔù ks,OdÍka— ;;a;j a md,kfha§o" foaYfha wdkhk f.a N+ñldj iïnkaOfhks' iy wmkhk j,§ Wiia ;;a;j a iy tald.%;d fuu fidhd .ekSug wod< fmagkaÜ n,m;%h rgj,a 12 kv;a;f = õ§ Ndú; l< yelsh"s — wdpd¾h j¾ud woyia lska ksl; = a lrk ,o w;r m¾fhaIK m;%l s dj úúO c¾k, tla lrhs' úoHd{hka oeka fuh má;a;l wdOdrfhka Tiafia m%ldYhg m;alrk ,§' fuu ;dlaIKh wka;rdhg wmrdOh isÿjQ ia:dkfha§u úi¢h yels mÍlaIKhla m;a úfYaI ixrlaIKh i|yd jk ridhkd.drh ^iSit S ïî f,ig mßj¾;kh lsÍug jev lrñka isáhs' tu.ska ys ,dfldaki a &a u.ska ffokslj Ndú;hg .efkk f,i laI‚lj m%;M s , ,nd fokq we;'

ãtkata weÕs,s i,l=Kq ;dlaIKh" 1985 § tlai;a rdcOdksfha uydpd¾h wef,la fc*aß úiska ixj¾Okh l<" mßKdudkqfõ§ ;dlaIKh wmrdO úu¾Ykfha§ Ndú; l< yels mßÈ j¾Okh ù we;' 1988 § bkaÈhdj iajlSh ãtkata mÍlaIKhla ixj¾Okh l<dh" thska fuu úfYaI{;djh w;alr .;a ;=kajk rg njg m;ajQjdh' kuq;a jkÔù wêlrK iydhl lafIa;%h ;=<" wmg úfYaI y÷kd .ekSfï l%ufõohla wjYHhs'˜ wdpd¾h ,d,að isx" ffi, iy kHIaÀ ffcj úoHd flakaøh ^iSiStïî&

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flar<fha ,S úiauh fmdfydi;a jk wdjrKh flar<fha j¾Okh jk ,S leghï j, úi,a jHdma;sh ;yjqre lrk w;r ksjdi iy fldaú,a j, msysàu wrdì uqyqog wdikak nj ksid m%Odk iduqøSh ixialD;sfha wdNdIfhka hqla; ie,iqï iy l,dj ÈhqKq uÜgul mej;Sug bjy,a ù we; joka | ,laIaó m%Nd,d

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flar<fha .Dy ks¾udK Ys,amfha ú,dih ol=Kq bkaÈhdfõ wfkl=;a fldgiaj,g ii|d ne,Sfï§ olakg ,efnk øúv .Dy ks¾udK Ys,amfhka wkkH f,i fjkia fjhs' flar<h mgq ;Srhls" kef.kysfrka ngysr .d;a iy Bg ngysßka wrdì uqyqfoka jgù we;' fmdfydi;a jk wdjrKh fya;=fjka ksjdi iy fldaú,a j, fkduiqre ,S Ndú;hla olakg ,efnhs' fudaiï jeis iy ;rx.kh jk N+,laIK rgdj úYd, c, foay ks¾udKh lrhs' wrdì uqyqfoa fjr< ;Srh iy fmdfydi;a l=¿nvq j.dj ish il%sh fj<| yjq,alrejka f,i rgj,a lsysmhlau weo.ekSug flar<hg fya;=mdol úh' ld,lD;sj,ska wdila; we;sß u. m%Odk iduqøSh YsIagdpdrj,ska - frdau iy wrdì - n,mEug ,la ù we;' l%shdldß;ajh w;ska flar<fha .Dy ks¾udK Ys,amh ldKav follg - l=gqïN iy wd.ñl - mq¿,aj j¾. l< yelsh' flar< .Dy flar<fha odreuh leghï ish l,dlrejkaf.a m%;sud ks¾udK Ys,amfha jvd;au wkkH n,mEu" Wia yelshdj Wiia uÜgulska fmkajhs wdk;dldr jy<j,a" ks;ru mdfya W¿ j,ska jeiS.;a" ke;akï ;U ;yvq fyda ;,a w;af;ka fyda folla by< ud, fyda uOH wx.kh fiú,a, oeä ,S fyda oej jy, rduqj u.ska we;=,;aùu wkqj kd¨‍flÜgq j tÜgqflÜgq iydh ,nd r|d isáhs' thska ì;a;s wdrlaId j olajd fjkia fjhs" tys Yd,d wgla we;' flfrk w;r wNHka;r iels,s rduq Yla;su;a .Dyks¾udK Ys,amh idïm%odhsl ;drdjdÿ foaY.=Kfhka wdrlaId lrkq ,nhs' ^mrïmrd.; mjq,& tlu jy,la hg fijk Ndú; flÍ we;s f.dvke.=ï øjH jkafka iokq i|yd iqlr fjhs' .,a" oej" ueá iy ;,a w;=h' úmq,j ,nd flar<fha fldaú,a fjkia .; yels øjHh oej jk w;r whqrlska ksujd we;' m%dldruh l,d;aul tl;=jlg iy flar< .Dy f.dvke.s,af,a ì;a;shla w,xldr leghïlrKhlg ks¾udK ixlS¾Kfha taldnoaO fldgia tla /ia ù ;sfí' ;o ÿUqre WK Ys,amfha jvd;au fõ' uOH.; Y=oaOia:dkh Y%S ì;a;s iy jy, iels,a, i|yd lemSfmfkk fldaú,a f,i yeÈkafjk w;r Ndú; lr we;' me;slv Wia jkaokdjg md;% jk m%;sud tys flar<fha ksji ye¢kafjkafka wdk;dldr ;ekam;a fõ' th ixlS¾Kfha kd¿flÜgq hk kdufhks" jy,hs wfkl=;a fldgia iu.ska yjq,a fldgia y;rlska ieÈ p;=ri%dldr jy,la hgf;a fkdfõ' Y%S fldaú,a f.dvke.s,a," ueo wyig ys f.dvke.=u ffY,uh mdoula u; jk újD; jk wx.khla iys;h' uOH wx.kh w;r ljdldr" p;%ri%dldr" RcqfldaKdi%dldr jg fldg isák fldgia y;r fn§ ldur fyda w¾O ljdldr yevfhka hqla; ukaÈrhla idohs" tajd fjkia l%shdldrlï i|yd iqÿiq fõ' tys jy, W¿ j,ska jeiqKq by< ,S mßÈ ielfihs - wdydr msiSu" wdydr .ekSu" jHqyhlska hqla; fõ' jyf,a yevh Y=oaO ksod .ekSu iy OdkH .nvd lsÍu wdÈhhs' ia:dkfha ie,iqug wkqj ie§ we;' mdou fuu ldurj, f;alal fodrj,a mj;sk w;r ljdldr jkafka kï" fla;= wdldr jy,la ms;a;f,ka Tínjd leghï fldg we;' ;ru oel .; yels jk w;r p;=ri%dldr ie,iqula iy jeo.;alu w;ska" f.dvke.s,sj, tlla

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we;af;a kï msróvdldr jy,la olakg we;' jy, ks;ru mdfya nyq ia:Íh jk w;r th uqÿkg hoa§ fukau Wig hoa§ l%ufhka wvqjk m<,lska hqla; fõ' jy, jHdmD;sfha wdk;sh wdrlaIdj ,nk ì;a;sj,g jvd fnfyúka jeä m<,lska hqla;j ieÈfhah' ì;a;s u; we;s uqr,a iy ,S leghï j,g fyd¢ka wdrlaIdj imhhs' Y=oaOia:dkh bÈßmi kuialdr uKavmh msysgqjd we;" by,g ke.S isák p;=ri%dldr fõÈldjla" l=¿Kq mka;shlska iy msróvdldr jy,hlska iukaú; ke.S isà' uKavmfha ;ru ;SrKh jkafka Y=oaO l=àrfha m<, wkqjh' pqÜgqwïn,ï jkq fldaú,a ì;a;s j,ska jgj msysgk m¾hka; jHqyhhs' f;ajdrmqr kï fjk;a ixlS¾Khl foúhka Wfoid msßkuk wdydr msiSu i|yd fjka flf¾' tys msfik wdydr m%idoï hkqfjka ye¢kafjoa§ tajd Nla;su;=ka w;r fnod fokq ,nhs' ieu fldaú,lu Y=oaO fmdl=Kla ;sfnk w;r th idudkH wjia:dj,§ Ndú; flfrkafka mQcljreka úiska muKls' th ikaOHd jkaokï fyda Y=oaO iakdkh hkqfjka yeÈkafõ' foaj m%;sud .Dyh iy uKavmh p;=ri%dldr jHqyhlska jgj iefooa§ th kd,ïn,ï hkqfjka ye¢kafjk w;r RcqfldaKdi%dldr jHqyhla f,i Èia fõ' tys miqmi fldgi pdß;%uh l%shdldrlï i|yd fjka lr we;' bÈßmi fldgi Yd,d

wk.s whqßka leghï l< l,duKav,ï Yd,djla¦ ,S m%;sudjla

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follg fnfok w;r tajd w.%did,d iy l+;=ïn,ï f,i ye¢kafõ' w.%did,dj Ndú; lrkq ,nkafka n%dyauK jxYslhkaf.a odkdÈ lghq;= fjkqfjks' tys pdß;%uh lghq;= bgq lrkq ,nkafka o fõ' l+;=ïn,ï l;l,s" ix.S;uh lghq;= iy wfkl=;a fi!kao¾huh lghq;= i|yd fjkajk rx. Yd,djhs' l+;=ïn,ï" úYd, uKavmhla jk w;r úYd, l=¿Kq

,S leghïj, f;audjka f.k we;af;a mqrdKj,ska iy ,S fndaÜgqj,sks

iys; Wia jy,lska ieÈfha tys uOHh yrh .%y rEmKh;a mrd, iy ia:ïN mqrdKj,ska rx. uKavmh fõ' oDYH iy Y%jH kD:Hdx. .;a ksrEmKj,ska ilia lsÍuo isß;hs' fuys ie,ls,a,g fhduq jk w;r l=¿Kq l+;=ïn,ï tajdfha W;alDIag ,S leghï i|yd ie,iqu Bg iß,k f,i ielisfhah' tksid ckldka; ù ;sfí' ,S leghfï tla lÈu ck;djg lsisÿ ysßyerhlska f;drj rx.k ks¾udKhla jkafka iajdñ n%yau yxihl= wrd oel n,d .ekSfï yelshdj we;' ys¢k wdldrhhs' ;%sfõkaøï wi, lákdl=,ï fldaú,a ks¾udKfha úYsIag Ndjh lshd fldaúf,a uydfoaj wx.kfha ueo isú,sfï th mdk me;slv jkdyS Y=oaO;ajh" ir,Ndjh iy oel.; yelsh' iajNdúl;ajh wjOdrKh lrk wdldrfha fldaú,a ;=<" fmdfydi;a leghïlrKh tlls' fldaú,lg msúiSu u.ska oajdr iy isú,sfï wdrelal=uh wd.ñl mßirfha iajNdúl;ajh fldgiaj, fidhd .; yelsh' meyeÈ,s lrhs' wNHka;rh f;,ska iuyr fldaú,a tajdfha úYsIag flar< msß mykaj,ska wdf,dalu;a leghï i|ydu m%p,s; ù ;sfí' fldaú,lg flfrk w;r wNHka;r yd;ami lúhQ¾ ys uydfoaj fldaú," msúiSu tys bka Y%oaOd iïmkak mßirhla pd;kal=,ka.drdj, krisxy wd.ñl mßirfha njg m;a lrkq ,nhs' fuys iQpl fldaú," ;srej,a,d ys Y%S j,a,N iajNdúl jHqy uQ,slh jkafka ,S yd oejhs' fldaú," ;%smdhd¾ ys Y%S rdud jeo.;alu l=¿Kq" ia:ïN" isú,su" mrd, fldaú," ;%spïnrï ys l%sIaKd meyeÈ,s lr iy l=remd wdÈh leghï l< fldaú, fï w;rg tla jk .ekSug udj;ls oejfhka iefoa' ,o yelsj mj;sk lsysmhla mu‚' wuqøjHj,ska Ndú;h ilid uyd leghï Ys,amS .ekSu taldnoaO;djfha fldgils' fmreï;dpdka ms<sno ckl;d iuqodhla fõ' odreuh l=¿Kq" isú,sï iy ia:ïN wdÈfha Tyq m%ùk f,iska jvq l¾udka;fha iy .Dy leghï ixlS¾K úh yels w;r Ys,amshdf.a ks¾udK Ys,amfha l,dj iy úoHdj m%lg l=i,;d úoyd olajhs' kuialdr uKavmfha lf<ah' Tyqf.a Ys,amSh Ndjfha mßmQ¾KNdjh § odre leghï idudkHfhka oel .; yels l=¿Kq" l=remd iy isú,sï ;=<ska ke.S isákafka w;r wd.ñl mqrdjD;a; j,ska .;a oiqka wo mjd tu fldaú,aj,g wuq;=u Ys,amSh j,ska ì;a;s mqrd ilia fõ' isú,sfï kj .=Khla tl lr we;s ksidfjks'

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Wmydrh

ioaNdù ñksfil=g

flfrk f.!rjh

fcdyekakian¾.a kqjr uyd;aud .dkaêg f.!rj ms‚i mj;ajk ,o jd¾Isl mqKH wruqo,a pdßldj fuu jif¾§ 30 jk idxj;airh i,l=Kq l< w;r ol=Kq wm%sldfõ isg bkaÈhdj n,d .dkaê ishrg meñŒfï 100 jk idxj;airh iurk ,§

od¾Yksl ukqIHfhl=f.a wdOHd;añl m%dfhda.sl nqoaêh uyd;aud .dkaê ;=<ska m%lg jQfha ud¾f.damfoaYl wdf,dalhla f,i Èÿ,ñks' /<s jegqKq uqyqK" ÿ¾j, YÍrh iy wf;a /¢ hIaáh" .dkaêf.a wêIaGdk Yla;sfha iy fkdmiqng W;aidyfha ,l=Kls" wkHhka Wfoid ;u Èúh lem l< mqoa.,fhl=f.a ,laIK iuQyhhs' —uyd;aud wmf.a b;sydifha tald.% fldgila fõ" ta i;Hh iu. mÍlaIKd;aul jkafka fuys§h" hqla;sh iy i;H.%yh o¾Ykhla f,i

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uyd;aud .dkaê f,iska ye| isá ñksfila" wfkl=;a ixpdrlhska iy wm%sldkq mÈxÑlrejka iu." mqKHdOdr pdßldjg iyNd.s jQ whqre

wr.,fha úêl%uh Tyq ixj¾Okh lrkq ,enQfha Tyqf.a wkq.dñlhka rdYshla isá w;r wog;a fuys§h" Tyqf.a pß;fha ia:djr Ndjh m%lg isáhs' fcdyekakian¾.a kqjr .dkaê wkqiaurK lrk ,oafoa fuys§h"— fk,aika uekafv,d jrla mqKHdOdr wruqo,a jd¾Isl pdßldj ixúOdkh mejiSh' ta ol=Kq wm%sldfõ mSg¾ueßÜi¾n¾.a lrk wjia:djg 3000 l muK ckldhla ys§ .dkaê wkqiaurK m%;sudjla iyNd.s ùfuka fuh oDYHudk újD; lrk wjia:djl§ ysgmq úh' md.ukg i;aldr lrk fcdyekakian¾.a ckdêm;sjrhd úiska lrk ,o ,oafoa f,kdishd kd.ßlhkah ys uyd;aud m%ldYhls' uekafv,d .dkaê ^ol=Kq wm%sldfõ .djqfgka.a .dkaê wkqiu a rK wkq.dñlfhl= jQ w;r —i;H.%yh— m<df;a k.rhls" ta m<d; md.ukg 3000 la iy wúysxidj ms<sn| Tyqf.a l<ska bkaÈhdkqjka /ila isá muK ck;djla o¾Ykfha wdNdIh wemd;Sâ kS;shg fmfoils&' wud;Hjreka" udOH tla úh tfrysj Tyq úiska lrk ,o mqoa.,hka" iy rEmrdð‚hka wr.,fha§ Ndú; lrk ,oafoah' mjd fuu uQ,drïNfha fldgia .dkaê úiska ñ,shk .Kkla lrefjda jQy' .dkaê wkq.dñlhka Ôú;j,g wkq.%yh jQ whqre mqÿuhla fkdfõ' fofofkl= .dkaê m%sh l< foda;sfhka ieriS Tyq kS;S{ jD;a;sfha fhÿKq ol=Kq wm%sldfõ iyNd.s úh' fuu wjia:dj .dkaê wkqiaurKfha 30 jk idxj;airh wkqiaurKh l< w;r ol=Kq wm%sldfõ isg ishrg hdfï 100 jk idxj;airh ieuÍuo fuhg wkqnoaOj meje;aú‚' f,fkaishd wi, .dkaê Yd,dj N+ñfha me< folla frdamKh lsÍuo fuys § isÿúh' fuu md.ukg fcdyekakian¾.a k.rdêm;sjrhdf.a wkq.%yh lS¾;sh tla lrk ,o tlla úh' md¾laia gdjq k.rdêm;sjrhd iy bkaÈhdkq uy flduidßiajrhd" reÖ .dkaIshï o Bg tl;= ù isáhy' Bg miqj úfkdaodiajdo fmd<la mj;ajk ,o w;r bkaÈhdkq iy ol=Kq wm%sldkq .S; iy k¾;k tys§ m%o¾Ykh lrk ,§'

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iudf,dapkh

hqo u;lfha

u,a l<Ula

bkaÈhdj iy uyd hqoaOh" m<uqjk f,dal uyd hqoaOfha§ foaYfha odhl;ajh ms<sn| ld,dkqrEm ú.%yhla lrk fmd;a y;l tl;=jla u.ska is;anok iq¿ lshùula iy úia;rd;aul is;shï" PdhdrEm iy Ñ;% u.ska ish igyk w¾:j;a lrhs joka | iqOd fcdaYs

uyd hqoaOfha§ bkaÈhdfõ odhl;ajh ms<sn| l;dj wef.a lS¾;su;a jD;a;dka; igyka ;=< fkdjákd tla msgqjla fyda fkd;sfnhs' wehf.a orejka lS¾;shla rys;j igka fkdl<y" iEu bÈßfm<l§u tfia úh" Y%Su;a fpïiaf*daâ jrla igyka lf<ah' Tyq m<uq f,dal hqoaOh weÿKq iufha§ bkaÈhdfõ m%;srdchd úh' 1921 Tyqf.a ks,ld,h ;=< uyd hqoaOfha § bkaÈhdfõ odhl;ajh wduka;%Kh lrk ,o igykls th' fldkakaÜ ys wdÈmdojrhdf.a iïm%dma;sh;a iu.ska iuia; bka§h hqo iaudrlhg uq,a., msysgqùu lrk ,§' iaudrlh isgqùug kshñ; jk w;r ;ju th bm§ f.k tk jhfia h" bkaÈhdkq oajdrh fõ - wkd.; bkaÈhdfõ jvd;a ksrEmKd;aul jHqyhla f,i ia:djrj ke.S isákakg yels jk mßÈ th ie,iqï lr l%shd;aul lrjkq we;' ì%;dkH bkaÈhdkq

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yuqodj fjkqfjka Èú ms¥ oyia .Kkla yereKq wdldrh úysod fmkajkq we;' tla tla bkaÈhdkq fid,aodÿjka wkqiaurKh lsÍug th fj¿fï is;shï" PdhdrEm" iy Ñ;% fukau hqo ke.S isákq we;s w;r tys ì;a;s u; 13300 la fufyhqu ms<sn| idOluh lreKq wvx.= fõ' fin¿kaf.a kï leghï flfrkq we;' m%xYh iy *a,Ekav¾ia fuu fmd;a fmf<a bkaÈhdj iy uyd hqoaOh m<uqjekak njg w;HjYHfhkau fuu ñksiqkaf.a wm%lg l;dj m;a fõ" o< úYaf,aIKhlska fjkqfjka fiajh lrkq we;' miqj" bkaÈhdkq n,ldhhka" tla tla ta m<uq f,dal hqoaOfha§ ish Bðma;=j n,d uQ,slj hejqKq nj fj¿fï is;shï" kdhlhka fjkqfjka igka ìug fkdi,ld yer" m%xYhg hejqKq PdhdrEm" iy msúis ;u ud;DN+ñh fmrg ;nd w;r bka Èk lsysmhl§ 1914 § hqo fufyhqï lghq;= l< iy Èú ms¥ oyia hqoaOh m%ldYhg m;a lsÍu isÿ úh' ms<sn| idOluh .Kklf.a l;djhs' ¨‍Üfykaf.a úia;r l:kh fndfyda fmd;aj, f;dr;=re bÈlsÍï ks¾udKhg fkdyiqjQ hï iudk iajrEmhla .kakd w;r wvx.= fõ lS¾;shla fõo fuu l;dj fuu tla tla fmfoiaj, ia:dk.; fmd;a tl;=fõ y~ ;=<ska ;u flreKq rdcH n,ld tall ms<sn| ia:dkh igyka lrkq we;' fmd;a msxp y;la ,ehsia;=jla fy,sorõ lrhs' fid,aodÿjka f,i fn§ we;s fuu tl;=fõ" Wmdh ud¾.sl" úiska Èkd .;a ks¾NS;Ndjh ms<sn| iïudk wr.,uh" mrdch iy ch.%yKh ms<sn| iy hqo f.!rj" fukau ;=jd, ,;a ks,hkaf.a bkaÈhdkq fin<df.a l;dj hqoaOfha§ È. ,ehsia;=jla o fy,s lrhs' 1$6 .¾ld rhs*,a - 1915 wf.daia;= 9 Èk idß fnhd¾ ys§ uia;lm%dma;sh

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iudf,dapkh

jfï isg Trf,daiq uqyqKf;a Èidjg( m%xYfha tiafghd¾ ys§ 39 jk .d¾jd,sia ys§ bkaÈhdkq ks,OdÍka¦ lshqßka ys ájdkd fy,a, iys; fydÜlsia ueIska ;=jlal= fldgfia 18 jk we‚h¦ fn,aðhfï úÜfp,Ü ys§ uelaisï ueIska ;=jlal=j iy mkacdì uqi,audka iud.u 57 ú,afâ rhs*,h ia:dk.; lrhs-Idudâ ldka

BÔma;=j iy m,ia;Skh" fuifmdf;añhdj iy kef.kysr wm%sldj" fjkqfjka fjka ù we;s fmd;a j,ska" ms<sfj,ska ld, mßÉfPofha wod<;ajh iy bkaÈhdkq fid,aodÿjkaf.a odhl;ajh úoyd olajhs' ls,d*d;a jHdmdrh uqia,suqkaf.a mlaImd; Ndjh w.h l< wka;¾cd;sl kHdh m;%hla jQ w;r wdmiq ishrg meñ‚ wh isysm;a lsÍug msgq fjka lrhs' fuu.ska Wmdh ud¾.sl .eg¿ fya;=fjka isÿ jQ ;=jd, iy ÿ¾j, ikaksfõokh fya;=fjka iy yuqodj iy wdhqO ysÕlu ksid isÿ jQ .e,sfmda,sh mrdch ms<sn| igykla ;nhs' fuu m%ia;=;hg iïnkaO bkaÈhdkq rdcH yuqod iy bkaÈhdkq l=ur m%dka;j, Nghka ì%;dkHh iu. wjfndaOd;aul ;;a;ajhlg t<UqKq w;r cd;sl foaY iSud wdrlaId lsÍu i|yd tu we‚ hjk ,o mqj; jd¾;d lrhs' m<uq f,dal hqoaOh È. yereKq jydu" kùk wdhqO iy hdka;%sl ;=jlal= yeisrùfï Tjqkf.a wld¾hlaIu;dj fkdi,ld yer" fuu n, we‚ ì%;dkH rch fj; msßkuk ,o w;r úfoaYj, fiajfha fhdojk ,§' hqfrdamfha" ueo fmrÈ. iy wm%sldfõ wêrdcH fiajhg fhdojk ,o uydrdcdjrekaf.a kï iy wYajdfrdayl Nghkaf.a kï úia;r lsÍug fmd;a fm< bÈßhg

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by<( .e,sfmda,s ys§ bkaÈhdkq iy wekaiela fldg¿ Odjlhla¦ my<( wÕ,a 6 ;=jlal= we‚hla 1918 ckjdß 5 od fyagqï .%yKhg f.k wdmiq frdfndaÜ lrd meñK fIhsla T;audka fj; jd¾;d lsÍu

wähla ;nhs' 1914-1918 ld,fha fiajfha ksr; bkaÈhdkq m%;srdchka m<uq f,dal hqoaOfha§ bkaÈhdkq fin¿ka m%lg l< ks¾NS; Ndjh uy;a fia w.h l<y' bkaÈhdkq yuqodjg msßkeuqKq úlafgdaßhd l=reish molalï 18 lska 11 lau msßkeuqfKa fin¿ka oelajQ oialï iïnkaOfhks' ks¾NS; Ndjh fjkqfjka msßkeuqKq molalï ^tl;=j 9200 ls& j,ska iïudkhg m;a yuqod Nghka fjkqfjka bvï iy úY%du jegqma msßkuk ,§' th wêrdcH f,aLk iy ixrlaIs; w;r ieÈ f;dr;=rej,ska .;a uydk¾>

tl;=jla f,i ye¢kaúh yelsh' oeka th bkaÈhdkq b;sydifha fldgila njg m;aù yudrh' f,dal hqoaO idxj;airh wkqiaurK jHdmD;sfha bkaÈhdkq yuqodfõ iy úfoaY lghq;= wud;HdxYfha taldnoaO m%h;akfha fldgila f,i" fuu fmd;a tl;=j hqoaOh wjidk jQ jydu bkaÈhdkq Wm uydoaùmh uqyqK ÿka ;;a;ajh b;sydi.; lsÍug wfmalaId lrhs' ksoyia wr.,fha ú;a;s" 1947 § bkaÈhdj ksoyi ,eîfuka wjika jQ whqre meyeÈ,s lsÍug tys ksl=;=jla fjka flfrkq we;'

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iudf,dapkh

f,dalfha ckm%sh;u

idl,Hjd§ fi!LH mßph

fhda. - iajNdjO¾uh iu. tluq;=j - úfoaY lghq;= wud;HdxYfha bÈßm;a lsÍula jk ñks;a;= 25 la mqrd Èfjk jd¾;d Ñ;%mgh" fhda. j, f.da,Sh uÜgug <Õd ùu iy jvd;a iunr iy tluq;= lñka msß fmdf<da ;,hla ìys lsÍug tu.ska fy,s fmfy<s jk udj; m%o¾Ykh lsÍu ms<sn|j l;d lrhs joka | fkydßld ud;+¾ isxyd

foieïn¾ 11 jk od" fuu fhdackdj iïu; jQ w;r mka;s" f.da;%" j¾." wd.ï" ckj¾." ixialD;sl tlai;a cd;Skaf.a iïfï,khg wh;a rgj,a 177 l iy NdId fNao j<lajd,ñka" wo fhda. f.da,Sh cd;Ska thg wkql+,;dj oelaùh' jYfhka fNao rys; ms<s.ekSulg n÷ka ù we;' rdcd ñks;a;= 25 la mqrd l:d flfrk fp!oaÍf.a fhda. jd¾;d Ñ;%mgh fuu jd¾;d Ñ;%mgh f,dalh mqrd fhda. - iajNdjO¾uh iu. tluq;=j fhda. mqreÿ mqyqKq lrk whqre úiauh úfoaY lghq;= wud;HdxYfha iyfhda. m<uq f.da,Sh fhda. okjk wkaoñka oelaùug iu;a fjhs' fhka ksmojQ jd¾;d Ñ;%mgh" fuu ud¾f.damfoaYlh" miqìfuys foaYSh ix.S;fha wkq.%yh fmdfrdkaÿ idOlh Woa§mkh lrk î fla tia fuhg ,l=Kq tl;= lrñka noaO w;r 2015 cqks 21 jk Èkg fhfok bfhka.¾f.a fhda. fjhs' WodyrKhla jYfhka" iajNdj fhda. ms<sn| cd;Hka;r Èkh wdf,dalh ms<sn| O¾uh iu. tluq;=j ms<sn| fhda. iurkq ,nhs' idlÉPdjg .kshs i;= wdl,amh isf;ys ;nd .ksñka" th 2014 iema;eïn¾ 27 Èk m<uq iQ¾h n,Yla;s u; hefmk tlai;a cd;Skaf.a uyd uKav,h wu;d .=jkahdkfha kshuqjka ks;sm;d fhda. wNHdij, lrk ,o kf¾kaø fudaä w.%dud;H;=udf.a l:dj fhfok whqre olajk miqrejla wvx.= lrhs' Wmqgd olajñka wdrïN flf¾' tys§ Tyq uQ,slj ldka;djka fhda. i|yd Wkkaÿjkakka fkdjkafka fhda. ms<sn| cd;Hka;r Èkh fhdackd lrhs' 2014

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jd¾;d Ñ;%mgfha oiqka

fi!LHh jeäÈhqKq lrkafka flfiao hkak iy hhs oelafjk idïm%odhsl úYajdihg úixjd§j fud<h iïnkaOfhka fhda. l%h s d lrk wdldrh hñka Ökfha .¾NŒ ldka;djka fhda. wNHdij, ms<n s | NIMHANS wOHhkhla iy fhda. mqreÿ kshef,k whqre iy by< iyNd.s;ajh fya;=fjka mqyK q q lsÍug wdrïN lsÍfuka miqj fud<fha úúO .skia jd¾;djg ysñlï lshk whqre olajhs' Ñ;%mgh fldgia fjkia jkakg mgka .kakd wdldrh Tng u.ska brdkfha iy Bðma;=fõ ldka;djka fhda. tkhska olajd isáhs' mqreÿ mqyqKq lrk whqre m%o¾Ykh lrhs" wjxlj fp!oaÍ fuu mßph ms<sn| wE; pdßldjlg Tn l;d lrkafka kï" fï yd ne¢ ñ;Hd úYajdi f.k hhs' f,dal uÜgfï ksfïIhka ms<sn|jo Ñ;%mgh l;d lrhs' /ila isyshg kxjk Tyq" ksõfhdala m%:u f.da,h S fhda. ys ghsïia p;=ri%fha fhda. yeoEÍu" ud¾f.damfoaYlh" î fla tia bfhka.¾ ydjâ úYaj nqjfkdaia wh¾ia ys tflda fhda. f.a fhda. wdf,dalh fmd; ^NdId y;lg úoHd,h jeks WoHdkh" flkahdfõ wm%sldkq fhda. mßj¾;kh lr we;& ms<n s |jo idlÉPd kdhl wOHhk jHdmD;sh" iy lhsfrda ys fhda. flfrhs' jd¾;d Ñ;%mgh u.ska ñks;; a = wdh;kj,ska ud;dð .=rel=,a .ek l;d lrhs' 25 la ;=< § jqj;a È.= .ukla Tn /f.k flreKq wOHhk j¾;udkfha f.da,Sh jYfhka fhda. hhs' idriaj;S bkaÿ ksïkfha§ fhda. .Kkdjla fõ úoHdfõ ke.Su flfia isÿ jkafkao ìysùu iu.ska wdrïN flfrk fuu hkak .ek ish¨‍u idlaIs f.dkq .uk W;a;¾ldkaoa ys .x.d kÈfha lrk thska jvd;a iunr Ôú;hlg thska jdishla bjqf¾ ßYsflaya ys wka;¾cd;sl fhda. W;aijh flfia isÿ jkafkao hkak .ek ish¨‍u idlaIs .ek l;d lrkakg ld,h ñvx.= lrhs' th ieu f.dkq lrk thska jvd;a iunr Ôú;hlg tluq;= jirl§u fmnrjdßfha rgj,a 50 l iyNd.slhkaf.a fmdf<da ;,hlg udj;a újr lrk whqre ú.%y idlaIs iys;j ieuf¾' wk;=rej kdhl;ajh ork lrhs' fuu f,dal jHdma; idl,Hjd§ fi!LH wOHdmksl wdh;kj,ska bÈßm;a flfrk úúO mßpfhka m%;sM, fk,d .; yelafla flfiao wOHhk j,ska th yev fjhs' ta w;rg ydjâ úYaj hkak wmg fmkajd fokakg th iu;a fjhs' úoHd,h bÈßm;a lrk fhda. u.ska Tnf.a È.= ld,Sk

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W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

ixjdoh

idkshd ñ¾id ;u kug bÈßfhka .%Ekaâ ia,Eï f.!rjhla igyka lr .;a m<uq bkaÈhdkq ldka;dj fõ

bkaÈhd o¾Yk

n

88

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cQ,s-wf.daia;= 2015

fgksia j,g Wmka

wdorh fjkqfjka

idkshd ñ¾id f,dal fY%a‚.; lsÍfï§ wxl 1 w;alr .;a tlu bkaÈhdkq ldka;dj fõ joka | wïß;amd,a ljq¾

l%Svdj jD;a;shla jYfhka ms<s.ekSug ,la ùug w;r fnda,h jÈk úg oefkk yeÕSu ri úkaod' bkaÈhdj ;=< ld,hla .; jQ w;r fgksia th udj bÈßhg f.k .shd"— idkshd mjihs' i|yd jH;sf¾lS wjia:djla t<U fkdwdfhah' weh lsisÈkl wdmiq ne¨‍fõ ke;' uQ,sl fuu l%Svdj ;ju;a .%Ekaâ ia,Eï flaj, ;rÕ ojiaj, idkshd wehf.a l=i,;djh m%o¾Ykh ch.%dysldj fjkqfjka fmdfrd;a;= fjhs' l< w;r 2003 § w,sid laf,andfkdajd iu. flfiafj;;a" foaYh i;=j hq., Y+r;dj mej;sfha l‚IaG úïn,avka hq., Y+r;dj Èkd .ekSug 1997 § mgkah' fuu wjia:djg <Õd jQ fgksia iu;a jQjdh' weh lsisÿ flaj, Y+r;djla Èkd l%Svlhkaf.a ixLHdj ;=kla muKla úh' fkdisá wjÈfha§ 2005 § yhsødndoa ys l=i,dkh 28 yeúßÈ bkaÈhdkq ldka;dj fgksia is;shu Èkd .ekSu úfYaI wjia:djla úh' weh tlu ;=< igykla ;nñka 2007 § flaj, fY%a‚.; ch.%dysldj fjñka ví,sõ à ta Y+r;d ;rÕj,§ lsÍï j, 27 jeks ia:dkhg meñŒug fmrd;=j fojk ia:dkhg meñ‚hdh' uqÿka 50 fokd ii, lrñka ld,hla flfiafj;;a" weh 40 j;djla f.jQ w;r oeka hq., fY%a‚.;fha hq., wjika ;rÕhg meñ‚ w;r wxl 1 g ióm jkakg jrï Èkd 26 j;djla Y+r;d l=i,dk Èkd weh 40 j;djla isà' weh .%Ekaâ ia,Eï Y+r;djla .;a;dh' ;=jd, ùï fya;=fjka hq., wjidk ;u ku bÈßfhka igyka lrkakg lmd yßkakg isÿ jQ flaj, Y+r;d ;rÕhg f;areKq iu;a jQ m<uq bkaÈhdkq ldka;dj ms<sn|j fgksia ;drldj lk.dgq w;r bka 26 fjhs' weh tfukau ví,sõ à ta fkdfõ' —ieu l%Svdjlau i;=j j;djla Y+r;d Y+r;dj Èkd .;a m<uq bkaÈhdkq tys by< iy my< ;;a;ajhka l=i,dk Èkd ldka;dj jk w;r .%Ekaâ ia,Eï ;sfnkjd" uu jir y;lg jvd .;a;dh ;rÕdj,shl m%;sM, w;alr .;a m<uq f,dal fY%a‚.;h ;=< uqÿka ishhg jekaksho jkakSh' <Õd ù ;sfnkjd" y;r wjqreoaola —f,dalfha fY%a‚ w;r wxl 1 g meñfKkakg we;=,; ie;alï ;=kla iys;j 27 jk ia:dkhg jrï ,eîu iuyr úg ix.; ld¾h idOkhl meñŒug ,eîu;a chla' fjk;a lsisÿ bkaÈhdkq ks, ;yjqrejla fõ' th Wiiau uÜgfï tlls"— ldka;djla uqÿka 100 fokd w;rg we;=,;a ;u ld¾hh ld,h w;r;=r ie;alï ;=klg n÷ka fkdùfuka meyeÈ,s jkafka fuu l%Svdj fld;rï jQ yhsødndoa jdish mjihs' ;rÕldÍ tlla o hkakhs' Y;lhla iy ld,la —ug hka;ï yhla jk úg uu yhsødndoa j, jk bkaÈhdkq fgksia jxY l;dfõ fl;rï iudchlg ne£ msyskSu m%.=K l<d" ug fgksia wiSre b,lalhla lrd weh <Õd ùo hkak fuhska msáhg udrejkakg isÿ jqKd' fuu l%Svdj úiska meyeÈ,shs' uQ,sl jYfhka" ug flaj, ;rÕ j,ska udj fmd<Ujd .;a w;r ta wjia:dfõ uu th ñ§ug wjYH fkdjqKq w;r YdÍßl jYfhka ud l%Svd lrkakg mgka .;a;d" uu ms;af;a ;ka;= hym;a ;;a;ajhlg m;a jqKd"— weh lshhs'

cQ,s-wf.daia;= 2015

n

89

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W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

ixjdoh

uqÿfka isg Trf,daiq uqyqKf;a Èidjg( idkshd ñ¾id keÉ nd,sfha 5 iy iajdñ mqreIhd jk fidydhsí u,sla iu.¦ ñY% hq., fgksia biõfõ rka molalu Èkd .ekSfuka wk;=rej idfla;a ñfkahs bkaÈhdkq ff;%j¾K ord isáñka¦ ñhdñ újD; ;rÕdj,sh Èkd .ekSfuka miqj idkshd ñ¾id iy udßhd ysÕskaia

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—uu we;a; jYfhkau .eUqßka iEySulg m;a úis y;r mefha mqj;a kd,sld" ckm%sh pß;hlg fjkjd ud flaj, ;rÕj,§ w;alr f.k we;s tajdhska ñ§ úixjdo rys;j isàug bv fokafka ;;a;ajh .ek" ug tu ;=jd, isÿ fkdjqKd keye' hful=g tajd iu. ix.;j ixjdofha kï ^oKysia foflau iy ue‚la lgqfõ& th fhfokakg b,lalhla we;sj isákakg isÿ fjkia jkakg bv ;snqKd' ug ysf;kjd uu fjkjd— weh ikaiqka f,i mjihs' flaj, ;rÕj,ska uqÿka 10 fokd w;rg meñK wef.a ld¾h Ndrh we;=,;" wehj jeählau ;sfnk nj" kuq;a Tng brKu mqyqKq lrjkq ,enqfõ wef.a mshd iu. újdo lrkakg neye'— weh úisks' Tyq bïrdka' Tyq fkdue;sj;a weh ví,sõ à idOdrŒlrKhl idkshd fuh meyeÈ,sj l<d" iuyr ta Y+r;dj Èkd fhfohs' úg Tyqf.a iydh wehg fï w;alr .;a m<uqjekaksh weh ueÈy;a jqKq .ekSï i|yd Wmldr jkakg we;s' jk w;r .%Ekaâ ixjdoj, wvqjla jqfKa —Tyq mshdf.a N+ñldj uekúka bgq ia,Eï Y+r;djla keye' weh flá idhla l<d" ud¾f.damfoaYlfhl= fuka" ÈkQ m<uq we| uE;l§ ìysjqKq mqyqKq lrefjl= fuka" ñ;=frl= jekaksho fõ f;,Õkd m%dka;fha fuka" WmfoaYlfhl= fuka úYd, ;dkdm;sjßhl f,i ld¾h Ndrhla bgq l<d" Tyq iudc m;aùu ksid" weh miqmi uÜgfï fgksia l%Svlfhla" Tyq úixjdo .,d wdfhah' flfiafj;;a" ldg;a jvd fyd¢ka udj f;areï .;a;d" Tyq fïjdhska is;a wi;=gg m;a fkdùug ug Wmdh ud¾.j, mqyqKq ùug Wmldr l<d" idkshd wÈgka lr .;a;dh' —wo ;dlaI‚l .eg¿j,ska ñ§ug Wmldr l<d'— ojfia wêl f,i ;rÕldÍ f,dalfha weh mjihs'

bkaÈhd o¾Yk

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90

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cQ,s-wf.daia;= 2015

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