India perspectives july august'15 tamil

29

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cyfk; rHtNjr Nahfh jpdj;ijf; nfhz;lhLfpwJ

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kpf mjpfkhf vjpHghHf;fg;gl;l kw;Wk; kpfg; Gfo;ngw;w ahj;jpiuahd mkHehj; ahj;jpiu mkHehj; FiffspYs;s rptDf;F kupahij nrYj;JfpwJ. Mapuf; fzf;fhd ahj;jpupfHfs; rthy; tpLf;Fk; kiyg; ghijfspd; ClhfTk; fbdkhd Rw;whly; epiyikfisf; fle;Jk; gdpglHe;Js;s Gdpjf; NfhapYf;Fr; nrd;W mq;Fs;s rptdpd; I]; ypq;fj;ijj; juprpf;fpwhHfs;. vg;NghJ: a+iy 2 – Xf];w; 29 tiu vq;Nf: =efH> [k;K fh\;;kPH

,e;j epfo;T Xf];w; khjj;jpd; ,uz;lhtJ rdpf;fpoikad;W Gd;dhkhjh Vupapy; elhj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jg; glFg; Nghl;b elf;Fk; ehspy;> me;j Vupapd; Kd;dhy; fpl;lj;jl;l ,uz;L ,yl;rk; ghHitahsHfs; FtpfpwhHfs;. ,e;jpah> Nfus khepyj;jpYs;s Fl;lehl;bd; xt;nthU fpuhkj;jpw;Fk; tuTs;s khjq;fspy; ,e;j ntw;wp nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ. vg;NghJ: Xf];w; 9 vq;Nf: Gd;dhkhjh Vup> Nfush

`upahyp jP[; `upahyp jP[; vd;gJ kj ek;gpf;if kw;Wk; kfpo;r;rpapd; jpUtpoh MFk;> ,jd; NghJ ngz;fs; jq;fSila FLk;gq;fspd; ey tho;Tf;fhf ghHtjp mk;kidj; njhOfpwhHfs;. n[a;g;g+upy;> ghHtjp mk;kdpd; rpiyiaj; jhq;fpapUf;Fk; xU gy;yf;Fld; rpw;wp gy]pd; thapypUe;J xU khngUk; CHtyk; njhlq;fp> KO efiuAk; Rw;wp tUfpwJ. vg;NghJ: a+iy 22 vq;Nf: ,uh[];jhd;

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,J mUzhr;ryg; gpuNjrj;jpYs;s mghlhdp goq;Fbapduhy; nfhz;lhlg;gLk; xU tptrhaj; jpUtpoh MFk;. jhK> `Hdpahq;> nkl;B kw;Wk; jhd;Qp Mfpa ehd;F flTs;fs; ,jd;NghJ caHthfg; Nghw;wg;gLfpd;wdH> ,j;jpUtpohtpy; muprp kw;Wk; jhdpa gpaiuf; nfhz;l tpUe;J elf;fpwJ. ghuk;gupa eld epfo;r;rpfs; ,e;jj; jpUtpohtpd; gpukhz;lj;ijf; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. vg;NghJ: a+iy 4 – 5 vq;Nf: ]pNuh> mUzhr;ryg; gpuNjrk;

,e;jg; gpuj;jpNafj; jpUtpohthdJ rpf;fpkpd; fhty; nja;tkhd fhQ;nrz;l;Nrhq;fhTf;Fk;> nyg;rh kw;Wk; Gj;yh r%fq;fSf;F ,ilapYs;s rNfhjuj;Jt cld;ghl;Lf;Fk; mHg;gzpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j cld;ghl;bd; fijahdJ tpsf;fkhd Kf%bfis mzpe;jpUf;Fk; re;epahrpfshy; Mlg;gLk; eld epfo;r;rpfs; Clhf ebj;Jf;fhl;lg;gLfpwJ. vg;NghJ: nrg;uk;gH 9 vq;Nf: rpf;fpk;

Kd;Diu ,e;jpahtpy; gUtq;fs; khwp> kiof;fhyk; tUifapy;> KjyhtJ rHtNjr Nahfh jpdj;jpd; ntw;wpiaf; nfhz;lhLk; jUzk; vq;fSf;Ff; fpilj;Js;sJ. nrd;w tUlk;> ,e;j epfo;it a+d; 21 md;W nfhz;lhLkhW gpujkH jpU eNue;jpu Nkhb miw$ty; tpLj;jhH> NkYk; If;fpa ehLfspd; nghJr; rigapy; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l jPHkhdj;jpw;F 177 ehLfshy; mDruizaspf;fg;gl;lJ kw;Wk; midj;J ehl;L cWg;gpdHfshYk; Mjutspf;fg;gl;lJ. KjyhtJ nfhz;lhl;lk;> 250 efuq;fspYk; 192 ehLfspYk; ele;j epfo;r;rpfSld; xU vjpnuhypf;Fk; ntw;wpahf mike;jJ. ,e;jpa juprdj;jpd; ,e;j ntspaPl;by;> ,g;gpuahzj;ij Nkw;nfhz;L jlkwpe;J> ,e;jpahtpd; Guhjd nghf;fprk; vg;gb MNuhf;fpa ed;ikfisj; jUtNjhL kl;Lkpy;yhky;> etPd cyfpy; vkf;Fs;s kd ,Wf;fq;fisAk; mOj;jq;fisAk; ifahSk; xU topahfTk; ,Uf;Fk; vd;gijAk; fhl;LfpNwhk;. rHtNjr muq;fpy;> gpujkH jpU Nkhb mtHfs; mz;ikapy; rPdhTf;F Nkw;nfhz;l tp[ak; ,U ehLfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd fyhr;rhug; gpizg;Gfisf; fhl;baJ> ,J rpahDf;F gpujkupd; tUifapy; rpwg;ghfg; Gyg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. rhq;fhapy; 22 gpy;ypad; mnkupf;f nlhyHfs; ngWkjpahd cld;gbf;iffs; ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;lJld;> nghUshjhu ,uh[je;jpuKk; $l Kd;dpiyapy; ,Ue;jJ> ,tw;NwhL murpay; fye;jhNyhridfSk; jhd;. ,it vy;yhk; xd;whf ,e;jpa-rPd cwtpd; vy;iyf;NfhLfis kPstiuaWj;Js;sd.

Vg;uy; khjj;jpy; Neghsj;jpy; xU NguopTz;lhf;fpa epyeLf;fk; Vw;gl;lJ. ,e;jpa ,uhZtg; gilfSld; ,ize;J ,e;jpa murhq;fk;> ikj;up eltbf;ifapd; fPo; Kd;ndg;NghJk; ,y;yhj msTf;F kpfg;ngupa epthuz eltbf;ifiaj; njhlq;fpaJ> ,J me;j Jd;gpay; epfo;Tf;Fg; gpwF Muk;g ehl;fspYk; fpoikfspYk; kpf Kf;fpakhdjhf mike;jJ. ehq;fs; uh`j; eltbf;ifapd; ntw;wpiaAk; $l Ma;T nra;fpNwhk;> ,e;j eltbf;ifapy; NghUf;F ,ilapy; Nakd; ehl;bypUe;J 4>700 ,w;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ,e;jpaHfs; ntspNaw;wg;gl;ldH. $Ljyhf> ,e;jpahTf;Fk; mjd; Rw;Wg;Gwg; gpuhe;jpaq;fSf;Fk; xU RahjPdkhd nra;kjp CLUty; mikg;ig mspf;f I.MH.vd;.v];.v];-1b (IRNSS-1D) vd;w nra;kjp Vw;fdNt cs;s %d;W nra;kjpfspd; xOf;fpy; ,ize;jikiaAk; rpwg;gk;rkhff; Fwpg;gpLfpNwhk;. ,e;j tpz;kPd; njhFjpapYs;s mLj;j nra;kjpahd I.MH.vd;.v];.v];-1< (IRNSS-1E) vjpHtUk; khjq;fspy; VTtjw;Fj; jahuhf cs;sJ> ,jdhy; VO nra;kjpfspd; KO tpz;kPd; $l;lKk; KbtilfpwJ. gpujkH Nkhbapd; ,e;jpahtpy; jahupg;Nghk; (Nkf; ,d; ,e;jpah) Kaw;rpapypUe;J xU topfhl;Lk; Fwpg;ig vLj;Jf;nfhz;L> ehl;bd; tlfpof;Fg; gpuhe;jpakhdJ tlfpof;fpy; jahupg;Nghk; (Nkf; ,d; NehHj;nt];w;) vd;w Kaw;rpAld; mgptpUj;jpia Ntfkhf;f midj;ijAk; KLf;fptpl;Ls;sJ. ];dhg;n\hl;fs; gpuptpy;> nlf;fhd; gpuhe;jpaj;jpd; ,];yhkpa Afj;jpw;F kPz;Lk; epidt+l;Lk; tp[ahg+upd; trPfupf;Fk; jpwe;j ntsp mUq;fhl;rpafj;ijf; fle;J gpuahzpf;Fk; mNjNtis> Ma;Tg; gazk; vd;w gf;fq;fspy;> fq;if> gpukGj;uh kw;Wk; `_f;sp MWfspy; nrhFRg; gpuahzq;fSf;fhd NjHTfisAk; jUfpNwhk;. NkYk;> fye;Jiuahly; gpuptpy; rhdpah kpHrhtpd; tsHe;J tUk; tUlq;fs;> mtUila rhjidfs; kw;Wk; Gwe;jl;Ljy;fs; gw;wpa trPfupf;Fk; fhuzk; kw;Wk; tpisitg; ngWfpNwhk;. tpisahLk; cw;rhfj;jpw;F tuNtw;Gfs;;.

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,e;jpa juprdk;

29 n ntspaPL 4 n a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

MrpupaH: tpfh]; ];thug; cjtp MrpupaH: epfpNy\; bf;\pj; ntsptptfhu mikr;R miw ,y. 152> ~V| gpupT> rh];jpup gtd;> GJby;yp- 110001, ,e;jpah njh.: 91.11.23388949> 23381719 njhiyefy;.: 91.11.23384663 ,izak;: http://www.indiandiplomacy.in fUj;J my;yJ Nfs;tpfspw;F: osdpd2@mea.gov.in

khf;];NghrH kPbah F&g; ,e;jpah gpiuNtl; ypkpw;nwl; gpuRupg;gtH kw;Wk; jiyik eltbf;if mjpfhup: tpfh]; N[h`up jiyik epHthfp kw;Wk; epHthfg; gzpg;ghsH: gpufh\; N[h`up epiwNtw;W MrpupaH: nrsug; jq;fh jiyik mYtyfk; khf;n]f;]N ; ghrH kPbah F&g; ,e;jpah gpiuNtl; ypkpw;nwl; gpupT ,y. [p-0-V> fPoj ; ; jsk;> MIRA NfhHg;gNul; #l;]>; pGnshl; ,y. 1&2> ,\;thH efH> kJuh rhiy> GJby;yp – 110065, ,e;jpah njh: +91.11.43011111 > njhiyefy;: +91.11.43011199

CIN No: U22229DL2006PTC152087 fUj;J my;yJ Nfs;tpfspw;F:

indiaperspectives@maxposure.in Nfs;tpfspw;F | MMGIPL njh: +91.11.43011111 njhiyefy;: +91.11.43011199 www.maxposure.in

,e;jpa juprdk; mNugpak;> g`rh> ,e;NjhNdrpak;> Mq;fpyk;> gpnud;Q>; N[Hkd;> ,e;jp> ,j;jhypak;>; gh\;Njh> ghurPfk;> NghHj;Jf;Nfak;> u\pak;> rpq;fsk;> ];ghdp\;> jkpo;> rPdk;> ag;ghdpak; Mfpa nkhopfspy; gpuRupf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpa juprdk; MdJ miw ,y. 152> ~V| gpupT> rh];jpup gtH> GJby;yp – 110001 vd;w tpyhrj;jps;s ntsptptfhu mikr;rpd; (MEA) $l;Lr; nrayhsUk;> cj;jpNahfg+Htg; Ngr;rhsUkhd tpfh]; ];thug;ghy; gpuRupf;fg;gLfpwJ> NkYk; MEA-,d; rhHghf> myF ,y. G-O-A (jiuj; jsk;)> kpuh NfhHg;gNuw; #l;]>; kid ,y. 1&2, ,\;thH efH> kJuh rhiy> GJby;yp – 110065 vd;w tpyhrj;jpYs;s khf;]N ; gh\H kPbah F&g; ,e;jpah gpiuNtw; ypkpw;nwl; (MMGIPL) epWtdj;jhy; gpuRupf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpa juprdk; xU tUlj;jpy; MW jlitfs; ntspaplg;gLfpwJ. midj;J cupikfSk; ghJfhf;fg;gl;lit. ,jpYs;s vOj;jhf;fk;> glNtiy kw;Wk;/ my;yJ Gifg;glj;ij ‘,e;jpa juprdj;jpw;F” ed;wp njuptpj;J cgNahfpf;fyhk; my;yJ kW mr;rplyhk;. ,.nt.m kw;Wk; MMGIPL Mfpait kdkhuf; nfhLf;fg;gl;l nghUl;fs;> ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpfs;> Gifg;glq;fs;> glNtiy> xspa+LUT glq;fs; my;yJ kw;iwa nghUl;fspd; ,og;gpw;F nghWg;ig Vw;Wf;nfhs;s khl;lh. ,r;rQ;rpifapy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; fUj;Jfs; ,.nt.m my;yJ MMGIPL ,d; fUj;Jf;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;ba mtrpakpy;iy.

vq;fisg; gpd;gw;Wq;fs;: http://www.facebook.com/MEA http://www.twitter.com/MEA http://www.youtube.com/MEA ,e;jpa juprdj;jpd; gpujpnahd;iwg; ngWtjw;F mUfhikapYs;s ,e;jpa ,uhaje;jpu J}jufj;ijj; njhlHGnfhs;sTk;.

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ikak;; Gjpa E}w;whz;by; Nahfh.................................06

Gijay;; Fjpiug;gil mzptFg;G........................................ 60

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Kjw;gb Njitg;gLk; Neuj;jpy; eltbf;if |ntw;wp|........................................................18

ntw;wp; td Ma;Tj;Jiwapy; xU Gul;rp....................................................................... 74

Ma;Tg; gazk; jz;zPupd; kPJ nrhFR............................................ 26

ghuk;gupak; Nfushtpd; ku mjpraq;fs;;................................... 76

Kd;Ndw;wk; efuq;fis epiykhw;WtJ> ,e;jpahit epiykhw;WfpwJ................................ 34

kupahij ed;ik nra;j kdpjDf;F kupahij................................................ 80

tpz;ntsp Kd;Ndhf;fp gpukhz;l gha;r;ry;;........................... 39

tpkHrdk NghH tuyhw;wpy; xU kyHf;nfhj;J.................... 82

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tpkHrdk cyfpd; kpfg; gpbj;jkhd KOikahd cly;eyg; gapw;rp........................... 86

Gijay; ,e;jpa MAjg; gilfspd; guk;giur; nrhj;J....................................................... 54

ciuahly;; nud;dp]pd; fhjYf;fhf.......................................... 88

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ikak;

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Nahfh

gugug;ghd jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; vz;zw;w flikfSld; vjpHtUk; tUlq;fspy; mjpf Kf;fpaj;JtKs;sjhff; fUj tha;gG ; s;s Nahfh kl;Lk;jhd; tpUk;gj;jf;f jPHthf ,Uf;Fk; Nghyj; njupfpwJ ciu | Nahfhr;rhHah v]; =jud;

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rHtNjr Nahfh jpdk; Nahfhtpd; KOikahd ed;ikfis ftdj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;LtUk;

Kd;ndg;NghJk; ,y;yhjthW Kjy; gw;wp xU jpBH vOr;rp cz;lhdJ vd;w Kiwahf ,e;j a+d; 21 Mk; jpfjp cyfk; Nfs;tp tuyhk;? ,d;W $l Nahfhit> me;jg; KOtJk; "rHtNjr Nahfh jpdk;" vdf; ghijapy; ehl;lKs;stHfs; kl;LNk> Fwpg;ghf nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ. Rthu];akhf> ,e;jj ; ; capHtho;tjw;fhd fhuzj;ijf; fz;Lgpbf;f jpfjp If;fpa ehLfshy; mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ> Ntz;ba taij vl;batHfNs filg;gpbf;f NkYk; Nahfhtpd; gpwg;gplkhd ,e;jpah cl;gl Ntz;ba xU 'Md;kf P r; nray;Kiw" midj;J ehLfSk; mjw;F ,irAk; tifapy; vd;Nw ghHf;fpwhHfs;. mijf; nfhz;lhl xg;Gf;nfhz;ld.

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177 NATIONS CO-SPONSOR THE UN RESOLUTION TO DECLARE INTERNATIONAL DAY OF YOGA NORTH AMERICA (24)

EUROPE (42)

SOUTH AMERICA (12) ASIA (39)

AFRICA (47)

Map not to scale

AUSTRALIA(12)

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nghUl;fis nfhz;L nrd;wd. NkYk;> ,e;jpa ,uhZtj;jpypUe;J 18 kUj;Jtf; FOf;fs;> 18 ,uhZt nghwpapay; gpupTfs; kw;Wk; 16 vd;.b.MH.v/g; mzpfs; rpfpr;iraspj;J> jtpf;fpd;w gy;NtW Njrpa kf;fSf;F cjtpd. ,e;jpa tpkhdg; gilapd; vl;L vk;.I-17 kw;Wk; ,e;jpa ,uhZtj;jpd; Ie;J V.vy;.vr;

cyq;FthD}Hjpfs; %yk; fhakile;jtHfspy; 900 NgH ,lk;ngaHf;fg;gl;ldH kw;Wk; 1700 NgH ehl;Lf;F mioj;Jr; nry;yg;gl;ldH> 207 njhd; epthuzg; nghUl;fs; toq;fg;gl;ld. kdpj Mw;wy; kl;Lky;y> ,ae;jpuq;fs; %yk; g+fk;gj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l rhiyfis mfw;wp kw;Wk; ,we;jtHfisAk; Njlr;nra;jdH. kw;w ntw;wpfukhd eltbf;iffisg; Nghd;W> ,e;jpa muR ,e;j ntspNaw;Wjy; eltbf;ifapd; NghJ $l ];ghdpa gpui[fSf;F cjtpaJ. mJ kf;fs; Jauj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ rhj;jpakhd xt;nthU cjtpfisAk; nra;Nthk; vd;W ];ghdpa ntspAwT mikr;rUf;F mtHfs; mspj;j thf;FWjp. ,e;j kPlG ; eltbf;if xU KbTf;F te;jTld;> jdJ 'rpNefpjHfis' mtHfsJ jsq;fSf;F nry;YkhW Neghs muR Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lJ. ikj;up eltbf;if rhjfkhd gaidj; je;jjd; mbg;gilapy; xU khngUk; eltbf;ifahFk;> ,J vg;NghJk; neUf;fbahd #oy;fspy; ,e;jpah Nkw;nfhz;l Kaw;rpfs; gw;wp cuj;Jg; NgRk;.

a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

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Ma;Tg; gazk;

jz;zPupd;

kPJ nrhFR

,e;jpahtpd; ,uz;L ty;yik nghUe;jpa MWfshd fq;if kw;Wk; gpuk;kGj;jpuh Kjypait> Mw;Wf; fg;gy; fUJNfhSld; nkhj;jj;jpy; mikjp kw;Wk; nrsfupakhf ehL KOtJk; gpuahzk; nra;a xU topia toq;FfpwJ

nrhFR Mw;Wf; fg;gy

,e;jpa juprdk;

n

26

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a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

ePqf ; s; tpLKiwapy; ,Uf;Fk; gpuk;kGj;jpuh-Nkw;F tq;fj;jpy; `_f;sp NghJ> ntspNa elg;gijg; ghHf;f vd;W mwpag;gLfpwJ-Mfpa ,uz;L Kf;fpa jpiur;ri P y ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W ejpfspy; ,af;fg;gLfpd;wd. mJ efHg;Gw mij xJf;fp tpl gLf;ifapy; cUz;L khspiffs;> njhiy jPTfspYs;s rJg;G vOk; Kaw;rpiaf; $l fbd ciog;ghf epyf;fhLfs; my;yJ efuq;fspy; cs;s czHfpwPHfs;. epidTr;rpd;dq;fshf ,e;jpahtpd; Mw;Wf; ,Uf;Fk; - gy;NtW fg;gy; MdJ> eldk;> ,ir> nerT> Mw;wpy; XLk; ,e;jf; ehl;bd; moF kw;Wk; kl;ghz;lk;> czTfs; fg;gy; xt;nthU tuyhw;W kuig kw;Wk; gz;biffspy; gpuahzpf;Fk; Kjy; if Muha;ej ; gb> ePqf ; s; kpf gpujpgypf;fg;gLk; mDgtj;ij toq;f Mlk;gukhd Kiwapy; jiyKiwfshfTs;s cq;fs; tpLKiwia epiyahd gof;f thf;FWjpaspj;jpUf;fpwJ fopf;f xU tha;gi ; g tof;fq;fs;> rlq;Ffs;> mspf;fpwJ. tdtpyq;F ek;gpf;iffs; kw;Wk; ruzhyaq;fs; kw;Wk; rupj;jpu epidTfs; ifNtiyg;ghLspy; fLikahf %o;fpf; topahf> ngUk; efuq;fspd; Clhfr; filg;gpbf;Fk; jpdrup tho;fi ; fiag; nry;Yk; ,e;jpa cs;ehl;L ePHtopfs; gw;wpj; njupe;Jnfhs;Sq;fs;. ,Uf;fpd;w kw;Wk; MWfspy; 1>750 iky;fSf;F Nky;eN P uhl;lk; kw;Wk; fPoe ; N P uhl;l fg;gy; gpuahzk; nra;tJ jw;NghJ tpUg;gq;fisf; nfhz;L xUtH mtH Muha rhj;jpak;. ,e;jf; fg;gy;fs;> fq;if kw;Wk; Ntz;ba ghijiaj; NjHT nra;ayhk;.

a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

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Ma;Tg; gazk;

kw;Wk; iftpid gl;liwfisg; ghHitapLtJ Kjypa tUiffSk; <Hg;GfSk; mlq;Ffpd;wd. rhq;gN ; gh gpuk;kGj;uh vd;wiof;fg;gLk; gpuk;kGj;uh ,e;j Mw;Wf; fg;gy;fspy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ> ePqf ; s; xU vy;iy jhz;Lk; ejp kw;Wk; Mrpahtpd; kpf xU njhy; n ghUs; jsk; > xU iftpid fpuhkk; Kf;fpakhditapy; xd;W. MW Cw;nwLf;Fk; kw;Wk; xU Gz;zpa jyj;jpd; gazj;NjhL gFjp ePzl ; fhykhf njupahky; ,Ue;jJ> ,J NrHe;J ,e;jpa-g+l;lhd; vy;iyapy; cs;s kdh]; 1884-86 tiu kl;LNk> Vnddpy; mg;NghJ ahHYq; Njrpag; g+q;fhitAk; ghHf;f Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;> lhq;Ngh Mw;iwf; fz;Lgpbj;j NghJ ,jd; gazpaH fg;gy;fs; mrhkpd; Ft`hj;jpypUe;J milahsKk; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ> ,J jpngj;jpy; Gwg;gl;L Nj[;g+H kw;Wk; fhrpuq;fh mUNf rpy;fl; gha;fpw ejpapd; xU gFjp. Mw;wpy; XLk; ,e;jf; tiu nry;Yk;. fg;gy; xt;nthU gpuahzpf;Fk; ,q;F eNkup kw;Wk; fhrpuq;fh Kjy; if mDgtj;ij toq;f Njrpa g+q;fhf;fs; kw;Wk; Nj[;g+H thf;FWjpaspj;jpUf;fpwJ. xf;NuhgH fq;if Nfhapy;fs; ftdpf;fjf;fit. kw;Wk; Vg;uy; ,ilapy; Vw;ghL ejpapd; 260 mrhkpy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ> ,e;jf; nra;ag;gl;bUf;Fk;> ehd;F ,uT> fpkP ePsKs;s fg;gypd; Kf;fpa rpwg;gk;rq;fspy; VO ,uT kw;Wk; 10-,uT NjHTfs; xd;W> mN`hk; kd;dHfspd; gioa fpisahd cl;gl;l gazj; jpl;lq;fisf; jiyefuhd rpg;rhfUf;Fk;> ,e;J nfhz;l ,g;gpuahzj;jpy;> Nkw;F `_f;sp xU kjj; JwtpaHfSf;Fupa r%fq;fisf; tq;fj;jpy; cs;s nfhy;fj;jhtpy; fr;rpjkhd nfhz;l k[{yp jPTf;Fk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; ,Ue;J mrhk; khepyj;jpy; cs;s fg; g y; tp[ak; MFk;. fiy kw;Wk; jpg;UflUf;F tUk; gpuk;kGj;jpuh iftpid Mfpait gz;ghl;LlDk; ghijahf tiu xU ,aw;ifia eidj;j ghuk;gupaj;NjhLk; gpd;dpg; gpize;Js;s nrhw;gfhythrk; cWjp. jpfo;fpwJ ehl;bd; xt;nthU %iy KLf;ifAk; ,e;jf; flw;gazq;fspy;> ([Pg; ghHitapl Ntz;Lk;. %yKk; ahid kPJk; vd ,uz;Lk;) td Ntl;ilf;FO> fpuhkj;jpy; ele;Jjpupjy;fs;> fq;if ejp flYyh Njapiyj; Njhl;lq;fSf;fhd tp[aq;fs;> kpjptz;b upf;rhf;fspy; efuq;fisr; Ma;Tnra;tJ> ,kakiyapy; ,Ue;J Cw;nwLf;Fk; ejpfspy; fq;ifiaj; jtpu kw;w ve;j ejpAk; r%fk;> ntwpr;Nrhba Mw;W jPTfspy; jpwe;jntsp kjk;> fyhrhuk; kw;Wk; nghUshjhuk; vd tpUe;Jfis mDgtpj;jy;> eld epfo;rr ; pfs;

gpuk;kGj;jpuh ejp flYyh

,e;jpa juprdk;

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a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

tyQ;Ropahf Nky; ,lJ Gwk;: fg;gy; Nkw;wsj;jpYs;s Xa;T miwg; gFjp@ uhk;efH Nfhl;ilapd; Kw;wk;@ khndupy; cs;s Rgp fy;yiw@ rh`p Fapyh my;yJ [hd;g+H Nfhl;il@ ghl;dhguhf;fh fg;gypypUe;J ntl;lg;gl;l Jz;L@ rHehj;jpy; cs;s cgfhukspf;fg;gl;l J}gpfs;

a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

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Ma;Tg; gazk;

,e;jpa juprdk;

n

30

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a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

,lJ gf;fk; Nehf;Fk; Nky; ,ljpypUe;J ,lQ;Ropahf: ghl;dhtpypUe;J guhf;fh tiuapyhd glFg; gazj;jpd; NghJ vLf;fg;gl;l glq;fs;@ Rdhupy; cs;s gioa Kfyhaf; fy;yiw@ thuzhrpapd; kiytopfs;@ fg;gy; kPJs;s ntapy;gLk; jpwe;j ntsp (rz;nlf;)@ Nrhdpg;g+H fhy;eilf; fz;fhl;rp@ ghl;dh-guhf;fh fg;gy; gazj;jpd; Nghija fhl;rp@ rHtNjr Rw;Wyh gazpfshy; fnkuh g+l;lg;gl;bUj;jy;

a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

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Ma;Tg; gazk;

NkypUe;J tyQ;Rop: fg;gypy; toq;fg;gLk; ];gh Nritfs;@ rz;nlf; gFjp@ Xa;Tg; gFjp@ fg;gypy; gupkhwg;gLk; czT tiffs;@ rhg;gpLk; gFjp

,e;jpa juprdk;

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32

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a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

kf;fspd; tho;tpy; xU Kf;fpakhd gq;if tfpf;ftpy;iy. ,e;jpa ehfupfq;fs; mbg;gilapy; vz;zw;w khw;wq;fisf; fz;Ls;sd kw;Wk; ,J Nghd;w tpe;ijfspy; Gdpj ejp xU rhl;rpahf jpfo;fpwJ. fq;ifapy; gazpaH fg;gy;fs; cj;jug; gpuNjrj;jpy; thuzhrpapypUe;J njhlq;fp> Kfyha fhyj;jpypUe;j #dh Nfhl;ilapypUe;J gpupj;jhdpa fhyj;J fy;yiw tiu nry;Yk; topia Nkw;nfhz;L> gpd;dH kfhuh[h muz;kidiag; ghHf;fr; nry;tjw;F uhk;efUf;Fr; nrd;W kw;Wk; fq;fh Muj;jpAld; nrhHgf;fhythrj;jpd; cr;repiyia milAk;. gPfhH Nehf;fpa gazk; vd;why;> ngsj;j jykhd rhuehj;> nrH rh #upapd; rruhk; Nfhl;il kw;Wk; g+f;]H Nghd;wtw;wpw;Fr; nry;yyhk;. gPfhupy;> Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; ehye;jh my;yJ Gj;j fhahtpw;F xU ehs; gazk; jpl;lkplyhk;. ,e;jpa cs;ehl;L ePHtop Mizak;> mLj;j tUlj;jpypUe;J NkYk; epiwa fg;gy;fis ,af;fj; jpl;lkpl;bUf;fpwJ. $Ljyhf> ,t;tif flw; gazq;fs; eghl;tpg; (irj;dpa kfhgpuGtpw;F gpugykhdtH)> re;jd;ehFupy; gpuQ;R fyhr;rhuj;ij nkUNfw;Wjy; kw;Wk; gioa fhydpj;Jtk;> nfhy;fj;jh> jrpNd];tH> NgY}H> khahGup> KHrpjhghj; (mjd; Kfyha muz;kidfs;> mUq;fhl;rpafq;fs; kw;Wk; k#jpfs;> uh[kfhy; Kjypatw;Wld;) Kjypatw;wpd; Clhfr; nry;Yk;. nkhj;jj;jpy; RkhH 1>200 fp.kP. ePsKs;s ,g;gpuahzk; fyhr;rhu kw;Wk; tuyhw;W Kd;dpfo;Tfis mDgtpf;Fk; tha;gi ; g Kd;dhy; epWj;JfpwJ. Mw;Wg; gLf;iffs; fhl;Lg;gd;wp> Fs;seup> ngq;fhy; eup> fhl;Lg; g+id> uPr]; Fl;il thy; Fuq;Ffs;> rhk;gy; rpq;fthy; Fuq;Ffs;> ePy vUjp kw;Wk; fiykhd; Kjypia cs;s jsj;ijg; ghHf;f cWjp $Wfpd;wd> ,e;jf; fhy;thNa kPd>; nkd;ikahd ,e;jpa ePH eha;fs;> Mw;W Mikfs;> Mikfs; kw;Wk; ejp nlhy;gpd;fs; Nghd;w 90-f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ,dq;fs; jq;Fkplkhf mikfpwJ.

`_f;sp ejp flYyh fq;if ejpapd; 260 fpkP ePsKs;s fpisahd `_f;sp xU fr;rpjkhd fg;gy; ghijahf jpfo;fpwJ. Nkw;F tq;fj;jpy; tUlk; KOtJk; ,af;fg;gLfpd;w ,J nfhy;fj;jhtpy; ,Ue;J guhf;fh tiu ePSfpwJ> fg;gypy; `_f;sp tiu gpuahzk; nry;fpwJ kw;Wk; ngUiktha;ej ; n`ht;uh ghyk;> `rhH Jthup kw;Wk; fl;nfhyh khspif Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;FfpwJ. %o;fp kpjkpQ;rpg; gutpa Mlk;guj;Jld; NrHj;J ed;F gapw;rp ngw;w FOthy; cjtpaspf;fg;gLk; tuyhW> fyhr;rhuk;> ghuk;gupak; kw;Wk; ,aw;if moF Nghd;wtw;wpw;Fs; msTfle;Js;s fspg;g+l;Lk; fhl;rpfs; Mlk;gu ejp gazpaH fg;gy;fspd; KOikahd nra;KiwahFk;.

a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

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Kd;Ndw;wk;

efuq;fis epiykhw;WtJ>

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,e;jpa juprdk;

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34

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a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

cyf rdj;njhif tsHr;rpapd; epjhdkhd Ntfk;> efHg;Gwq;fis Nehf;fpr; FbngaHjy; njhlHGilaJ> Kd;dzp epGzHfs; cyfpd; efHg;Gw rdj; njhif 2050 Mk; Mz;by; ,ul;bg;ghFk; vdf; fzpj;Js;sdH. ,e;jpahtpy;> cyfshtpa nkhj;j rdj; njhifapy; jw;Nghija efHg;Gw rdj; njhif 31 rjtPjk; kw;Wk; ehl;bd; 60 rjtPjj;jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l xl;Lnkhj;j cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jpiag; gq;fspf;fpwJ. nghUshjhu tsHr;rpapd; Xl;LeHfs; vd efuq;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd. 2030-,y; ehd;fpy; %d;W ,e;jpaHfs; efuq;fspy; tho;tH. ngupa mstpy; efukakhf;fy; efuq;fspd; tUifia epHtfpf;f xU rkhspf;Fk;

topKiwapd; cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; nray;jpwid mjpfupf;f> tsq;fspd; f\;lj;ij Fiwf;f kw;Wk; tho;fi ; fj; juj;ij Kd;Ndw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;. RUf;fkhf> efuq;fs; "];khHl;" Mf Ntz;Lk;.

efuq;fis epiykhw;WtJ mjd; efHg;Gw rdj; njhif 2050 k; Mz;L 400 kpy;ypadpypUe;J 814 kpy;ypadhf caUk; vd kjpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ> ,e;jpah ,e;j tifahd ntF[d efukakhf;fiy vjpHnfhs;fpwJ> mjw;F rPdh rhl;rpahf tpsq;fpaJ. mjd; gy efuq;fspy; Vw;nfdNt rdj;njhif kPwpa njhifapy; ,Uf;fpwJ. Kd;djhf fle;j Nk khjj;jpy;

efHg;Gw gFjpfs; nkhj;j cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jpapy; (GDP) mjpf gq;if mspf;fpd;wd

a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

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Kd;Ndw;wk;

fk;gPu efuq;fSf;fhd tiuaiwfs; Nghf;Ftuj;J jdJ NjHjypy;> ,e;jpa gpujkH jpU eNue;jpu Nkhb tpiuthd efukakhf;FjYf;F ,lkspf;f 2022Mk; Mz;bw;Fs; 100 fk;guP efuq;fis cUthf;Ftjhf thf;FWjp mspj;Js;shH. rupahf xU "];khHl; rpl;b" (fk;guP efuk;) vd;why; vd;d? Nghl;bj;jpwd;> %yjdk; kw;Wk; epiyj;JePbf;Fk; `d;ik Kjypait ,ilNa cs;s FWf;fL P jhd; xU efuj;ij mjd; kf;fspd; tho;fi ; f juj;ij nfhLf;Fk; jpwDs;sjhfr; nra;fpwJ. efu mgptpUj;jp> ,e;jpah (indiansmartcities.in) muR mikr;rfq;fspd; ];khHl; efuq;fspd; ,izajsj;jpd; gb: “fk;guP efuq;fs; FbePH> Rfhjhu trjpfs;> ek;gfkhd gad;ghl;L Nritfs;> Rfhjhuk;@ KjyPLfis <Hg;gJ@ ntspg;gilj; jd;ikfs; Kjypa ey;y cl;fl;likg;Gfis toq;f jFjp cs;sitahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;> mit tpahghu eltbf;iffis ,af;f RygkhfTk;@ vspa kw;Wk; mDkjp fk;guP efuq;fs; ngWtjw;F xd;iyd; nray;KiwfisAk; fTd;rpy; ,e;jpah nra;a Ntz;Lk;." ehl;by; fk;guP

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,e;jpa juprdk;

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a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

•r pwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju msT efuq;fspy; mjpfgl;r gpuahz Neuk; 30 epkplq;fs; kw;Wk; efug;Gwq;fspy; 45 epkplq;fs;.

• 1 0 kPw;wiu tpl mfykhd thfdg;ghijAs;s (epiu ,y;iy) rfy njUf;fspYk; 2 kPw;wH my;yJ mjpf mfyKs;s> xt;nthU jpirapYk; xd;W vd mHg;gzpf;fg;gl;l kw;Wk; gFjpahfg; gpupf;fg;gl;l Jtpr;rf;futz;bg; ghijfs; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

•f l;llg; gug;gpy; xU n`f;uaUf;F 175-f;F Nkw;gl;l egHfs; trpf;Fk; rfy gFjpfspYk; 800 kPw;wUf;Fs; caH juk; kw;Wk; caH mjpHntz; ntFrd Nghf;Ftuj;J (10-15 epkplk; elf;Fk; J}uk;) ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

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kpd;rhuk; • 1 00% tPLfspYk; kpd;rhu ,izg;G. • 2 4x7 kpd;rhuk; toq;fy;.

• 1 00% kpd;rhu tpepNahfKk; mstplg;gly;.

• 1 00% nryT kPl;ly;.

•f opT Fiwg;gij Nehf;fp Ntiy nra;Ak; fl;lz mLf;Ffs;.

Rfhjhu trjpfs; • 1 00% FbapUg;ghsHfSf;Fk; cldb kUe;J trjpfs; ,Uj;jy;.

• 3 0 epkpl mtru kWnkhop Neuk;.

•x t;nthU 15>000 Fbkf;fSf;Fk; 1 kUe;jfk;.

•i tj;jparhiy> Nra; eyk; kw;Wk; kfg;NgW ikak; - xU ,yl;rk; rdj;njhiff;F 25 njhlf;fk; 30 gLf;iffs;.

•, ilepiy itj;jparhiyapy; (gpupT B) - xU ,yl;rk; rdj;njhiff;F 80 gLf;iffs;.

•, ilepiy itj;jparhiyapy; (gpupT A) - xU ,yl;rk; rdj;njhiff;F 200 gLf;iffs;.

•g y rpwg;G itj;jparhiyfs; - xU ,yl;rk; rdj;njhiff;F 200 gLf;iffs;.

•n ghJ itj;jparhiy - xU ,yl;rk; rdj;njhiff;F 500 gLf;iffs;.

njhiyNgrp ,izg;Gfs; • 1 00% tPLfspy; ifalf;fj; njhiyNgrp cl;gl njhiyNgrp ,izg;G ,Uj;jy;.

,lk;rhH jpl;lkply;

fopTePH kw;Wk; Rfhjhuk;;

•r py;yiw tpahghuk;> g+q;fhf;fs;> ghyH ghlrhiyfs; kw;Wk; nghOJNghf;Fg; gFjpfs; Kjypa md;whl Njitfs; 95% trpg;gplq;fspypUe;J 400 kPw;wH eil J}uj;jpw;Fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

•N tiytha;g;G kw;Wk; nghJ kw;Wk; epWtd Nritfis 95% tjptplq;fs; mZFk; tpjj;jpy; nghJg; Nghf;Ftuj;J my;yJ Jtpr;rf;futz;b my;yJ ele;J nry;Yk; J}uk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

• 1 00% tPLfspYk; kyry$lq;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

• 1 00% ghlrhiyfspYk; ngz;fSf;F jdp kyry$lq;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

• 1 00% tPLfSk; fopT ePH tiyaikg;gpy; ,izf;f Ntz;Lk;.

•N rfupg;G kw;Wk; fopT ePH rpfpr;irapy; 100% nray;jpwd;.

• 1 fopTePH Nrfupg;gpy; 100% nray;jpwd;.

jpz;kf; fopT Kfhikj;Jtk; • 1 00% tPLfSk; md;whl tPl;L thry; Nrfupg;G mikg;gpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

• 1 00% efuhl;rpj; jpz;kf; fopT Nrfupj;jy;.

• 1 00% jpz;kf; fopitAk; kWRow;rp nra;jy;.

fy;tp Muk;gepiy njhlf;fk; ,uz;lhk; epiy fy;tp •x t;nthU 2>500 FbapUg;ghsHfSf;Fk; xU ghyH ghlrhiy / Muk;gg; ghlrhiy.

•x t;nthU 5>000 FbapUg;ghsUf;Fk; fdp\;l ghlrhiy (tFg;G 1 njhlf;fk; 5 tiu).

•x t;nthU 7>500 FbapUg;ghsHfSf;Fk; rpNu\;l ghlrhiy (tFg;G 6 njhlf;fk; 12).

•x t;nthU ,yl;rk; rdj;njhiff;Fk; xUq;fpize;j ghlrhiy (tFg;G 1 njhlf;fk; 12).

ePH toq;fy; • 2 4 x 7 jz;zPH toq;fy;.

•N eub ePH tpepNahfj;Jld; 100% tPLfs;.

•j yh 135 yPw;wH ePH toq;fy;.

•e PH ,izg;Gfis 100% mstpLjy;.

•e PH njhlHghd fl;lzq;fisr; Nrfupg;gjpy; 100% nray;jpwd;.

Gay; ePH tbfhy; •G ay; ePH tbfhy; tiyaikg;igf; nfhz;l 100% rhiy tiyaikg;G. •x U tUlj;jpy; nts;sg; ngUf;fhy; NeUk; rk;gtq;fis KiwapLk; kjpg;gPl;L vz;zpf;if = g+r;rpak;.

• 1 00% kioePH Nrfupg;G.

Wi-Fi ,izg;G • 1 00% wi-fi ,izg;G. • 1 00 Mbps ,iza Ntfk;.

caH fy;tp •x t;nthU 1.25 yl;rk; rdj;njhiff;Fk; xU fy;Y}up.

•g y;fiyf;fofk;.

• 1 0 yl;rk; rdj;njhiff;Fk; xU njhopy;El;g fy;tp ikak;.

• 1 0 yl;rk; rdj;njhiff;Fk; nghwpapay; fy;Y}up.

• 1 0 yl;rk; rdj;njhiff;Fk; kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}up.

• 1 0 yl;rk; rdj;njhiff;Fk; kw;w njhopy; fy;Y}up.

jPaizg;G • 2 yl;rk; kf;fs; my;yJ 5-7 fp.kP. Rw;Wtl;lhuj;jpw;F 1 jPaizg;G epiyak;.

• 3 -4 fpkP Rw;Wtl;lhuj;jpw;F 1 cg jPaizg;G epiyak;.

kw;wit •m idj;J JiwfspYk; GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f Mw;wypd; gad;ghL. •m idj;J nghJ> epWtdk; kw;Wk; tpahghuf; fl;blq;fs; mj;Jld; gytrjpkpf;f FbapUg;G tPLfspy; $iu #upa kpd;gpwg;ghf;fpfs;.

•g Rikf; fl;ll tpjpKiwfis gpd;gw;Wjy;.

a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

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37

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W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

Kd;Ndw;wk;

GIFT

xU epjp ikakhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;W cWjpaspj;Js;sJ. NkYk; ,e;jpahtpd; nrhe;j epjpj; jiyefukhd Kk;igAld; Nghl;bapLtij ,yf;fhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ

njhopy;El;g-efuk; (GIFT)> etPd epyj;jb ikf;Nuhnrh/g;w>; IBM kw;Wk; rp];Nfh cl;fl;Lkhdk; kw;Wk; ,U mYtyfj; Nghd;w epWtdq;fspy; ,Ue;J cjtpngw;W njhFjpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ> NkYk; xU Vw;fdNt ,e;j kfj;jhd mgptpUj;jpg; gzp jpl;lkpl;l ngUefuq;fSf;fhd ,lKk; Muk;gpj;Jtpl;lJ. mikf;fg;glTs;sJ> ,q;F Fb ePH> jhdpaf;f rkPgj;jpy;> Nkw;F tq;f Kjy;tH fopT Nrfupg;G kw;Wk; mHg;gzpf;fg;gl;l jpUkjp kk;jh ghdH[p jd; murhq;fk; kpd;rhu toq;fy; midj;J etPd trjpfSldhd Kjypait %yk; KOik xOf;fkhd tho;fi ; fia NrHf;fg;glTs;sJ. GIFT tho khepyj;jpy; VO fk;guP kj;jpa muR> xU epjp ikakhf ,Uf;Fk; efuq;fis cUthf;Fk; vd;W mLj;j Ie;J vd;W cWjpaspj;Js;sJ. gfpHe;Jnfhz;lhH. ,e;jf; fk;guP tUlq;fspy; mNjhL> ,e;jpahtpd; nrhe;j efuq;fs; rpypFup mUfpy;> ,e;jf; fk;guP epjpj; jiyefukhd Kk;ig ky;lh khtl;lj;jpy; fNrhy; kw;Wk; rHtNjr efuq;fSld; mUfpy;> ejpah khtl;lj;jpy; efuq;fis Nghl;bapLtij ,yf;fhff; fy;ahdp mUfpy;> gpHGk; cUthf;Ftjpy; nfhz;Ls;sJ. khtl;lj;jpy; Nghy;g+up mUfpy;> 48>000 Nfhb jzpf;iffs;> fl;Lg;ghLfs; fhrp e];Uy; ,];yhkpd; &gh nryT kw;Wk; epfo; Neuj; juTg; gpwg;gplkhd RUypahit gFg;gha;T Kjypatw;wpy; cs;slf;fpa mrd;ry; - JHfhg+H nra;a ,Ue;J Nrfupf;fg;gl;l Fiwe;j njhopy; efuq;fSf;F mUfpy;> jpl;lkpl;Ls;sJ juT %yk; njhopy;El;gkhdJ nfhy;fj;jh njw;F gFjpapy; tsq;fis mjpfupf;f cs;s fupah mUfpy; kw;Wk; cjTfpwJ. ,J ,e;jpahtpy; khepy nrayfk; egd;dh mUfpy; cs;s midj;J Mw;wypy; 40 rjtPjj;ij tutpUf;fpd;wd. cl;nfhs;Sk; fl;blq;fs;> Rfhjhuk;> ,jdhy; fk;guP efuq;fs; kw;Wk; MSif> Nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk; fy;tp efuq;fspd; Gj;JzHr;rp ,d;Dk; Kjypa Kf;fpa gpupTfis mgptpUj;jp thof;$ba efuq;fSf;F ghij mikg;gJ nra;ag; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. cz;ikapy;> kl;Lky;yhky;> ,e;jpa nghUshjhuj;jpw;F Nkw;fpy; njhNyuh> #uj; kw;Wk; fpof;fpy; ngupJk; Njitahd tsHr;rp ,ae;jpukhfTk; tprhfg;gl;bdk; Nghd;w efuq;fspy; tpsq;Ffpd;wd.

,e;jpa juprdk;

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a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

tpz;ntsp

Kd;Ndhf;fp gpukhz;l

gha;r;ry;

,e;jpahTf;Fk; mjd; Rw;Wg;Gwg; gpuhe;jpaq;fSf;Fk; xU RahjPdkhd nra;kjp CLUty; mikg;ig mspf;f I.MH. vd;.v];.v];-1b (IRNSS-1D) vd;w nra;kjp Vw;fdNt cs;s %d;W nra;kjpfspd; xOf;fpy; ,izfpwJ> ,J jpl;lkplg;gl;Ls;s VO nra;kjpfspd; tupirapy; ehd;fhtJ MFk;

,e;jpahTf;Fk; mjd; Rw;Wg;Gwg; gpuhe;jpaq;fSf;Fk; xU RahjPdkhd nra;kjp CLUty; mikg;ig mspf;f I.MH.vd;.v];.v];-1b (IRNSS-1D) vd;w nra;kjp Vw;fdNt cs;s %d;W nra;kjpfspd; xOf;fpy; ,izfpwJ> ,J jpl;lkplg;gl;Ls;s VO nra;kjpfspd; tupirapy; ehd;fhtJ MFk; ,e;j tUlk; khHr; 2 Mk; jpfjpad;W =`upNfhl;lhtpYs;s rjP\; jthd; tpz;ntsp ikakhd rhupypUe;J NghyH rw;wpiyw; Nyhd;Q; ntapf;fps; (gp.v];.vy;. tp) (PSLV) vd;w nra;kjp VTk; fyj;jpd; kPJ Vw;wp> ehd;fhtJ nra;kjpahd I.MH. vd;.v];.v];-1b ntw;wpfukhf Vtg;gl;l cld;> ,e;jpah mjd; tpz;ntsp jpl;lj;jpd; iky;fy;iy vl;bAs;sJ. ,e;jpahtpd; xOf;fpy; Rw;Wk; Mw;wYs;s gpw nuhf;nfw;Wfs; midj;ijAk; tpl gp.v];.vy;.tpfs; (PSLV) mjpf nra;kjpfis VtpAs;sd.

1>425 fpNyh epiwAs;s I.MH. vd;.v];.v];-1b (IRNSS-1D) nra;kjp 282>52 fpkP X 20.644 fp.kP. ePs; Rw;Wtl;lg; ghijapy; Vtg;gl;lJ kw;Wk; 19 epkplq;fs; 25 tpehbfs; gwe;j gpd;dH gp.v];.vy;.tp (PSLV) ehd;fhtJ epiyapy; ,Ue;J ntw;wpfukhfg; gpupf;fg;gl;lJ. nrYj;jg;gl;lg; gpwF> I.MH.vd;.v];.v];1b -,d (IRNSS-1D); #upa Ngdy;fs; jhdhf ,];Nuhtpd; Kjd;ikf; fl;Lg;ghl;L trjpahy; epWtg;gl;L I.MH.vd;.v];.v]; (IRNSS) tpz;ntspg; gFjpia cs;slf;fpa VO nra;kjpfs;; njhlupy; I.MH.vd;.v];.v]; -1b (IRNSS-1D) ehd;fhtjhf cs;sJ

a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

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W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

tpz;ntsp

I.MH.vd;.v];.v]; -1b-,d; (IRNSS-1D) ,uz;L #upa kpd;gpwg;ghf;fpfs; (NrhyhH gdy;fs;) I.MH.vd;.v];.v]; -1b-,d (IRNSS-1D); ,uz;L #upa gpd;kpwg;ghf;fpfs; jPtpukhd Kr;re;jp #upa kpd;fyq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sd. mJ rupahf 1>600th kpd;rf;jpia cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;. ifNuh];Nfhg;Gld; ,ize;J #upad; kw;Wk; el;rj;jpu czHfUtpfs; nra;kjpf;fhd Nehf;Fepiyf; Fwpg;ig toq;Fk;. NkYk;> rpwg;G ntg;g fl;Lg;ghL jpl;lq;fs; tbtikf;fg;gl;L mZf; fbfhuq;fs; Nghd;w Kf;fpakhd $Wfs; nray;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. $Ljyhf> I.MH.vd;.v];.v]; -1b-,d; (IRNSS-1D) cauk; kw;Wk; Rw;Wg;ghijf; fl;Lg;ghl;L mikg;G (V.X.rp.v];) (AOCS) vjpHj;jhf;fr; rf;fuq;fs;> fhe;j KWf;Ftpirf; fUtp kw;Wk; jpu];uHfspd; cjtpAld; nra;kjpapd; Nehf;Fepiyiag; NgZfpwJ. vupthA mikg;ghdJ ypf;tpl; mg;Nghfp

,e;jpa juprdk;

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40

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a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

Nkhl;lH (vy;.V.vk;) (LAM) kw;Wk; jpu];uHfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Kjd;ikf; Nfhs;tl;lj;jpy; ,jidr; nrYj;jpa gpwF> I.MH. vd;.v];.v]; -1b-,d; (IRNSS-1D) #upa kpd;gpwg;ghf;fpfs; tpiuthf mLj;jLj;J jhdhf xOq;fikf;fg;gl;L cgNahfg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd kw;Wk; `hrdpYs;s Kjd;ik fl;Lg;ghl;L trjp (vk;.rp.v/g;) mz;ikepiyapYs;s xU topfhl;b (g+kpf;F mUfpy; cs;s Gs;sp) kw;Wk; cr;rf;fl;lj;jpy; %d;W Muk;g Rw;Wg;ghijapy; jpul;Lk; cj;jpfs; %yk; nra;kjpiaf; fl;LgLj;JfpwJ. NkYk;> ,e;j eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F> nraw;iff;Nfhspd; vy;.V.vk; (LAM) gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. mJ ,Wjpapy; ,jw;nfd xJf;fg;gl;l ,lj;jpy; tl;lkhd Gtpepiyr; Rw;Wg;ghijapy; itf;fpwJ.

I.MH.vd;.v];.v]; -1b-,d; (IRNSS1D) vupnghUs; epug;Gjy; gzp ele;J nfhz;bUf;fpwJ@ fPNo: VTk; jUzk;

nra;kjpapd; nghWg;ig Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpwJ. nra;kjp tpiutpy; [pNah rpd;fN ; uhd]; Nfhs;gg ; hijapy; 30.5 ghif rha;Tld; 111.75 ghif fpof;F nel;lhq;fpy; epiyg;gLj;jg;gLk;.

I.MH.vd;.v];.v]; (IRNSS) tpz;ntspg; gFjp cs;slf;Ffpd;w VO nra;kjpfs; vd;w njhlupy; I.MH.vd;.v];.v];-1b (IRNSS-1D) ehd;fhtjhf cs;sJ. mjd; Kd;Ndhbfshfpa I.MH.vd;.v];.v];-1V (IRNSS1A)> I.MH.vd;.v];.v];-1gP (IRNSS-1B) kw;Wk; I.MH. vd;.v];.v];-1rp (IRNSS-1C) Mfpait KiwNa a+iy 2013> Vg;uy; 2014 kw;Wk; xf;NuhgH 2014 fspy; gp.v];. vy;.tp -rp22 (PSLV- C22)> gp.v];.vy;.tp -rp24 (PSLV- C24) kw;Wk; gp.v];.vy;.tp - rp26 (PSLV- C26) %yk; Vtg;gl;ld. %d;W nra;kjpfSk; jq;fs; tbtikf;fg;gl;l xOf;Ffspy; Kw;wpYkhf nraw;gl;L tUfpd;wd.

CLUty; mikg;G njd;dhrpahitf; Fwpitf;Fk; xU gpuhe;jpa mikg;ghFk;> ,J fz;fhzpg;G> CLUty; kw;Wk; tiugl Nritfs; Nghd;wtw;iw toq;Fk;. 10 tUl MAl;fhyj;ij nfhz;Ls;s> nra;kjp ,uz;L #upa tupirfs; %yk; ,af;fg;gLfpwJ kw;Wk; ,e;j eltbf;if RkhH 1>400 Nfhb &gha; ngWkjpAs;sJ. ,];Nuhtpd; I- 1Nf (I-1K) rw;wpiyw; g];i]r; #of; fl;lg;gl;l I.MH.vd;.v];.v]; (IRNSS) tpz;fyk; 603 fpNyh epiwAs;sJ kw;Wk; Rw;Wg;ghijapy; caHe;Jnry;yy; kw;Wk; topfhl;lYf;fhf 822 fpNyh Gnuhg;ngy;yz;l; (Kd;Ndhf;fpr; nrYj;JtJ) Vw;wg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. 1.6 fpNyhthl; kpd; cw;gj;jpj; jpwd; nfhz;l xU Nrhb #upa tupirfs; %yk; tpz;fyj;jpw;F Mw;wyspf;fg;gLfpwJ> vy;5(L5) kw;Wk; v]; (S) fw;iw CLUty; miyfis xspgug;G nra;a gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. xt;nthU nra;kjpAk; rp - fw;iw l;uhd;]N ; ghd;lHfs; kw;Wk; nuf;Nuhup/g;nyf;uHfisf; nfhz;L nry;fpd;wd> mJ tpz;ntspapy; tpz;fyj;jpd; epiyia Jy;ypakhf jPHkhdpf;Fk; vy;iyia xOq;FgLj;Jtjw;F cgNahfpf;fg;gLfpwJ. xt;nthU I.MH.vd;.v];.v]; (IRNSS) nra;kjpapd; ce;Jtpir kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghl;L mikg;G xU jput vupnghUs; epug;gg;gl;l cr;r Nkhl;liuf; nfhz;Ls;sJ> mJ mjd; nray;ghl;L Rw;Wtl;lg; xOf;fpy; nra;kjpia caHj;Jtjw;fhf 440 epa+l;ld; ce;Jjy; tiu cw;gj;jp nra;fpwJ> Like NkYk; %d;W mr;R mZFKiw MEA INDIA fl;Lg;ghl;bw;fhf 12 vjpHtpidf; fl;Lg;ghl;L jpu];HHfSk; cs;sd.

I.MH.vd;.v];.v]; -1b-f;F (IRNSS1D) 10 tUl nraw;ghl;L MAl;fhyk; Follow ,Uf;Fk; vd;W vjpHghHf;fg;gLfpwJ. @MEAINDIA ,e;j tpz;kd P ; $l;lj;jpd; mLj;j nra;kjpahd I.MH.vd;.v];.v]; -1< (IRNSS-1E) vjpHtUk; khjq;fspy; Vtj; jahuhf cs;sJ> ,jdhy; VO Channel nra;kjpfspd; KO tpz;kd P ; $l;lKk; MEA INDIA KbtilfpwJ.

a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

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W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

];dhg;n\hl;fs;

tp[ag;g+up: fiyapd;

xU khzpf;fk;

fp.gp.10Mk; E}w;whz;by; fy;ahzp rhYf;fh]hy; ];jhgpf;fg;gl;l tp[ag;g+up (Kd;dH gp[hg;g+up) mjd; fiy epidTr;rpd;dq;fs; kw;Wk; rpf;fyhd fl;blf;fiyf;Fg; ngaHngw;wJ

,e;jpa juprdk;

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42

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a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

ePqf ; s; ,jid xU fz;ftH jpwe;j ntsp mUq;fhl;rpafk; vd;W Fwpg;gplyhk;> mJ nlf;fhdpag; gpuhe;jpaj;jpd ,];yhkpa rfhg;jj;jpw;F gpd;Ndhf;fp vk;ik mioj;Jr; nry;fpwJ. goikahd tp[ag;g+up (Kd;dH gp[g;g+H) kPzL ; k; rpy 600 tUlq;fSf;F Kd;gpUe;j xU Gfo;ngw;w fijiar; nrhy;fpwJ. fp.gp.10Mk; E}w;whz;by; fy;ahzp rhYf;fh]hy; gp[hg;g+up ];jhgpf;fg;gl;lJ ; . ,e;j efuk; 13Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,uz;lhk; ghjpapd; NghJ Fy;[p Ry;jhdpd; gFjpahf ifkhwptpl;lJ. 1347-,y;> Fy;gHfhtpYs;s

gkhdp]; fpy;[p];rpypUe;J Ry;jhid Ie;J khepyq;fshf gpupj;J> mit jhd; nlf;fhd; Ry;jhd;fs; vd;W mwpag;gLk;> mby; \h`p]; cld; gp[hg;g+upia fl;Lghl;bw;Ff; nfhz;L te;jdH. mby; \h`p];apd; Ml;rpapd; NghJ gs;spthry;fs;> fy;yiw khlq;fs;> khspiffs; kw;Wk; muz;fshy; MrpHtjpf;fg;gl;L ,e;j efuk; Kf;fpa epidTr; rpd;dq;fisg; ngw;wJ. ,e;j epidTr; rpd;dq;fSf;F UNSECO,d; cyfg; ghuk;gupa jsq;fs; vd;w me;j];ji ; jg; ngwj; jpl;lq;fs; cs;sd.

njupe;Jnfhs;tJ ey;yJ

g hHitaplr; rpwe;j Neuk; xf;NuhgH-khHr; v g;gbr;

nrd;wiltJ

ngy;fhk; tpkhd epiyaj;jpypUe;J 205 fpkP njhiytpy; cs;sJ. gp[hg;g+H ,uapy; epiyaj;jpypUe;J 2 fpkP njw;F kw;Wk; Nkw;F ,e;jpahtpd; Kf;fpa efuq;fspypUe;J tof;fkhf NgUe;Jfs; tUfpd;wd.

NkYk; fhz;f rhe;j; gt;up> nk`jH k`hy; nfhy; Fk;gh];

a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

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W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

];dhg;n\hl;fs;

NkNy: mofhf nrJf;fg;gl;l nfhy; Fk;gh]pd; NfhGuk; fPNo: nfhy; Fk;gh]pd; EioT thapy;

VIJAYAPUR

KARNATAKA

Map not to scale

,e;jpa juprdk;

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a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

KfkJ mby; \htpd; rkhjp

nfhy; Fk;gh]; NguurH KfkJ mby; \h (16271655) kw;Wk; mtuJ FLk;gj;jpdupd; rkhjpfshd Nfhy; Fk;gh]; khspiffs; rhe;jkhd Njhl;lq;fspy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. fy;yiw khlq;fs; 1656 ,y; epiwTngw;wd.

Nfhy; Fk;gh]pd; xt;nthU %iyapYk; ehd;F vz;Nfhz VO khbf; fl;llf; NfhGuq;fSld; xU Rw;W Ftpkhlk; cs;sJ. mJ jg+ypYs;s fl;llf;fiyQH ahflhy; tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ. kpf caHe;j

khbfspd; ehd;F thapy;fSk; xU tl;l khb Kfg;gpy; jpwe;J tplg;gLk;> mij ~,ufrpaj;jpd; fiyf;$lk;| vd;W $WtH. ,jd; nrtpg;Gydpay; fiyf;$lj;jpd; xU KidapypUe;J VNjDk; fpRfpRj;jhy; mjid NeH vjpHgf;fj;jpypUe;J njspthf Nfl;f KbAk;. ,jd; mjpHr;rpa+l;Lk; 38 kPww ; H tpl;lkhdJ NuhkpYs;s Gdpj gPww ; H grpypf;fhtpw;Fg; gpwF cyfpd; kpfg; ngupa Ftpkhlk; vd;gjhf;f; $wg;gLfpwJ.

a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

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];dhg;n\hl;fs;

,g;uh`pk; uTrh; ,e;jpahtpy; kpfTk; NeHj;jpahd kw;Wk; Jy;ypakhf tpfpjhrhukhf;fg;gl;l ,];yhkpa epidtplq;fspd; kj;jpapy; fzf;fplg;gLk; ,g;uh`pk; uTrh xU rJu tshfj;jpw;Fs; mike;j xU gs;spthriyAk; xU rkhjpiaAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,U mikg;GfSk; xU ed;F moFgLj;jg;gl;l Njhl;lj;jpd; eLtpy; xU nghJthd gPlj;jpy;

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a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

mkHj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. mjd; 24 kPww ; H cau thapy;fspy; jh[; kfhy; Nghd;wtw;wpd; jhf;fk; ,Ug;gjhf;f; $wg;gLfpwJ. ,J mtuJ uhzp jh[; Ry;jhdhtpd; vjpHfhy fy;yiw khlkhf NguurH ,g;uh`pk; uTrh \h (1580-1627) My; fl;lg;gl;lJ. vdpDk;> mtH mtuJ uhzpf;F Kd;Ng ,we;J tpl;lhH kw;Wk; ,tNu

,q;Nf Gijf;fg;gl;l Kjy; kdpjH. gs;spthrypy; xU nrt;tf gpuhHj;jid kz;lgk;> Ie;J tisTfSila xU Kfg;G kw;Wk; ehd;F %iyfspYk; xt;nthU nky;ypa thapy;fs; cs;sd. ,g;uh`pk; uTrhtpd; fl;blj;jpw;F ,e;jpa-,];yhkpa fl;llf;fiy gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ghurPff ; ;

fl;llf; fiyQH khypf; rhd;lyhy; tbtikf;fg;gl;l epidTr;rpd;dk;> El;gkhd rpw;gq;fSila ,uz;L rJu tbt fl;likg;Gfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Kjy; rJu mikg;G ,g;uh`pk; mby; \h 2 kw;Wk; mtuJ kidtpapd; rkhjpfisf; Fwpf;fpwJ. ,uz;lhk; rJu tbt mikg;gpy; gs;spthry; mike;Js;sJ.

,g;uh`pk; uTrh;

a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

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];dhg;n\hl;fs;

NkypUe;J tyQ;Ropahf: ,g;uh`pk; uTrh> fy;yhy; nrJf;fg;gl;l khb Kfg;G kw;Wk; ,g;uh`pk; uTrh k#jpapd; cl;Gwk;

KO mikg;Gk; xU kjpyikf;fg;gl;l Njhl;lj;jpd; eLtpy; cs;sJ kw;Wk; xU myq;fhu Fsk; tshfj;jpNyNa mike;Js;sJ. fy;yiw miw jho;ej ; tise;j Nkw;$iuia cilaJ> mjw;Fk; Ftpkhlj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; ntw;wplk; cs;sthW mire;jhLk; fl;Lkhd Ntiy cs;sJ. RtHfs; tisTfs; kw;Wk; fy;ntl;Lfshy; myq;fupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. rpw;gq;fisf; nfhz;l thapy;fs; rJu

,e;jpa juprdk;

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48

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a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

fl;blq;fspd; ,uz;L %iyfspYk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd kw;Wk; mit Rw;wptu jhkiu ,jo;fSila Ftpkhlq;fshy; %lg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. ,g;uh`pk; uTrhtpYs;s gs;spthry; tyJ gf;fk; mike;Js;sJ kw;Wk; nrt;tf tbtpyhd njhOif miwiaAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. k#jpapd; Kd;Ds;s Ie;J thapy;fs; ,e;jj ; ; jdpg;gl;l mikg;gpd; fz; ftUk; fhl;rpahf tpsq;Ffpd;wd.

a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

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W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

];dhg;n\hl;fs;

jq;fj;jpYs;s Fuhdpd; Nkw;Nfhs;fisf; nfhz;L jdpj;Jtkhf nrJf;fg;gl;l [kp k#jpapYs;s RtH

,e;jpa juprdk;

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50

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a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

NkNy: [kp k#jp@ fPNo: [kp k#jpapd; cl;Gwk;

[kp k#jp ,e;jpahtpy; kpfTk; NeHj;jpahd kw;Wk; Jy;ypakhf tpfpjhrhukhf;fg;gl;l ,];yhkpa me;j Neuj;jpy; [kp k#jp kpfg; ngupa k#jpahf ,Ue;jJ> mJ 1578 ,y; gp[hg;g+up Nguurpd; NghJ mby; \h`p]; fl;bdhH. 1565 ,y; eilngw;w js;spf;Nfhl;il Nghupy; tp[aefu Nguurpd; kPJ mby; \ h`p Ml;rpahsuhd myp mby; \h 1 <l;ba ntw;wpapd; QhgfhHj;jkhff; fl;lg;gl;lJ.

,jd; fl;llf; fiy ,e;jpa-,];yhkpaj;jpy; cs;sJ. rpwe;j ghijfs; ePzl ; J} z;fisf; nfhz;l gpuhHj;jid kz;lgj;ij ,izf;fpd;wd. mJ mikg;gpd; eLg;gFjpia Mf;fpukpf;fpwJ. xU gsgsf;Fk; Ftpkhlk; mij Rw;wp 33 rpwpa Ftpkhlq;fSk; cs;sd. Ntiyg;ghLfshy; nrJf;fg;gl;l ngUj;j J}z;fs; kw;Wk; Ftpkhlq;fs; ,q;Nf ftdj;jpd; Kf;fpa fhuzpfshf cs;sd.

a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

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];dhg;n\hl;fs;

,e;jpa juprdk;

n

52

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a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

ghuh fkhd; ,e;j QhgfhHj;jr; rpd;dk; jhd; 1657,y; jdJ 18 tajpy; mupaiziaf; ifg;gw;wpa ,e;jpahtpd; ,isa murHfspy; xUtuhd myp mby; \h 2-,d; epiwNtwhj fdthFk;. ghuh fkhd; vd;gJ 12 tisTfs; vd;w nghUSilaJ> NkYk; rpy tists; myp mby; \htpd; rkhjpiar; Rw;wp nrq;Fj;jhfTk; kw;wit fpilkl;lkhfTk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

rq;fj P k`hy; ,J tp[ag;g+upypUe;J 3fp.kP njhiytpy; mike;Js;sJ> ,e;j mikg;G tof;fkhd mby; \h`papd; fl;llf;fiyiag; gpujpgypf;fpwJ.16 Mk; E}w;whz;by; fl;lg;gl;l ,J muz;kidf; fl;llj;jpd; ,bghLfisAk; xU ngupa Rtuhy; #og;gl;l ePHj;Njf;fj;ijAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. rq;fj P k`hy; ngUk;ghYk; nghJkf;fspd; ghHitf;F ,Uf;fpwJ kw;Wk; eturg;g+up cw;rtj;jpd; NghJ ,J cap&l;lg;gLk;.

,lkpUe;J tyQ;Ropahf: ghuh fkhdpd; KOikaw;w mikg;G@ eTuh];g+H kw;Wk; rq;fPj k`hypd; ,bghLfs;

a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

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Gijay;

,e;jpa MAjg; gilfspd;

guk;giur; nrhj;J

rpk;yh mUfpy; md;dhNlypYs;s ,uhZt Rfhjhu mUq;fhl;rpafk; ,e;jpa ,uhZtk; kw;Wk; mjd; tPuHfs;> mtHfsJ ey;nyhOf;fq;fs;> ijupak; kw;Wk; ,uhZtr; rpe;jidfis gw;wpaJ ciu kw;Wk; epow;glq;fs; | Mjpj;ah \Hkh

,khr;ryg; gpuNjrj;jpd; jiyefuhd rpk;yh ek;gKbahj tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; ngw;Ws;sJ. mJ Mq;fpy muR fhyq;fspypUe;Nj ek;gKbahj tupirapy; ghuk;gupa fl;blq;fis nfhz;Ls;sJ. 80fspd; kj;jp tiu ,e;j efuk; ehl;bd; ,uhZt gilfspd; Nkw;F fl;lisapd; jiyik ,lkhf tpsq;fpaJ. 2006,y; ,khr;ryg; gpuNjrj;jpd; Kjyikr;ruhf ,Ue;j tPHgj;u rpq; ,uhZt Rfhjhu mUq;fhl;rpafj;ij mq;FuhHg;gzk; nra;J itj;jhH. mUq;fhl;rpafj;ij milAk; NghJ xU gutrkhd mDgtk; fpilf;Fk;. rpk;yh ,uapy; epiyaj;jpypUe;J tUk; NghJ> ehf;bupd;id milayhk;> mJ jhd; ,uhZt gapw;rp fl;lisapypUf;Fk; mjpfhupfspd; czT ikak;. ,q;fpUe;J md;dhNly; cyq;FthD}Hjp ,wq;Fkplk; Nehf;fp 4 fp.kP. fPoN ; ehf;fpa rha;T njhlq;FfpwJ. mq;F jhd; ,uhZt Rfhjhu mUq;fhl;rpafk; xU mofhd kiyf; Fbir Nghd;W fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ. elf;Fk; NghJ xUtH HPSEB fl;llj;ijf; flf;Fk; Neuk; gpuk;kpg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;. $iu Nghd;w kuq;fspd; mikg;G fpl;lj;jl;l KO ePsj;jpw;Fk; ePSfpwJ kw;Wk;

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a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

rpk;yh mUfpy; md;dhNlypYs;s ,uhZt Rfhjhu mUq;fhl;rpafk;@ fPNo: gy;NtW gpupTfisAk; NrHe;j nfhbfs; kw;Wk; myq;fhuj; jfLfshy; khehL miwr; RtHfs; myq;fupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd

gy tifahd g+f;fs; ghHg;gjw;F kfj;jhdjhf ,Uf;Fk;. mUq;fhl;rpafj;jpd; thapypy; xU 25 gTz;lH Ml;byup Jg;ghf;fp> xU 40 kpkP tpkhd vjpHg;Gf; fUtpj; Jg;ghf;fp kw;Wk; xU 100 kpkP Ml;byup fsj; Jg;ghf;fp Mfpait itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. gz;ila gilfsplk; ,Ue;j goq;fhy MAjq;fs; mUq;fhl;rpafj;jpy; cs;sd kw;Wk; ,e;jpa Jiz fz;lj;jpy; ele;j NghHfspd; Fwpg;GfisAk; jhq;fpAs;sJ. ,e;jpa ,uhZtj;jpd; etPd tuyhw;Wf;nfd kl;Lg;gLj;jhky;> xU jPtpukhd tpgj;J gapw;rpf;F xUtH epr;rakhf jahuhf Ntz;Lk;. xU gyifapy; ,Ug;gjhtJ: ",e;j mUq;fhl;rpafk; ,e;jpa ,uhZtk; kw;Wk; mjd; tPuHfs;> mtHfsJ ey;nyhOf;fk;> NjhoHfSldhd tpRthrk;> cWjpnkhopapd; kPjhd tpRthrk;> kd mOj;jj;jpy; ijupak;> mtHfsJ kdg;Nghf;F kw;Wk; ,uhZt Nahridfs; gw;wpaJ> mit 5>000 tUlq;fSf;Fk; Nkyhf jiyKiwfshf fle;J tUgit@ mit kpfTk; czHr;rp Gijayhff; fUJk; gilazp kw;Wk; jPtpu gilapd; ngUikiag; gw;wpait @,e;jpahit ngUik milar; nra;j

a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

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Gijay;

NkypUe;J tyQ;Ropahf: gz;ghHt tpUJfs;@ MAjq;fs; kw;Wk; ntbnghUl;fs;@ NghHtPuHfshy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l jiyf;ftrq;fs;@ goq;fhy ftrj;ij mzpe;j NghHtPuH gJik

,e;jpa NghHf; fg;ld; kw;Wk; mtHfspd; gq;fspg;Gg; gw;wpf; $wpAs;sJ ". ghHitahsHfis ftur; nra;Ak; Kjy; nghUs; gpj;jis tPuH jiyftrf; fbfhuk; MFk;. ,lg;gf;fj;jpy; Fjpiu kw;Wk; ahid NghNyh Nghl;bfspd; NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ftrq;fs; kw;Wk; ,Uf;iffs; cs;sd. tyg;Gwj;jpy; gy;NtW fhyhl;gil gpupTfspd; nfhbfs; cs;sd. xUKiw xUtH Eioe;j clDk; ,lg;Gwk; nry;yTk; (ngUk;ghyhd kf;fs; cs;SzHthy; nra;tJ)> mtHfs; gz;ila ftrk;

,e;jpa juprdk;

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a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

NkypUe;J tyQ;Ropahf: fUtp kw;Wk; kiyg; gFjpapd; Gifg;glq;fs;@ NghHtPuH gpuptpdupd; ,irf; fUtpfs;@ xU gz;ila nghUs;@ NghHtPuHfshy; mzpag;gl;l clw; ftrk;

mzpe;j ,e;jg; NghHtPud; rpiyahy; tuNtw;fg;gLtH. mtH kw;w tPuHfs; gad;gLj;jpa ,ju jiyf;ftrq;fSf;F mLj;J epw;ghH. mLj;J ,e;jpa-ghf; vy;iyapy; cs;s vy;iyf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf; Nfhl;by; cs;s fj;jpr; rz;ilapd; khjpup ,Uf;fpwJ. miw KOtJk; 1971Mk; Mz;by; eilg;ngw;wg; Nghupd; goq;fhyg; nghUl;fs;> rpiyfs;> rpW MAjk;> xU Mtzg;glk;> mtw;NwhL NghH njhlHghd gz;ila E}y;fshy;

epuk;gg; ngw;wpUf;Fk;. gz;ila fhyj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l NghH mr;Rfs;> kl;ilfs; kw;Wk; ftrq;fSf;fhd gPuq;fpfspd; msT khjpupiffspypUe;J etPd fhy Jg;ghf;fp kw;Wk; (RPGfs;) nuhf;nfw; vwpFz;L tiu cs;s ,e;j miw MAj tpUk;gpfSf;F xU tpUe;jhf mikAk;. mLj;j gFjp kiyg; NghH gw;wpaJ. cgfuzq;fs; kw;Wk; Gifg;glq;fshy; RtHfs; %lg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ehl;il

ghHf;fr; nry;Yk; xUtupd; fz;fis Kjypy; ftUk; nghUs; mq;Fs;s gpj;jisahyhd NghHtPuupd; jiyf;ftrf; fbfhuk

a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

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Gijay;

NkNy: njhlf;f tpoh kw;Wk; mHg;gzpf;fg;gl;l jsk;@ fPNo: 100kpkP Ml;byup fsj; Jg;ghf;fp

ghJfhf;Fk; (rpahr;rpd; gdpkiy cl;gl) ngupa kiyg;gFjp mike;Js;s mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kpfg; ngupaJ. mLj;j gFjp ,e;jpa ,uhZtj;jpd; ntt;NtW gpupTfspYs;s ,irf; FOtpd; tsk;ngw;w tuyhw;Wf;F rkHg;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mq;F epiwa rq;fj P thj;jpaq;fSk;> ,e;jf; FOtpYs;s tPuHfspd; rPUilia tbtikf;f

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n

58

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a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

epakpf;fg;ngw;wtHfspd; gJikfSk; mike;Js;sd. Gj;jfq;fs; kw;Wk; rpy Rthurpakhd fdpg;nghUs; khjpupfs; jdp miwapy; NeHj;jpahf itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mjd;Nky;> ePqf ; s; gpuptpy; EioAk; NghJ gy;NtW mzpfs; kw;Wk; gpupTfspy; gy;NtW rPUilfs; fhz;gpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; . ,e;j Neuj;jpy;> xUtH jd;idr; Rw;wp ,Uf;Fk; midj;ijAk; ghHj;J

gy;NtW gpupTfs; kw;Wk; jutupir JUg;Gfshy; mzpag;gl;l <Hf;fj;jf;f rPUilfs;

KOikailthH.,g;NghJ me;jg; ghHitahsH jhd; vq;F mUq;fhl;rp gazj;ij Muk;gpj;jhNuh me;jg; gpuptpw;Nf te;Jtpl;Nlhk; vd;W czHthH. mg;gbNa xU mb ntspNa itj;jhy; Kjd;ikf; fl;llk; kw;Wk; fPNo gbapy; ,lJ gf;fj;jpw;F> mq;F fhyhl;gil kz;lgk;> ,J gpuj;jpNafkhf fhyhl;gil gpuptpdUf;F mHg;gzpf;fg;gl;lJ. mJ gy;NtW gpupTfisAk; NrHe;j myq;fhuj; jfLfs; kw;Wk; nfhbfshy; RtHfs; myq;fupf;fg;gl;L ek;ik tuNtw;Fk;. xUtH NkNy Vwp Kjd;ikf; fl;blj;ij jhz;Lk; NghJ> mLj;j tpkhdg; gbfl;Lfs; ek;ik ngupa gr;ir tPlb ; w;F mioj;Jr; nry;Yk;> gy ,dq;fspyhd tsHe;j tpyq;fpdq;fis mq;Fs;s fz;zhb khspif nfhz;Ls;sJ kw;Wk; ve;jg; gpioAk; ,d;wp fz;fhzpf;fg;gLfpwJ. xUtH ,e;j mrhjhuz mUq;fhl;rpafj;ij ghHitapl;l ngUk; mDgtj;jpw;F gpwF xU ftdpg;G ikak; kw;Wk; fz;zhb tPlb ; d; gpd;dhy; xU Xa;T gFjpapy; Xa;ntLf;f KbAk; kw;Wk; kPzL ; k; (,g;NghJ ntspj;Njhw;wj;jpy; neba) kiy Nky; Vwj; njhlq;Ftjw;F Kd;> mtuJ clikfisj; jpUk;gg; ngw Ntz;Lk;.

a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

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Gijay;

Fjpiug;gil

mzptFg;G

N`hl;rd; Fjpiu (jw;Nghija ,e;jpa ,uhZtj;jpd; 4tJ Fjpiug; gilg; gpupT) gpupl;b\; ,e;jpa ,uhZtj;jpd; gFjpahf cUthfpaJ. ehk; cy Nghupd; Nghija ,e;j myq;fupf;fg;gl;l Fjpiug;gil gilazpapd; fhg;gfq;fisg; gw;wp ,jpy; ghHg;Nghk; ciu | gpNukh rpq;-Gl;lhypah

,lkpUe;J tyQ;Ropahf: a+d; 1916> FNudpy; N`hl;rd; Fjpiuapd; cj;jpNahf];jHfs;@ 1915 gpyhd;lH]py; gpupl;b\; kw;Wk; ,e;jpa mjpfhupfs;@ NghUf;F gpwF khuh\;apd; (JUf;fp) Nrjq;fis Ma;Tnra;fpd;w cj;jpNahf];jHfs;

N`hl;rd; Fjpiu 1857,y; nyg;bd;zl ; ; tpy;ypak; =gd;]; iuf;]; N`hl;rdhy; tpjpf;Fg; Gwk;ghd Fjpiuahf cUthf;fg;gl;lJ-,J 1857,y; 'rpg;gha; fyfj;ij| mlf;fp gpupl;lDf;F cjt kfhuh[h uQ;rpj; rpq;fpd; Kd;dhs; ,uhZtj;jpy; ,Ue;j rPff ; pa $ypg;gilapdiu Ntl;ilahLtjd;

,e;jpa juprdk;

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a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

%yk; vOg;gg;gl;l xU gilg;gpupT. ,uz;lhk; Mq;fpy-rPff ; pag; NghH (184849) fhyj;jpypUe;J xU ths; tPudhfTk; xU jiytdhfTk; Gfo; ngw;w N`hl;rd;> Gjpjha; cjpj;j “N`hl;rd; rh`pg; g`JH" gilg;gpupTf;F Ml;fisg; ngw;whH. 1858,y;> ,g;gilg;gpupT 1tJ N`hl;rd; Fjpiu> 2tJ N`hl;rd;

NkypUe;J fPo;: CHtyj;jpy; gp gil rPf;fpa Mz;fs;@ jsgjpfs; fpHf;Tl; kw;Wk; rp gpupT gl;lhd;fSld; gpNurH@ 1917 fhk;gpuhapy; Mz;fs;> Fjpiufs; kw;Wk; tpepNahf];jHfSf;Fupa jw;fhypf Kfhk;fs;@ fd;nyapd; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; mopT (nrg;uk;gH 17> 1917)

Fjpiu kw;Wk; 3tJ N`hl;rd; Fjpiu (,g;NghJ ,J /Ngd; Fjpiuahf ghfp];jhd; ,uhZtj;jpy; cs;sJ) vd;W %d;whfg; gpupf;fg;gl;lJ. Kjy; ,uz;Lk; tq;fhs Fjpiug;gilapd; 9 kw;Wk; 10tJ gilg;gpupTfshf mike;jd kw;Wk; mit filrpahf 1921,y; Nfk;gpup[;[pd; nrhe;j N`hl;rd; Fjpiuapd; 4tJ kd;dH Ml;rpg;gpupthf xd;WgLk; tiu gy Kiw ngaH khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;bUf;fpd;wd.

1947,y;> Nfk;gpupl;[pd; kd;dH Ml;rpg;gpupT vd;w jiyg;G iftplg;gl;L> me;jg; gil N`hl;rd; Fjpiu vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ.

Nghiu Nehf;fp 1914 Xf];w; 31Mk; jpfjp> 9tJ N`hl;rd; Fjpiu mk;ghyhtpy; epiygLj;jg;gl;L vl;L gpupl;b\; mjpfhupfs;> 18 ,e;jpa mjpfhupfs; kw;Wk; 521 gpw jutupirapYs;stHfis mzpfspy; nfhz;L 3tJ (mk;ghyh) Fjpiug; gilg;gpuptpd; xU gFjpahf gpuhd;]; 1947,y;> Nghupy; mkHj;j mzpjpul;Ljypd; Nfk;gpupl;[pd; fl;lisfis kd;dH ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. 14 Ml;rpg;gpupT ,e;jpag; gilg;gpuptpdH vd;w jiyg;G jkJ nrhe;jr; nrytpy; Fjpiufs;> Nghf;Ftuj;J> iftplg;gl;L> $lhuq;fs;> Fjpiuf;F me;jg; gil Ntz;ba jsghlg; N`hl;rd; nghUl;fs; Mil Fjpiu vd;W kw;Wk; cgfuzq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw toq;fpdH. miof;fg;gl;lJ gapw;rpapy;yhj Fjpiufis gpd;dhy; tpl;L kw;Wk; gioait Kd;dhy; tplg;gl;ld. ngUk;ghyhd Mz;fs; ntg;gtya Milia mzpe;jpUe;jdH> mJ jPtpu INuhg;gpa fhyepiyf;F nghWj;jkw;w cilahf ,Ue;jJ. njhluzp etk;gH 7 > 1914,y; khHNra;yi ; ] mile;jJ> FspH fhyj;jpy; jiu ,wq;fpaJ. njUf;fspy; miy Nkhjpa rdf;$l;lj;jhy; tpntd;l; ny]; `pe;J]; (ePzl ; fhyk; ,e;Jf;fs; tho;f) vd;W Nfh\ j;Jld; ,e;jpa JUg;Gf;fs; gpuQ;R tuNtw;igg; ngw;wd. ,e;jpa mzpapd;

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fhythjpahd Jg;ghf;fpfs; khw;wg;gl;ld ePzl ; fhyq;fshf Nrit nra;j ,e;jpa kw;Wk; xt;nthU gilg;gpuptpdUf;Fk; gpuQ;rhy; gilahFk;. 1914 njhlf;fk; 1918 tiu> toq;fg;gl;l ,uz;L ciungaHg;ghsHfs; mtHfs; mwpKfkpy;yhj epiyapy; Nghuhb> mkHj;jg;gl;ldH. ,e;jpaf; Fjpiug;gil mtHfSila jpwikia ntspfhl;b> NkYk; MHypad;]; efupy; xd;W$baJ> mq;F NghH nfsutq;fisg; ngw;Ws;sdH. Mil kw;Wk; Jg;ghf;fpfs; Kd; tpepNahfk; mtHfspd; jz;zHP Njq;fpa mfopfis nra;ag;gl;L 10 ehl;fSf;F itj;jpUf;Fk; Kjy; mDgtk; Nky; gilapdUf;F mfop gpyhd;lH]; efupy; brk;gH NghHr; rhjdq;fs;> Jg;ghf;fpfs; 1914,y; epfo;ej ; J> mq;Nf 9tJ N`hl;rd; kw;Wk; vwpFz;Lfspy; gapw;rp mtHfs; %d;W ehl;fs;> Fjpiu cyfg; toq;fg;gl;lJ. Fjpiufs; FspH kw;Wk; <uj;jd;ikia NghH kw;Wk; epge;jidfSf;F cl;gl;Nl mDgtpj;jdH. gilg;gpuptpdH> ,Uf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ. mjd; jsgjp kw;Wk; gy ntspehLfspy; Muk;gj;jpy;> gpupl;b\; Mz;fs; gdpf;fl;b kw;Wk; ePzl ; fhyq;fshf Xl;LeHfs; kw;Wk; Fwpg;ghsHfs; fhaq;fshy; topjtwpdH> Mdhy; Nrit nra;j toq;fg;gl;lJ> Mdhy; ,e;jpa fpntd;rpapd; NghHf; nfsutg; ,e;jpag; gapw;rpahsHfs; (fduf gl;lj;ijj; jdjhf;fpaJ. Fjpiug;gil gpupT) tpiuthfNt tuyhw;wpYs;s FUjpg; gilahFk; rfyijAk; fw;Wf; nfhz;ldH. NghHfspy; xd;wpy; -- mjhtJ nrhk;Nk NghH (a+iy-etk;gH> NghHf;fsj;jpy; 1916)> ,g;gilg;gpupT ,Ue;jJ> mq;F 1 9tJ N`hl;rd; Fjpiu ntspehl;by; yl;rj;jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l kf;fs; fhakile;J Ie;J tUlq;fisf; fopj;jJ> ,J ,we;jdH. mJ epiwa capupog;Gfshy; cyfg; NghH kw;Wk; ntspehLfspy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ> mNjNeuk; Nrhk;Nk-1916>

,lkpUe;J ,lQ;Ropahf: NghHf;fhyj; njhOtq;fs;@ jw;fhypf fhyhz;L fhtyH@ Gjpa gq;fPl;Lg; nghUl;fis kuh\py; Kd; epciyfspYs;s gilfSf;Ff; nfhz;Lnry;Yk; gilg;gpuptpd; epHthf mzptFg;G@ xU gpupl;b\; mYtyH kw;Wk; rPf;fpa tPuHfs;

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,lkpUe;J tyQ;Ropahf: rz;ilapd; xU njha;T Vw;gLk; NghJ> mjpfhupfs; RLtjw;fhd Neuj;ijf; fz;Lgpbf;fpd;wdH@ md;iwa ehspd; #l;bypUe;J mjpfhupfSk; eha;fSk; jpUk;gp tUk; tiu fhj;jpUf;Fk; tpUe;J@ 1917 Mk; Mz;L fhk;g;uha; Nghupy; gpupl;b\; khHf; 1 jhq;fp

gnrd;ild; kw;Wk; gpNyuh-NfhHrpnyl; Mfpa Nghupy; jhq;fpfisg; gad;gLj;jpg; ngw;w Kjy; Nghupd; tpUJfis ntd;wJ. ntw;wpapy; ,Ue;j ,e;jpa Fjpiug;gil etk;gH 1917,y;> fk;gu; ha; efupy; ,e;jpa gilg;gpupTfspy; xd;iw epidTgLj;JfpwJ. Fjpiug;gil rH [_ypad; gpq;fhy; Kjy; NkYk; ,e;jg; Nghupy; gilg;gpuptpd; gPuq;fp jhf;Fjiyf; fz;lJ. Mdhy;> kUj;Jt cj;jpNahf];juhd fg;ld; Nrhk; vjpup vy;iyapd; cile;j Kidfis jj;> fhakile;j N[Hkd; Nfzy; jdJ cUsr;nra;tJ jhd; mtHfsJ Nehf;fkhf nrhe;j khHigNa ntspNa ,Oj;njLj;jhH ,Ue;jjhy; rpwpa vz;zpf;ifapyhd vdf; Fwpg;gpLk;> ,Uk;Gr; rpYit vd;w xU lhq;fpfNs mq;F epug;gg;gl;ld. xU jdpg;gl;l rpwg;Gg; gl;lj;ijg; fTrpahNfhHl;bd; njw;F Nehf;fp ngw;whH. mJ mtUila jdJ ghijiaj; njhlq;fpa tPuj;Jf;Fk; fTrpa+NfhHl;by; mtH etk;gH 1917,y;> 8tJ `];]hHfSf;F toq;fpa kUj;Jt NritfSf;Fk; fk;gu; ha; Mjutspf;f 9tJ N`hl;rd; tzf;fk; nrYj;Jk; tifapYk; efupy; ,e;jpa Fjpiuf;F cj;jutplg;gl;lJ. fpilj;jJ. Fjpiug;gil gilapdH fhl;ba NeHj;jp 1918 /ngg;utup 15Mk; kw;Wk; tPuk; N[HkdpaHfis jpfjp> mk;ghyh gilg;gpupT rH [_ypad; Mr;rupaj;jpw;F nfhz;L nrd;W> cilf;fg;gl;lijnahl;b 9tJ gpq;fhy; mtHfis gpd;thq;f Ntz;ba N`hl;rd; Fjpiu mfopia Kjy; gPuq;fpj; fl;lhaj;jpw;F ,l;Lr;nrd;wJ. tpl;L tpyfpaJ kw;Wk; jhf;Fjiyf; gilgpuptpy; 50 gilapdUk; gilg;gpupT vfpg;jpw;F nry;y 70 FjpiufSk; ,we;jjhy;> cj;juT ,lg;gl;lJ. mtHfs; fz;lJ gilg;gpupT mtjpg;gl;lJ. ghy];jd P j;jpy; FbNawpdH. Nk[H v/g; nrapd;w; mw;fpd;rd; nrg;uk;gH 18 md;W> ehH vy; kw;Wk; Nk[H my; /g;NurH Mfpa ,uz;L ghypf;fpy;> gilg;gpuptpd; ,uz;L gpupTfshy; NghHf;fg;gypd; jsgjpfSk; ,t;thW 70 ifjpfs; kw;Wk; NghH nghUl;fs; nfhy;yg;gl;ltHfspy; ,Ue;jdH. jw;NghJ ifg;gw;wg;gl;ld. nrg;uk;gH 30 md;W> tUlhtUlk; etk;gH 30Mk; jpfjp ml;thd;]; ghJfhg;Gg; gpuptpd; jsgjp Nk[H mD\;bf;fg;gLk; gilg;gpupT ehs; Nfk;gi ; u tpfhH]{f;F> fp];tpia Nehf;fp Kd;Ndwp 70 Nghupd; tPuj;ij cjhuzkhff; nfhz;lhb JUf;fp tPuHfs; tUtjhfr; nra;jp fpilj;jJ. tUfpwJ. mJ 9tJ N`hl;rd; Fjpiug; mtuJ gilfs; 900 JUf;fpa tPuHfs; kw;Wk;

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ehd;F gPuq;fpfSf;F vjpuhfg; NghuhbaJ. hd;bupah Xg;gd; fpz;zk; kw;Wk; nghJ JUf;fpa ,uhZtk; mjd; Vuhskhd ghlrhiyf; fpz;zk; Nghd;w fpz;zq;fis JUg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; gilapdiu ,oe;Jtpl;lJ. ntd;Ws;sJ. 1920 brk;gH 16 md;W> xf;NuhgH 26,y;> gpupT nyNghit Nehf;fp ,e;jpahtpw;Fj; jpUk;gr; nrhy;yp xU mzptFj;Jr; nrd;wJ kw;Wk; 31Mk; fl;lis te;jJ> ,ijaLj;J 1921 adtup jpfjp gpw;gfYf;Fs;> JUf;fpa 1Mk; jpfjp gilg;gpuptpdH ,uhZtk; ruzile;jJ. 38 mk;gyhit te;jile;jdH. ehl;fspy;> N`hl;rd; Fjpiu 9tJ N`hl;rd; Fjpiu 1920 brk;gH nkhj;jkhf 567 iky;fis ntspehl;by; Ie;J tUlq;fisf; 16 md;W> fle;jJ kw;Wk; gpupT 1>100 fopj;jJ. ,J cyfg; NghH gilg;gpuptpdUf;F ifjpfs; kw;Wk; 58 gPuq;fpfisf; kw;Wk; ntspehLfspy; ePzl ; 1921 adtup ifg;gw;wpaJ. 10tJ N`hl;rd; fhyq;fshf Nrit nra;j FjpiuAk; nkNrhnghlhkpahtpd; ,e;jpag; gilahFk;.

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Gjpjhf nfhz;L tu Kaw;rpj;jNghJ 1303,y; igjh guhj;jh kw;Wk; rPf; nfghg; Nuhy; gpwf;f toptFj;jJ. ,g;NghJ ,e;jg; ngUk; Kaw;rpf;F gpwF mike;j Ritahd je;J} up fpq; ,why; MdJ uhzpf;F kpfTk; gpbj;j czTfspy; xd;whf ghl;bahyh muritf;Fs; nry;tjw;F Kd;Ng JiwKftopfspy; gzpahw;wpa tpahghupfSf;F xU Nfhup nuhl;bapy; gupkhug;gl;l Ritahf ,Ue;jJ. epiwa ,dpg;Gfspd; kj;jpapy; xd;whf ,e;j cztfq;fspy; tbntLj;jJ u];kyha;. xbrh khepyj;jpy; g+up Nfhtpy; jho;thuq;fs; Njhw;Wtpj;j u];kyha; fy;fj;jhtpd; KOikahd (,g;NghJ nfhy;fj;jh) igNyd;]; kw;Wk; jdpj;Jepw;Fk; th[pj; myp \ cztfq;fs; gg;lh> htpd; kd;wj;ij [pNygp> ,khHl;b> miltjw;F Kd;Ng rhl; Nghd;w rikaw; Nry;g+upapYs;s ,dpg;gfq;fspy; fz;Lgpbg;Gfspd; NeHj;jpahf;fg;gl;lJ. ikakhf khwpad gy tUlq;fshf> ,e;j KOikahd jdpj;Jepw;Fk; cztfq;fs; gg;lh> [Nygp> ,khHl;b> #Ny ghr;rpa+H> rhl; kw;Wk; rNkhrh Nghd;w rikaw; fz;Lgpbg;Gfspd; ikakhf khwpd. ,e;j ,lq;fSf;fhd ftHr;rpf;Fr; NrHf;fg;gl;lJ vd;dntd;why;> mit re;jpf;Fk; ,lkhf Nritahw;wpaik jhd;. ,jd; nghUs; mtHfshy; jpwk;gl Kaw;rpf;f Kbe;jJ ; kw;Wk; mij mtHfs; nra;jdH vd;gjhFk;. ];ghdpaUld; ,e;jpahtpw;F nrhf;Nyw; te;j gpwF> ];ig]; &l;by; kpsF NrHj;j ciwg;Gr; nrhf;Nyw; Kjypy; gupkhwg;gl;lJ. mNjhL> Ke;jpupifg; goq;fisAk; mjd; rptg;G epwj;ijf; nfhLf;f gPl& ; l;ilAk; eRf;fpj; jahupf;fg;gl;l Kjy; kJTk; gupkhwg;gl;lJ. 1650 ,y; epWtg;gl;l Kfyha fhyj;jpd; filr; nrhHf;fkhf tpsq;fpa re;jpdp rhf; MdJ fhyk; flf;ifapy; xU czTf;

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je;J}up rPf; nfghg;

fjk;gkhf khwpaJ. ,q;Fs;s kpfTk; czTfshd gpupahzp> ahf;dp> rHjh> Kfyha goikahd kw;Wk; Gfo;ngw;w filfshtd fhyj;jpa kw;w czTfis tpl ruhrup 1872 ,y; mikf;fg;gl;l gz;bl; fah czthdJ. gpurhj; \pt; ruz; kw;Wk; KfyhaHfSf;F fy;fj;jh mjd; Kjy; Nkw;fj;jpa Nrh`d; my;thitg; gupkhwpa fhd;bthyh cztfj;ij-kpd;rhu tprpwpfs;> njhl;bfs; `hy;tp. cztfj; njhopy; 1860 kw;Wk; kw;Wk; xU cztfj;Jld; 1880,y; Nltpl; 1900 ,ilNa jioj;Njhq;fpaJ. rpwpa tpy;rdhy; fz;lJ. Mf;Nyz;l; cztfk; cztfq;fs; ,Ue;j NghJk;> ehL KOtJk; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; ,jd; Kjy; Nfhg;gpf; Vuhskhd Gjpa cztfq;fs; filapy; Ff;f] P >; Nff;Ffs; by;yp> Kk;ig (mg;Nghija kw;Wk; ,e;jpaf; Nfhg;gpfs; gk;gha;) kw;Wk; nfhy;fj;jh gupkhwg;gl;ld. [pk;fhd;]; kw;Wk; nfhy;fj;jh jdJ (mg;Nghija fy;fj;jh) Kk;ig Nuhay; glF fpsg; Kjy; Nkw;fj;ija Nghd;w efuq;fspy; cUthfpd.

Nghd;w jdpg;gl;l fpsg;Gfs; N`hl;liy Nltpy; xt;nthU ,lj;jpw;Fk; mjd; vy;yh ,lq;fspYk; kyHe;jpUe;j. tpy;rd; %yk; 1880jdpg;gl;l milahsk; cs;sJ. cz;ikapy;> mJ ,e;j GJby;ypapYs;s Aidw;nwl; Neuj; jpy; cUthf;fg;gl;l ,y; fl;baJ> ,J fhg;gp `T]; fbdkhd kiud; biutpYs;s KO Mf;yhe;J N`hl;ly; RtUld; ,Uf;iffisAk; [pk;fhdh ngy;l; jtwhf vd miof;fg;gLk; nfhz;L Cl;b fpsg;ig ,Uf;Fk; vd;W nrhy;y KbahJ gpujpgypf;fpwJ. ,e;j kw;Wk; mt;thW> fpupf;nfw;> cztfq;fspd; czTg; Nfhop yhypghg; kw;Wk; Nrhlh gl;bay; Mq;fpyk;> rPd> ,e;jpa czT Kjypait cUthf;fg;gl;ld. by;ypapd; tiffspd; xU fyitahf ,Uf;Fk;. goikahd fpsg; Nuh\hdhuhitg; Nghy> ];ghdp\; ngy;yh> kuf;fwp uhlhlhTy;yp gpd;dH ,e;j ,lk; ,ul;ilg; gpugykhdJ> kw;Wk; Nthl;fhTld; ngd;dp My;ngl;Nuh> Vnddpy; ,q;F jhd; 1928 ,y; ,e;jpa fpuha;rd;l>; Kl;il ngNdbf;l>; ut;yhNl> fpupf;nfw; fl;Lg;ghl;L (BCCI) thupak; Njapiy-Mq;fpyk; kw;Wk; ,y;iynadpy;cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. nuhl;bfs; kw;Wk; ngUiktha;ej ; fh];] ,e;j Nghf;fpd; kWGwk; khty;yp bg;gd; p Nuhy; Nghd;wit ekf;F kpfTk; gpbj;j Nrit (gpd;dH MTR) Nghd;w ,lq;fs;

a+iy-Xf];w; 2015

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rikaw;fiy

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Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;L njhopyhsH tHf;fj;jpd; Njitiag; g+Hj;jp nra;a Muk;gpj;jJ. ,j;jifa cLg;gp- ghzp ,lq;fspy; kypT tpiyapy; jukhd czT toq;fg;gLfpwJ. Kk;igapd; goikahd Ngf;fupahd fy;ahzp> khj ,Wjpapy; $l Miy njhopyhsHfSf;F ,Nj Nehf;fj;jpyhd ,uz;L fg; Njapiy kw;Wk; ,uz;L gd; k];fh];fis ntz;nza;Ald; xU mzhTf;Fk; Fiwthf toq;fpaJ. midj;J Nky;jl;L rpwe;j cztfq;fSk; te;Jtpl;l ,ilapy;> mjpy; czT> jdpg;gl;l kjpg;Gfs; kw;Wk; jpiuauq;F xg;gidfs; ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. fy;fj;jhtpYs;s gpHNgh]; mbf;fb nry;Yk; ,lkhf cztfk; 1917 ,y; ,j;jhyp khwpaJ. ,e;jpaHfspd; ,ilapy; vy;yhNk> ehl;Lf;fhuH VQ;rNyhthy; Ritfs; Nfhg;gpf; filfspd; czT> myq;fhuk; cUthf;fg;gl;l ,J caH kw;w jhf;fq;fisAk; jpBnud;W kw;Wk; Miriaj; J} r%fj;jpdupd; gpbj;j ,lk;. vLj;Jnfhz;L tpl;lJ. mJ mg;Nghija gpujpepjp rPd kw;Wk; ngaustpyhd z;Lk; ngWkjpfis kw;Wk; ,e;jpa MSeuhd yhHl; gQ; rhgp czT tiffs; xd;wpizj;j ,HtpDf;F gupkhwpaJ. mjd; xU rpy tpjptpyf;FfSld; ngUksT rpwe;j gpwF> NftpaH kw;Wk; Ngh fpuh tof;fkhd ge;jak; MdJ. cztfq;fshf ,q;F gzpGupe;Js;sdH. 1920 "gf;Ftg;gl;l tpLjp njhlf;fk; 1950 tiu> rpwpa cupikahsHfshy; elj;jg;gLk; te;jd Gjpa fUj;J cztfq;fs; cztfq;fs; xU rpy jukhd %yk; khw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ my;yJ czit toq;fpAs;sJ"vd;whH uhf; fyhr;rhuKk; $l xU rpyiu Gjpa kh];]pt; cztfq;fspd; Njhw;Wtpg;ghsH> czT tiffSf;F khw;w Cf;Ftpj;jJ. Mdhy; mit njhiythfTk; FiwthfTk; Kk;igapYs;s Nfg; ypNahNghy;L xU Nfhg;gp cs;sd. |"by;yp> " vd;w mtH njhlHe;J> ,lk;> mJ FspH gpaH kw;Wk; ez;gHfSld; ~efuk; Kd;NdWk; NghJ $l Nrhjid

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,khHj;jp

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rikay; ikakhf ,Uf;fpwJ. jpBnud> rPd kw;Wk; Jupj czT kPJ xU gilnaLg;G ,Ue;jJ. mJ tl fpof;F czTtifiar; NrHj;J ,Oj;jJ. Mdhy; mJ jhd; ,J" vd;whH. fy;fj;jh nrg; rgprhr;rp nfhuha; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; ghg;upf;fh ig rgp> mjid Njhw;Wtpj;jtH epiwa Gjpa Nehf;fq;fis cUthf;fpdhH. GY} ghf;]; fy;fj;jhtpd; Kjy; ghH MdJ- kf;fs; Ml ,irNahL tpisahl Neub gl;ilfs; nfhz;l cztfq;fs; cs;sd. mJ 50 kw;Wk; 60 fspy; fy;fj;jhtpd; ,uTtho;fi ; ff;F xU nghOJNghf;F rhjidia Vw;gLj;jpaJ. ,q;Nf czT INuhg;gpa kw;Wk; ,e;jpa> Mq;fpyk; fyitahf njhlHe;J ,Uf;fpwJ. 1970-,d; ,Wjpapy;> ,e;jpa czTf; fhl;rp fpl;lj;jl;l ,uz;L rhg;jq;fshf jzpe;J

nrd;wJ. Mk;> cztfq;fs; jpwe;J ,Uf;fpd;wd,e;j Neuj;jpd; Nghd;W jk; Gf;j>; Ng\;thup kw;Wk; Gf;fhuh Nghd;w rpwe;j ngaHfshy; jpwf;fg;gl;ld-Mdhy; ,jpy; kpFjpahdit tpLjpfspy; mike;Js;sd kw;Wk; rhjhuz kdpjHfshy; mZf ,aytpy;iy.

1990 tiu> ngUk;ghYk; tl vy;iyapy; ,Ue;J mJ kPzL ; k; ,e;jpa cztpw;F jpUk;gpaJ. czTj; njhopy; jpBnud xU tzpf uPjpahd njhopyhdJ> Mdhy; Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; kw;Wk; Nrhjidfs; epWj;jg;gl;ld. 90 fspd; Kw;gFjpapy;> rikaw;fhuHfs; jbapid vLj;J xypt; vz;nzAld; njhlq;Fk; Rthu];akhd czitf; nfhz;LtUk; Nehf;fpy; ,Ue;jdH> gpd;dH Ng kw;Wk; xypt;fs; %yk; gp];] h gpbg;Gk; tsHe;jJ kw;Wk; jpBnud;W ,e;jpa cztfq;fSk; ,tw;wpd; kpfg;ngupa jahupg;gpy; <Lgl;ld. ,J Nrhjid rikaypd; Like vOr;rp kw;Wk; mDgtq;fs; MEA INDIA topahd czT. mJ 2000-,d; filrpg; ghjpapy;> ,e;jpah %yf;$W EfHT> nkJthd rikay;> irt czTg; Follow gof;fk;> Kw;Nghf;fhd @MEAINDIA rikay; Mfpatw;wpd; gpwg;Gf;F toptFj;jJ. ,e;jpa cztfq;fs; fz;Lgpbg;gpd; jpwTNfhyhf Channel ,Ue;j Muk;g 1300fSf;Nf MEA INDIA kPz;Lk; te;jJ.

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GJik GFj;jy;

Map not to scale

ARUNACHAL PRADESH

SIKKIM

ASSAM

NAGALAND

MEGHALAYA MANIPUR

TRIPURA MIZORAM

,e;jpahtpd; ,aw;if

nghUshjhu tyak; Nkf; ,d; NehHj;-<];w; Kaw;rp vd;gJ gpuhe;jpak;> mjd; kf;fs; kw;Wk; nghUshjhuj;ij ehl;bd; gpw gFjpfNshL xUq;fpizg;gjw;fhf xU tpupthd> gy mLf;Fj; jpl;lk; ciu | ka+up KfH[P

VO rNfhjup khepyq;fyhd mrhk;> mUzhr;ry gpuNjrk;> kzpg;g+H> Nkfhyah> ehfhyhe;J> rpf;fpk; kw;Wk; jpupGuh Kjypait Gjpa Nkf; ,d; NuhHj; <];w; Kaw;rp %yk; xU jpUg;G Kidiag; ngw tlf;F fpof;F midj;Jk; jahuhfpAs;sJ. tl fpof;F gpuhe;jpa mgptpUj;jpf;fhd mikr;rpd; %yk; ,e;j Mz;L njhlq;fg;gl;l ,e;jj; jpl;lk;

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gpujkH eNue;jpu Nkhbapd; xU cyf cw;gj;jp ikakhf ehl;il cUthf;Fk; Nkf; ,d; ,e;jpah jpl;lj;jhy; mo$l;lg;gl;lJ. vdpDk;> Nkf; ,d; NehHj; <];w; Njrpa jpl;lj;jpd; gpuhe;jpa gjpg;G kl;Lky;yhky; mjw;Fk; NkyhfNt cs;sJ. Nkf; ,d; ehHj;-<];l; Kaw;rp vd;gJ gpuhe;jpak;> mjd; kf;fs; kw;Wk; nghUshjhuj;ij ehl;bd;

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74

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