India perspectives july august'15 tamil by Indian Diplomacy

n a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

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a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

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CIN No: U22229DL2006PTC152087 fUj;J my;yJ Nfs;tpfspw;F:

indiaperspectives@maxposure.in Nfs;tpfspw;F | MMGIPL njh: +91.11.43011111 njhiyefy;: +91.11.43011199 www.maxposure.in

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177 NATIONS CO-SPONSOR THE UN RESOLUTION TO DECLARE INTERNATIONAL DAY OF YOGA NORTH AMERICA (24)

EUROPE (42)

SOUTH AMERICA (12) ASIA (39)

AFRICA (47)

Map not to scale

AUSTRALIA(12)

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a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

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Ma;Tg; gazk;

jz;zPupd;

kPJ nrhFR

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nrhFR Mw;Wf; fg;gy

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a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

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a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

Ma;Tg; gazk;

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gpuk;kGj;jpuh ejp flYyh

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a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

tyQ;Ropahf Nky; ,lJ Gwk;: fg;gy; Nkw;wsj;jpYs;s Xa;T miwg; gFjp@ uhk;efH Nfhl;ilapd; Kw;wk;@ khndupy; cs;s Rgp fy;yiw@ rh`p Fapyh my;yJ [hd;g+H Nfhl;il@ ghl;dhguhf;fh fg;gypypUe;J ntl;lg;gl;l Jz;L@ rHehj;jpy; cs;s cgfhukspf;fg;gl;l J}gpfs;

a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

Ma;Tg; gazk;

,e;jpa juprdk;

a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

,lJ gf;fk; Nehf;Fk; Nky; ,ljpypUe;J ,lQ;Ropahf: ghl;dhtpypUe;J guhf;fh tiuapyhd glFg; gazj;jpd; NghJ vLf;fg;gl;l glq;fs;@ Rdhupy; cs;s gioa Kfyhaf; fy;yiw@ thuzhrpapd; kiytopfs;@ fg;gy; kPJs;s ntapy;gLk; jpwe;j ntsp (rz;nlf;)@ Nrhdpg;g+H fhy;eilf; fz;fhl;rp@ ghl;dh-guhf;fh fg;gy; gazj;jpd; Nghija fhl;rp@ rHtNjr Rw;Wyh gazpfshy; fnkuh g+l;lg;gl;bUj;jy;

a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

Ma;Tg; gazk;

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,e;jpa juprdk;

a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

kf;fspd; tho;tpy; xU Kf;fpakhd gq;if tfpf;ftpy;iy. ,e;jpa ehfupfq;fs; mbg;gilapy; vz;zw;w khw;wq;fisf; fz;Ls;sd kw;Wk; ,J Nghd;w tpe;ijfspy; Gdpj ejp xU rhl;rpahf jpfo;fpwJ. fq;ifapy; gazpaH fg;gy;fs; cj;jug; gpuNjrj;jpy; thuzhrpapypUe;J njhlq;fp> Kfyha fhyj;jpypUe;j #dh Nfhl;ilapypUe;J gpupj;jhdpa fhyj;J fy;yiw tiu nry;Yk; topia Nkw;nfhz;L> gpd;dH kfhuh[h muz;kidiag; ghHf;fr; nry;tjw;F uhk;efUf;Fr; nrd;W kw;Wk; fq;fh Muj;jpAld; nrhHgf;fhythrj;jpd; cr;repiyia milAk;. gPfhH Nehf;fpa gazk; vd;why;> ngsj;j jykhd rhuehj;> nrH rh #upapd; rruhk; Nfhl;il kw;Wk; g+f;]H Nghd;wtw;wpw;Fr; nry;yyhk;. gPfhupy;> Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; ehye;jh my;yJ Gj;j fhahtpw;F xU ehs; gazk; jpl;lkplyhk;. ,e;jpa cs;ehl;L ePHtop Mizak;> mLj;j tUlj;jpypUe;J NkYk; epiwa fg;gy;fis ,af;fj; jpl;lkpl;bUf;fpwJ. $Ljyhf> ,t;tif flw; gazq;fs; eghl;tpg; (irj;dpa kfhgpuGtpw;F gpugykhdtH)> re;jd;ehFupy; gpuQ;R fyhr;rhuj;ij nkUNfw;Wjy; kw;Wk; gioa fhydpj;Jtk;> nfhy;fj;jh> jrpNd];tH> NgY}H> khahGup> KHrpjhghj; (mjd; Kfyha muz;kidfs;> mUq;fhl;rpafq;fs; kw;Wk; k#jpfs;> uh[kfhy; Kjypatw;Wld;) Kjypatw;wpd; Clhfr; nry;Yk;. nkhj;jj;jpy; RkhH 1>200 fp.kP. ePsKs;s ,g;gpuahzk; fyhr;rhu kw;Wk; tuyhw;W Kd;dpfo;Tfis mDgtpf;Fk; tha;gi ; g Kd;dhy; epWj;JfpwJ. Mw;Wg; gLf;iffs; fhl;Lg;gd;wp> Fs;seup> ngq;fhy; eup> fhl;Lg; g+id> uPr]; Fl;il thy; Fuq;Ffs;> rhk;gy; rpq;fthy; Fuq;Ffs;> ePy vUjp kw;Wk; fiykhd; Kjypia cs;s jsj;ijg; ghHf;f cWjp $Wfpd;wd> ,e;jf; fhy;thNa kPd>; nkd;ikahd ,e;jpa ePH eha;fs;> Mw;W Mikfs;> Mikfs; kw;Wk; ejp nlhy;gpd;fs; Nghd;w 90-f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ,dq;fs; jq;Fkplkhf mikfpwJ.

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a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

Kd;Ndw;wk;

efuq;fis epiykhw;WtJ>

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,e;jpa juprdk;

a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

cyf rdj;njhif tsHr;rpapd; epjhdkhd Ntfk;> efHg;Gwq;fis Nehf;fpr; FbngaHjy; njhlHGilaJ> Kd;dzp epGzHfs; cyfpd; efHg;Gw rdj; njhif 2050 Mk; Mz;by; ,ul;bg;ghFk; vdf; fzpj;Js;sdH. ,e;jpahtpy;> cyfshtpa nkhj;j rdj; njhifapy; jw;Nghija efHg;Gw rdj; njhif 31 rjtPjk; kw;Wk; ehl;bd; 60 rjtPjj;jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l xl;Lnkhj;j cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jpiag; gq;fspf;fpwJ. nghUshjhu tsHr;rpapd; Xl;LeHfs; vd efuq;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd. 2030-,y; ehd;fpy; %d;W ,e;jpaHfs; efuq;fspy; tho;tH. ngupa mstpy; efukakhf;fy; efuq;fspd; tUifia epHtfpf;f xU rkhspf;Fk;

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a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

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Kd;Ndw;wk;

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a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

•r pwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju msT efuq;fspy; mjpfgl;r gpuahz Neuk; 30 epkplq;fs; kw;Wk; efug;Gwq;fspy; 45 epkplq;fs;. • 1 0 kPw;wiu tpl mfykhd thfdg;ghijAs;s (epiu ,y;iy) rfy njUf;fspYk; 2 kPw;wH my;yJ mjpf mfyKs;s> xt;nthU jpirapYk; xd;W vd mHg;gzpf;fg;gl;l kw;Wk; gFjpahfg; gpupf;fg;gl;l Jtpr;rf;futz;bg; ghijfs; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. •f l;llg; gug;gpy; xU n`f;uaUf;F 175-f;F Nkw;gl;l egHfs; trpf;Fk; rfy gFjpfspYk; 800 kPw;wUf;Fs; caH juk; kw;Wk; caH mjpHntz; ntFrd Nghf;Ftuj;J (10-15 epkplk; elf;Fk; J}uk;) ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. •C dKs;stHfis Vw;wp ,wf;Fk; Nrit (guhl;uhd;rpw;) 300 kPw;wH eil J}uj;jpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

kpd;rhuk; • 1 00% tPLfspYk; kpd;rhu ,izg;G. • 2 4x7 kpd;rhuk; toq;fy;. • 1 00% kpd;rhu tpepNahfKk; mstplg;gly;. • 1 00% nryT kPl;ly;. •f opT Fiwg;gij Nehf;fp Ntiy nra;Ak; fl;lz mLf;Ffs;.

Rfhjhu trjpfs; • 1 00% FbapUg;ghsHfSf;Fk; cldb kUe;J trjpfs; ,Uj;jy;. • 3 0 epkpl mtru kWnkhop Neuk;. •x t;nthU 15>000 Fbkf;fSf;Fk; 1 kUe;jfk;. •i tj;jparhiy> Nra; eyk; kw;Wk; kfg;NgW ikak; - xU ,yl;rk; rdj;njhiff;F 25 njhlf;fk; 30 gLf;iffs;. •, ilepiy itj;jparhiyapy; (gpupT B) - xU ,yl;rk; rdj;njhiff;F 80 gLf;iffs;. •, ilepiy itj;jparhiyapy; (gpupT A) - xU ,yl;rk; rdj;njhiff;F 200 gLf;iffs;. •g y rpwg;G itj;jparhiyfs; - xU ,yl;rk; rdj;njhiff;F 200 gLf;iffs;. •n ghJ itj;jparhiy - xU ,yl;rk; rdj;njhiff;F 500 gLf;iffs;.

njhiyNgrp ,izg;Gfs; • 1 00% tPLfspy; ifalf;fj; njhiyNgrp cl;gl njhiyNgrp ,izg;G ,Uj;jy;.

,lk;rhH jpl;lkply;

fopTePH kw;Wk; Rfhjhuk;;

•r py;yiw tpahghuk;> g+q;fhf;fs;> ghyH ghlrhiyfs; kw;Wk; nghOJNghf;Fg; gFjpfs; Kjypa md;whl Njitfs; 95% trpg;gplq;fspypUe;J 400 kPw;wH eil J}uj;jpw;Fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. •N tiytha;g;G kw;Wk; nghJ kw;Wk; epWtd Nritfis 95% tjptplq;fs; mZFk; tpjj;jpy; nghJg; Nghf;Ftuj;J my;yJ Jtpr;rf;futz;b my;yJ ele;J nry;Yk; J}uk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

• 1 00% tPLfspYk; kyry$lq;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. • 1 00% ghlrhiyfspYk; ngz;fSf;F jdp kyry$lq;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. • 1 00% tPLfSk; fopT ePH tiyaikg;gpy; ,izf;f Ntz;Lk;. •N rfupg;G kw;Wk; fopT ePH rpfpr;irapy; 100% nray;jpwd;. • 1 fopTePH Nrfupg;gpy; 100% nray;jpwd;.

jpz;kf; fopT Kfhikj;Jtk; • 1 00% tPLfSk; md;whl tPl;L thry; Nrfupg;G mikg;gpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. • 1 00% efuhl;rpj; jpz;kf; fopT Nrfupj;jy;. • 1 00% jpz;kf; fopitAk; kWRow;rp nra;jy;.

fy;tp Muk;gepiy njhlf;fk; ,uz;lhk; epiy fy;tp •x t;nthU 2>500 FbapUg;ghsHfSf;Fk; xU ghyH ghlrhiy / Muk;gg; ghlrhiy. •x t;nthU 5>000 FbapUg;ghsUf;Fk; fdp\;l ghlrhiy (tFg;G 1 njhlf;fk; 5 tiu). •x t;nthU 7>500 FbapUg;ghsHfSf;Fk; rpNu\;l ghlrhiy (tFg;G 6 njhlf;fk; 12). •x t;nthU ,yl;rk; rdj;njhiff;Fk; xUq;fpize;j ghlrhiy (tFg;G 1 njhlf;fk; 12).

ePH toq;fy; • 2 4 x 7 jz;zPH toq;fy;. •N eub ePH tpepNahfj;Jld; 100% tPLfs;. •j yh 135 yPw;wH ePH toq;fy;. •e PH ,izg;Gfis 100% mstpLjy;. •e PH njhlHghd fl;lzq;fisr; Nrfupg;gjpy; 100% nray;jpwd;.

Gay; ePH tbfhy; •G ay; ePH tbfhy; tiyaikg;igf; nfhz;l 100% rhiy tiyaikg;G. •x U tUlj;jpy; nts;sg; ngUf;fhy; NeUk; rk;gtq;fis KiwapLk; kjpg;gPl;L vz;zpf;if = g+r;rpak;. • 1 00% kioePH Nrfupg;G.

Wi-Fi ,izg;G • 1 00% wi-fi ,izg;G. • 1 00 Mbps ,iza Ntfk;.

caH fy;tp •x t;nthU 1.25 yl;rk; rdj;njhiff;Fk; xU fy;Y}up. •g y;fiyf;fofk;. • 1 0 yl;rk; rdj;njhiff;Fk; xU njhopy;El;g fy;tp ikak;. • 1 0 yl;rk; rdj;njhiff;Fk; nghwpapay; fy;Y}up. • 1 0 yl;rk; rdj;njhiff;Fk; kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}up. • 1 0 yl;rk; rdj;njhiff;Fk; kw;w njhopy; fy;Y}up.

jPaizg;G • 2 yl;rk; kf;fs; my;yJ 5-7 fp.kP. Rw;Wtl;lhuj;jpw;F 1 jPaizg;G epiyak;. • 3 -4 fpkP Rw;Wtl;lhuj;jpw;F 1 cg jPaizg;G epiyak;.

kw;wit •m idj;J JiwfspYk; GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f Mw;wypd; gad;ghL. •m idj;J nghJ> epWtdk; kw;Wk; tpahghuf; fl;blq;fs; mj;Jld; gytrjpkpf;f FbapUg;G tPLfspy; $iu #upa kpd;gpwg;ghf;fpfs;. •g Rikf; fl;ll tpjpKiwfis gpd;gw;Wjy;.

a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

Kd;Ndw;wk;

GIFT

xU epjp ikakhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;W cWjpaspj;Js;sJ. NkYk; ,e;jpahtpd; nrhe;j epjpj; jiyefukhd Kk;igAld; Nghl;bapLtij ,yf;fhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ

njhopy;El;g-efuk; (GIFT)> etPd epyj;jb ikf;Nuhnrh/g;w>; IBM kw;Wk; rp];Nfh cl;fl;Lkhdk; kw;Wk; ,U mYtyfj; Nghd;w epWtdq;fspy; ,Ue;J cjtpngw;W njhFjpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ> NkYk; xU Vw;fdNt ,e;j kfj;jhd mgptpUj;jpg; gzp jpl;lkpl;l ngUefuq;fSf;fhd ,lKk; Muk;gpj;Jtpl;lJ. mikf;fg;glTs;sJ> ,q;F Fb ePH> jhdpaf;f rkPgj;jpy;> Nkw;F tq;f Kjy;tH fopT Nrfupg;G kw;Wk; mHg;gzpf;fg;gl;l jpUkjp kk;jh ghdH[p jd; murhq;fk; kpd;rhu toq;fy; midj;J etPd trjpfSldhd Kjypait %yk; KOik xOf;fkhd tho;fi ; fia NrHf;fg;glTs;sJ. GIFT tho khepyj;jpy; VO fk;guP kj;jpa muR> xU epjp ikakhf ,Uf;Fk; efuq;fis cUthf;Fk; vd;W mLj;j Ie;J vd;W cWjpaspj;Js;sJ. gfpHe;Jnfhz;lhH. ,e;jf; fk;guP tUlq;fspy; mNjhL> ,e;jpahtpd; nrhe;j efuq;fs; rpypFup mUfpy;> ,e;jf; fk;guP epjpj; jiyefukhd Kk;ig ky;lh khtl;lj;jpy; fNrhy; kw;Wk; rHtNjr efuq;fSld; mUfpy;> ejpah khtl;lj;jpy; efuq;fis Nghl;bapLtij ,yf;fhff; fy;ahdp mUfpy;> gpHGk; cUthf;Ftjpy; nfhz;Ls;sJ. khtl;lj;jpy; Nghy;g+up mUfpy;> 48>000 Nfhb jzpf;iffs;> fl;Lg;ghLfs; fhrp e];Uy; ,];yhkpd; &gh nryT kw;Wk; epfo; Neuj; juTg; gpwg;gplkhd RUypahit gFg;gha;T Kjypatw;wpy; cs;slf;fpa mrd;ry; - JHfhg+H nra;a ,Ue;J Nrfupf;fg;gl;l Fiwe;j njhopy; efuq;fSf;F mUfpy;> jpl;lkpl;Ls;sJ juT %yk; njhopy;El;gkhdJ nfhy;fj;jh njw;F gFjpapy; tsq;fis mjpfupf;f cs;s fupah mUfpy; kw;Wk; cjTfpwJ. ,J ,e;jpahtpy; khepy nrayfk; egd;dh mUfpy; cs;s midj;J Mw;wypy; 40 rjtPjj;ij tutpUf;fpd;wd. cl;nfhs;Sk; fl;blq;fs;> Rfhjhuk;> ,jdhy; fk;guP efuq;fs; kw;Wk; MSif> Nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk; fy;tp efuq;fspd; Gj;JzHr;rp ,d;Dk; Kjypa Kf;fpa gpupTfis mgptpUj;jp thof;$ba efuq;fSf;F ghij mikg;gJ nra;ag; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. cz;ikapy;> kl;Lky;yhky;> ,e;jpa nghUshjhuj;jpw;F Nkw;fpy; njhNyuh> #uj; kw;Wk; fpof;fpy; ngupJk; Njitahd tsHr;rp ,ae;jpukhfTk; tprhfg;gl;bdk; Nghd;w efuq;fspy; tpsq;Ffpd;wd.

,e;jpa juprdk;

a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

tpz;ntsp

Kd;Ndhf;fp gpukhz;l

gha;r;ry;

,e;jpahTf;Fk; mjd; Rw;Wg;Gwg; gpuhe;jpaq;fSf;Fk; xU RahjPdkhd nra;kjp CLUty; mikg;ig mspf;f I.MH.vd;.v];.v];-1b (IRNSS-1D) vd;w nra;kjp Vw;fdNt cs;s %d;W nra;kjpfspd; xOf;fpy; ,izfpwJ> ,J jpl;lkplg;gl;Ls;s VO nra;kjpfspd; tupirapy; ehd;fhtJ MFk; ,e;j tUlk; khHr; 2 Mk; jpfjpad;W =`upNfhl;lhtpYs;s rjP\; jthd; tpz;ntsp ikakhd rhupypUe;J NghyH rw;wpiyw; Nyhd;Q; ntapf;fps; (gp.v];.vy;. tp) (PSLV) vd;w nra;kjp VTk; fyj;jpd; kPJ Vw;wp> ehd;fhtJ nra;kjpahd I.MH. vd;.v];.v];-1b ntw;wpfukhf Vtg;gl;l cld;> ,e;jpah mjd; tpz;ntsp jpl;lj;jpd; iky;fy;iy vl;bAs;sJ. ,e;jpahtpd; xOf;fpy; Rw;Wk; Mw;wYs;s gpw nuhf;nfw;Wfs; midj;ijAk; tpl gp.v];.vy;.tpfs; (PSLV) mjpf nra;kjpfis VtpAs;sd. 1>425 fpNyh epiwAs;s I.MH. vd;.v];.v];-1b (IRNSS-1D) nra;kjp 282>52 fpkP X 20.644 fp.kP. ePs; Rw;Wtl;lg; ghijapy; Vtg;gl;lJ kw;Wk; 19 epkplq;fs; 25 tpehbfs; gwe;j gpd;dH gp.v];.vy;.tp (PSLV) ehd;fhtJ epiyapy; ,Ue;J ntw;wpfukhfg; gpupf;fg;gl;lJ. nrYj;jg;gl;lg; gpwF> I.MH.vd;.v];.v];1b -,d (IRNSS-1D); #upa Ngdy;fs; jhdhf ,];Nuhtpd; Kjd;ikf; fl;Lg;ghl;L trjpahy; epWtg;gl;L I.MH.vd;.v];.v]; (IRNSS) tpz;ntspg; gFjpia cs;slf;fpa VO nra;kjpfs;; njhlupy; I.MH.vd;.v];.v]; -1b (IRNSS-1D) ehd;fhtjhf cs;sJ

a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

tpz;ntsp

I.MH.vd;.v];.v]; -1b-,d; (IRNSS-1D) ,uz;L #upa kpd;gpwg;ghf;fpfs; (NrhyhH gdy;fs;) I.MH.vd;.v];.v]; -1b-,d (IRNSS-1D); ,uz;L #upa gpd;kpwg;ghf;fpfs; jPtpukhd Kr;re;jp #upa kpd;fyq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sd. mJ rupahf 1>600th kpd;rf;jpia cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;. ifNuh];Nfhg;Gld; ,ize;J #upad; kw;Wk; el;rj;jpu czHfUtpfs; nra;kjpf;fhd Nehf;Fepiyf; Fwpg;ig toq;Fk;. NkYk;> rpwg;G ntg;g fl;Lg;ghL jpl;lq;fs; tbtikf;fg;gl;L mZf; fbfhuq;fs; Nghd;w Kf;fpakhd $Wfs; nray;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. $Ljyhf> I.MH.vd;.v];.v]; -1b-,d; (IRNSS-1D) cauk; kw;Wk; Rw;Wg;ghijf; fl;Lg;ghl;L mikg;G (V.X.rp.v];) (AOCS) vjpHj;jhf;fr; rf;fuq;fs;> fhe;j KWf;Ftpirf; fUtp kw;Wk; jpu];uHfspd; cjtpAld; nra;kjpapd; Nehf;Fepiyiag; NgZfpwJ. vupthA mikg;ghdJ ypf;tpl; mg;Nghfp

,e;jpa juprdk;

a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

Nkhl;lH (vy;.V.vk;) (LAM) kw;Wk; jpu];uHfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Kjd;ikf; Nfhs;tl;lj;jpy; ,jidr; nrYj;jpa gpwF> I.MH. vd;.v];.v]; -1b-,d; (IRNSS-1D) #upa kpd;gpwg;ghf;fpfs; tpiuthf mLj;jLj;J jhdhf xOq;fikf;fg;gl;L cgNahfg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd kw;Wk; `hrdpYs;s Kjd;ik fl;Lg;ghl;L trjp (vk;.rp.v/g;) mz;ikepiyapYs;s xU topfhl;b (g+kpf;F mUfpy; cs;s Gs;sp) kw;Wk; cr;rf;fl;lj;jpy; %d;W Muk;g Rw;Wg;ghijapy; jpul;Lk; cj;jpfs; %yk; nra;kjpiaf; fl;LgLj;JfpwJ. NkYk;> ,e;j eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F> nraw;iff;Nfhspd; vy;.V.vk; (LAM) gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. mJ ,Wjpapy; ,jw;nfd xJf;fg;gl;l ,lj;jpy; tl;lkhd Gtpepiyr; Rw;Wg;ghijapy; itf;fpwJ.

I.MH.vd;.v];.v]; -1b-,d; (IRNSS1D) vupnghUs; epug;Gjy; gzp ele;J nfhz;bUf;fpwJ@ fPNo: VTk; jUzk;

nra;kjpapd; nghWg;ig Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpwJ. nra;kjp tpiutpy; [pNah rpd;fN ; uhd]; Nfhs;gg ; hijapy; 30.5 ghif rha;Tld; 111.75 ghif fpof;F nel;lhq;fpy; epiyg;gLj;jg;gLk;. I.MH.vd;.v];.v]; (IRNSS) tpz;ntspg; gFjp cs;slf;Ffpd;w VO nra;kjpfs; vd;w njhlupy; I.MH.vd;.v];.v];-1b (IRNSS-1D) ehd;fhtjhf cs;sJ. mjd; Kd;Ndhbfshfpa I.MH.vd;.v];.v];-1V (IRNSS1A)> I.MH.vd;.v];.v];-1gP (IRNSS-1B) kw;Wk; I.MH. vd;.v];.v];-1rp (IRNSS-1C) Mfpait KiwNa a+iy 2013> Vg;uy; 2014 kw;Wk; xf;NuhgH 2014 fspy; gp.v];. vy;.tp -rp22 (PSLV- C22)> gp.v];.vy;.tp -rp24 (PSLV- C24) kw;Wk; gp.v];.vy;.tp - rp26 (PSLV- C26) %yk; Vtg;gl;ld. %d;W nra;kjpfSk; jq;fs; tbtikf;fg;gl;l xOf;Ffspy; Kw;wpYkhf nraw;gl;L tUfpd;wd. CLUty; mikg;G njd;dhrpahitf; Fwpitf;Fk; xU gpuhe;jpa mikg;ghFk;> ,J fz;fhzpg;G> CLUty; kw;Wk; tiugl Nritfs; Nghd;wtw;iw toq;Fk;. 10 tUl MAl;fhyj;ij nfhz;Ls;s> nra;kjp ,uz;L #upa tupirfs; %yk; ,af;fg;gLfpwJ kw;Wk; ,e;j eltbf;if RkhH 1>400 Nfhb &gha; ngWkjpAs;sJ. ,];Nuhtpd; I- 1Nf (I-1K) rw;wpiyw; g];i]r; #of; fl;lg;gl;l I.MH.vd;.v];.v]; (IRNSS) tpz;fyk; 603 fpNyh epiwAs;sJ kw;Wk; Rw;Wg;ghijapy; caHe;Jnry;yy; kw;Wk; topfhl;lYf;fhf 822 fpNyh Gnuhg;ngy;yz;l; (Kd;Ndhf;fpr; nrYj;JtJ) Vw;wg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. 1.6 fpNyhthl; kpd; cw;gj;jpj; jpwd; nfhz;l xU Nrhb #upa tupirfs; %yk; tpz;fyj;jpw;F Mw;wyspf;fg;gLfpwJ> vy;5(L5) kw;Wk; v]; (S) fw;iw CLUty; miyfis xspgug;G nra;a gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. xt;nthU nra;kjpAk; rp - fw;iw l;uhd;]N ; ghd;lHfs; kw;Wk; nuf;Nuhup/g;nyf;uHfisf; nfhz;L nry;fpd;wd> mJ tpz;ntspapy; tpz;fyj;jpd; epiyia Jy;ypakhf jPHkhdpf;Fk; vy;iyia xOq;FgLj;Jtjw;F cgNahfpf;fg;gLfpwJ. xt;nthU I.MH.vd;.v];.v]; (IRNSS) nra;kjpapd; ce;Jtpir kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghl;L mikg;G xU jput vupnghUs; epug;gg;gl;l cr;r Nkhl;liuf; nfhz;Ls;sJ> mJ mjd; nray;ghl;L Rw;Wtl;lg; xOf;fpy; nra;kjpia caHj;Jtjw;fhf 440 epa+l;ld; ce;Jjy; tiu cw;gj;jp nra;fpwJ> Like NkYk; %d;W mr;R mZFKiw MEA INDIA fl;Lg;ghl;bw;fhf 12 vjpHtpidf; fl;Lg;ghl;L jpu];HHfSk; cs;sd. I.MH.vd;.v];.v]; -1b-f;F (IRNSS1D) 10 tUl nraw;ghl;L MAl;fhyk; Follow ,Uf;Fk; vd;W vjpHghHf;fg;gLfpwJ. @MEAINDIA ,e;j tpz;kd P ; $l;lj;jpd; mLj;j nra;kjpahd I.MH.vd;.v];.v]; -1< (IRNSS-1E) vjpHtUk; khjq;fspy; Vtj; jahuhf cs;sJ> ,jdhy; VO Channel nra;kjpfspd; KO tpz;kd P ; $l;lKk; MEA INDIA KbtilfpwJ.

a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

];dhg;n\hl;fs;

tp[ag;g+up: fiyapd;

xU khzpf;fk;

fp.gp.10Mk; E}w;whz;by; fy;ahzp rhYf;fh]hy; ];jhgpf;fg;gl;l tp[ag;g+up (Kd;dH gp[hg;g+up) mjd; fiy epidTr;rpd;dq;fs; kw;Wk; rpf;fyhd fl;blf;fiyf;Fg; ngaHngw;wJ

,e;jpa juprdk;

a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

ePqf ; s; ,jid xU fz;ftH jpwe;j ntsp mUq;fhl;rpafk; vd;W Fwpg;gplyhk;> mJ nlf;fhdpag; gpuhe;jpaj;jpd ,];yhkpa rfhg;jj;jpw;F gpd;Ndhf;fp vk;ik mioj;Jr; nry;fpwJ. goikahd tp[ag;g+up (Kd;dH gp[g;g+H) kPzL ; k; rpy 600 tUlq;fSf;F Kd;gpUe;j xU Gfo;ngw;w fijiar; nrhy;fpwJ. fp.gp.10Mk; E}w;whz;by; fy;ahzp rhYf;fh]hy; gp[hg;g+up ];jhgpf;fg;gl;lJ ; . ,e;j efuk; 13Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,uz;lhk; ghjpapd; NghJ Fy;[p Ry;jhdpd; gFjpahf ifkhwptpl;lJ. 1347-,y;> Fy;gHfhtpYs;s

gkhdp]; fpy;[p];rpypUe;J Ry;jhid Ie;J khepyq;fshf gpupj;J> mit jhd; nlf;fhd; Ry;jhd;fs; vd;W mwpag;gLk;> mby; \h`p]; cld; gp[hg;g+upia fl;Lghl;bw;Ff; nfhz;L te;jdH. mby; \h`p];apd; Ml;rpapd; NghJ gs;spthry;fs;> fy;yiw khlq;fs;> khspiffs; kw;Wk; muz;fshy; MrpHtjpf;fg;gl;L ,e;j efuk; Kf;fpa epidTr; rpd;dq;fisg; ngw;wJ. ,e;j epidTr; rpd;dq;fSf;F UNSECO,d; cyfg; ghuk;gupa jsq;fs; vd;w me;j];ji ; jg; ngwj; jpl;lq;fs; cs;sd.

njupe;Jnfhs;tJ ey;yJ

g hHitaplr; rpwe;j Neuk; xf;NuhgH-khHr; v g;gbr;

nrd;wiltJ

ngy;fhk; tpkhd epiyaj;jpypUe;J 205 fpkP njhiytpy; cs;sJ. gp[hg;g+H ,uapy; epiyaj;jpypUe;J 2 fpkP njw;F kw;Wk; Nkw;F ,e;jpahtpd; Kf;fpa efuq;fspypUe;J tof;fkhf NgUe;Jfs; tUfpd;wd.

NkYk; fhz;f rhe;j; gt;up> nk`jH k`hy; nfhy; Fk;gh];

a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

];dhg;n\hl;fs;

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VIJAYAPUR

KARNATAKA

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KfkJ mby; \htpd; rkhjp

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a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

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a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

mkHj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. mjd; 24 kPww ; H cau thapy;fspy; jh[; kfhy; Nghd;wtw;wpd; jhf;fk; ,Ug;gjhf;f; $wg;gLfpwJ. ,J mtuJ uhzp jh[; Ry;jhdhtpd; vjpHfhy fy;yiw khlkhf NguurH ,g;uh`pk; uTrh \h (1580-1627) My; fl;lg;gl;lJ. vdpDk;> mtH mtuJ uhzpf;F Kd;Ng ,we;J tpl;lhH kw;Wk; ,tNu

,q;Nf Gijf;fg;gl;l Kjy; kdpjH. gs;spthrypy; xU nrt;tf gpuhHj;jid kz;lgk;> Ie;J tisTfSila xU Kfg;G kw;Wk; ehd;F %iyfspYk; xt;nthU nky;ypa thapy;fs; cs;sd. ,g;uh`pk; uTrhtpd; fl;blj;jpw;F ,e;jpa-,];yhkpa fl;llf;fiy gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ghurPff ; ;

fl;llf; fiyQH khypf; rhd;lyhy; tbtikf;fg;gl;l epidTr;rpd;dk;> El;gkhd rpw;gq;fSila ,uz;L rJu tbt fl;likg;Gfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Kjy; rJu mikg;G ,g;uh`pk; mby; \h 2 kw;Wk; mtuJ kidtpapd; rkhjpfisf; Fwpf;fpwJ. ,uz;lhk; rJu tbt mikg;gpy; gs;spthry; mike;Js;sJ.

,g;uh`pk; uTrh;

a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

];dhg;n\hl;fs;

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,e;jpa juprdk;

a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

fl;blq;fspd; ,uz;L %iyfspYk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd kw;Wk; mit Rw;wptu jhkiu ,jo;fSila Ftpkhlq;fshy; %lg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. ,g;uh`pk; uTrhtpYs;s gs;spthry; tyJ gf;fk; mike;Js;sJ kw;Wk; nrt;tf tbtpyhd njhOif miwiaAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. k#jpapd; Kd;Ds;s Ie;J thapy;fs; ,e;jj ; ; jdpg;gl;l mikg;gpd; fz; ftUk; fhl;rpahf tpsq;Ffpd;wd.

a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

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,e;jpa juprdk;

a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

NkNy: [kp k#jp@ fPNo: [kp k#jpapd; cl;Gwk;

[kp k#jp ,e;jpahtpy; kpfTk; NeHj;jpahd kw;Wk; Jy;ypakhf tpfpjhrhukhf;fg;gl;l ,];yhkpa me;j Neuj;jpy; [kp k#jp kpfg; ngupa k#jpahf ,Ue;jJ> mJ 1578 ,y; gp[hg;g+up Nguurpd; NghJ mby; \h`p]; fl;bdhH. 1565 ,y; eilngw;w js;spf;Nfhl;il Nghupy; tp[aefu Nguurpd; kPJ mby; \ h`p Ml;rpahsuhd myp mby; \h 1 <l;ba ntw;wpapd; QhgfhHj;jkhff; fl;lg;gl;lJ.

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a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

];dhg;n\hl;fs;

,e;jpa juprdk;

a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

ghuh fkhd; ,e;j QhgfhHj;jr; rpd;dk; jhd; 1657,y; jdJ 18 tajpy; mupaiziaf; ifg;gw;wpa ,e;jpahtpd; ,isa murHfspy; xUtuhd myp mby; \h 2-,d; epiwNtwhj fdthFk;. ghuh fkhd; vd;gJ 12 tisTfs; vd;w nghUSilaJ> NkYk; rpy tists; myp mby; \htpd; rkhjpiar; Rw;wp nrq;Fj;jhfTk; kw;wit fpilkl;lkhfTk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

rq;fj P k`hy; ,J tp[ag;g+upypUe;J 3fp.kP njhiytpy; mike;Js;sJ> ,e;j mikg;G tof;fkhd mby; \h`papd; fl;llf;fiyiag; gpujpgypf;fpwJ.16 Mk; E}w;whz;by; fl;lg;gl;l ,J muz;kidf; fl;llj;jpd; ,bghLfisAk; xU ngupa Rtuhy; #og;gl;l ePHj;Njf;fj;ijAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. rq;fj P k`hy; ngUk;ghYk; nghJkf;fspd; ghHitf;F ,Uf;fpwJ kw;Wk; eturg;g+up cw;rtj;jpd; NghJ ,J cap&l;lg;gLk;.

,lkpUe;J tyQ;Ropahf: ghuh fkhdpd; KOikaw;w mikg;G@ eTuh];g+H kw;Wk; rq;fPj k`hypd; ,bghLfs;

a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

Gijay;

,e;jpa MAjg; gilfspd;

guk;giur; nrhj;J

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,khr;ryg; gpuNjrj;jpd; jiyefuhd rpk;yh ek;gKbahj tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; ngw;Ws;sJ. mJ Mq;fpy muR fhyq;fspypUe;Nj ek;gKbahj tupirapy; ghuk;gupa fl;blq;fis nfhz;Ls;sJ. 80fspd; kj;jp tiu ,e;j efuk; ehl;bd; ,uhZt gilfspd; Nkw;F fl;lisapd; jiyik ,lkhf tpsq;fpaJ. 2006,y; ,khr;ryg; gpuNjrj;jpd; Kjyikr;ruhf ,Ue;j tPHgj;u rpq; ,uhZt Rfhjhu mUq;fhl;rpafj;ij mq;FuhHg;gzk; nra;J itj;jhH. mUq;fhl;rpafj;ij milAk; NghJ xU gutrkhd mDgtk; fpilf;Fk;. rpk;yh ,uapy; epiyaj;jpypUe;J tUk; NghJ> ehf;bupd;id milayhk;> mJ jhd; ,uhZt gapw;rp fl;lisapypUf;Fk; mjpfhupfspd; czT ikak;. ,q;fpUe;J md;dhNly; cyq;FthD}Hjp ,wq;Fkplk; Nehf;fp 4 fp.kP. fPoN ; ehf;fpa rha;T njhlq;FfpwJ. mq;F jhd; ,uhZt Rfhjhu mUq;fhl;rpafk; xU mofhd kiyf; Fbir Nghd;W fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ. elf;Fk; NghJ xUtH HPSEB fl;llj;ijf; flf;Fk; Neuk; gpuk;kpg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;. $iu Nghd;w kuq;fspd; mikg;G fpl;lj;jl;l KO ePsj;jpw;Fk; ePSfpwJ kw;Wk;

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a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

rpk;yh mUfpy; md;dhNlypYs;s ,uhZt Rfhjhu mUq;fhl;rpafk;@ fPNo: gy;NtW gpupTfisAk; NrHe;j nfhbfs; kw;Wk; myq;fhuj; jfLfshy; khehL miwr; RtHfs; myq;fupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd

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a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

Gijay;

NkypUe;J tyQ;Ropahf: gz;ghHt tpUJfs;@ MAjq;fs; kw;Wk; ntbnghUl;fs;@ NghHtPuHfshy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l jiyf;ftrq;fs;@ goq;fhy ftrj;ij mzpe;j NghHtPuH gJik

,e;jpa NghHf; fg;ld; kw;Wk; mtHfspd; gq;fspg;Gg; gw;wpf; $wpAs;sJ ". ghHitahsHfis ftur; nra;Ak; Kjy; nghUs; gpj;jis tPuH jiyftrf; fbfhuk; MFk;. ,lg;gf;fj;jpy; Fjpiu kw;Wk; ahid NghNyh Nghl;bfspd; NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ftrq;fs; kw;Wk; ,Uf;iffs; cs;sd. tyg;Gwj;jpy; gy;NtW fhyhl;gil gpupTfspd; nfhbfs; cs;sd. xUKiw xUtH Eioe;j clDk; ,lg;Gwk; nry;yTk; (ngUk;ghyhd kf;fs; cs;SzHthy; nra;tJ)> mtHfs; gz;ila ftrk;

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a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

NkypUe;J tyQ;Ropahf: fUtp kw;Wk; kiyg; gFjpapd; Gifg;glq;fs;@ NghHtPuH gpuptpdupd; ,irf; fUtpfs;@ xU gz;ila nghUs;@ NghHtPuHfshy; mzpag;gl;l clw; ftrk;

mzpe;j ,e;jg; NghHtPud; rpiyahy; tuNtw;fg;gLtH. mtH kw;w tPuHfs; gad;gLj;jpa ,ju jiyf;ftrq;fSf;F mLj;J epw;ghH. mLj;J ,e;jpa-ghf; vy;iyapy; cs;s vy;iyf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf; Nfhl;by; cs;s fj;jpr; rz;ilapd; khjpup ,Uf;fpwJ. miw KOtJk; 1971Mk; Mz;by; eilg;ngw;wg; Nghupd; goq;fhyg; nghUl;fs;> rpiyfs;> rpW MAjk;> xU Mtzg;glk;> mtw;NwhL NghH njhlHghd gz;ila E}y;fshy;

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a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

Gijay;

NkNy: njhlf;f tpoh kw;Wk; mHg;gzpf;fg;gl;l jsk;@ fPNo: 100kpkP Ml;byup fsj; Jg;ghf;fp

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a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

epakpf;fg;ngw;wtHfspd; gJikfSk; mike;Js;sd. Gj;jfq;fs; kw;Wk; rpy Rthurpakhd fdpg;nghUs; khjpupfs; jdp miwapy; NeHj;jpahf itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mjd;Nky;> ePqf ; s; gpuptpy; EioAk; NghJ gy;NtW mzpfs; kw;Wk; gpupTfspy; gy;NtW rPUilfs; fhz;gpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; . ,e;j Neuj;jpy;> xUtH jd;idr; Rw;wp ,Uf;Fk; midj;ijAk; ghHj;J

gy;NtW gpupTfs; kw;Wk; jutupir JUg;Gfshy; mzpag;gl;l <Hf;fj;jf;f rPUilfs;

KOikailthH.,g;NghJ me;jg; ghHitahsH jhd; vq;F mUq;fhl;rp gazj;ij Muk;gpj;jhNuh me;jg; gpuptpw;Nf te;Jtpl;Nlhk; vd;W czHthH. mg;gbNa xU mb ntspNa itj;jhy; Kjd;ikf; fl;llk; kw;Wk; fPNo gbapy; ,lJ gf;fj;jpw;F> mq;F fhyhl;gil kz;lgk;> ,J gpuj;jpNafkhf fhyhl;gil gpuptpdUf;F mHg;gzpf;fg;gl;lJ. mJ gy;NtW gpupTfisAk; NrHe;j myq;fhuj; jfLfs; kw;Wk; nfhbfshy; RtHfs; myq;fupf;fg;gl;L ek;ik tuNtw;Fk;. xUtH NkNy Vwp Kjd;ikf; fl;blj;ij jhz;Lk; NghJ> mLj;j tpkhdg; gbfl;Lfs; ek;ik ngupa gr;ir tPlb ; w;F mioj;Jr; nry;Yk;> gy ,dq;fspyhd tsHe;j tpyq;fpdq;fis mq;Fs;s fz;zhb khspif nfhz;Ls;sJ kw;Wk; ve;jg; gpioAk; ,d;wp fz;fhzpf;fg;gLfpwJ. xUtH ,e;j mrhjhuz mUq;fhl;rpafj;ij ghHitapl;l ngUk; mDgtj;jpw;F gpwF xU ftdpg;G ikak; kw;Wk; fz;zhb tPlb ; d; gpd;dhy; xU Xa;T gFjpapy; Xa;ntLf;f KbAk; kw;Wk; kPzL ; k; (,g;NghJ ntspj;Njhw;wj;jpy; neba) kiy Nky; Vwj; njhlq;Ftjw;F Kd;> mtuJ clikfisj; jpUk;gg; ngw Ntz;Lk;.

a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

Gijay;

Fjpiug;gil

mzptFg;G

N`hl;rd; Fjpiu (jw;Nghija ,e;jpa ,uhZtj;jpd; 4tJ Fjpiug; gilg; gpupT) gpupl;b\; ,e;jpa ,uhZtj;jpd; gFjpahf cUthfpaJ. ehk; cy Nghupd; Nghija ,e;j myq;fupf;fg;gl;l Fjpiug;gil gilazpapd; fhg;gfq;fisg; gw;wp ,jpy; ghHg;Nghk; ciu | gpNukh rpq;-Gl;lhypah

,lkpUe;J tyQ;Ropahf: a+d; 1916> FNudpy; N`hl;rd; Fjpiuapd; cj;jpNahf];jHfs;@ 1915 gpyhd;lH]py; gpupl;b\; kw;Wk; ,e;jpa mjpfhupfs;@ NghUf;F gpwF khuh\;apd; (JUf;fp) Nrjq;fis Ma;Tnra;fpd;w cj;jpNahf];jHfs;

N`hl;rd; Fjpiu 1857,y; nyg;bd;zl ; ; tpy;ypak; =gd;]; iuf;]; N`hl;rdhy; tpjpf;Fg; Gwk;ghd Fjpiuahf cUthf;fg;gl;lJ-,J 1857,y; 'rpg;gha; fyfj;ij| mlf;fp gpupl;lDf;F cjt kfhuh[h uQ;rpj; rpq;fpd; Kd;dhs; ,uhZtj;jpy; ,Ue;j rPff ; pa $ypg;gilapdiu Ntl;ilahLtjd;

,e;jpa juprdk;

a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

%yk; vOg;gg;gl;l xU gilg;gpupT. ,uz;lhk; Mq;fpy-rPff ; pag; NghH (184849) fhyj;jpypUe;J xU ths; tPudhfTk; xU jiytdhfTk; Gfo; ngw;w N`hl;rd;> Gjpjha; cjpj;j “N`hl;rd; rh`pg; g`JH" gilg;gpupTf;F Ml;fisg; ngw;whH. 1858,y;> ,g;gilg;gpupT 1tJ N`hl;rd; Fjpiu> 2tJ N`hl;rd;

NkypUe;J fPo;: CHtyj;jpy; gp gil rPf;fpa Mz;fs;@ jsgjpfs; fpHf;Tl; kw;Wk; rp gpupT gl;lhd;fSld; gpNurH@ 1917 fhk;gpuhapy; Mz;fs;> Fjpiufs; kw;Wk; tpepNahf];jHfSf;Fupa jw;fhypf Kfhk;fs;@ fd;nyapd; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; mopT (nrg;uk;gH 17> 1917)

Fjpiu kw;Wk; 3tJ N`hl;rd; Fjpiu (,g;NghJ ,J /Ngd; Fjpiuahf ghfp];jhd; ,uhZtj;jpy; cs;sJ) vd;W %d;whfg; gpupf;fg;gl;lJ. Kjy; ,uz;Lk; tq;fhs Fjpiug;gilapd; 9 kw;Wk; 10tJ gilg;gpupTfshf mike;jd kw;Wk; mit filrpahf 1921,y; Nfk;gpup[;[pd; nrhe;j N`hl;rd; Fjpiuapd; 4tJ kd;dH Ml;rpg;gpupthf xd;WgLk; tiu gy Kiw ngaH khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. 1947,y;> Nfk;gpupl;[pd; kd;dH Ml;rpg;gpupT vd;w jiyg;G iftplg;gl;L> me;jg; gil N`hl;rd; Fjpiu vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ.

Nghiu Nehf;fp 1914 Xf];w; 31Mk; jpfjp> 9tJ N`hl;rd; Fjpiu mk;ghyhtpy; epiygLj;jg;gl;L vl;L gpupl;b\; mjpfhupfs;> 18 ,e;jpa mjpfhupfs; kw;Wk; 521 gpw jutupirapYs;stHfis mzpfspy; nfhz;L 3tJ (mk;ghyh) Fjpiug; gilg;gpuptpd; xU gFjpahf gpuhd;]; 1947,y;> Nghupy; mkHj;j mzpjpul;Ljypd; Nfk;gpupl;[pd; fl;lisfis kd;dH ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. 14 Ml;rpg;gpupT ,e;jpag; gilg;gpuptpdH vd;w jiyg;G jkJ nrhe;jr; nrytpy; Fjpiufs;> Nghf;Ftuj;J> iftplg;gl;L> $lhuq;fs;> Fjpiuf;F me;jg; gil Ntz;ba jsghlg; N`hl;rd; nghUl;fs; Mil Fjpiu vd;W kw;Wk; cgfuzq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw toq;fpdH. miof;fg;gl;lJ gapw;rpapy;yhj Fjpiufis gpd;dhy; tpl;L kw;Wk; gioait Kd;dhy; tplg;gl;ld. ngUk;ghyhd Mz;fs; ntg;gtya Milia mzpe;jpUe;jdH> mJ jPtpu INuhg;gpa fhyepiyf;F nghWj;jkw;w cilahf ,Ue;jJ. njhluzp etk;gH 7 > 1914,y; khHNra;yi ; ] mile;jJ> FspH fhyj;jpy; jiu ,wq;fpaJ. njUf;fspy; miy Nkhjpa rdf;$l;lj;jhy; tpntd;l; ny]; `pe;J]; (ePzl ; fhyk; ,e;Jf;fs; tho;f) vd;W Nfh\ j;Jld; ,e;jpa JUg;Gf;fs; gpuQ;R tuNtw;igg; ngw;wd. ,e;jpa mzpapd;

a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

Gijay;

fhythjpahd Jg;ghf;fpfs; khw;wg;gl;ld ePzl ; fhyq;fshf Nrit nra;j ,e;jpa kw;Wk; xt;nthU gilg;gpuptpdUf;Fk; gpuQ;rhy; gilahFk;. 1914 njhlf;fk; 1918 tiu> toq;fg;gl;l ,uz;L ciungaHg;ghsHfs; mtHfs; mwpKfkpy;yhj epiyapy; Nghuhb> mkHj;jg;gl;ldH. ,e;jpaf; Fjpiug;gil mtHfSila jpwikia ntspfhl;b> NkYk; MHypad;]; efupy; xd;W$baJ> mq;F NghH nfsutq;fisg; ngw;Ws;sdH. Mil kw;Wk; Jg;ghf;fpfs; Kd; tpepNahfk; mtHfspd; jz;zHP Njq;fpa mfopfis nra;ag;gl;L 10 ehl;fSf;F itj;jpUf;Fk; Kjy; mDgtk; Nky; gilapdUf;F mfop gpyhd;lH]; efupy; brk;gH NghHr; rhjdq;fs;> Jg;ghf;fpfs; 1914,y; epfo;ej ; J> mq;Nf 9tJ N`hl;rd; kw;Wk; vwpFz;Lfspy; gapw;rp mtHfs; %d;W ehl;fs;> Fjpiu cyfg; toq;fg;gl;lJ. Fjpiufs; FspH kw;Wk; <uj;jd;ikia NghH kw;Wk; epge;jidfSf;F cl;gl;Nl mDgtpj;jdH. gilg;gpuptpdH> ,Uf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ. mjd; jsgjp kw;Wk; gy ntspehLfspy; Muk;gj;jpy;> gpupl;b\; Mz;fs; gdpf;fl;b kw;Wk; ePzl ; fhyq;fshf Xl;LeHfs; kw;Wk; Fwpg;ghsHfs; fhaq;fshy; topjtwpdH> Mdhy; Nrit nra;j toq;fg;gl;lJ> Mdhy; ,e;jpa fpntd;rpapd; NghHf; nfsutg; ,e;jpag; gapw;rpahsHfs; (fduf gl;lj;ijj; jdjhf;fpaJ. Fjpiug;gil gpupT) tpiuthfNt tuyhw;wpYs;s FUjpg; gilahFk; rfyijAk; fw;Wf; nfhz;ldH. NghHfspy; xd;wpy; -- mjhtJ nrhk;Nk NghH (a+iy-etk;gH> NghHf;fsj;jpy; 1916)> ,g;gilg;gpupT ,Ue;jJ> mq;F 1 9tJ N`hl;rd; Fjpiu ntspehl;by; yl;rj;jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l kf;fs; fhakile;J Ie;J tUlq;fisf; fopj;jJ> ,J ,we;jdH. mJ epiwa capupog;Gfshy; cyfg; NghH kw;Wk; ntspehLfspy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ> mNjNeuk; Nrhk;Nk-1916>

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a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

,lkpUe;J tyQ;Ropahf: rz;ilapd; xU njha;T Vw;gLk; NghJ> mjpfhupfs; RLtjw;fhd Neuj;ijf; fz;Lgpbf;fpd;wdH@ md;iwa ehspd; #l;bypUe;J mjpfhupfSk; eha;fSk; jpUk;gp tUk; tiu fhj;jpUf;Fk; tpUe;J@ 1917 Mk; Mz;L fhk;g;uha; Nghupy; gpupl;b\; khHf; 1 jhq;fp

gnrd;ild; kw;Wk; gpNyuh-NfhHrpnyl; Mfpa Nghupy; jhq;fpfisg; gad;gLj;jpg; ngw;w Kjy; Nghupd; tpUJfis ntd;wJ. ntw;wpapy; ,Ue;j ,e;jpa Fjpiug;gil etk;gH 1917,y;> fk;gu; ha; efupy; ,e;jpa gilg;gpupTfspy; xd;iw epidTgLj;JfpwJ. Fjpiug;gil rH [_ypad; gpq;fhy; Kjy; NkYk; ,e;jg; Nghupy; gilg;gpuptpd; gPuq;fp jhf;Fjiyf; fz;lJ. Mdhy;> kUj;Jt cj;jpNahf];juhd fg;ld; Nrhk; vjpup vy;iyapd; cile;j Kidfis jj;> fhakile;j N[Hkd; Nfzy; jdJ cUsr;nra;tJ jhd; mtHfsJ Nehf;fkhf nrhe;j khHigNa ntspNa ,Oj;njLj;jhH ,Ue;jjhy; rpwpa vz;zpf;ifapyhd vdf; Fwpg;gpLk;> ,Uk;Gr; rpYit vd;w xU lhq;fpfNs mq;F epug;gg;gl;ld. xU jdpg;gl;l rpwg;Gg; gl;lj;ijg; fTrpahNfhHl;bd; njw;F Nehf;fp ngw;whH. mJ mtUila jdJ ghijiaj; njhlq;fpa tPuj;Jf;Fk; fTrpa+NfhHl;by; mtH etk;gH 1917,y;> 8tJ `];]hHfSf;F toq;fpa kUj;Jt NritfSf;Fk; fk;gu; ha; Mjutspf;f 9tJ N`hl;rd; tzf;fk; nrYj;Jk; tifapYk; efupy; ,e;jpa Fjpiuf;F cj;jutplg;gl;lJ. fpilj;jJ. Fjpiug;gil gilapdH fhl;ba NeHj;jp 1918 /ngg;utup 15Mk; kw;Wk; tPuk; N[HkdpaHfis jpfjp> mk;ghyh gilg;gpupT rH [_ypad; Mr;rupaj;jpw;F nfhz;L nrd;W> cilf;fg;gl;lijnahl;b 9tJ gpq;fhy; mtHfis gpd;thq;f Ntz;ba N`hl;rd; Fjpiu mfopia Kjy; gPuq;fpj; fl;lhaj;jpw;F ,l;Lr;nrd;wJ. tpl;L tpyfpaJ kw;Wk; jhf;Fjiyf; gilgpuptpy; 50 gilapdUk; gilg;gpupT vfpg;jpw;F nry;y 70 FjpiufSk; ,we;jjhy;> cj;juT ,lg;gl;lJ. mtHfs; fz;lJ gilg;gpupT mtjpg;gl;lJ. ghy];jd P j;jpy; FbNawpdH. Nk[H v/g; nrapd;w; mw;fpd;rd; nrg;uk;gH 18 md;W> ehH vy; kw;Wk; Nk[H my; /g;NurH Mfpa ,uz;L ghypf;fpy;> gilg;gpuptpd; ,uz;L gpupTfshy; NghHf;fg;gypd; jsgjpfSk; ,t;thW 70 ifjpfs; kw;Wk; NghH nghUl;fs; nfhy;yg;gl;ltHfspy; ,Ue;jdH. jw;NghJ ifg;gw;wg;gl;ld. nrg;uk;gH 30 md;W> tUlhtUlk; etk;gH 30Mk; jpfjp ml;thd;]; ghJfhg;Gg; gpuptpd; jsgjp Nk[H mD\;bf;fg;gLk; gilg;gpupT ehs; Nfk;gi ; u tpfhH]{f;F> fp];tpia Nehf;fp Kd;Ndwp 70 Nghupd; tPuj;ij cjhuzkhff; nfhz;lhb JUf;fp tPuHfs; tUtjhfr; nra;jp fpilj;jJ. tUfpwJ. mJ 9tJ N`hl;rd; Fjpiug; mtuJ gilfs; 900 JUf;fpa tPuHfs; kw;Wk;

a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

Gijay;

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W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

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W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

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Gjpjhf nfhz;L tu Kaw;rpj;jNghJ 1303,y; igjh guhj;jh kw;Wk; rPf; nfghg; Nuhy; gpwf;f toptFj;jJ. ,g;NghJ ,e;jg; ngUk; Kaw;rpf;F gpwF mike;j Ritahd je;J} up fpq; ,why; MdJ uhzpf;F kpfTk; gpbj;j czTfspy; xd;whf ghl;bahyh muritf;Fs; nry;tjw;F Kd;Ng JiwKftopfspy; gzpahw;wpa tpahghupfSf;F xU Nfhup nuhl;bapy; gupkhug;gl;l Ritahf ,Ue;jJ. epiwa ,dpg;Gfspd; kj;jpapy; xd;whf ,e;j cztfq;fspy; tbntLj;jJ u];kyha;. xbrh khepyj;jpy; g+up Nfhtpy; jho;thuq;fs; Njhw;Wtpj;j u];kyha; fy;fj;jhtpd; KOikahd (,g;NghJ nfhy;fj;jh) igNyd;]; kw;Wk; jdpj;Jepw;Fk; th[pj; myp \ cztfq;fs; gg;lh> htpd; kd;wj;ij [pNygp> ,khHl;b> miltjw;F Kd;Ng rhl; Nghd;w rikaw; Nry;g+upapYs;s ,dpg;gfq;fspy; fz;Lgpbg;Gfspd; NeHj;jpahf;fg;gl;lJ. ikakhf khwpad gy tUlq;fshf> ,e;j KOikahd jdpj;Jepw;Fk; cztfq;fs; gg;lh> [Nygp> ,khHl;b> #Ny ghr;rpa+H> rhl; kw;Wk; rNkhrh Nghd;w rikaw; fz;Lgpbg;Gfspd; ikakhf khwpd. ,e;j ,lq;fSf;fhd ftHr;rpf;Fr; NrHf;fg;gl;lJ vd;dntd;why;> mit re;jpf;Fk; ,lkhf Nritahw;wpaik jhd;. ,jd; nghUs; mtHfshy; jpwk;gl Kaw;rpf;f Kbe;jJ ; kw;Wk; mij mtHfs; nra;jdH vd;gjhFk;. ];ghdpaUld; ,e;jpahtpw;F nrhf;Nyw; te;j gpwF> ];ig]; &l;by; kpsF NrHj;j ciwg;Gr; nrhf;Nyw; Kjypy; gupkhwg;gl;lJ. mNjhL> Ke;jpupifg; goq;fisAk; mjd; rptg;G epwj;ijf; nfhLf;f gPl& ; l;ilAk; eRf;fpj; jahupf;fg;gl;l Kjy; kJTk; gupkhwg;gl;lJ. 1650 ,y; epWtg;gl;l Kfyha fhyj;jpd; filr; nrhHf;fkhf tpsq;fpa re;jpdp rhf; MdJ fhyk; flf;ifapy; xU czTf;

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a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

je;J}up rPf; nfghg;

fjk;gkhf khwpaJ. ,q;Fs;s kpfTk; czTfshd gpupahzp> ahf;dp> rHjh> Kfyha goikahd kw;Wk; Gfo;ngw;w filfshtd fhyj;jpa kw;w czTfis tpl ruhrup 1872 ,y; mikf;fg;gl;l gz;bl; fah czthdJ. gpurhj; \pt; ruz; kw;Wk; KfyhaHfSf;F fy;fj;jh mjd; Kjy; Nkw;fj;jpa Nrh`d; my;thitg; gupkhwpa fhd;bthyh cztfj;ij-kpd;rhu tprpwpfs;> njhl;bfs; `hy;tp. cztfj; njhopy; 1860 kw;Wk; kw;Wk; xU cztfj;Jld; 1880,y; Nltpl; 1900 ,ilNa jioj;Njhq;fpaJ. rpwpa tpy;rdhy; fz;lJ. Mf;Nyz;l; cztfk; cztfq;fs; ,Ue;j NghJk;> ehL KOtJk; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; ,jd; Kjy; Nfhg;gpf; Vuhskhd Gjpa cztfq;fs; filapy; Ff;f] P >; Nff;Ffs; by;yp> Kk;ig (mg;Nghija kw;Wk; ,e;jpaf; Nfhg;gpfs; gk;gha;) kw;Wk; nfhy;fj;jh gupkhwg;gl;ld. [pk;fhd;]; kw;Wk; nfhy;fj;jh jdJ (mg;Nghija fy;fj;jh) Kk;ig Nuhay; glF fpsg; Kjy; Nkw;fj;ija Nghd;w efuq;fspy; cUthfpd. Nghd;w jdpg;gl;l fpsg;Gfs; N`hl;liy Nltpy; xt;nthU ,lj;jpw;Fk; mjd; vy;yh ,lq;fspYk; kyHe;jpUe;j. tpy;rd; %yk; 1880jdpg;gl;l milahsk; cs;sJ. cz;ikapy;> mJ ,e;j GJby;ypapYs;s Aidw;nwl; Neuj; jpy; cUthf;fg;gl;l ,y; fl;baJ> ,J fhg;gp `T]; fbdkhd kiud; biutpYs;s KO Mf;yhe;J N`hl;ly; RtUld; ,Uf;iffisAk; [pk;fhdh ngy;l; jtwhf vd miof;fg;gLk; nfhz;L Cl;b fpsg;ig ,Uf;Fk; vd;W nrhy;y KbahJ gpujpgypf;fpwJ. ,e;j kw;Wk; mt;thW> fpupf;nfw;> cztfq;fspd; czTg; Nfhop yhypghg; kw;Wk; Nrhlh gl;bay; Mq;fpyk;> rPd> ,e;jpa czT Kjypait cUthf;fg;gl;ld. by;ypapd; tiffspd; xU fyitahf ,Uf;Fk;. goikahd fpsg; Nuh\hdhuhitg; Nghy> ];ghdp\; ngy;yh> kuf;fwp uhlhlhTy;yp gpd;dH ,e;j ,lk; ,ul;ilg; gpugykhdJ> kw;Wk; Nthl;fhTld; ngd;dp My;ngl;Nuh> Vnddpy; ,q;F jhd; 1928 ,y; ,e;jpa fpuha;rd;l>; Kl;il ngNdbf;l>; ut;yhNl> fpupf;nfw; fl;Lg;ghl;L (BCCI) thupak; Njapiy-Mq;fpyk; kw;Wk; ,y;iynadpy;cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. nuhl;bfs; kw;Wk; ngUiktha;ej ; fh];] ,e;j Nghf;fpd; kWGwk; khty;yp bg;gd; p Nuhy; Nghd;wit ekf;F kpfTk; gpbj;j Nrit (gpd;dH MTR) Nghd;w ,lq;fs;

a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

rikaw;fiy

rpf;fd; gpupahzp

Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;L njhopyhsH tHf;fj;jpd; Njitiag; g+Hj;jp nra;a Muk;gpj;jJ. ,j;jifa cLg;gp- ghzp ,lq;fspy; kypT tpiyapy; jukhd czT toq;fg;gLfpwJ. Kk;igapd; goikahd Ngf;fupahd fy;ahzp> khj ,Wjpapy; $l Miy njhopyhsHfSf;F ,Nj Nehf;fj;jpyhd ,uz;L fg; Njapiy kw;Wk; ,uz;L gd; k];fh];fis ntz;nza;Ald; xU mzhTf;Fk; Fiwthf toq;fpaJ. midj;J Nky;jl;L rpwe;j cztfq;fSk; te;Jtpl;l ,ilapy;> mjpy; czT> jdpg;gl;l kjpg;Gfs; kw;Wk; jpiuauq;F xg;gidfs; ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. fy;fj;jhtpYs;s gpHNgh]; mbf;fb nry;Yk; ,lkhf cztfk; 1917 ,y; ,j;jhyp khwpaJ. ,e;jpaHfspd; ,ilapy; vy;yhNk> ehl;Lf;fhuH VQ;rNyhthy; Ritfs; Nfhg;gpf; filfspd; czT> myq;fhuk; cUthf;fg;gl;l ,J caH kw;w jhf;fq;fisAk; jpBnud;W kw;Wk; Miriaj; J} r%fj;jpdupd; gpbj;j ,lk;. vLj;Jnfhz;L tpl;lJ. mJ mg;Nghija gpujpepjp rPd kw;Wk; ngaustpyhd z;Lk; ngWkjpfis kw;Wk; ,e;jpa MSeuhd yhHl; gQ; rhgp czT tiffs; xd;wpizj;j ,HtpDf;F gupkhwpaJ. mjd; xU rpy tpjptpyf;FfSld; ngUksT rpwe;j gpwF> NftpaH kw;Wk; Ngh fpuh tof;fkhd ge;jak; MdJ. cztfq;fshf ,q;F gzpGupe;Js;sdH. 1920 "gf;Ftg;gl;l tpLjp njhlf;fk; 1950 tiu> rpwpa cupikahsHfshy; elj;jg;gLk; te;jd Gjpa fUj;J cztfq;fs; cztfq;fs; xU rpy jukhd %yk; khw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ my;yJ czit toq;fpAs;sJ"vd;whH uhf; fyhr;rhuKk; $l xU rpyiu Gjpa kh];]pt; cztfq;fspd; Njhw;Wtpg;ghsH> czT tiffSf;F khw;w Cf;Ftpj;jJ. Mdhy; mit njhiythfTk; FiwthfTk; Kk;igapYs;s Nfg; ypNahNghy;L xU Nfhg;gp cs;sd. |"by;yp> " vd;w mtH njhlHe;J> ,lk;> mJ FspH gpaH kw;Wk; ez;gHfSld; ~efuk; Kd;NdWk; NghJ $l Nrhjid

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a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

,khHj;jp

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rikay; ikakhf ,Uf;fpwJ. jpBnud> rPd kw;Wk; Jupj czT kPJ xU gilnaLg;G ,Ue;jJ. mJ tl fpof;F czTtifiar; NrHj;J ,Oj;jJ. Mdhy; mJ jhd; ,J" vd;whH. fy;fj;jh nrg; rgprhr;rp nfhuha; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; ghg;upf;fh ig rgp> mjid Njhw;Wtpj;jtH epiwa Gjpa Nehf;fq;fis cUthf;fpdhH. GY} ghf;]; fy;fj;jhtpd; Kjy; ghH MdJ- kf;fs; Ml ,irNahL tpisahl Neub gl;ilfs; nfhz;l cztfq;fs; cs;sd. mJ 50 kw;Wk; 60 fspy; fy;fj;jhtpd; ,uTtho;fi ; ff;F xU nghOJNghf;F rhjidia Vw;gLj;jpaJ. ,q;Nf czT INuhg;gpa kw;Wk; ,e;jpa> Mq;fpyk; fyitahf njhlHe;J ,Uf;fpwJ. 1970-,d; ,Wjpapy;> ,e;jpa czTf; fhl;rp fpl;lj;jl;l ,uz;L rhg;jq;fshf jzpe;J

nrd;wJ. Mk;> cztfq;fs; jpwe;J ,Uf;fpd;wd,e;j Neuj;jpd; Nghd;W jk; Gf;j>; Ng\;thup kw;Wk; Gf;fhuh Nghd;w rpwe;j ngaHfshy; jpwf;fg;gl;ld-Mdhy; ,jpy; kpFjpahdit tpLjpfspy; mike;Js;sd kw;Wk; rhjhuz kdpjHfshy; mZf ,aytpy;iy. 1990 tiu> ngUk;ghYk; tl vy;iyapy; ,Ue;J mJ kPzL ; k; ,e;jpa cztpw;F jpUk;gpaJ. czTj; njhopy; jpBnud xU tzpf uPjpahd njhopyhdJ> Mdhy; Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; kw;Wk; Nrhjidfs; epWj;jg;gl;ld. 90 fspd; Kw;gFjpapy;> rikaw;fhuHfs; jbapid vLj;J xypt; vz;nzAld; njhlq;Fk; Rthu];akhd czitf; nfhz;LtUk; Nehf;fpy; ,Ue;jdH> gpd;dH Ng kw;Wk; xypt;fs; %yk; gp];] h gpbg;Gk; tsHe;jJ kw;Wk; jpBnud;W ,e;jpa cztfq;fSk; ,tw;wpd; kpfg;ngupa jahupg;gpy; <Lgl;ld. ,J Nrhjid rikaypd; Like vOr;rp kw;Wk; mDgtq;fs; MEA INDIA topahd czT. mJ 2000-,d; filrpg; ghjpapy;> ,e;jpah %yf;$W EfHT> nkJthd rikay;> irt czTg; Follow gof;fk;> Kw;Nghf;fhd @MEAINDIA rikay; Mfpatw;wpd; gpwg;Gf;F toptFj;jJ. ,e;jpa cztfq;fs; fz;Lgpbg;gpd; jpwTNfhyhf Channel ,Ue;j Muk;g 1300fSf;Nf MEA INDIA kPz;Lk; te;jJ.

a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

GJik GFj;jy;

Map not to scale

ARUNACHAL PRADESH

SIKKIM

ASSAM

NAGALAND

MEGHALAYA MANIPUR

TRIPURA MIZORAM

,e;jpahtpd; ,aw;if

nghUshjhu tyak; Nkf; ,d; NehHj;-<];w; Kaw;rp vd;gJ gpuhe;jpak;> mjd; kf;fs; kw;Wk; nghUshjhuj;ij ehl;bd; gpw gFjpfNshL xUq;fpizg;gjw;fhf xU tpupthd> gy mLf;Fj; jpl;lk; ciu | ka+up KfH[P

VO rNfhjup khepyq;fyhd mrhk;> mUzhr;ry gpuNjrk;> kzpg;g+H> Nkfhyah> ehfhyhe;J> rpf;fpk; kw;Wk; jpupGuh Kjypait Gjpa Nkf; ,d; NuhHj; <];w; Kaw;rp %yk; xU jpUg;G Kidiag; ngw tlf;F fpof;F midj;Jk; jahuhfpAs;sJ. tl fpof;F gpuhe;jpa mgptpUj;jpf;fhd mikr;rpd; %yk; ,e;j Mz;L njhlq;fg;gl;l ,e;jj; jpl;lk;

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a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

gpujkH eNue;jpu Nkhbapd; xU cyf cw;gj;jp ikakhf ehl;il cUthf;Fk; Nkf; ,d; ,e;jpah jpl;lj;jhy; mo$l;lg;gl;lJ. vdpDk;> Nkf; ,d; NehHj; <];w; Njrpa jpl;lj;jpd; gpuhe;jpa gjpg;G kl;Lky;yhky; mjw;Fk; NkyhfNt cs;sJ. Nkf; ,d; ehHj;-<];l; Kaw;rp vd;gJ gpuhe;jpak;> mjd; kf;fs; kw;Wk; nghUshjhuj;ij ehl;bd;

Njapiyf; ifj;njhopy; Jiw@ Nrjdg; gz;iz

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a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

ntw;wp

td Ma;Tj;Jiwapy

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a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

a+dpNtHry; gpiunkH njhopy;El;gk; Ø

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nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s 13>300 gpupl;b\; ,e;jpa tiuglq;fs;> Gifg;glq;fs;> Xtpaq;fs; kw;Wk; ,uhZtj;jpdupd; ngaHfs; nfhz;L cz;ikfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Mapuf;fzf;fhd ,e;jpa tPuHfspd; Muk;gj;jpy; vfpg;Jf;fhf jpahfj;ij epidT$Uk; Kfkhf epw;fpwJ. mjpfhukspf;fg;gl;lhYk; $l> xU ,e;j Mz;fs;> nrhy;yKbahj fz;Nzhl;lj;jpw;F gpwF> njhlHepfo;rr ; pfspy; gzpahw;wpdH> ,e;jpag; gilapdH 1914-y; jq;fs; jhafj;ij tpl;L cyfg; NghH gpufldk; gjpthdjw;Fg; xt;nthU gazk; nra;J Kjyhk; cyfg; gpd;dhd rpy ehl;fspy; gpuhd;Rf;F njhFjpAk; jw; f hg; G Nghupy; jq;fs; v[khdHfSf;fhf mDg;gg;gl;ldH vd;gjw;F xg;ghf eltbf;iffs; Nghuhb ,we;jdH. vg;gbNah gpuhd;]; kw;Wk; /g;yhz;lH];> gw;wpa tpupthd Y}l;nad; fl;llf;fiyf;F njhlupd; mbg;gilapy; jdJ ftHr;rpapy; rpwpjsT Kjy; Gj;jfk; MfpwJ. tiuglq;fs;> ,oe;j ,f;fij ,e;jj ; ; xU gFjpapy; epWj;jpAs;s Gifg;glq;fs;> njhFg;gpy; xU Fuiyf; khepy gil gpupTfspd; Xtpaq;fs; kw;Wk; fz;Lgpbf;fpwJ. VO rpW xU gl;baiyf; nfhz;L> cz;ikfisf; Gj;jfq;fshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ> ngUk;ghyhd Gj;jfq;fspy; ,Nj ,g;Gj;jfk; NghH ele;j Nghd;w tptupg;ig vLf;fpwJ> nfhz;Ls;sJ Neuj;jpy; ,e;jpaj; JUg;Gfs; JzpTilik tpUJfs; gl;bay; epiyepWj;jpa cj;jpfs;> kw;Wk; gil tPuHfSf;F Nghuhl;lq;fs;> gpd;dilTfs; kw;Wk; mspf;fg;gl;l NghHf; fTutq;fs;> NkYk; ntw;wpfisf; fhg;gpLfpwJ. xt;nthU nghJkf;fs; capupog;Gf;fspd; gl;bay; njhFjpAk; jw;fhg;G eltbf;iffs; gw;wpa vd;gdTk; NrHf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Xf];w; 9>1915> rup ngapupy;1/6 tJ $Hf;fh Jg;ghf;fpfs;

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W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

tpkHrdk;

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a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

NkNy: fy;ypg;Nghypapy; ,e;jpa kw;Wk; ANZAC fOij Xl;LeHfs;@ fPNo: 1918 [dtup 5 Mk; jpfjpad;W `j;Jikj; jhf;fpf; ifg;gw;wpa gpd;dH> Nuhghl;bypUe;J N\f; cJkhdpw;F xU 6 mq;Fy Jg;ghf;fp gpupT jpUk;gptUfpwJ

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W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

tpkHrdk;

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a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

Mtzg;glj;jpd; epow;glq;fs;

50 ehLfspy; ,Ue;J fye;Jnfhs;tH. ,aq;Fk; tpkhdj;jpd; tpkhdpfspd; xU `hHtHl; gy;fiyf;fofk; Nghd;w Kd;dzp fpspg; ,Uf;fpwJ-#upa J}z;Ljy;- midj;J fy;tp epWtdq;fspy; ,Ue;J gy;NtW tof;fkhd Nahfh gapw;rpahsHfs;. Ma;Tfs; cs;sd> Nahfh cq;fs; ghuk;gupa ek;gpf;iff;F Kuzhf ngz;fs; ePzl ; fhy Rfhjhuj;ij J}z;LfpwJ Nahfh MHtyHfs; ,y;iy vd;Wk;> mjpf vd;Wk;> %is kPJ Nahfh tpisTfs; vz;zpf;ifapy; gq;Nfw;gpw;fhd xU fpd;d]; Fwpj;j NIMHANS Ma;T -xUtH cyf rhjidiaAk; ngw;Ws;s rPdhtpy; Nahfh gapw;rpiaj; njhlq;Ffpd;w NghJ fHg;gpzp ngz;fs; Nahfh gapw;rpfs; %isapd; gy;NtW gFjpfs; nra;tij fhl;LtJkhd xU vt;thW khWfpd;wd vd;gijf; <Hg;Gf; fhl;rp cs;sJ. glk; `hHtHl; fhl;Lk; Ma;T-MfpaitAk; NkYk; <uhd; kw;Wk; vfpg;jpy; fhl;lg;gLfpwJ. ngz;fspd; Nahfh <Lghl;il gy;fiyf;fofk; rTj;up mNj Nghy;> ,e;j fhz;gpf;fpwJ. Nghd;w eilKiwapy; ,Jtiu VO nkhopfspy; Kd;dzpf; fy;tp nrd;wile;jij fhz;gpf;fpwhHnkhopngaHf;fg;gl;Ls;s epWtdq;fspy; cyfk; KOtJk; ,Ue;J Nahfhtpd; Kjy; cyf jUzq;fs; cs;sd> epa+ahHf; topfhl;bahd BKS Iaq;fhH]; ,Ue;J Ma;Tfs; iuk;]; rJf;fj;jpy; Nahf iyw; xd; Nahfh vd;w cs;sd rq;fpuhe;jp> gpa+dh]; VH] Gj;jfj;ij ikakhf py; Rw;whly; Nahfh ghHf;> nfhz;Ls;sJ. Mtzg;glk; nfd;ahtpy; Mgpupf;f Nahfh jpl;lk; kw;Wk; 25 epkpl Neuj;jpw;Fs; xU ePzl ; gazk; nfa;Nuhtpy; cs;s Nahfh khjh[p FUFyk;. Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ. mJ ru];tjp ,z;l]; czHtpy; xU cyfshtpa efHT> xU ehfupfj;jpy; Nahfhtpd; gpwg;gpy; njhlq;fp rPuhd kw;Wk; ,irtpzf;fkhd fpufj;jpw;F cj;jHfz;l>; up\pNf\; fq;if ejp fiuapy; toptFf;fpwJ. ehk; midtUk; cyfpd; rkfhy rHtNjr Nahfh jpUtpoh tiu gpbj;j KOikahd Rfhjhu eilKiwapy; nry;fpwJ. xt;nthU Mz;Lk; /ngg;utupapy; ,yhgj;ij vg;gb mZFtJ. eilngWk; ,jpy; rhl;rpfs; gq;Nfw;ghsHfshf

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W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

ciuahly;

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a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

nud;dp]pd;

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rhdpah kpH]hNt cyfpy; Kjy; juj;ij vl;ba Kjy; ,e;jpag; ngz;kzp ciu | mk;upj;ghy; nfsH

tpisahl;il xU tho;fi ; fj; njhopy; fle;J nry;yNtz;bapUe;jJ. me;j Neuk; NjHthf Vw;Wf;nfhs;s ,e;jpahTf;F ePzl ; tpisahl;lhy; <Hf;fg;gl;Nld;> vdNt mij Neuk; vLj;Jf; nfhz;lJ> ,jpy; nud;dp] tpisahlj; njhlq;fpNdd;. nud;dp]; kl;il {k; tpjptpyf;F my;y. ,e;j tpisahl;L ,iofspy; ge;J tpOifapy; Vw;gLk; mjd; Kjy; fpuhz;l; ];yhk; xw;iwaH czHit urpj;Njd;. mJjhd; vd;idj; Ml;lj;jpy; ntw;wpngw;wtuhf ,g;NghJk; njhlHe;J tpisahl itj;jJ” vd;fpwhH fhj;Jf;nfhz;Ljhd; ,Uf;fpwJ. ,Ue;jhYk;> rhdpah. ,e;jpahTf;F mjd; gpujhd ,ul;ilaH NkYk; mtH xUNghJk; gpd;dhy; jpUk;gpg; gpupT ntw;wp 1997-,y; fpilj;jJ. ,e;j ghHj;jNj fpilahJ. rhdpah fdp\;l mUQ;nraiy vl;ba %d;W nud;dp]; gpuptpy; 2003 tpk;gps;ld; nud;dp]; ,ul;ilaH tpisahl;L tPuHfs; kl;LNk ,Ue;Js;sdH. gl;lj;ij myprh fpNsgNdhthTld; 2007-,y; xw;iwaH gpuptpy; 27 Mk; NrHe;J ntw;wpaPlb ; a Muk;g ehl;fspy; ,lj;ijj; njhLtjw;F Kd;dH> 28 tajhd mtH jdJ jpwikia ntspg;gLj;jpdhH. ,e;jg; ngz;kzp rpwe;j 50 NgH gl;baypy; mtH gy xw;iwaH Ml;l ntw;wpfisg; Eioe;jjd; %ykhf ngwtpy;iy> vdpDk; 2005 ,y; ,e;jpahitAk; ngz;fs; i`juhghj;jpy; ntd;w fpz;zk; mtH ,ul;ilaH nud;dp]; tiuglj;jpy; jhd mjpy; xd;Nwnahd;W> NrHj;jhH> ,g;NghJ mtH MdhYk;; mtH xd;iwg; gpuptpy; 40 ,ul;ilaH Ml;lj;jpy; cyfj; ngw;wpUe;jhH. jlitfs; juj;jpy; Kjyplj;jpypUf;fpwhH. ,Ue;jhYk;> mtH ,ul;ilaH ,Wjpg;Nghl;bia jd;Dila ngaUf;F gpuptpy; 40 jlitfs; vl;bdhH> ,tw;wpy; fpuhz;l; ];yhk; tpUijr; ,Wjpg;Nghl;bia vl;bdhH> NrHj;Jf;nfhz;l Kjy; ,e;jpag; ,tw;wpy; 26 Nghl;bfspy; 26 Nghl;bfspy; ngz;kzp ,tHjhd;. NkYk;> ntw;wpf;fpz;zj;ijf; ntw;wpf;fpz;zj;ijf; WTA gl;lj;ij ntd;w Kjy; ifg;gw;wpdhH. ,e;j nud;dp]; ifg;gw;wpdhH ,e;jpaH kw;Wk; fpuhz;l; el;rj;jpuk; jk;khy; Nkw;nfhz;L ];yhkpy; NrHf;fg;gl;ljpYk; xw;iwaH rhjidfis Kjyplk; tfpg;gtH ,tHjhd;. epiyehl;l Kbatpy;iyNa “cyfpy; Kjy; ,lj;jpy; ,Ug;gJ vd;gJ vd;W ftiyg;gLtjpy;iy> Vnddpy; ,J mNefkhf mjpAaH kl;lj;jpy; cWjpahd mtUf;F Vw;gl;l fhaq;fs; fhuzkhf nray;jpwd;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtjd; xU jpBnud;W ,ilapy; epWj;jg;gl;L tpl;lJ. cj;jpNahfg+Ht cWjpg;gLj;jyhf ,Uf;fpwJ” ‘xt;nthU tpisahl;Lj; njhopYf;FNk vd;fpwhH ,e;j i`juhghj; ngz;kzp> Vw;wq;fSk; ,wf;fq;fSk; cs;sd. ehd; VO ,tuJ tho;fi ; fj; njhopypd; NghJ %d;W tUlq;fSf;Fk; Nkyhf xw;iwaH gpuptpy; rj;jpurpfpr;irfSf;F cs;shdhH vd;gJk; rpwe;j 100 Ngupy; jutupirg;gl;bUe;Njd;> Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ehd;F tUlq;fspy; %d;W rj;jpurpfpr;irfs; “ehd; i`juhghj;jpy; xU fpsg;gpy; ele;j NghjpYk; $l> cyfpy; kpfr;rpwe;j ePrr ; iyj; njhlq;fpNdd;> mg;NghJ vdf;F 27tJ jutupiria <l;bNdd;. E}w;W MW taJ> ePrr ; y; Fsj;jpw;Fr; nry;tjw;fhf ,Ugj;ije;J tUl fhykhf NtW ve;j ehd; xU nud;dp]; tpisahLk; ,lj;ijf; ,e;jpag; ngz;kzpAk; rpwe;j 100 xw;iwaH

a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

ciuahly;

NkypUe;J tyQ;Ropahf: fztH Nrhapg; khypf;Fld; ehr; ghypNa 5-,y; rhdpah kpH]h@ fyg;G ,ul;ilaH nud;dp]; Nghl;bapy; jq;fg; gjf;fj;ij ntd;w gpd;dH ,e;jpa %tHzf; nfhbiag; gpbj;jgb rhNfj; kpnddpAld;@ kpahkp xg;gdpy; ntw;wpngw;w gpwF rhdpah kpH]h kw;Wk; khHl;bdh `pq;fp];

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,e;jpa juprdk;

a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

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