India perspectives tamil jan feb 2016 by Indian Diplomacy

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adtup-ngg;utup 2016

W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

,e;jpa juprdk;

30 n ntspaPL 1 n adtup-ngg;utup 2016

MrpupaH: tpfh]; ];thug; cjtp MrpupaH: epfpNy\; bf;\pj; ntsptptfhu mikr;R miw ,y. 152> ~V| gpupT> rh];jpup gtd;> GJby;yp- 110001, ,e;jpah njh.: 91.11.23388949> 23381719 njhiyefy;.: 91.11.23384663 ,izak;: http://www.indiandiplomacy.in fUj;J my;yJ Nfs;tpfspw;F: osdpd2@mea.gov.in

khf;];NghrH kPbah F&g; ,e;jpah gpiuNtl; ypkpw;nwl; gpuRupg;gtH kw;Wk; jiyik eltbf;if mjpfhup: tpfh]; N[h`up jiyik epHthfp kw;Wk; epHthfg; gzpg;ghsH: gpufh\; N[h`up epiwNtw;W MrpupaH: nrsug; jq;fh jiyik mYtyfk; khf;n]f;]N ; ghrH kPbah F&g; ,e;jpah gpiuNtl; ypkpw;nwl; gpupT ,y. [p-0-V> fPoj ; ; jsk;> MIRA NfhHg;gNul; #l;]>; pGnshl; ,y. 1&2> ,\;thH efH> kJuh rhiy> GJby;yp – 110065, ,e;jpah njh: +91.11.43011111 > njhiyefy;: +91.11.43011199

CIN No: U22229DL2006PTC152087 fUj;J my;yJ Nfs;tpfspw;F:

indiaperspectives@maxposure.in Nfs;tpfspw;F | MMGIPL njh: +91.11.43011111 njhiyefy;: +91.11.43011199 www.maxposure.in

,e;jpa juprdk; mNugpak;> g`rh> ,e;NjhNdrpak;> Mq;fpyk;> gpnud;Q>; N[Hkd;> ,e;jp> ,j;jhypak;>; gh\;Njh> ghurPfk;> NghHj;Jf;Nfak;> u\pak;> rpq;fsk;> ];ghdp\;> jkpo;> rPdk;> ag;ghdpak; Mfpa nkhopfspy; gpuRupf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpa juprdk; MdJ miw ,y. 152> ~V| gpupT> rh];jpup gtH> GJby;yp – 110001 vd;w tpyhrj;jps;s ntsptptfhu mikr;rpd; (MEA) $l;Lr; nrayhsUk;> cj;jpNahfg+Htg; Ngr;rhsUkhd tpfh]; ];thug;ghy; gpuRupf;fg;gLfpwJ> NkYk; MEA-,d; rhHghf> myF ,y. G-O-A (jiuj; jsk;)> kpuh NfhHg;gNuw; #l;]>; kid ,y. 1&2, ,\;thH efH> kJuh rhiy> GJby;yp – 110065 vd;w tpyhrj;jpYs;s khf;]N ; gh\H kPbah F&g; ,e;jpah gpiuNtw; ypkpw;nwl; (MMGIPL) epWtdj;jhy; gpuRupf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpa juprdk; xU tUlj;jpy; MW jlitfs; ntspaplg;gLfpwJ. midj;J cupikfSk; ghJfhf;fg;gl;lit. ,jpYs;s vOj;jhf;fk;> glNtiy kw;Wk;/ my;yJ Gifg;glj;ij ‘,e;jpa juprdj;jpw;F” ed;wp njuptpj;J cgNahfpf;fyhk; my;yJ kW mr;rplyhk;. ,.nt.m kw;Wk; MMGIPL Mfpait kdkhuf; nfhLf;fg;gl;l nghUl;fs;> ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpfs;> Gifg;glq;fs;> glNtiy> xspa+LUT glq;fs; my;yJ kw;iwa nghUl;fspd; ,og;gpw;F nghWg;ig Vw;Wf;nfhs;s khl;lh. ,r;rQ;rpifapy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; fUj;Jfs; ,.nt.m my;yJ MMGIPL ,d; fUj;Jf;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;ba mtrpakpy;iy.

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,e;jpa juprdk;

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,e;jpa gpujkh; jpU eNue;jpu Nkhb mth;fs; ,q;fpyhe;J gpujkh; jpU Nltpl; Nfk&Dld; yz;ldpYs;s kfhj;kh fhe;jp rpiyf;F Kd;ghf

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midj;J jiyth;fSlDk; gpujkh; Nkhb tsh;r;rp fzf;fpy; Gjpa $l;L re;jh;g;gq;fis ,Ujug;G $l;lq;fspy; <Lgl;bUg;gij cUthf;Ftjw;Fk; ,e;jpah kw;Wk; IAFS-III ftdpj;jJ. ,J mwpT ghyj;ij Mg;gphpf;fhtpd; nghJthd gazj;ij fl;Lk; kw;Wk; kf;fSf;F ,ilapyhd caph;g;gpf;fTk; gfpug;gl;l fUj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; njhlh;ig mjpfhpf;Fk; Nehf;fpy; Kf;fpakhd $l;L fdTfspd; tYthd ghh;itia nray;jpl;lq;fis nfhz;L elj;jg;gl;lJ ,J gpujkh; Nkhb njspthf tpsf;fpdhh;. ,d;W> njhFg;ghsh;fspd; tpthj kd;wj;jpYk; kw;Wk; kdpj ,dj;jpd; %d;wpy; xU fdTfs; xU fy;tpahsh;fs; kd;wj;jpYk; gpujpgypj;jJ. Filapd; fPo; te;Js;sJ. ,d;W> 1.25 gpy;apd; Mg;gphpf;fh cldhd KO ,e;jpah;fs; kw;Wk; 1.25 gpy;ypad; FOtpd; jPtpukhdJ vjph;tUk; Mg;gphpf;fh;fspd; ,jaj;Jbg;Gfs; ehl;fspy; ,e;jpahtpd; Nehf;fNk xNu jhskpLfpd;wd>” vd;W xf;NuhgH kPz;Lk; vOk;Gfpw fz;lj;jpd; mth; Mg;gphpf;f jiyth;fsplk; 26-29 cr;rpkhehL xU Kf;fpa kw;Wk; rk $wpdhh;. “cyfpd; xU Kf;fpa gu];gu gq;fhsuhf ,Uf;f rk;kjk; gq;Fjhuuhf ,Uf;fpw xU Gj;njOr;rpapd; njhptpj;J nghUshjhuk;> tsh;r;rp tskhd> xUq;fpize;j kw;Wk; kw;Wk; Af;jp cl;gl Kf;fpa xd;Wgl;l Mg;gphpf;fh vd;w xU “rf;jptha;ej ; gFjpfspy; ,e;jpa-Mg;gphpf;f cq;fs; fdTf;F ehq;fs; vq;fs; kw;Wk; cUkhw;w $l;lhz;ikia cah;j;Jk; Mjuit cah;j;JNthk;>” vd nray;gl;baiy” ,e;jpa murpd; midj;ijAk; mth; typAWj;jpdhh;. ntspapl;lJ Mjhpf;Fk; jpl;lj;ij mbf;Nfhbl;L fhz;gpj;Js;sJ. Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l

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tsh;r;rpf;fhd xU epow;glj;ij IAFS-III nghWj;jtiu> J}a;ikahd tsh;r;rp ghij cUthf;fpapUf;fpwJ kw;Wk; gpujkh; Nkhb Nehf;fp ehk; nry;tjhy; ek;Kila ePy ,ij “ePyg;Gul;rp” vd;W miof;fpwhh;. ePy thdj;ijAk; kw;Wk; ePy ePh;gug;GfisAk; nghUshjhuj;jpd; tsh;r;rpf;fhd xU tphpthd rPh;gLj;Jk; xU nghpa ePyg;Gul;rpapd; mq;fkhf jp;l;lj;ij by;yp gpufldk; 2015 tpthpf;fpwJ ,Uf;fpwJ>” vd jpU Nkhb njhptpj;jhh;. ,J rl;l tpNuhjkhd kw;Wk; Kiwg;gLj;jg;glhj %Nyhgha kPd;gpbf;F vjpuhf NghuhLjy;> $l;lhz;ikia rpwe;j fly; fly; tsq;fis NgZjy;> Nkk;gLj;Jjy; ghJfhg;Gf;fhd ePy fly;rhuhj tsq;fis ,e;jpa mjpfhhpfs; nrhd;d Muha;jy;> ePh;gug;gpw;Fhpa IAFS-III ,d; Kf;fpa ePf;fk; nghUshjhuj;jpd; Ma;Tfis elj;Jjy;> vd;dntd;why; jPtputhjk;> $l;L tsh;rr ; pf;fhd Rw;Wr;#oy; Rw;Wyhit flw;nfhs;is> ,izaxU epow;glj;ij Cf;Ftpj;jy;> GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f ghJfhg;G> fhyepiy khw;wk;> IAFS-III Mw;wiy cUthf;Fjy;> etPd epiyahd tsh;r;rp> WTO Kd; vr;rhpf;if fUtpfs; Ngr;Rthh;j;ijfs; kw;Wk; cUthf;fpAs;sJ %ykhf NguoT Mgj;ij UNSC rPh;jpUj;jq;fs; cl;gl Fiwj;jy;> khR fl;Lg;ghL FWf;F-ntl;L mstpyhd kw;Wk; gpw flw;fiu kw;Wk; gpur;ridfspy; Kd;ndr;rhpf;if fly; Ma;Tfis cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. “ekJ $l;Lf;fhd kpf tphpthd fl;likg;ig nropg;Gf;fhd xU Kf;fpa vjph;fhy rf;jpahf tbtikg;gjhFk;. NghNfh `uk;> nkf;ug; khWk; ePy nghUshjhuj;jpd; epiyahd kw;Wk; my; \ghg;gpy; my; nfha;jh Nghd;w tsh;r;rpf;F ehk; xj;Jiog;Nghk;. vd;idg; ngU epyg;gug;gpYs;s Nguhspf; FOf;fspd;

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$l;lhz;ik

vOr;rp gpd;dzpf;F vjpuhf> ,e;jpah kw;Wk; Mg;gphpf;f ,e;j FOf;fspd; nray;ghl;il Nkk;gl;l csTj;Jiwf;F njhptpg;gjd; %ykhf jPtputhjj;jpw;F vjpuhd xj;Jiog;gpy; fhyb vLj;Jitf;f jPh;khdpj;Js;sd. ngUk;ghyhd Mg;gphpf;f jiyth;fs; ,ij Mjhpf;f rk;kjpj;jjdhy;> rh;tNjr jPtputhjk; (CCIT) Fwpj;J tphpthd khehl;bd; Ieh Vw;Gfis ,e;jpah fLikahf rhbAs;sJ. xU rPuikf;fg;gl;l UNSC-apy; ,e;jpah kw;Wk; Mg;gphpf;fhtpw;F epue;ju ,lq;fSf;F ,U Gwq;fspYkpUe;J Mjutspg;gjd; %yk;> Kd;Ndhf;fpg; ghh;j;J> UNSC-apd; tphpthf;fj;ij Jhpjg;gLj;Jtjpy; ,e;jpah kw;Wk; Mg;gphpf;fhtpd; mZfiy cr;rpkhehL Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;sJ. “If;fpa ehLfs; ghJfhg;G rigapd; rPh;jpUj;j nray;gl;baypy; cWjpahd gyd;fis ngWtjpy; xU jPh;f;fkhd ce;Jjiy Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf UNGA jPh;khdk; 69/560I Fwpj;j fhyj;jpw;F Kd;Ng mky;gLj;Jtjpd; mtrpaj;ij ehq;fs; typAWj;JfpNwhk;” vd by;yp gpufldk; nra;Js;sJ.

Kd;Ndw;w ghij: 3S ke;jpuk;

vdNt IAFS-apd; %d;whk; gjpg;G %d;W “S” ke;jpuj;jpy; mjpfk; NjwpAs;;sJ: jpwik> msT kw;Wk; Ntfk;. xg;Gf;nfhz;l jpl;lq;fis nray;gLj;Jtij fz;fhzpf;fTk; kw;Wk; fUj;JfSf;Fk; nraYf;Fk; ,ilapy; ve;j ,ilntspAk; ,y;iy vd;gij cWjpgLj;jTk; xU $l;L fz;fhzpg;G mikg;ig mikg;gjd; %yk; cWjpahd fhy-tiuaiw nray;ghl;Lld; ngUk; mwptpg;Gfis nghUj;Jk; jPh;khdj;jpy; Ntfj;jpy; ftdk; nrYj;jpaikia gpujpgypj;jJ. kWghprPyidapd; tiuaiwfs; mLj;j Mz;L njhlh;r;rpf; $l;lj;jpy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; ,J IAFSIII nray;gl;baiy epiwNtw;Wk; nray; jpl;lj;ij ,Wjp nra;Ak;. ,e;jpaMg;gphpf;f $l;lhz;ikapd; %d;W J} z;fs; – tzpfk;> njhopy;El;gk; kw;Wk;

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gy;NtW fyhr;rhu epfo;r;rpfs; IAFS-III I xU kwf;fKbahj mDgtkhf;fpaJ

gapw;rpia- cr;rpkhehL tYg;gLj;jpaJ kw;Wk; 21tJ E}w;whz;by; kyh;tjw;F ikakhd njw;Ff;Fj; njw;F xUikg;ghl;L tbtj;Jf;F Gj;Japh; Cl;baJ. “kuGtopahd kw;Wk; G+Nfhs murpay;> fyhr;rhu> fy;tp> njhopy;El;g kw;Wk; nghUshjhu $Wfis nfhz;bUf;fpw njw;Ff;Fj; njw;F xj;Jiog;gpd; mtjhukhtjw;F fhydpj;Jtk; kw;Wk; ,d ghFghL xopg;gpypUe;J Mg;gphpf;f-,e;jpa xw;Wik cUthfpapUf;fpwJ>” vd njd; Mg;gphpf;f [dhjpgjp jpU N[f;fg; #kh njhptpj;jhh;. fz;Lgpbg;gpy; $l;L> njhopy;KidNthh; fyhr;rhu cah;T kw;Wk; b[pl;ly; nghUshjhuj;jpw;fhd Gjpa jpl;lq;fSf;Fk; IAFS-III tpj;jpl;Ls;sJ ,J ,uz;L gFjpfspd; ,isQh;fisAk; kw;Wk; gilg;ghw;wy; rKjhaj;ijAk; ,izf;Fk;. xU [dehaf cyf fl;blf;fiy tbtikg;gjw;fhfTk; kw;Wk; gRikahd epiyahd tsh;r;rpia Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhTk; tWik> fy;tpawptpd;ik kw;Wk; gl;bdpf;F vjpuhf NghuhLtjdhy;> vjph;tUk; rhiyfs; rthy;fs; epiwe;jjhf ,Uf;Fk; Mdhy; jq;fSila xl;Lnkhj;j Qhdj;NjhL gzpahw;Wtjdhy; ,e;jpahTk; Mg;gphpf;fhTk; mij nty;tJ kl;Lky;yhky; kdpj ,dj;jpd; kPl;G kw;Wk; $l;L mjpfhukspj;jikapy; xU Gjpa mj;jpahaj;ij vOJk;. “,d;W> ek;Kila eilfis xd;WNghyTk; kw;Wk; ek;Kila Fuy;fis xj;jpirthfTk; nfhz;L ehk; $l;lhf elf;f cWjpaspf;fpNwhk;. ,J xU Gjpa gazKk; my;y my;yJ xU Gjpa Muk;gKk; my;y. Mdhy; xU goikahd cwTf;fhd xU nghpa vjph;fhyj;jpd; xU Gjpa thf;FWjpahFk;>” vd;W jpU Nkhb $wpdhh;. rh;tNjr tptfhuq;fs;> ntspg;gLk; mjpfhuq;fs; kw;Wk; ,e;jpa fzf;fpy; ftdk; nrYj;Jk; www.indiawrites.org xU Nghh;l;ly; kw;Wk; ,-gj;jphpf;if-,jo; ,e;jpah iul;]; nel;nthh;f;fpd; jiyik vbl;luhf Kdp\; re;j; ,Uf;fpwhh;

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lhf;lh; gPk;uht; mk;Ngj;fhhpd;

tho;f;ifAk; fhyq;fSk;

xU rKjha rPhj ; pUj;jthjpahf> kdpj chpikfs; fhtydhf kw;Wk; mbj;jl;L kf;fspd; tpLjiytPuuhf> fyhepjp mk;Ngj;fhh; etPd ,e;jpahtpd; rKjha czh;it jl;b vOg;g jd;Dila tho;ifia mh;gg ; zpj;jhh; ciu | eNue;jpu [hjt;

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jd;Dila Mjuthsh;fshy; ghghrhfpg; mk;Ngj;fhh; vd;W khpahijAld; miof;fg;gLk; ghuj uj;dh lhf;lh; gPk;uht; uhk;[p mk;Ngj;fhh; re;Njfj;jpw;fplkpd;wp ,e;jpa jhapd; jpU kfd;fspy; xUtuhf jpfo;e;jhh;. mth; 1920fspd; Jtf;fj;jpy; r%f-murpay; fsj;jpw;Fs; Eioe;J gphpl;b\; Ml;rpapd; KbT tUlq;fspy; ,e;jpahtpd; rKjha> fyhr;rhu> nghUshjhu kw;Wk; murpay; khw;wj;jpy; xU Kf;fpa gq;fhw;wpdhh;. 1947y; ,e;jpah gphpl;b\; Ml;rpapypUe;J Rje;jpuk; mile;j gpwF> Rje;jpu ,e;jpahTf;fhd murpayikg;ig cUthf;Fjw;F nghWg;ghf ,Ue;jhh;. etPd ,e;jpahtpd; rKjha czh;it jl;b vOg;g jd;Dila tho;ifia mh;g;gzpj;j lhf;lh; mk;Ngj;fhh; xU rKjha rPh;jpUj;jthjpahf> kdpj chpikfs; fhtydhf kw;Wk; mbj;jl;L kf;fspd; tpLjiytPuuhf jpfo;e;jhh;. mk;Ngj;fhhpd; tho;if xU tpag;ghd tPufhtpakhFk;: xU jPz;lj;jfhj

nghbadhf gpwe;J> Foe;ijg;gUtk; Kjy; ,sk;gpuhak; tiu xt;nthU gbapYk; eRf;fg;gl;l mth; cyfj; ju gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; - mnkhpf;fhtpd; nfhyk;gpah gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; vk;V kw;Wk; gpvr;b> kw;Wk; yz;ld; nghUshjhu gs;spapy; bv];rp kw;Wk; yz;ldpy; ghh;-ml;-yh – Nghd;w kpf cah;thd kpfTk; Gfo;ngw;w gl;lq;fis ngw Vwf;Fiwa rhjfkw;w rhjfj;jd;ikf;Fs; nrd;whh;. mjd;gpd; mth; ,e;jpah jpUk;gp mePjp kw;Wk; kdpj chpik kWg;ghy; tifg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;j rhjpepiwe;j gioa Kiwikia xopg;gjw;F jd;Dila

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tho;ifia mh;g;gzpj;jhh;. FLk;gr; nry;tNkh `PNuhTf;F mQ;ryp nrYj;Jtjw;fhf my;yJ murpay; ghuk;ghpa ghpe;JiuNah Kk;igapYs;s irj;ah G+kpapy; $Lfpwhh;fs;. ,y;yhky;> Mdhy; mtUila Ra J} rpy njhiyf;fhl;rp Nrdy;fs; 2012 Mf];l; a kdcWjp kw;Wk; clYUf;Fk; fbd khjj;jpy; elj;jpa “fhe;jpf;F gpwfhd ciog;G> mjPj ijhpak; kw;Wk; jd;dykw;w khngUk; ,e;jpad;” vd;w kpd;-Njh;jypy; jpahfk; %yNk> mth; Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtp;d; xU mWjpg; ngUk;ghd;ik thf;FfSld; murpayikg;gpd; Kjd;ik rpw;gpahf mk;Ngj;fhh; Xl;L ngw;wJ Mr;rhpakhdJ Mtjw;F fLikahd murpay; vjph;g;igAk; my;y. kw;Wk; rhjp ghFghL Mgj;Jf;fisAk; ,e;j cz;ikfspd; ntspr;rj;jpy;> vjph;nfhz;lhh;. mth; mjd;gpd; kpy;ypad; gpw nghWg;ghd ,lq;fspy; ngUk;ghYk; fzf;fhd mbj;jl;L kf;fSf;F r%f ePjp nra;ag;gLtJNghy mk;Ngj;fhiu toq;f jFjpAila kpfTk; rkj;Jtkpf;f xU jPPz;lj;jfhjth;fs; my;yJ jypj;Jf;fspd rKjhaj;ij cUthf;Ftjw;fhd cWjpahd xU jiytuhf kl;LNk tiuaWg;gJ nray;ghLfspy; kjpiy fl;lj; njhlq;fpdhh;> Kw;wpYk; epahakw;wjhFk;. mk;Ngj;fhh; ,t;thW r%f rkj;Jtk; jPz;lj;jfhjth;fspd; kw;Wk; gFj;jwpTf;fhd xU jiytuhf kl;Lk; xU Afj;jpw;F ,e;jpahtpy; ,Uf;ftpy;iy> ,e;jpahtpd; fyhepjp mk;Ngj;fhh; Kd;Ndhbahdh;. ,e;j xLf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; G+dh xg;ge;jj;jpy; nray;ghl;by;> mk;Ngj;fhh; jiytuhf kl;Lk; ,e;jpaf; Fbauir jhq;fpg; ,y;iy. mth; xU Njrpa jPzl ; j;jfhjth;fSf;F gpbf;Fk; xU tPudhf jiytuhf ,Ue;jhh;. xU khngUk; kl;Lky;yhky; etPd mtUila mwpTj;jpwd;> vz;zpf;ifapyhd ,e;jpahtpd; kdrhl;rpf;fhd nghpa ,af;fq;fs; kw;Wk; ,lq;fis ciufy;yhfTk; ntspg;gl;L murhq;fj;jpYk; kw;Wk; Kf;fpa ,lj;ij gpbj;;jhh;. ntspapYk mtUila gq;F cWjpg;gLj;jpdhh; ehl;bYs;s lhf;lh; mth; xU nghpa rKjhaj;jpd; mk;Ngj;fhhpd; ngUk;ghyhd Njr gf;jdhf ,Ue;jhh; rpiyfs; ePyepw mq;fp kw;Wk; rptg;G vd;gij njspthf fhl;LfpwJ. fOj;Jg;gl;il mzpe;J> mtUila ifapd; mtUila kpfTk; <Lghlhd tho;f;ifg; fPo; xU Gj;jfj;ijAk; gpbj;jpUg;gJ ghijapy;> ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; Nghy rpj;jhpf;fpw xU Fz;lhd kdpjh; Kjd;ik rpw;gpahd xU rl;lty;Yeuhf epr;rakhfNt ,e;jpa murpayikg;ig ,Ue;jJ jtpu> xU mwpQuhf> fy;tpahsuhf> gpujpgypf;fpwhh;. ,e;j rpiyfs; ,e;jpah gj;jphpf;ifahsuhf> kjj;jpd; xg;gPl;L vq;fpYk;> fpuhkq;fspYk; kw;Wk; efuq;fspYk;> mjpfhhpahfTk;> xU rl;lk; ,aw;WgtuhfTk; nghJthf FWf;Fr;rhiyfspy; ePq;fs; kw;Wk; xU ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpduhfTk; rpwe;j ghh;f;fyhk;. xt;nthU tUlKk; brk;gh; 6 gq;fspg;ig mk;Ngj;fhh; toq;fpapUf;fpwhh;. (mk;Ngj;fhh; ,we;j ehs;) md;W Vwf;Fiwa xU kf;fs; gpujpepjpahfTk; kw;Wk; xU ,uz;L kpy;ypad; mk;Ngj;fhh; tpRthrpfs; nghpa jiytuhf ,Ue;jNghjpYk;> mk;Ngj;fhh; jq;fSila ,ul;rfdhf topgLfpw vg;nghOJNk xU jPtpu rpe;jidahsuhfTk;

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$Fy; Njly; Nghf;fhdJ lhf;lh; mk;Ngj;fhhpd; fhyj;jhy; mopahj njhlh;igAk; kw;Wk; GfioAk; gpujpgypf;fpwJ NkYk; ,J kfhj;kh fhe;jp kw;Wk; [t`h;yhy; NeUf;F gpwF kpf mjpfkhf Njlg;gLk; %d;whtJ tuyhw;W ,e;jpa kdpjuhf fhz;gpf;fpwJ. ,e;jpahtpw;Fs; NjLk; Mh;tj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;> ghghrhfpg; kPjhd tprhhp;g;Gfs; Me;jpu gpuNjrk;> cj;jpu gpuNjrk;> k`uh\;buh> nly;yp> GJr;Nrhp> F[uhj;> cj;jufhz;l;> `hpahdh> uh[];jhd; kw;Wk; fh;ehlfhtpy; Kf;fpakhd Njly; Mh;tj;ij ngw;wpUf;fpwJ

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lhf;lh; mk;Ngj;fhh; thrpg;gjpYk; kw;Wk; vOJtjpYk; Mh;tk; nfhz;bUe;jhh;. murpay; Kjy; ngsj;jk; tiu> rhjp Kjy; ghypd ghFghL tiu> gy;NtW jiyg;Gfs; rk;ge;jg;gl;l mNef Gj;jfq;fis mth; vOjpAs;shh;. jPz;lj;jfhjth;fSk; jPz;lhikAk;> Gj;jUk; fhuy; khh;f;Rk;> ahh; #j;jpuh;fs;?> ,e;Jj;Jt jj;Jtk; Nghd;witfs; Fwpj;j fl;Liufs; mtUila rpy Kf;fpakhd vOj;Jf;fshFk;. mtUila kuzj;jpw;Fg; gpd; ntspaplg;gl;l Gj;jUk; mtUila jh;khTk; vd;w mtUila filrp Gj;jfj;ij vOjpf;nfhz;bUf;Fk;NghJ 1956k; Mz;L brk;gh; 6y; mth; fhykhdhh;.

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kjk; Kf;fpakhf nfhs;ifshf kl;LNk ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mJ rl;lq;fshff; $lhJ. mJ rl;lq;fis cUthf;Fk; Neuj;jpy;> mJ cz;ikahd kj rl;lj;jpd; xU ruhk;rkhf ,Uf;fpw nghWg;ig nfhy;Ytjhy; mJ kjk; vd;w xU epiyapypUe;J js;sg;gLfpwJ. fyhepjpgPk;uht; mk;Ngj;fH

ed;F gbj;j mwpQuhfTk; ,Ue;jpUf;fpwhh;. tsh;r;rp (1918); kdpjtpaypy; - ,uz;L mth; xU tskhd vOj;jhsUk; $l. J}z;Ljyhd %y vOj;Jf;fs; - ahh; ,e;jpahtpd; NtW ve;j nghpa jiyUk; #j;jpuh;fs; (1946) kw;Wk; jPz;lj;jfhjth;fs;: mth; vOjpa mstpw;F vOjtpy;iy. ,e;j ahh; mth;fs; kw;Wk; Vd; mth;fs; J}a njhFjp xU KONeu ];fhyiuAk; jPz;lj;jfhjth;fshdhh;fs; (1948) kw;Wk; $l Mr;rhpag;gl itf;fpwJ: Kbj;J ,Wjpahf kjj;jpy; - jiyrpwe;j ,yf;fpak;: ntspaplg;gl;l 22 Gj;jfq;fs; kw;Wk; Gj;jUk; kw;Wk; mtUila jh;khTk;. jdptiu E}y;fs; kw;Wk; gy;NtW epiyfspy; cz;ikiar; nrhd;dhy;> gy;NtW Kbf;fg;glhky; tplg;gl;l 10 Gj;jfq;fs;> gFjpfspy;> Njrpa kw;Wk; rh;tNjr 10 Muha;r;rp Mtzq;fs;> fl;Liufs; $l;lq;fspy; gue;j mstpyhd jiyg;Gfspy; kw;Wk; Gj;jf kjpg;gPLfs; NkYk; ,uz;L kpfTk; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd 537 thuq;fSf;F xUKiw ntspaplg;gLk; nrhw;nghopTfisAk; $l mk;Ngj;fhh; gy;NtW nra;jpj;jhs;fspy; kuhj;jp nkhopapy; toq;fpAs;shh;. nrhw;nghopTfspd; jiyg;Gfs; E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd fl;Liufs; rKjhak;> nghUshjhuk; kw;Wk; cs;slq;Fk;. rl;lk; kw;Wk; murpayikg;G mk;Ngj;fhhpd; gilg;GfspYs;s rk;ge;jkhd kj gpur;ridfs; fyhepjp juKk; $l rkmsT kw;Wk; murpay; tiu mk;Ngj;fupd; Mr;rhpag;glj;jf;fjhf cs;sJ. tphpe;jpUe;jJ. gk;gha; khfhz gpwe;jehis murpaypy;: ghfp];jhd; my;yJ rl;l Mizak;> (gpd;dh;) ,e;jpahtpd; gphpT (1940) gk;gha; rl;l rig> yz;ldpy; Njrpa ge;Jj;t Nghd;w vOj;Jf;fs; cl;gl 11 gphpl;b\; muR elj;jpa tl;l gt; my;yJ Gj;jfq;fs; kw;Wk; jdptiu Nki[ khehl;by; fth;dh; rk;u];lu; jpth] E}y;fs;> fhe;jpAk; kw;Wk; fhhpa rigapd; xU njhopyhsh; hff; nfhz;lhl fhq;fpuRk; jPz;lj;jfhjth;fSf;F cWg;gpduhf> kj;jpa rl;l rig nra;jit (1945); $l;lhr;rpAk; (Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; rl;l kj;jpa muR Rje;jpuKk; Nghd;w gilg;Gf;fs; mikr;ruhf)> murpayikg;G jpl;lkpLfpwJ (1939); uhz;Nl> fhe;jp kw;Wk; rig (,e;jpa [pd;dh (1943); khepyq;fSk; murpayikg;gpd; rpWghd;ikapdh;fSk; (1947) kw;Wk; tiuT FO jiytuhf) kw;Wk; nkhopthhpahd khepyq;fs; kPjhd rpe;jid ghuhSkd;wk; (Nkyitapd; (1955); nghUshjhuj;jpy; ,uz;L Gul;rpfukhd vjph;fl;rp cWg;gpdh;) Nghd;w Ma;Tf; fl;Liufs; - gphpl;b\; ,e;jpahtpd; mitfisAk; ,J cs;slf;Fk;. khepy epjp tsh;r;rp (1917) kw;Wk; &ghapd; NkYk;> mk;Ngj;fhh; jd;dhy; gpur;rid: mjDila Njhw;wk; kw;Wk; J}z;lg;gl;l rKjha kw;Wk; mjDila jPh;T (1925); r%ftpaypy; murpay; ,af;fj;jpd; rhjp xopg;G (1936) Nghd;w xU fhyj;jhy; khngUk; jiytuhf mopahj gq;fspg;G kw;Wk; ,e;jpahtpYs;s mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd rhjpfs; Fwpj;j xU Fwpg;gplj;jf;f fl;Liu: nrhw;nghopTfisAk; mth;fSila Jtf;fk;> nray;ghL kw;Wk; Mw;wpapUf;fpwhh;.

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mQ;ryp

,lkpUe;J tyk;: ,e;jpahtpd; murpayikg;G mit Kjy; mkh;tpy; jiyrpwe;j jiyth;fs;; gz;bl; [t`h;yhy; NeU ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; ifnaOj;jpLfpwhh;; 1950 Xf];w; 10 md;W lhf;lh; ,uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; murpayikg;gpy; ifnaOj;jpLfpwhh;

mikg;ig gy khbfs; nfhz;l rPh;Fiyf;fg;gLfpwJ Vndd;why; Mdhy; gbf;fl;L ,y;yhj NfhGuj;Jld; gapw;rpaspf;fg;gl;l nrhe;j jpwikfspd; xg;gpl;lhh;. ,e;j mikg;gpy; xUth; mth; mbg;gilapy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;glhky;> gpwe;j jsj;jpNyNa rhf Ntz;Lkh ngw;Nwhh;fspd; rKjha me;j];jpd; vd tpthjpj;jhh;. rhjp mikg;gpYs;s mbg;gilapy;> jdpegh;fSf;F Kd;ghfNt ,k;g;sprpl; “xUtUf;F Nky; kw;wth; nghWg;Gfis epakpf;Fk; xU Kaw;rp itf;fg;Lfpw njhopyhsh;fs; gphpT nfhz;l <LgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ” vd mth; nrhd;dhh;. xU eph;thf mikg;ghf ,Uf;fpwJ” mk;Ngj;fhiu nghWj;jtiuapy;> vd;gij mth; typAWj;jpdhh; NkYk; rhjpa mikg;G ,e;jpahtpd; “ehfhPfkhd rKjhaj;jpw;F nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpiaAk; epr;rakhfNt njhopyhsh; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijAk; jLf;fpwJ. gphpT Njitg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy; rhjpa mikg;G njhopyhsh; nghUshjhu ve;j ehfhPfkhd rKjhaKk; kw;Wk; %yjdj;jpd; juj;ij Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F jz;zPh; Eioahj ,lj;jpw;Fk; fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ> ,J r%f-nghUshju vLj;Jr;nry;Yk; ,e;j cw;gj;jp nray;Kiwapy; gphpTfspy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l njhopyhsh;fs; jpwikapd;ikia tsh;f;fpwJ> gphpTld; ,ize;j njhopyhsh; vdNt nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpia njhlh;rr ; pahd gphpthf ,Uf;fpwJ” vd;Wk; jLf;fpwJ. nghUshjhu khw;wq;fs; mth; thjpl;lhh;. Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F r%fNjitg;gLfpwJ rhjpa mikg;G kPjhd nghUshjhu mikg;Gfspy; mk;Ngj;fhhpd; rhly; njhlh; khw;wq;fs; cah; rhjpfs; vd;W Njitg;gLfpwJ. rhjpa miof;fg;gLth;fspd; muR mikg;Gf;F mikg;G> kWGwk;> ghuk;ghpa r%frthyhf ,Ug;gNjhL kl;Lky;yhky;> nghUshjhu tiffspd; fhyePl;bg;ig nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; tpUj;jpapy; ghpe;Jiuf;fpwJ> vdNt ,J nghUshjhu xU gue;j Nehf;fj;ijAk; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. tsh;r;rpf;F Mgj;jhdjhf ,Uf;fpwJ. rhjpa mikg;G njhopyhsh;fs; kw;Wk; mk;Ngj;fhh; mtUila khepyq;fSk; %yjdj;jpd; juj;ij Fiwf;fpwJ vd;W rpWghd;ikapdh;fSk; vd;w gilg;gpy; mk;Ngj;fhh; thjhbdhh;. “jd;Dila ,e;jpa nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhf xU Ra vjph;fhyj;ij Njh;e;njLf;Fk; kw;Wk; cgha je;jpuj;ij Nghl;L itj;jpUf;fpwhh;. cUthf;Fk; mstpw;F xU jdpeghpd; cghaje;jpuk; “NtiyapYs;s kf;fspd; jpwid tsh;g;gjw;F ekf;F rKjha nghUshjhu tho;Tf;F jpl;lkpLk; xU kw;Wk; jdpegh; jpwd; Njitg;gLfpwJ. nghWg;ig khepyj;jpd; kPJ itf;fpwJ ,e;j Nfhl;ghL rhjpa mikg;gpy; ,J jdpahh; epWtdq;fspd; midj;J

,e;jpa juprdk;

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ghijfisAk; %lhky; mjpfg;gbahd ,e;jpa nghUshjhu rpe;jid tsh;rpapy; cw;gj;jpw;F toptFf;Fk; kw;Wk; rkgq;F mk;Ngj;fhhpd; gq;fspg;G epiwe;j kw;Wk; nghUshjhu gfph;e;jspg;igAk; nfhLf;Fk;. ,e;jpahtpd; nghUshjhu gpur;ridfis xU rl;l gpugykhf ,e;jpa murpayikg;ig jPh;f;Fk; nghUshjhu jj;Jtk; ,g;NghJ tiutjpy; nghUshjhu epGzh; mk;Ngj;fhh; kpfTk; njspthfpapUf;fpwJ. ,e;j kpfTk; cw;rhfkhf fhzg;gl;lhh;. “ kdpj jj;Jtk; mtUila nrhe;j thf;fpaj;jpy; cwtpd; MSik Nfhl;ghlhd” kf;fshl;rpia ngwg;gl;lJ: gF[d; fpjhah> gF[d; Rfhah. mth; tYthf ghpe;Jiuj;jhh; Mdhy; mk;Ngj;fhhpd; nghUshjhu jj;JtkhdJ kf;fshl;rpapd; %iyf;fy;yhf ,Uf;fpw rKjha> kj kw;Wk; xOf;f rpe;jidfshy; rkj;Jtk;> Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. rNfhjuj;Jt Nfhl;ghLfs; xLf;fg;gl;l kw;Wk; murpay; chpikfspd;; neUf;fg;gl;l kf;fNs mk;Ngj;fhhpd; mbg;gilapy; kl;LNk FWfyhf ,e;j jj;Jtj;jpd; ika nghUshjhu Ghpe;Jnfhs;sg;glf; $lhJ. Nehf;fkhthh;fs;. ,e;j jj;Jtk; Rje;jpuk;> kf;fshl;rpapd; rKjha kw;Wk; nghUshjhu jj;Jtk; rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu Nfhzq;fs; Fwpj;J tpLjiy> rkj;Jtk; mth; typAWj;jpdhh; kw;Wk; kw;Wk; rNfhjuj;Jtj;ij rNfhjuj;Jtj;ij rKjha kw;Wk; nghUshjhu typAWj;JfpwJ. typAWj;JfpwJ kf;fshl;rp ,y;yhj ,lj;jpy; tho;tw;wth;fSf;F murpayrhh;ej ; kf;fshl;rp tho;tspf;fTk;> ntw;wpngwf; $lhJ vd;Wk; xLf;fg;gl;lth;fis cah;j;jTk;> vr;rhpj;jhh;. murpayikg;G mitapy; tha;g;gw;wth;fSf;F tha;g;gspf;fTk; mk;Ngj;fhh; NgRk;NghJ murpayikg;ig kw;Wk; midtUf;Fk; mth;fSila cUthf;FtjDila mth;fspd; Nehf;fk; rhjpfisAk; kjq;fisAk; nghUl;gLj;jhky; vd;dntd;why; murpay; rhh;ej ; kf;fshl;rp Rje;jpuKk;> rkj;JtKk; kw;Wk; ePjpAk; tbtj;ij nfhz;L tUtjhFk; vd fpilf;fr; nra;tNj mtUila jj;Jtj;jpd; tpthpj;jhh;. khepy nfhs;ifapd; topfhl;Lk; rhuhk;rkhFk;. gpuhe;jpah (mwpT)> rPy; nfhs;ifs; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpw (gz;G) kw;Wk; fUdh (,uf;fk;) ,tw;wpd; murpayikg;ig cUthf;Ftjd; %yk; mbg;gilapy; xU jilaw;w kf;fshl;rp nghUshjhu nfhs;if Fwpj;j Nehf;fj;jpw;F rKjhaj;ij cUthf;FtNj ,e;j tbtk; nfhLj;jhh;. jj;Jtj;jpd; rhuhk;rkhFk;. eNue;jpu [hjtpd; mk;Ngj;fhh; xU nghUshjhu Nkij apypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;lJ

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iky;fy;

,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; Kd;Diu

,e;jpa juprdk;

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kf;fspd;> kf;fSf;fhf

kw;Wk; kf;fshy; cyfj;jpd; gpw Rahl;rp ehLfspNyNa kpfg; goikahd ,e;jpa murpayikg;G jd;Dila rKjha> fyhr;rhu kw;Wk; kj NtWghl;il ftdj;jpy; nfhz;L ehl;il topelj;Jtjw;Fk; kw;Wk; Ms;tjw;Fk; xU xl;Lnkhj;j khjphpia toq;FfpwJ ciu | Rke;j; gj;uh

gy;NtW mrhjhuzkhd mk;rq;fs; nfhz;l tbtikg;ghsuhf mjDila tiuT xU tpN\rkhd Mtzkhd ,e;jpa FO jiytuhd lhf;lh; gpMh; mk;Ngj;fhh; murpayikg;ghdJ cyfj;jpYs;s Rahl;rp fUjg;gLfpwhh;. ,J jq;fSila mjpfhuj;ij ehLfspNyNa kpfTk; ePz;lfhykhf tpsf;fpAk;> jq;fSila nghWg;Gfis vOjg;gl;l murpay; rh]dkhf cs;sJ. Fwpg;gpl;Lk; kw;Wk; cs; cwTfis muray; rh]dj;jpd; %y ciu 22 xOq;FgLj;jpAk; eph;thfk;> rl;lj;Jiw kw;Wk; gFjpfs; kw;Wk; vl;L ml;ltizfspy; ePjpj;Jiw - mq;fq;fis cUthf;FfpwJ. 395 \uj;Jf;fis nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. ,J ,J kw;witfSf;F kj;jpapy; mbg;gil 1950k; Mz;L; ,e;jpah xt;nthU tUlKk; muR mikg;G kw;Wk; ,J murhq;fj;Jf;Fk; FbauR jpdj;ij nfhz;lhLfpw ehshd kf;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd cwit [dthp khjk; 26k; Njjpapy; Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. Fbkf;fspd; nray;ghl;Lf;F te;jJ. \ chpikfs; kw;Wk; flikfisAk; uj;Jf;fspd; vz;zpf;ifahdJ $l tpthpf;fpwJ. murpay; murpayikg;gpd; 100 jpUj;jq;fspd; fhuzkhf rh]dkhdJ \uj;J 370 %y ciu 448 Mf cah;e;jJ. kw;Wk; murpayikg;G ([k;K Murpay; rh] kw;Wk; fh\;kPUf;F nghUe;Jk;) 22 gphpTfs; dkhdJ ,e;jpa kf;fshy; 1954k; Mz;L Mizapy; kw;Wk; vl;L Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l khfhzrl;l toq;fg;gl;bUg;gJ Nghy ml;ltizfspy; rig cWg;gpdh;fs; Vw;gLj;jpa Fwpg;gpl;l tpjptpyf;Ffs; 395 ruj;Jf;fis ,e;jpa murpayikg;G kw;Wk; jpUj;jq;fSld; Ik;K rigahy; tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ. kw;Wk; fh\;kPh; khepyj;Jf;Fk; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ lhf;lh;. rr;rpjhde;j; rpd;fh nghUe;JfpwJ. ,Jjhd; ehl;bd; murpayikg;G rigapd; midj;J gpw rl;lq;fSf;Fk; Kjy; jiyth; Mthh;. mjd;gpd;> lhf;lh;. %ykhf cs;sJ. murhy; ,aw;wg;gLk; ,uhN[e;u gpurhj; mjDila jiytuhf xt;nthU rl;lKk; murpayikg;Gld; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;. ehl;bd; rKjha> xj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. fyhr;rhu kw;Wk; kj NtWghl;il ftdj;jpy; murpay; rh]dj;jpd; Kd;DiuahdJ nfhz;L ehl;il topelj;Jtjw;Fk; ,e;jpahit xU Rahl;rp rKjha kjr;rhh;gw;w kw;Wk; Ms;tjw;Fk; xU xl;Lnkhj;j kf;fshl;rp Fbaurhf ,Uf;f Ntz;LnkdTk; kw;Wk; rf;jptha;e;j khjphpia toq;Ffpw kw;Wk; kf;fSf;F ePjp> Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; ,e;jpa murpay; rh]dj;jpd; Kjd;ik rkj;Jtj;ij ngw;Wf;nfhLg;gjw;F

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iky;fy;

mh;g;gzpf;fg;gl;l xU eytpUk;gp ,ilapyhd mjpfhug; gphpTfis njspthf murhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; kw;Wk;; nfhz;l xU $l;L mikg;ig toq;FfpwJ> rNfhjuj;Jtk;> jdpegh; khpahij kw;Wk; xt;nthd;Wf;Fk; mtw;wpDila nray;ghl;L ehl;bd; xw;WikiaAk; Nkd;ikiaAk; tuk;Gf;Fs; rllj;ij ,aw;wTk; jpUj;jTk; cah;j;Jk;gbahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; murpay; rh]dk; mjpfhukspj;Js;sJ. mwptpf;fpwJ. Kd;Diuapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s VohtJ ml;ltiz eph;thfj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fNs jpUj;jg;gl fhhpaq;fis Fwpg;gpLk; %d;W Kbahj ,e;jpa murpay; rh] rl;l [hgpjhf;fis mjhtJ dj;jpd; mbg;gil mikg;ig Kd;Diuapy; A+dpad;> khepy kw;Wk; cUthf;FfpwJ. “kf;fshfpa xj;Js;s rl;l [hgpjhf;fis Fwpg; g plg; g l; L s; s ehk; ,e;j murpay; rh]dj;ij nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. kj;jpa Nehf;fq;fNs ,e;jpa ekf;FehNk Njh;e;njLf;fpNwhk;> muR A+dpad; [hgpjhtpy; ,aw;WfpNwhk; kw;Wk; murpay; rh] Fwpg;gpl;l fhhpaq;fspy; nfhLj;Jf;nfhs;fpNwhk;” vd;w dj;jpd; mbg;gil rl;lj;ij ,aw;wk; gpuj;jpNahf Kd;Diuapd; Muk;g kw;Wk; mjpfhuj;ij ngw;wpUf;fpwJ. mikg; i g ,Wjp thf;fpaq;fs;> mjpfhuk; khepy muRfs; khepy cUthf;FfpwJ vd;gJ ,Wjpapy; kf;fspd; [hgpjhtpYs;s fhhpaq;fspy; iffspy; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sij rl;lk; ,aw;w KO mjpfhuk; Fwpf;fpd;wd. ngw;Ws;sJ. NkYk; kj;jpa murpay; rh]dj;jpd; \uj;J 1 MdJ kw;Wk; khepy muR ,uz;LNk xj;Js;s ,e;jpah xU A+dpad; gpuNjrkhf ,Uf;f [hgpjhtpy; Fwpg;gpl;l fhhpaq;fspy; kj;jpa Ntz;Lnkd;W nrhd;dhYk;> murpay; rh] murpd; kPjKs;s mjpfhuj;jpd; %yk; dkhdJ kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepyq;fSf;Fs; rl;lk; ,aw;wyhk;. ,e;jpah xUq;fpize;j

,e;jpa juprdk;

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$l;likg;ig nfhz;bUf;fpwJ vd;W nrhy;yyhk;. murpay; rh]dkhdJ kf;fsit (ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; fPo; mit) kw;Wk; Nkyit (ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; Nkyit) nfhz;bUf;fpw kj;jpapy; ,uz;L rl;l mit nfhz;l mur ghuhSkd;w tbtj;ij ngw;;wpUf;fpwJ. kf;fsit kf;fs; Njh;e;njLj;j gpujpepjpfis nfhz;bUf;fpw Ntisapy;> NkyitahdJ khepy rl;l rigfs; Njh;e;njLj;j gpujpepjpfis nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. FbauRj; jiytNu ehl;bw;Fk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;Fk; jiytuhf ,Uf;fpwhh;. cz;ikahd eilKiwapy;> ke;jphpfs; rigahy; cjtg;gLk; gpujk ke;jphpNa eph;thfj;ij elj;Jfpwhh; kw;Wk; mtNu Ml;rpf;F nghWg;Gilatuha; ,Uf;fpwhh;. xU ghFghlw;w ePjp > rl;l Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; eph;thfk; ,itNa murpayikg;gpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fspy; xd;whf ,Uf;fpwJ. cr;r ePjpkd;wpNk ehl;bd; kpf cah;e;j ePjpkd;wpkhFk; NkYk; ,J murpayikg;gpd; ghJfhtyuhf nray;gl;L Nky;KiwaPl;bd; ,Wjp ePjpkd;wpkhf nray;gLfpwJ. xt;nthU khepyKk; mjDila kpf cah;e;j ePjpkd;wpkhf xU cah; ePjpkd;wpj;ij nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. ePjp kWMa;T mjpfhuj;jpd; fPo;> rl;lkhdJ murpayikg;gpd; ve;j cld;ghLfSf;Fk; Kuz;gl;lhy; cr;r ePjpkd;wpKk; kw;Wk; cah; ePjpkd;wpKk; mij murpayikg;G mw;wjhfTk; kw;Wk; rl;lj;Jf;F Gwk;ghdjfTk; mij mwptpf;fyhk;. ePjp kWMa;T mjpfhukhdJ xU Gwk; mnkhpf;f ePjp mjpfhuj;jpw;F kw;Wk; ,d;ndhU Gwk; gphpl;b\; ghuhSkd;w mjpfhuj;jpw;F ,ilNa xU kj;jpa ghijia Vw;g;gLj;JfpwJ. ePjpj;Jiwapd; ghugl;rkw;wjd;ikia cWjpnra;tjw;fhf> eph;thfpfs; jiyaPL ,y;yhj xU nray;Kiwapy; ePjpgjpfs; epakpf;fg;gLfpwhh;fs. ePjpgjpfs; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfshYk; xg;Gjy; mspf;fg;gl;l rl;l Mtzq;fs; nfhz;l xU fz;bg;ghd nray;Kiw %yNk ePf;fg;gl KbAk;. murpayikg;G Fbkf;fSf;F gy mbg;gil chpikfis toq;FfpwJ. mitfshtd (1) rkj;Jtj;Jf;fhd chpik> (2) Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhd chpik> (3) Ruz;lYf;F vjpuhd chpik> (4) kj Rje;jpuj;Jf;fhd chpik> (5) fyhr;rhu kw;Wk; fy;tp chpikfs; kw;Wk; (6) murpayikg;G epth;j;jpfSf;fhd chpik.

murpayikg;ig cUthf;Fjy; 1946> brk;gh; 9

,g;NghJ nrd;l;uy; k`hy; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpw ghuSkd;wj;jpd; murpayikg;G k`hypy; Kjd; Kjypy; murpay; rh]d rig $baJ

1946> brk;gh; 13

murpayikg;gpd; xU rhiy tiuglkhf nray;gLk; vl;L mk;r Fwpf;Nfhs; jPh;khdj;ij gz;bl; [t`h;yhy; NeU ,aw;wpdhh;

1947> Xf];w; 14

es;spuT Ntisapy;> murpayikg;G mit Rje;jpu ,e;jpahTf;fhd rl;lq;fis cUthf;Fk; nghWg;ig Vw;fpwJ. murpayikg;ig tiutjw;F mbg;gil chpikfs; kw;Wk; A+dpad; mjpfhuq;fs; cl;gl gy;NtW FOf;fis cUthf;Ftjw;F ,J ghpe;Jiuf;fpwJ

1947> Xf];w; 19

tiuT murpayikg;ig jahhpg;gjw;F lhf;lh; mk;Ngj;fhiu jiytuhf nfhz;l xd;gJ-cWg;gpdh;fs; nfhz;l FO epakpf;fg;gl;lJ

1947> etk;gh; 4

cyfnkq;fpYKs;s gy;NtW murpayikg;GfspypUe;J ngwg;gl;l rpy mbg;gil fUj;Jf;fs; nfhz;l tiuT murpayikg;G jahhpf;fg;gl;lJ

1947> brk;gh; 11

murpayikg;ig cUthf;Fk; FOtpd; jiytuhf lhf;lh; ,uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;. gpd;dh;> mth; ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; [dhjpgjp Mdhh;.

1949> etk;gh; 26

,e;jpa murpayikg;Gf;F xg;Gjy; toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,J 1950k; Mz;L [dthp 26 md;W nray;ghl;Lf;F te;jJ

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iky;fy;

Kf;fpa jpUj;jq;fs;

1951

KjyhtJ jpUj;jk; Rje;jpukhd Ngr;R Fwpj;j epahakhd jilfis tpthpj;jJ kw;Wk; ePjpj;Jiw Ma;T %yk; rl;lq;fis ngWk; 9tJ ml;ltiz Vw;g;gLj;jg;gl;lJ

1960

8tJ jpUj;jk; kf;fsitapy; jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh;fs;> goq;Fbapdh;fs; kw;Wk; Mq;fpNyh-,e;jpah;fspd; ,l xJf;fPl;Lf;fhd fhyj;ij 1970 tiuf;Fk; ePl;bj;jJ. mjd;gpd; xt;nthU gj;J tUlKk; ,J mjpfhpf;fg;gl;lJ. 2006k; Mz;by;> 93tJ jpUj;jkhdJ muR kw;Wk; jdpahh; fy;tp epWtdq;fspy; ,ju gpw;gLj;jg;gl;lth;fSf;F 27% ,l xJf;fPl;il mDkjpj;jJ

1971

26tJ jpUj;jk; RNjr muRfspd; Kd;dhs; tpjpfSf;F ,ufrpakhf-gzk; nrYj;Jtij xopj;jij ntspapl;lJ

1976

42tJ jpUj;jkhdJ mtru mbg;gil chpikfs; xLf;fg;gl;l Neuj;jpy; rpy mbg;gil flikfis cUthf;fpaJ kw;Wk; ‘kjr;rhh;gw;w’ kw;Wk; ‘Nrhrypr’ Nghd;w thh;j;ijfis Kd;Diuapy; Nrh;j;jJ

1956

nkhopfspd; topapy; khepyq;fis kWrPuikf;f 7tJ jpUj;jk; top tFj;jJ

1961

12tJ jpUj;jj;jpw;F gpwF> Kd;dhs; Nghh;j;Jf;fPrpa fhydpfshd Nfhth> lhkd; kw;Wk; ilA ,e;jpahtpd; mq;fq;fshfpd. 1975k; Mz;by;> 35tJ kw;Wk; 35tJ jpUj;jq;fs; rpf;fPik ,e;jpa A+dpadpd; xU mq;fkhf fz;lJ

1975

39tJ jpUj;jkhdJ XusT mtru gpufldj;Jf;F js;sg;gl;l mg;Nghija gpujkh; ,e;jpuh fhe;jp ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;F Njh;e;njLj;jJ nry;YgbahfhJ vd;w myfhghj;j cah; ePjpkd;w jPh;g;ig uj;J nra;jJ

1977-78

43tJ kw;Wk; 44tJ jpUj;jq;fs; neUf;fb epiyf;F gpe;ija rKjha Rje;jpuq;fis kPl;nlLj;jJ kw;Wk; mbg;gil chpikfspypUe;J nrhj;J chpikia ePf;fpaJ

1985

52tJ jpUj;jkhdJ xU fl;rpapypUe;J kW fl;rpf;F khwpa tof;fpy; ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdhpd; gjtp ePf;fj;ij fhz;gpj;jJ

1988

61tJ jpUj;jk; Xl;lspf;Fk; taij 21ypUe;J 18 Mf Fiwj;jJ

1992

73tJ kw;Wk; 74tJ jpUj;jq;fs; gQ;rhaj;J kw;Wk; efh;g;Gw cs;shl;rp mikg;Gfspy; Neub Njh;jiy Vw;g;gLj;jpaJ

2014

99tJ jpUj;jk; Njrpa ePjpj;Jiw epakz Mizaj;ij cUthf;fpaJ. 2015y; SC mij iftpl;lJ

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2002

86tJ jpUj;jk; 14 taJ tiuf;F fy;tpf;fhd chpikiaAk; kw;Wk; MW taJ tiuf;Fk; Ke;ija Foe;ijgUt guhkhpg;igAk; nfhLj;jJ

xU ehl;bw;F my;yJ kf;fSf;F jq;fSila Kd;Ndhf;fpa gazj;jpy; Xa;TntLf;Fk; ,lNk ,y;iy

ekf;F nfhs;ifapy; Mokhd Neh;ikAk;> Ngr;rpy; xU nghpa ek;gpf;ifAk; kw;Wk; nray;ghl;by; Mh;tKk; Ntz;Lk;

1950 k; Mz;L [dthp 26y; murpay; rh]dk; ngwg;gl;l gpwF lhf;lh; ,uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; tpsk;gpaJ

murpayikg;G rig cWg;gpdh; rNuh[pdp ehAL

,e;j chpikfs; ePjpf;Fl;gl;litfshFk; kw;Wk; ,e;j chpikfspy; VNjDk; gwpf;fg;gl;bUe;jhy; xU jdpegh; cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F my;yJ cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F nry;yyhk;. ,Ug;gpDk;> ,e;jpahtpy; mbg;gil chpikfs; KOikahdjhf ,y;iy. epahkhd jilfs; tpjpf;fg;glyhk;. 1976k; Mz;bd; 42tJ rl;l jpUj;jj;jpd; gb> kf;fs; Fbkf;fshf jq;fSila chpikfis mDgtpf;fpw mNj Neuj;jpy;> chpikfSk; flikfSk; xd;Wld; xd;W njhlh;Gilaitfshf ,Ug;gjdhy; mth;fs; jq;fSila flikfis nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gij kf;fSf;F epidT+l;l murpayikg;gpy; mbg;gil chpikfs; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ. murpayikg;gpd; ,d;ndhU Gjpa mk;rk; vd;dntd;why; khepy nfhs;ifapd; fl;lis tpjpfs; Fwpj;j xU mj;jpahj;ij mJ nfhz;bUg;gjhFk;> ehl;by; rKjha kw;Wk; nghUshjhu kf;fshl;rpia Vw;g;gLj;Jtjw;F murhq;fk; mitfis mKy;gLj;Jtjw;F mitfs; fl;lisfspy; ,ay;ghfNt mike;Js;sJ. ,e;j tpjpfs; rl;lj;jpw;F cl;glhjNghjpYk; ehl;bd; Ml;rpKiwapd; ikakhf fUjg;gLfpwJ. Njh;jy; Mizak; (Rje;jpukhd kw;Wk; epahakhd Njh;jy;fis elj;Jk; nghWg;G)>

nghJ Nrit Mizak; (Kf;fpa muR Nritfis Njh;e;njLg;gjw;fhd nghWg;G) kw;Wk; xU nghJ jdpf;ifahsh; (muR kw;Wk; mjd; epWtdq;fspd; fzf;Ffspd; Ra jzpf;if) Nghd;w xU Kf;fpa gq;fhw;Wfpw murpayikg;gpd; fPo; mikf;fg;gl;l gy Rahl;rp epWtdq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. murpayikg;gpd; ngyd;fspy; xd;W vd;dntd;why; mJ jd;Dila tpsf;fk; my;yJ jpUj;jk; %ykhf fhyj;jhy; cUthf;fg;gLk; xU rf;jptha;e;j fUtpahf ,Uf;fpwJ. vOj;Jg;G+h;tkhf> murpay; rh] dj;jpy; xU jpUj;jk; vd;gJ xU fbdkhf tptfhukhf ,Uf;fpwJ> ,jw;F nghJthf Fiwe;jJ kf;fsit kw;Wk; Nkyitapd; %d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;F mij mq;fPfhpf;f Ntz;Lk;. vdpDk;> ehl;bd; kw;Wk; mjDila kf;fspd; tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp ghijapy; epw;ff;$lhJ vd;gjw;fhf cyfj;jpNyNa kpfTk; mbf;fb jpUj;jg;gLk; murpay; rh] dq;fspy; xd;whf ,e;jpa murpay; rh]dk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpah Nghd;w khWgl;l kw;Wk; rpf;fyhd xU ehl;bYk; $l ,e;jpa murpayikg;G cyfk; vq;fpYKs;s ty;Yeh;fis njhlh;e;J Mh;t%l;bAk;> jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpAk; kw;Wk; Cf;fg;gLj;jpAk; tUfpwJ. Mrphpah; xU ngUepWtd kw;Wk; nfhs;if tof;fwpQuhthh;

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Ma;Tg; gazk;

Mr;rupaq;fs; epiwe;j

Njrk

,e;jpahtpd; ,jakhd rl;b];fH tskhd gz;ghl;Lg; ghuk;gupa czHitAk; kw;Wk; tpiuthf gazpg;gtUf;F xU jdpg;gl;l mDgtj;ijAk; toq;FfpwJ ciu | Rg;jh rJHntb

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CHHATTISGARH jyhtpy; ,uz;L kPw;wH cauKila Uj;u \pth rpiy@ Kd; gf;fk;: ,yl;Rkzd; Nfhtpy;

Map not to scale

Rl;b];fH jdpj;Jtkhd fyhr;rhu fyitAldhd fd;dp ,lq;fs; kw;Wk; Rw;Wr; #oy; milahsq;fs;> epidTr; rpd;dq;fs;> mupa tdtpyq;Ffs;> NeHj;jpaha; Filag;gl;l Nfhapy;fs;> ngsj;j ,lq;fs;> muz;kidfs;> mUtpfs;> Fiffs; kw;Wk; ghiw Xtpaq;fshy; jw;ngUik milfpwJ. 44 rjtPjk; fhLfs; kw;Wk; 32 rjtPjk; goq;Fb kf;fisf; nfhz;l ,jd; ,aw;if moF> cyfk; KOtJk; ,Uf;Fk; ,aw;if MHtyHfis <Hf;fpwJ. %d;W Njrpa g+q;fhf;fs; kw;Wk; 11 tdtpyq;F ruzhyaq;fs; ,izaw;w ,aw;if vopyhy; epiwe;Js;sJ> ,e;j khepyk; ,e;jpahtpd; Rw;Wyh tiuglj;jpy; xU Kf;fpakhd td ,yf;fhf jd;id epiyepWj;jpf; nfhz;lJ. ,J kl;Lk; my;yhky;> ,jd; njhy;nghUs; jyq;fs; kw;Wk; Nfhapy;fspd; fy;ntl;Lfs; kw;Wk; rpw;gq;fs; mjd; tskhd ghuk;gupaj;ij jf;fitj;Js;sJ. NkYk; ,e;j khepyk; xU Kf;fpa ngsj;j ikakhf ,Uf;fpwJ.

njupe;J nfhs;tJ ey;y g hHitaplr; rpwe;j Neuk;

Xf;NuhgH kw;Wk; ngg;utupf;F ,ilapy;

jhyh ,bghLfs;

v g;gbr; nrd;wiltJ

Mfha khHf;fkhf: uha;g+upYs;s Rthkp tpNtfhde;jh tpkhd epiyak; Kf;fpakhd ,e;jpa efuq;fNshL ed;F ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ Gifapujk;; %yk;: uha;g+H kw;Wk; gpyh];g+H- ,uz;L Kf;fpakhd Gifapuj epiyaq;fs; ,e;jpahtpd; Kf;fpa Gifapuj epiyaq;fNshL ,izf;fpd;wd rhiy %yk;: NH 6> NH 16 kw;Wk; NH 43 khepyj;jpd; midj;J Kf;fpa efuq;fisAk; ehl;bd; kw;wg; gFjpfNshL ,izf;fpwJ

jhyh my;yJ jhyhFthdpYs;s kzpahup ejpf; fiuapy; Njtuhzp kw;Wk; [Pjhzp Nfhtpy;fspd; ,bghLfs; xU tshfj;jpw;Fs; mLj;jLj;J epw;Fk; gb mike;jpUf;fpwJ.

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fiyg;nghUl;fs; rl;b];fupd; gy;NtW iftpidg; nghUl;fisf; fhl;LfpwJ

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rpj;uNfhl; mUtpfs;

rpj;uNfhl; ePHtPo;r;rpfs;

cs;sd. rpj;uNfhl; mUtpfs; gUtkioapd; NghJk; mjw;F rpj;uNfhl; RkhH 100 mbapypUe;J gpwFk; tUk; khjq;fshd ,wq;fp gUtkioapy; 150 mUtpfs;> a+iy kw;Wk; xf;Nuhgupy; kPw;wH tiu epytpapUf;Fk; ,e;jpahtpd; rpwe;j mDgtkhf ,Uf;Fk;. rpj;uNfhl; mUtpfs;> eahfuh ,e;jpahtpd; eahfuh mUtpfs; Nghuk;bNah Nfhapy; mUtpfs; vd;W vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. gpugykhf rl;b];fupy; ,J ehl;bd; kpfg; ngupa miof;fg;gLfpwJ. f[puhNth vd mwpag;gLk; ePHtPo;r;rp MFk;. Nfhjhtup ,J ehl;bd; kpfg; Nghuk;bNah Nfhapy; Mw;wpd; xU Jiz Mwhd ngupa ePHtPor ; r ; p ftHjhtpypUe;J 21 fp.kP J} ,e;jputjp MW> g];jhH uj;jpy; cs;s Nghuk;Njtpy; MFk;. khtl;lj;jpy; [f;jy;g+H mUNf mike;Js;sJ. rf;up mike;Js;s ,e;j Fjpiu Mw;wq;fiuapy; cs;s 11 Fsk;G tbtpyhd ePHtPo;r;rpf;F Mk; E}w;whz;L rptd; NfhapYf;F Gfo; Mjhukhf ,Uf;fpwJ. rpj;jpuNfhl; mUNf ngw;wJ. ,f;Nfhtpy; efH tk;rj;jpd; murH jq;Ftjw;fhd tha;g;Gfnsd;W ghHj;jhy; je;jkp nrhFR tpLjp;fs; kw;Wk; Fbirfs; uhkr;re;jpuhthy; fl;lg;gl;lJ.

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NkypUe;J tyQ;Ropahf: Nghuk;bNah Nfhtpy;> Ruq; jpyh kw;Wk; klj;jpYs;s Jwtpfs;

rpHg+H

jPthHbNah Gj;j Jwtpklk;: ,q;Nf Ruq; jpyh: 2005-06 ,y; jPthHbNah klk; Njhz;Ljypd; NghJ Njhz;b vLf;fg;gl;l ,e;jf; Nrhkthrp murH fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l xU NfhapYf;F 37 nrq;Fj;jhd jP t hHbNah fy;ntl;bd; gb> jPthHbNah Rz;zhk;Gg; gbfl;Lfis klk; Nrhkthrp murH gwe;J flg;gjd; %yk; fhyq;fSf;Fr; jPthHbNah fhyq;fSf;Fr; nrd;wilayhk; kw;Wk; ,J nry;fpwJ nry;fpwJ. klj;jpw;Fr; gpuk;kh> tp\;Z> rptd; nry;Yk; topapy; vd Kg;ngUk; flTSf;F gQ;rje;jpuf; fijfs; mHg;gzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Kf;fpa Nfhapiy kj;jpapYk; kw;w ehd;ifAk; KidfspYk; kw;Wk; Gj;jupd; tho;f;if mj;jpahaq;fs; fy;ypy; rpj;jupf;fgl;Ls;sd. nfhz;l ,e;jf; Nfhapy; gQ;rhaj;jhd; ,yl;Rkdd; Nfhapy;: tp\;Z ghzpapyhd fl;llf;fiyapy; gukhj;khtpw;F mHg;gzkhf;fg;gl;l fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. Ruq; jpyh 7Mk; E} ,e;jf; Nfhapy; rpHf;fh fp.gp 625w;whz;by; kfhrpt Fg;jh ghy; mH[_d; 650 Ir; NrHe;jJ. ,J murH `H\ mtHfshy; fl;lg;gl;lJ.

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Nky; kw;Wk; tyg;Gwk;: khepy kw;Wk; rpHg+H goq;FbapdH eld mikg;Gfs;@ fPo; tyg;Gwk;: rHtNjr eldk; kw;Wk; ,ir tpoh

rpHg+H rHtNjr eldk; kw;Wk; ,ir tpoh rpHg+H tUif tho;ehs; gaz mDgtkhf ,Uf;f KbAk; mJ xUtiug; gpd;Ndhf;fp jd; fhyj;ijg; gazpf;f nra;fpwJ. nrwpthd xU tuyhw;W jskhd rpHg+H tpaj;jF Nfhapy;fs; kw;Wk; ngsj;j tpfhiufisf; nfhz;l xU Gdpj efukhf jpfo;fpwJ. efuj;jpd; fyhr;rhu uPjpahd tskhd Rw;Wg;Gwk; 7 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; xU jiyrpwe;j fl;llf;fiyahd yf;\;kzd; Nfhtpypd; gpd;dzpf;F vjpuhf rpHg+H Njrpa eldk; kw;Wk; ,ir tpohtpw;F rupahd rpj;jpughlj;ij toq;FfpwJ. ,e;j tpohtpd; ehd;fhtJ gjpg;G adtup 29 kw;Wk; 31 ,ilNa Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;lJ. rl;b];fH Rw;Wyh rigapd; fUj;jha;tpd; gb> jpUtpoh fiy kw;Wk; fyhr;rhuk;> ,ir kw;Wk; eldk; vd xU mupa $l;L xU Kjy; if mDgtj;ij mspf;fpwJ. jpUtpohtpd; fle;j %d;W gjpg;GfSf;F Nky;> gz;bj; rd;dyhy; kp];uh> khjtp Kl;fy;> g;u`;yhj; rpq; bghdpah> gz;bj; `upgpurhj; nrsuhrpah> gz;bj; gpH[{ k`uh[;> uhFy; rHkh> c];jhj; R[hj; fhd;> B[d; gha;> tpf;F tpeaf;uhk;> tjhyp rNfhjuHfs;> gPl; yhf;nfw;> [hH[; g;&f;]; kw;Wk; ypNahdhHL vNlh Nghd;w Njrpa kw;Wk; rHtNjr fiyQHfs; ,e;j epfo;tpd; gFjpahf ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wdH.

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Fg;jhtpd; tpjitahd uhzp trjhthy; fl;lg;gl;lJ kw;Wk; ,J J}z;fshd kz;lgj;jpw;F cs;Ns xU Nkilapy; epw;fpwJ.

rk;gud; uha;g;g+upy; ,Ue;J 60 fp.kP. njhiytpy; mike;Js;sJ> rk;gudpd; Ff;fpuhkk; ty;ygh gpuptpd; epWtdH kw;Wk; rPHjpUj;jthjpAkhd Jwtp ty;yghr;rhupahtpd; gpwg;gplkhf Gfo;ngw;Ws;sJ. JwtpfSf;F kupahijr; rpd;dkhf ,q;Nf xU mofhd Nfhtpy; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. rk;g;gNf\;tuh k`hNjth Nfhapy; ,q;Nf kw;nwhU mk;rkhFk;.

FLk;rH Fiffs; kw;Wk; ifyh\; F/gh Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; g];jhH khtl;lj;jpy; fq;NfH gs;sj;jhf;fpYs;s FLk;rH Fiffs; kw;Wk; ifyh\; Fghtpd; ,aw;if moif ghHitapl te;jiltH. Fiffspd; cs;gf;fk; vg;NghJk; ,Uz;Nl fhzg;gLtjhy; mjd; FWfpa ghijfspy; nry;tJ fbdkhf ,Uf;Fk;. frpJsptPo;fs; kw;Wk; frpJspg;gbTfs; mw;Gjkhd mikg;Gf;fis ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd> FLk;rH Fiffs; 1>327 kPw;wH ePskhfTk; jiukl;lj;jpypUe;J 35 kPw;wH fPNoAk; ,Uf;fpwJ. ifyh\; Fgh rpwpa Fd;wpd; kPJ mike;Js;sJ kw;Wk; ,J FLk;rH Fiffis xj;jpUf;fpwJ. 1993y; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l 100 kPw;wH ePsKs;s ifyh\; Fghtpy; frpJsptPo;fs; kw;Wk; frpJspg;gbTfs; tha;e;j tPLfs; Vuhskha; cs;sd. ,q;Nf Vw;gLk; mjpHTfs; tpj;jpahrkhd ,ir

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,lkpUe;J tyQ;Ropahf: FLk;rH Fiffs;> rk;gudpYs;s ty;yghr;rhupahtpd; gpwg;gplk; kw;Wk; rj;jP];fupd; ruzhyaq;fspy; xd;wpy; cs;s kwpkhd;

nfhz;lJ> Mdhy; cs;Ns vg;NghJk; ,Ul;lhfj; jhd; ,Uf;fpwJ.

gHdtg;guh tdtpyq;F ruzhyak; kfhrKe;j; khtl;lj;jpy; mike;Js;s ,e;j tdtpyq;F ruzhyak; kpfr; rpwpaJ> Mdhy; 245 rJu fp.kP. gug;gpyhd Kf;fpa tdtpyq;Ffs; cs;sd. ruzhyaj;jpy; cs;s jhtuq;fs; Njf;F> ry;> %q;fpy; kw;Wk; njHkpdypah Nghd;w Kjd;ikahd ntg;gkz;ly cyH ,iyAjpHf; fhLfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Gypfs;> fub> gwf;Fk; mzpy;> Fs;s eup> ehd;F nfhk;G khd;> rpWj;ij> rpd;fhuh> khd;> fhl;Lg; g+id> Fiuf;Fk; khd;> Ks;sk;gd;wp> Fuq;F> igrd;> NfhLs;s fOijg; Gyp> fhl;L eha;fs;> rPjy; khd;> fiykhd;> ePyhd;> fhl;nlUik> Kz;l;[f; khd;> fhl;Lg;gd;wp> ehfghk;G kw;Wk; kiyg;ghk;G Nghd;w tdtpyq;Ffs; mlq;Fk;. ruzhyak; nts;is gpl;lj;jpDila fOFfs; kw;Wk; gr;ir mtjtl; Nghd;w gpugykhditNahL xU fzprkhd gwit ,dq;fis nfhz;Ls;sJ. rkPgj;jpy;> rl;b];fH Rw;Wyh rig rpHg+H ghuk;gupa NeHKfk; kw;Wk; goq;FbapdUld; NeHKfk; Nghd;wtw;iwj; njhlq;fpAs;sJ. GJby;ypapy; mike;Js;s ,e;jpahtpd; efu NeHKfk; xg;ge;jj;jpy;> Rw;Wyh Jiw $l jz;zPH tpisahl;L> kiy tz;bNahl;Ljy;> Kfhk; miktplk;> kpjptz;b Rw;Wg;gazq;fs; kw;Wk; Nfutd; Rw;Wyh Nghd;wtw;iw Cf;Ftpf;Fk; Nehf;fj;jpy; cs;sJ.

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Kd;Ndw;;wk;

rupahd rkepiyf;fhd

Nghuhl;lk;

,e;jpahtpd; Njrpa mstpyhd gq;fspg;gpd; Nehf;fk; fhyepiy khw;w Nghuhl;lj;jpw;fhd tpupthd mZFKiw kw;Wk; gy gf;fj;ijg; gpujpgypf;fpwJ

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fhyepiy khw;wj;jpw;fhd If;fpa ehLfs; fl;likg;G (UNFCCC) khehl;bd; fPo; ele;j> Nguitfspd; khehL (COP),d;W> fpufk; vjpHnfhz;Ls;s kpf Kf;fpakhd rthy;fspy; xd;Wf;F xU $l;L cyfshtpa gjpyspg;igg; fz;Lgpbf;f Kd;dzp rHtNjrk; Kd;Kaw;rpj;J tUfpwJ. gy Mz;LfSf;F Nky;> ,e;jpah ,e;j Kaw;rpf;F xU mHj;jKs;s gq;fspg;G nra;Js;sJ. fle;j Mz;L ghuprpy; etk;gH 30 kw;Wk; brk;gH 11 ,ilNa ele;j COP 21 cr;rpkhehl;by;> ,e;jpah fhyepiy khw;wj;jpw;fhd cyfpd; gjpiy tbtikg;gjpy; ,d;Dk; xU $Ljyhd gq;if vLj;Jf; nfhz;L tYthd jiyik epiyia Vw;Wf;nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,uz;L thuq;fs; ele;j jPtpu Ngr;RthHj;ijf;F gpwF> Njrpa mstpyhd gq;fspg;Gfspd; (INDC) Nehf;fj;jpd; %yk; fhgd; ckpo;it Fiwf;f ghuhl;ljf;f xU 'iky;fy;' xg;ge;jk; xU Kd;

njhopy;Jiw msTfis 2ยบC f;F fPNo cyf ntg;gepiy caHitf; fl;Lg;gLj;j kw;Wk; E}w;whz;bd; ,uz;lhtJ ghjpapy; fhgid eLepiyg;gLj;Jk; cyfg; nghUshjhuj;ij mikf;f 196 ehLfs; ifnaOj;jpl;ld. mtHfs; J}a;ikahd njhopy;El;gj;ij gw;wpa ehLfspd; Kaw;rpf;F Mz;nlhd;Wf;F $ 100 gpy;ypad; epjpf;F cWjpaspj;Js;sdH Mdhy; xt;nthU ehl;bYk; ve;j xU Fwpg;gpl;l nghWg;Gk; fpilahJ kw;Wk; mijf; fl;lhag;gLj;Jtjpy; ve;j xU mHj;jKk; ,y;iy. ,e;jr; #oypy;> ,e;jpah %d;W Kf;fpa efHTfisr; nra;Js;sJ: Kjy;> mJ Rj;jkhd vupnghUs; kw;Wk; gRik njhopy;El;gq;fisr; NrHj;Jf;nfhs;tjpy; mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij itg;gJ epr;rakhf> nghJthdJ Mdhy; ntt;NtW nghWg;G (CBDR) nfhs;ifapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ,d;Dk; mbf;Nfhbl;L fhl;LfpwJ. ,uz;lhtjhf> ,d;W #uparf;jp Vuhskhf cs;s 120 ehLfis kypthd

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Rw;whly;> td kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wj;jpw;fhd mikr;rH> jpU gpufh\; [thNjfH> GJby;ypapYs;s INDC ,y; xU nra;jpahsH khehl;by; ciuahw;WfpwhH

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#upa rf;jpia gbk vupnghUl;fSf;F Kd;-cr;rpkhehL cs;sPL mJ fle;j gjpyhf NrHf;FkhW mioj;Js;sJ. ,e;jf; xf;Nuhgupy; mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ> Vw;fdNt $l;lzp gpuQ;R [dhjpgjp jpU gpuhd;Rth]; mJ caH gl;bapy; mikf;fg;ngw;W `hyz;l; cld; gpujkH jpU eNue;jpu Ngr;RthHj;ijfspd; jPHf;fkhd ntw;wpia Nkhb ,ize;J njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpah cWjpnra;fpwJ. INDC %d;W Kjd;ik $ 30 kpy;ypaid Muk;g KjyPlhfr; nra;J jsq;fspy; epw;fpwJ: jdpegH khR xd;Wf;F tUfpwJ kw;Wk; ehl;by; $l;lzpapd; Fiwe;Js;sJ> ehl;bd; vuprf;jp $il kw;Wk; jiyikafj;ij mikj;J tUfpwJ. Mdhy; fhLfspy; GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f Mw;wypd; gq;F ,Wjpapy; cWg;gpdH fl;lzk; kw;Wk; rHtNjr ,uz;bYk; mjpfupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Kjy; epWtdq;fsplkpUe;J; $ 400 kpy;ypaidr; re;jHg;gj;jpy;> 2030f;Fs; ,e;jpah 33 Kjy; Nrfupf;Fk; jpl;lKs;sJ. 35 rjtPjk; tiu mjd; nkhj;j cs;ehl;L ,Wjpahf> gbk vupnghUshy; cw;gj;jpapy; khR mlHj;jpia ,aq;Fk; njhopy;Jiw Fiwf;f cWjpaspj;Js;sJ. ,J ,af;fj;jpy; nropg;gile;j Ke;ija 2005 kl;lq;fSf;F fPNo INDC fhyepiy mgptpUj;jpaile;j ehLfspd; khir nfhz;LtUk;. ,uz;lhtjpy;> khw;w rpghuprpd;; fPo; fhyepiy epjpapy;; ,e;jpah mjd; midj;J Nghuhl;lj;jpw;fhd rkepiyiaf; nfhz;Ltu ,e;jpah vuprf;jp Njitfis 2030 f;Fs; tpupthd js;sg;gl;Ls;sJ> ,g;NghJ GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f rf;jp tsq;fs; mZFKiw kypthd vupnghUspy; ,Ue;J %yk; 40 rjtPjk; FiwAk; vd;gij jpUk;gp ngw mgptpUj;jpaile;J re;jpj;J cWjp nra;aNtz;Lk;. kw;Wk; gy tUk; ehLfSf;F cjtp %d;whtjpy;> ,J Nghd;w xU gf;fj;ij nra;tjd; %yk; fpufj;jpw;F mstpw;F mjd; fhLfis gpujpgypf;fpwJ jpUk;g ed;ik caHj;j cWjpaspj;jpUf;fpwJ nrYj;j KbAk;> mJ 2030 Mk; Mz;bw;Fs; Mdhy; mijr; 2.5 gpy;ypad; 3 njhd; Rj;jk; nra;tjw;F mjpf fhgdPnuhl;;iril $Ljyhf cwpQ;r KbAk;. nrythfpwJ. Ntfkhd xl;Lnkhj;jkhf> INDC fhyepiy khw;w nghUshjhu tsHr;rpg; ghijapy; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;fhd tpupthd mZFKiw kw;Wk; njhlu mgptpUj;jpailAk; gy gf;fj;ij gpujpgypf;fpwJ. mit Gjpa ehLfshy; KbAk; vd;gij cWjp cyf nray;KiwfSf;F xU mHj;jKs;s nra;a Ntz;Lk;> mtHfs; xU gq;fspg;gpw;F ,e;jpahtpd; ePz;l fhy epiyahd> Rw;W#oy;-rpNdfpj nghWg;ig typAWj;Jfpd;wd> mJ cyfj;jpw;F Kiwapy;> tWikf;F ntspNa cjTfpwJ> Fwpg;ghf mgptpUj;jpaile;J Mapuf;fzf;fhNdhiu ,Of;f tUk; nghUshjhuq;fs;> Ntfkhd tsHr;rp Ntz;Lk; vd;why; mtHfSf;F Nfhupf;iffis rkepiyg;gLj;Jk; NghJ> xU mjpfk; Njitg;gLk;. Fiwe;j fhgd; nghUshjhuj;ij Nehf;fpa xU ,e;jpahtpd; INDC> Njitahd khw;wk; Vw;gLfpwJ.

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jiyrpwe;j

tbtikg;ghsh;fs;

ek;Kila ehfhPf uridfs; gz;ila fhyj;Jf;F jpUk;Gfpw Ntisapy;> fz;Lgpbg;G kw;Wk; xU njspthd ,e;jpaj;jdj;Jld; gpd;dpgpizf;fg;gl;l xU tsh;eJ ; tUk; rKjha gz;ghLk; fhzg;gLfpwJ ciu | RUjp lhkh;

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Kd;Ndw;wk;

,e;jpahtpy; J}z;Ljy;fs; Vuhskhf fhzg;gLfpd;wd Mdhy; ngz; tbtikg;ghsh;fs; ehl;bd; ghuk;ghpaj;ij Gjpa cauj;jpw;F vLj;Jr; nry;fpwhh;fs;. cyf ehfhPf tiuglj;jpy; ,e;jpahit itj;j goikahdth;fshf ,Uf;fl;Lk; my;yJ gFjpf;F Gjpath;fshf ,Uf;fl;Lk; my;yJ rj;jkpy;yhky;

hpJ Fkhh;- ];lhy;thh;l; ehl;bDila Kjd;Kjy; tbtikg;ghsh;fspy; xUtuhd hpJ Fkhh; rkfhyj;jpa mikg;gpy; ,e;jpa iftpid jpwikapy; gz;ila ghuk;ghpaq;fis gpujpgypf;Fk; xU tpe;ijahd ];iliy nfhz;bUf;fpwhh;. jd;Dila vz;zq;fis tsg;gLj;jpa fiy tuyhW kw;Wk; mUq;fhl;rpapaypy; cs;s xU gpd;Gyj;Jld;> gz;ila tbtq;fs; kw;Wk; ghuk;ghpa ifNtiyfspy;

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,jpy; <LgLfpwth;fshapUf;fl;Lk;> ,J kDrpfisAk; mth;fSila ifNtiyiaAk; nfhz;lhLk; Neukhf ,Uf;fpwJ. %y Njhw;wj;ij Gjpatw;Wld; fyg;gjw;F Af-goikahd ghuk;ghpa tbtq;fis Njhz;b vLg;gjd; %yk;> ,e;j ngz; tbtikg;ghsh;fs; ,e;jpah mspf;f Ntz;ba rpwe;jtw;iw ntspf;nfhz;L tUfpwhh;fs;.

GJikia GFj;Jjy; Fwpj;j hpJtpd; Ghpjy; xU Gjpa njhd;ikia cUthf;fpAs;sJ. ,th; Mil tbtikg;G Jiwapy; xU vOr;rpahsh; me;j];ij gpbj;jpUf;fpwhh; kw;Wk; ghuk;ghpaj;jpw;Fk; etehfhPfj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd ,ilntspia ntw;wpfukhf ,izj;Js;shh;. ,e;jpahtpy; ‘ngz;Bh; Milafk;’ fyhr;rhuj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jpa Kjy; ngz;kzp hpJ Mthh;.

rpNefh Nkj;jh ehfhPfj;jpy; Ff;Fd;L; rpNefh Nkj;jhtpd; rh;tNjr tho;ifKiw kw;Wk; urid Fwpj;j $h;ikahd mwpthdJ xU Jzpr;ryhd rkfhyj;jpa Ntfj;ij nfhz;bUf;fpw mtUila jdpj;Jtkhd tbtikg;Gfspy; gpujpgypf;fpwJ. rpNefhtpd; USP mtUila jdpj;Jtkhd ifahy; nra;ag;gl;l njhg;gpfshFk; ,J ntJntJg;ghd> Nyrhd kw;Wk; nkUJthd cyfj;jpd; rpwe;j mhpa Jzpfis gad;gLj;JfpwJ. “xU tYthd kDrpahf ntspg;gLtJ vd;gJ Ra-re;Njfj;jpw;Fs; nry;tJ gw;wpajy;y kw;Wk; mg;gbg;gl;l rthy;fspypUe;J gpd;thq;FtJ my;y Mdhy; cq;fSila cz;ikahd cs; miog;ig ek;GtjhFk;>” vd;gJ rpNefhtpd; cWjpahd ek;gpf;ifahFk;.

rpy;gh rh;kh- n[a;g;G+h;f;F gpd;dhy; %isahf ,Ug;gth; rpy;gh rh;kh mtUila 20 tUl ngUepWtd tuyhw;wpy;> ghg;,d;bahTld; rpy;yiw tzpfj;jpy; 12 tUlq;fisAk; kw;Wk; khhpNfh ,d;l];l;hP]; kw;Wk; Nfl;ghP]; epWtdq;fspy; FMCG khh;f;nfl;bq;fpy; vl;L tUlq;fisAk; nrytopj;jpUf;fpwhh;. mjd;gpd; ,e;jpa Jzpfs;> uridfs; kw;Wk; kuGfs; vij gpbj;jpUf;fpd;wd vd;gij cyfj;Jf;F ntspg;gLj;Jk; xU ,izatop Kfg;ghd Jaypore-f;fhf ,e;jpahtpd; kpf mofhd jahhpg;Gfis ngWk;> Nrfhpf;Fk; kw;Wk; tbtikf;Fk; fdit miltjw;;fhf mit midj;ijAk; Jwe;Jtpl;lhh;. “ehd; ,ij nra;jjdhy; fhiy 9 kzp Kjy; khiy 5 kzp tiuf;Fk; mYtyf gzpahw;Wk; muitia tpl;L ntspNawptpl;Nld; vd;gjhy; ehd; re;Njh\khf vOe;jpUf;fpNwd; Vndd;why; ehd; cz;ikapy; Mh;tkhapUf;fpwtw;iw ehd; fz;Lgpbf;f mJ vdf;F cjtpaJ>” tpahghuj;jpy; %d;wpy; xU gq;fhsuhd rpy;gh gfph;e;Jnfhs;fpwhh;.

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Kd;Ndw;wk;

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epNtjpjh rhG+ - GJ Mil tbtikg;ghsh;

epNtjpjh rhG+ by;yp NIFT apd; jq;fg; gjf;fk; ngw;w Kd;dhs; khzth; Mthh; kw;Wk; cyfnkq;fpYk; rf;jptha;e;j ,e;jpa ehfhPfj;ij gpujpepjpj;Jtg; gLj;Jfpwhh;. kp];; ,e;jpah> Nty;L kw;Wk; Adpth;]; epfo;r;rpfs; cl;gl kp];lh; ,e;jpah kw;Wk; kp];lh; Nty;Lf;fhd /Ng\d; ,af;Feuhf ,th; Kf;fpa gq;fhw;wpapUf;fpwhh;. ,th; xU mwpTiuahsuhf gy;NtW /Ng\d; gs;spfspd; MNyhridf; FOtpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;shh;. ghypTl;by;> ,th; rpq; ,]; gypq;-apy; mf;\a; FkhUf;F ,irf;FOf;fis cUthf;fpapUf;fpwhh;. epNtjpjh jd;Dila jumilahsj;ij rh;tNjr mstpy; vLj;Jr;nrd;W yz;ld; kzg;ngz;fSf;fhd thuk;> ghhp]; /Ng\d; thuk;> nfhhpa /Ng\d; jpUtpoh> `hq; fhq; /Ng\d; thuk; kw;Wk; Nfd;]; Nkilapy; jd;Dila Nrfhpg;Gfis fhl;rpg;gLj;jpAs;shh;.

ghay; n[apd; - Neh;j;jpahd if tpidQh; Nkw;fj;jpa etPd Xtpaq;fSld; ,e;jpa urid kw;Wk; fiyia Neh;j;jpahf fye;J> ghay; n[apd; rpf;fyhd rhpEl;gkhd Ntiyfis nra;fpwhh;. “,e;jpa Md;kh nfhz;l xU Nkw;fj;jpa cliy” nfhz;bUj;jy; vd;w jd;Dila gpuhz;l;

%yf;$iw mth; tpthpf;fpwhh;. ,sk; tajpNyNa fiyapy; jhf;fk; Vw;g;gl;l (n[apdpd; mk;kh xU ,iraikg;ghsh; kw;Wk; mg;gh xU tbtikg;G nghwpahsh;) mtUila cyfk; eldk;> ,ir kw;Wk; Ez;fiy cl;gl fw;gid fyitfshy; epug;gg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.

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Kd;Ndw;wk;

ee;jpjh uha;g;G+uzp – nghpjhf fdT fhZjy; rpwpa efuj;jpy; gpwe;J tsh;e;j ee;jpjh uha;g;G+uzp nghpa MirfisAk; kw;Wk; mij ,d;Dk; nghpjhf;Fk; ijhpaj;ijAk; nfhz;bUe;jhh;. mjpf fw;gidtsj;Jld; fdTfhZk; ,th; rhjhuz El;gq;fspd; xU jdpg;gl;l czh;TNthL jd;Dila mofhd bird;fspy; ,e;jpahit gpujpgypf;fpwhh;. ee;jpjh Mil tbtikg;gpd; xU cz;ikahd tpRthrpahf ,Uf;fpwhh; kw;Wk; mtUila Nrfhpg;GfSk; mNj mwpit ngw;wpUf;fpd;wd. tptuq;fspYs;s

mNef tbtikg;G ghpNrhjid kw;Wk; xU rPuhd mZFKiw mtUila gilg;Gfspd; USP MFk;. gy;NtW fyhr;rhuq;fs; kw;Wk; fhyq;fspd; mofhd cj;Ntfq;fis mth; rpukkpd;wp xd;whf nfhz;LtUfpwhh;. ,J mtiu tbtikg;G gq;Fjhuhh; N`ke;j;Jld; Nrh;j;J mtUila fdTfhz;gtiuAk; kw;Wk; ftdpg;ghsh; rhuhk;rj;ijAk; gOjw;wjhf itf;fpwJ. mikg;Gk; rkepiyAk; mtUila MSikf;Fk; kw;Wk; tbtikg;Gf;Fk; jiyf;fy;yhf ,Uf;fpwJ.

kk;jh Fg;jh – njhopy;KidNthh; ,urthjp kk;jh Fg;jh /Ng\d; Jiwapy; “njhopy;KidNthh; ,urthjp” Mf mwpag;gLfpwhh;. gj;J tUlq;fSf;F Nkyhf njhopy;fis ftdpj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; [Tsp> tbtikg;G kw;Wk; cl;Gw tbtikg;ghsh;> jdpegh; kw;Wk; mDgtq;fs; Nghd;w kk;jhtpd; nrhe;j gazq;fs; [Tsp tbtikg;G gbf;Fk;NghJ fhQ;rpGuk; gl;L [Tspfs; kPjhd Ma;tpw;F tpj;jpl;lJ. 1984k; Mz;Lf;Fk; 2011f;Fk; ,ilapy;> mth; vLj;j gy;NtW Jzpr;ryhd eltbf;iffs; “,e;jpahtpy; jahhpf;fg;gl;l” nghUl;fs; midj;Jk; xNu-filapy; fpilf;Fk; vd;gjw;F tpj;jpl;lJ.

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Kd;Ndw;wk;

,e;jpahtpDila efukakhf;fy; gazj;jpd;

kw;WnkhU iky;fy;

Me;jpug; gpuNjrj;jpd; Gjpa jiyefukhd mkuhtjp efuk; Fwpj;j xU njhiyNehf;F ghh;it

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Me;jpug; gpuNjrj;jpd; Gjpa Mw;Nwhu jiyefuk; mkuhtjp ehl;bd; Kjy; gRikntsp ];khh;l; rpl;bahf ,Uf;Fk; ciu | re;jphpaP gTkpf;

gpjkh; jpU eNue;jpu Nkhb rkPgj;jpy; Me;jpug; gpuNjrj;jpd; Gjpa jiyefuhf mkuhtjpapy; mbf;fy; ehl;baNghJ ,e;jpahtpd; ];khh;l; rpl;b jpl;lj;jpy; xU Gjpa mj;jpahak; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ. fpU\;zh ejpapd; fiufspy; mike;jpUf;Fk; efuq;fspy;> rz;Bfh;> GtNd\;th;> fhe;jp efh; kw;Wk; eah nua;g;G+Uf;F gpwF> mkuhtJ ehl;bDila Ie;jhtJ jpl;lkplg;gl;l efukhf ,Uf;Fk;. NkYk; ,J ehl;bypNyNa KjyhtJ gRikntsp ];khh;l; rpl;bahf ,Uf;Fk;. khepyj;jpd; Gjpa jiyefhpd; ikakhd tuyhw;W efuk; mkuhtJ Jy;Y}hpypUe;J fpl;lj;jl;l 15 fpkP njhiytpy; mike;Js;sJ> ,J tp[athlh kw;Wk; Fz;^h; efuq;fSf;F ,ilapy; fl;lg;gLk;. ,e;J Guhzj;jpy;> mkuhtjp flTs;fspd; ,uh[hthd ,e;jpudpd; thr];jykhf ek;gg;gLfpwJ. ,J xU ghyp nkhop thh;j;ijahFk; ,jd; mh;j;jk; nrhh;f;fj;ij Fwpg;gpLk; “rpuQ;rPtpfspd; thr];jyk;” vd;gjhFk;. ,e;efuk; Kd;G Me;jpu efhp vd;W mwpag;gl;lJ. Vwf;Fiwa 2>000 tUlq;fSf;F Kd; rjthfd Nfhj;jpuj;jpd; ,Ug;gplkhf ,Ue;jjdhy;>

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Kd;Ndw;wk;

MNrhfhpd; Ml;rpfhyj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;l ];J}gh cl;gl Gj;j ];jyq;fSf;F mkuhtjp gpurpj;jp ngw;wjhf ,Uf;fpwJ. mkuhtjpia cUkhw;Wtjw;fhf> Me;jpug; gpuNjr muR xU fl;likg;Gj; jpl;lj;Jld; nray;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ> ,jpy; njUf;fs;

xd;Wf;nfhd;W rhpahd Nfhzj;jpy; jpl;lkplg;gLk;. ,e;j fl;likg;Gj; jpl;lkhdJ fpof;F-Nkw;F kw;Wk; tlf;Fnjw;F jpirfspy;> xU thpir Neuhd njUf;fshy; njhFjpahf gphpf;fg;gl;l ,e;J gs;sj;jhf;F ehfhPfj;jpd; `Nuhg;gh kw;Wk; nkh`Q;Nrh-jhuh

,e;jpa gpujkh; jpU Nkhb Me;jpug; gpuNjrj;jpd; Gjpa jiyefUf;F mbf;fy; ehl;Lfpwhh;

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,lkpUe;J tyk; (Kfg;G gf;fj;jpypUe;J): mkuhtjpf;fhd kh];lh; jpl;lk; Fwpj;j fz;Nzhl;lk;

fhyq;fSf;F nrhe;jkhdjhFk;. NkYk;> Nghf;;Ftuj;J nel;nthh;f;Ff;F juk; xt;nthU njhFjpAk; rpwpa tPjpfshy; cah;j;jg;gLk; xU tpiuthd NgUe;J Jizahf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mikg;ig cUthf;fp tUfpwJ. ,jw;fpilapy;> jiyefu Nfhg;Gfspy;> mkuhtjpf;F kz;ly tsh;r;rp Mizak; (CRDA) mUfpy; kpfg;nghpa efu $Lifahd mkuhtjpf;F jpl;lkplg;gLtjw;fhfTk;> tp[athlhtpy; 6>823 Nfhb kjpg;gpy; 26 xj;Jiog;gjw;fhfTk;> fpkP nkl;Nuh jpl;lj;jpw;F kj;jpa muR nray;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk;> Kf;fpa xg;Gjy; mspj;Js;sJ. xU epjpaspg;gjw;fhfTk; kw;Wk; gRikepiwe;j tpkhdepiyaj;ijAk; Cf;fg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk; cUthf;Fk; jpl;lq;fs; cs;sd. ,g;gFjp mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. FbapUg;G thrpfs;> fy;tp ,t;tikg;G epWtdq;fs;> Njhl;lq;fs;> tptrhapfsplkpUe;J ePh; epiyfs;> Gj;Jzh;r;rp mkuhtjpapd; fpl;lj;jl;l 33>000 Vf;fh; ];jyq;fs;> JiwKf ntw;wp Me;jug; epyq;fis ngw;Wj;jUk; efuk; kw;Wk; ,d;Dk; nghWg;ig vLj;Js;sJ> mjpfkhditfspd; gpuNjrj;jpw;F ,jw;Fg; gjpyhf thr];jykhf ,Uf;Fk;. 25 kl;Lky;y mth;fSf;F tsh;r;rpaile;j fpkP eilghijfs; nfhz;l ,e;jpah jiyefuj;jpy; ghjrhhp jpl;lj;jpy; tpNrl KOikf;Fk; gpshl;Lfs; nfhLg;gjhf ftdk; nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ nrhe;jkhdjhFk; thf;fspj;Js;sJ. ,J Nkhl;lhh;-my;yhj mth;fs; itj;jpUf;fpw Nghf;Ftuj;ij gad;gLj;j epyq;fSf;F Vw;g> mjd; Cf;Ftpf;Fk; eilf;F chpikahsh;fSf;F gpshl;Lfs; eil Rw;Wr;#oYf;F cjTk; toq;fg;gLk;. Gjpa jiyefiu jpwe;jntsp gRik ];jyq;fSld; #Ok;gbahf tpiuT neLQ;rhiyfisAk; ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. kw;Wk; ghjp-tpiuT neLQ;rhiyfisAk; mkuhtjpapd; ntw;wp Me;jug; cUthf;Fk; jpl;lq;fSk; nray;ghl;by; gpuNjrj;jpw;F kl;Lky;y ,e;jpahtpw;F cs;sJ. [{uhq; ,d;lh;Nerdy; nrhe;jkhdjhFk; Vndd;why; kj;jpa muR N`hy;bq;]; gpiuNtl; ypkpl; kw;Wk; ];khh;l; rpl;b kw;Wk; mly; kp\d; / rh;gdh ,d;lh;Nerdy; fd;ry;l;ld;l;]; ghh; GJg;gpj;jy; kw;Wk; efukakhf;fy; gpiuNtl; ypkpl; mspj;j cl;fl;likg;Gj; (AMRUT) nray;jpl;lq;fspd; fPo; 1 yl;rk; jpl;lkhdJ vjph;fhyj;jpy; ehd;F Nfhb KjyPlL ; ld; khngUk;-mstpyhd topfisf; nfhz;l xU nghpa tpiuT efukakhf;fy; jpl;lj;ij Jtq;fpAs;sJ.

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];fpuPd;n\hl;fs;

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Jq;fHg+H goikahf njhlHe;J trpf;Fk; fl;llq;fspd; xU tPL kw;Wk; ,e;jpahtpy; goikahd jdpahH muz;kidfspy; xd;W

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mNefkhf xU ghuk;gupa fl;llf;fiyapd; ,Uf;if my;yJ xU fiyQupd; ikjhdkhf ,Uf;fpuJ. Fiwe;jJ> ePq;fs; efuj;ij milAk; NghJ mJ njupAk;. Jq;fHg+H cja;g+upYs;s rpNrhjpah Fyq;fspd; %j;j fpisahf ,Ue;J tUfpwJ mjd; ,isa fpis Nktiu Ml;rpnra;J tUfpwJ. uhty; tPH rpq; Njt; (1278-1303) thfhj;jpd; Ml;rpahsuha; ,Ue;j

Kd; gf;fk;: [_dh k`hypd; xU njhiyJ} ug; ghHit@ ,lJ: [_dh k`hypd; RtH Xtpaq;fs; ,aw;if tz;zq;fs; kw;Wk; jq;f Kyhkhy; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ

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mofpa RtNuhtpaq;fs; kw;Wk; kpdpNar;rH Xtpaq;fs; [_dh k`hiy myq;fupf;fpd;wd

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Map not to scale

njupe;J nfhs;s ed;ikahdJ g hHitaplr; rpwe;j Neuk; /ngg;utup kw;Wk; khHr; v g;gbr; nrd;wiltJ Jq;fHg+H jNghf; tpkhd epiyaj;jpypUe;J 79 fp.kP njhiytpy; cs;sJ> cja;g+H Kf;fpa efuq;fis ,uapy; %yKk; kw;w efuq;fis ngupa rhiyfshYk; ed;F ,izj;Js;sJ.

NghJ> gpuhe;jpaj;jpd; xU gpujpepjp Ml;rpahsH ngUk;ghyhdit ,d;iwa jdJ ,uhZtg; gilia [_dh k`hypd; khtl;lq;fshd Jq;fHg+H> vy;iyf;Fs; epWj;jp gioa gd;];thuh kw;Wk; cja;g;g+H itf;fg;gl;bUg;ghH. muz;kidf;fhd khtl;lj;jpd; rg;ghd; ghij nghUj;jkhd tpLjp mtUila uh[;aj;jpd; xU ,y;yhj epiyapy;> rpy mbj;jsk; kw;Wk; gFjpahf khwpaJ. vdpDk;> Fbir gFjpfs; kw;Wk; Jq;fHg+H efUf;fhd mJ ,d;iwa Jq;fHg+H ,y;yq;fSld; ehd;F mbf;fy; 1282y; mike;Js;s gFjpapy; miwfs; nfhz;l xU ehl;lg;gl;lJ NrHf;ftpy;iy. Mdhy; ,ul;il khbf; fl;llj;jpd; uhty; tPH rpq; Njt; gpy; fl;Lkhdk; 1282 ,y; FWepyj;ijj; Njhw;fbj;j njhlq;fpaJ. [_dh gpd;dH Jq;fH eh fud; vdg;gLk; gFjpia k`hy; kw;Wk; Jq;fHg+H efuj;jpd; gioa ntw;wp nfhz;lhH. vy;iyg; gFjpfis muz;kidapd; mbj;jskhf ,Ue;jJ. jdJ fl;Lg;ghl;bw;Fs; itj;Jf;nfhs;s> ,jw;fpilapy;> uhty; tPH rpq; tl;gl;uf;if

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jdJ jiyefukhf njhlHe;jhH. mjpfhuk; vLj;Jf; nfhz;l xU Mz;bw;Fs;> mtuJ thuprhd uhty; g+re;j; (1303-1331) Jq;fH eh fud;id jdJ jiyefuj;ij efHj;j KbT nra;J muz;kid tshfk; kw;Wk; Gjpa jiyefuj;jpw;F trjpfis tsHf;fj; njhlq;fpdhH. ,t;thW> NghHtPud; thupRfspd; ,isa cwtpdHfSf;F Jq;fHg+H gpuhe;jpa mgpyhi\ fs; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. rpy kf;fs; Jq;fhupahtpd; ngaiuNa Jq;fhHg+H vd;W miof;fpd;wdH> rf;jptha;e;j cs;ehl;L gpy; jiytuhy; uhty; tPH rpq; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhH> kw;wtHfs; ,jid F`pNyhl;il Ml;rp nra;j Ml;rpahsH uhty; Jq;fH rpq; ngaH #l;lg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;W $WtH.

,e;jpa juprdk;

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Kd; gf;fk;: [_dh k`hypd; Nkw;$iuapy; Kd;dhs; murHfspd; fijfs; tpupthf Xtpaq;fshf jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sd@ NkNy: \P\; k`hy; mjpuitf;Fk; fz;zhb kw;Wk; fz;zhb nkhirf;Ffis nfhz;Ls;sd@ fPNo: [_dh k`hypYs;s kyH Xtpaq;fs;

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];fpuPd;n\hl;fs;

,e;jpa juprdk;

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ntspapypUe;J ghHf;Fk; NghJ xU Nfhl;il Nghy; fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ> [_dh k`hy; kyH Xtpaq;fs;> kpdpNar;rH Xtpaq;fs;> fz;zhb kw;Wk; fz;zhb cs; Ntiyg;ghLfs; Kjypait gjpj;J mofhf myq;fupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd@ fPNo (Kd; gf;fk;): uhzpapd; re;jpg;G miw

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,e;jpa juprdk;

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Kd; gf;fk;: fpU\;z gukhj;kh uhjh cldhd xU RtH Xtpak;@ NkNy: epwq;fshy; rpj;jupf;fg;gl;l xU mur CHtyk;

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rpwe;jitahf cs;sd. ,J Kd;dhs; murHfspd; rz;ilfs; NkthH tk;rj;ijr; NrHe;j [_dh k`hy; kw;Wk; NghHfs;> muritfspy; xU rpy cWg;gpdHfs; gpupe;J> jt;uh fy;yhy; epHthf tPuk;> r%f epfo;Tfs;> Jq;fHg+upy; xU Gjpa uh[;aj;ij xU mw; G jkhd nja;tj;jd;ik> md;whl fz;nlLj;j NghJ mofpa tho;f;ifapy; elf;Fk; tpjk; fl;ll ghzpapy; nts;is [_dh k`hy; Nghd;wtw;wpd; Mtzg;glk; fl;lg;gl;lJ. jd;kl;lh Fd;wpd; fl;lg;gl;lJ MFk;. [_dh k`hypd; mbthuj;jpy; mike;Js;s ,J xt;nthU jiuAk; mw;Gjk; goikahf njhlHe;J trpf;Fk; jhd; . eP y k; kw; Wk; nts;is Mq;fpy fl;llq;fspy; xd;W kw;Wk; ,e;jpahtpy; gPq;fhd; jl;Lfs; gupRfshfg; ngwg;ngw;W goikahd jdpahH muz;kidfspy; xd;W. RtHfspy; njhq;ftplg;gLfpd;wd kw;Wk; jt;uh fy;yhy; fl;lg;gl;lJ> ,jd; kpfTk; fz;zhbfSk; XLfSk; NeHj;jpahf mofhd Xtpaq;fs; kw;Wk; mw;Gjkhd itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. [d;dy;fs; fl;Lkhd ghzp 700 tUlq;fSf;F gr;ir kw;Wk; ePy ghHth Kd;dNu cs;s xU Neub Mtzk; fw;fy;ypy; ,Ue;J nra;ag;gl;lJ> MFk;. xU caH Nkilapy; fl;lg;gl;L ftHr;rpfukhd tisTfs; VO khbfs; KOtJk; gutp> NkYk; ,e;j kw;Wk; fiy eakpf;f fy;J} muz;kidf;F ,uz;L khb mbj;jsKk; z;fs; [_dh k`hYf;F moF cs;sd. Kjy; muz;kidapd; fl;Lkhdk; NrHf;fpd;wd. muz;kidapd; 13 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy; uhty; tPH gy;NtW miwfspy; Nkthup rpq; bNahthy; njhlq;fgl;lJ. Njitfs; ghzpapy; fz;zhb kw;Wk; vOg;gg;gl;L tpjpKiwfs; mDkjp ngWk; RtH Xtpaq;fs; ntWkNd NghJ> Ml;rpahsHfs; ,wf;iffs; kw;Wk; mrhjhuzkhf cs;sd. ,e;j fhyhz;Lfisr; NrHj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wdH. muz;kid 20 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,jpy; Mr;rupaj;jpw;FupaJ vd;dntd;why; kj;jp tiu gad;ghl;by; ,Ue;jJ. Xtpaq;fs;> mofhd kpdpNar;rH Xtpaq;fs; mjpypUe;J> mJ Fopapy; kw;Wk; mw;Gjkhd fz;zhb kw;Wk; rpije;J tpOe;jJ. cs; myq;fhu fz;zhb Ntiy kpfr;

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Nkilfs; tiuf;Fk; gy E}w;whz;Lfshf> fh\;khP p rhy;itfs; ,uh[hf;fs; kw;Wk; nghJ kDrh;fspd; ehfhPfj;ij gpbj;jpUf;fpwJ ciu | yf;\;kp gpughyh

NkNy: nerthsh;fs; gpurpj;jpngw;w rhy;itfis jahhpf;fpwhh;fs;; tyJ kw;Wk; vjph;Nehf;fpAs;s gf;fk;: fh\;kPhp rhy;itfs; kw;Wk; kfsph; jsh;Nkyq;fp xU ];Nlhhpy; fhl;rpf;F itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

,e;jpa juprdk;

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fh\;kPhp rhy;itfs; mitfSila rpwe;j nerT kw;Wk; vk;g;uha;lhpf;F cyfstpy; Gfo;ngw;witfshf ,Uf;fpd;wd. jiyKiwfshf CrpNtiyia KOikailar; nra;j iftpidQh;fshy; xU mhpa tif nkd;ikahd fk;gspahy; ifj;jwpapy; nea;ag;gl;l kw;Wk; vk;g;uha;lhp nra;ag;gl;l ,e;j rhy;itfs; me;j];jpd; milahsq;fshf fUjg;gLfpd;wd. rhy;it vd;w thh;j;ij ngh;rpa thh;j;ij rhy; vd;gjpypUe;J Njhd;wpajhFk; kw;Wk; ,J NjhSf;F FWf;fhf kbf;fg;gl;L mzpag;gLfpwJ. 16k; E}w;whz;by; Kfyha Nguurh; mf;gUf;F mJ xU nghpa ce;Jjiy nfhLj;jdhy; fh\;kPhp rhy;itfspd; cw;gj;jp Jtq;fg;gl;lJ. cz;ikapNyNa> ,e;j Jzpapd; nerT> rhakpLjy;> tbtk; kw;Wk; mLf;fp itj;jy; mtiu MSik nra;jjhf mwpag;gl;bUf;fpwJ. mtUila muritapy;> cah;jukhd rhy;itfs; rhjfkhd ,uh[je;jpfSf;Fk; kw;Wk; murit cWg;gpdh;fSf;Fk; ghprhf mspf;fg;gl;lJ. 18k; E}w;whz;bd; gpd; gFjpapy;> fpof;fpe;jpa fk;gdpapy; gzpahw;wpa kDrh;fs; %ykhf INuhg;gpah;fspd; Mil itf;Fk; mYkhhpfspy; mitfs; ,lk;ngw;wd. xU J}u Njrj;jpd; me;epa Njhw;wk; nfhz;l rhy;it xU cah; ehfhPf jahhpg;ghf cUthdJ kl;Lky;yhky; mjDila fpuhf;fpahd tpiyapdhy; me;j];jpd; xU milahskhdJ. 19k; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy;> fh\;kPhp rhy;itfs; INuhg;gpa tbtikg;Gfspy; kpfTk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Mjpf;fj;ij nrYj;j Muk;gpj;jJ. fh\;kPhpd; ey;y jukhd rhy;itfs; xU tif Mrpa fhl;L kiy MLfshd gh];kpdh Ml;L Nuhkj;jpdhy; jahhpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j gFjpfspy; Fsphpd; fLikapypUe;J tpyq;Ffis ,aw;ifahf ghJfhg;gjw;fhf Nuhkk; tsh;f;fg;gl;lJ. fh\;kPhp rhy;itfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpw nkd;ikahd

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,e;jpa juprdk;

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,lJ: fh\;kPhp gh\;kpdh rhy;itfs; jahhpg;gjw;F gad;gLj;jpa Crpfs;; fPNo: rpf;fyhd E}y; Ntiyg;ghLila xU gr;ir epw gh];kpdh rhy;it

nghWj;J> gy;NtW tbtpyhd vk;g;uha;lhp ,uz;L tiffSf;Fk; ,ilapy; xU tpj;jpahrk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. jbkdhd Crpfis cs;sJ. xl;Lj;JzpNtiyapy; jwpapy; gad;gLj;jp kpf nghpa mstpy; kw;Wk; mjpf nea;ag;gl;l xU rhy;it jdpg;gl;l FWfpa ghuk;ghpakhd fh\;kPhp tbtq;fs; jahhpg;gjw;F Jz;LfspypUe;J cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ> vk;g;uha;lhp ngUk;ghYk; Mhp ];ily; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpw nra;ag;gl;l xU xl;Lj;JzpNtiy rhy;it xU mNjNtisapy;> nky;ypa Crpfis Fwpg;gpl;l vz;zpf;ifapyhd tof;fkpy;yhj gad;gLj;jp rpf;fyhd kw;Wk; Ez; tbtq;fspy; tbtpyhd xd;whf ,izf;fg;gl;l cUthf;fg;gLk; Nrh\;dp tpUk;glj;jf;fjhf Jz;Lfis nfhz;bUf;fpwJ> xt;nthd;Wk; ,Uf;fpwJ. rhy;itapd; Kf;fpa epwj;ij xl;Lj;Jzp Ntiyfs; fh\;kPhp rkepiyg;gLj;JfpwJ. rhy;itfspd; kpf Kf;fpakhd xU rpy tUlq;fSf;F xl;Lj;JzpNtiy mk;rq;fspy; xd;whf ,Uf;fpwJ Kd;> gphpl;b\; kw;Wk; Mrpa fh~;khP p ,e;j tiffs; ePz;l Jz;Lfshf khly;fs; fh\;kPhp rhy;itfis rhy; itfspd; jwpfspy; nea;ag;gLfpwJ. ,itfs; mzpe;Jnfhz;L fh\;kPh; ufj;ij Kf;fpa Vwf;Fiwa 12-18 ,d;r;fs; gug;Gk; Kjd; Kjyhd Ng\d; ePskhdjhfTk; kw;Wk; xd;W Kjy; N\htpy; yz;ldpYs;s ehfhPf mk;rq;fspy; ,uz;L ,d;r;fs; mfykhdjhfTk; Nkilapy; ele;jhh;fs;. xU xd;whf ,Uf;fpwJ. ,Uf;fpd;wd. goikahd jwpfspy; Fwpg;gpl;l vz;zpf;ifapyhd cUthf;fg;gLfpw> ,e;j tbtj; ,e;jpa tbtikg;ghsh;fs; Jz;Lfs; ,g;NghJ Njitg;gLk; mth;fSila Nrfhpg;Gfspy; ePsj;jpy; ntl;lg;gl;L Vwf;Fiw ghh;f;fKbahj fh\;kPhp rhy;itfis fhl;rpg;gLj;jpdhh;fs;. ijay;fshy; xd;whf ifahy; ijf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j tUl Muk;gj;jpy;> mNkrhd; ,e;jpa Jz;Lfs; jdpahf nea;ag;gl;L> khWghlhd Ng\d; thuj;jpy; fpuhkpa mr;Rfs; kw;Wk; msTfspy; gy;NtW tbtq;fspy; ntl;lg;gl;L fh\;kPuhy; J}z;lg;gl;l xU gpufhrkhd fyh; mJ gy;NtW tiffs; fpilf;FkhW xd;whf Ngyl; cs;s xU Nghh;it-Nghd;w rhy;itahd ijf;fg;gLfpwJ. mjd;gpd;> ,J vk;g;uha;lhp nrNug; rhy;itfs; Nrfhpg;ig tbtikg;ghsh; %yk; tphpthf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> ,e;j LNah N`ke;j;-ee;jpjh mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;.

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fiy

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mjpraq;fs; gilj;jy; cyfpy; fl;ilahy; mr;rplg;gl;l Jzpia kpf mjpfstpy; cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; Vw;Wkjp nra;Ak; ehLfspy; ,e;jpahTk; xd;whf cs;sJ. ciu | thdp khypf;

kuq;fspypUe;J tpyq;Ffs; Kjy; gpugykhd rh;tNjr fl;blq;fs; tiu> midj;Jk; ,e;jpa ifg;gilahf fl;ilahy; mr;rbf;Fk; tbtikg;GfSf;F xU ghijia Vw;g;gLj;Jfpd;wd

,e;jpahtpy; fl;ilahy; mr;rpLjy;fs; Kjypy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUg;gij mwpa 12tJ E}w;whz;Lf;F jpUk;gpr; nry;y Ntz;Lk;. fhyg;Nghf;fp;y;> ehl;bYs;s njw;F> Nkw;F kw;Wk; fpof;F flw;fiufs; cah; ju ifg;gilahf fl;ilahy; mr;rpl;lg;gl;l [TspfSf;fhd gpugy Kf;fpa gFjpahf khwpaJ kw;Wk; cyfstpy; ,e;jpah tpiutpNyNa fl;ilahy; mr;rplg;gl;l

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Jzpapd; kpfg;nghpa cw;gj;jpahsh;fs; kw;Wk; Vw;Wjpahsh;fspy; xd;whfpaJ. ,e;jpahtpy; fiy jioj;Njhq;fpajw;F fhuzk; vd;dntd;why; murhy; mJ Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lNj MFk;. ,e;jpahtpy;> %d;W tifahd fl;ilahy; mr;rbj;jy; ePz;lfhykhf gad;ghl;by; ,Ue;J tUfpwJ. KjyhtJ (gl;L my;yJ gUj;jp) Jzpia ryit nra;J mjd;gpd; rhak;

NghLfpw ,lj;jpy; Neubahf mr;rpLtJ MFk;. 17tJ E}w;whz;LfSf;F Kd;Ng tz;zk;G+rpa mjd; gpd;dh;> epwq;fis epug;Gfpwitfis kw;Wk; mr;rpl;l NfypNfhi] (kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; njhlh;e;J ntsptiu fl;ilfis Kjypy; tUfpw> ngUk;ghYk; G+tpyhd bird;fis gad;gLj;jp mJ mr;rplg;gLfpwJ. ,uz;lhtJ nfhz;bUf;fpw ,Wf;fkhf nea;ag;gl;l xU jLg;G mr;rpLjyhFk; ,q;Nf rhaj;jhy; gUj;jp Jzpia) Vw;Wkjp nra;a njhlq;fpaJ. ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;ba gFjpfs; xU fspkz;khepyj;jpYs;s igj;jG+h; FLk;gq;fs; gprpd; fyitahy; %lg;gLfpwJ. mjd;gpd; Nrhjhfphp vd;W miof;fg;gLk; fspkz;,J gpsTfs; %ykhf ghJfhf;fg;gl;l ghJfhg;G njhopy;El;gj;ij gad;gLj;jp gFjpfSf;Fs; gutp> xU tisak; rpf;fyhd fl;ilfs; kw;Wk; mr;R Nghd;w tpisit Vw;gLj;jp [Tspfis cUthf;Ftjpy; rhaj;jpy; fOtg;gLfpwJ. ,J gpugykhdth;fshf ,Uf;fpwhh;fs;. F[uhj; kw;Wk; mjpf tbtq;fis cUthf;Fk; kw;nwhU fpuhkkhd jkhl;fh uh[];jhd; fl;ilapdhy; mr;rpLjy;fis tbtpay; tiffshd fl;ilapdhy; ifg;gilahf njhlh;e;J eilngWfpwJ. %d;whtJ mr;rplg;gl;l Jzp m[uhf;Ff;F fl;ilahy; ntspNaw;w mr;rpLjy; MFk; gpugykhdjhf ,Uf;fpwJ. Fl;r; ,q;Nf JzpahdJ Kjypy; rhak; gFjpapy;> tpyq;Ffs;> giwtfs; mr;rpLjYf;F Nghlg;gLfpwJ kw;Wk; mjd;gpd; kw;Wk; eldkhLk; ngz;fspd; fUg;G kpfTk; Kf;fpa gpw epwq;fspYs;s tbtq;fis kw;Wk; rptg;G tbtq;fs; gpugykhd ikaq;fshf nfhz;bUf;fpw gFjpfspypUe;J tifshf cs;sd. ght;efh;> ,Uf;fpd;wd. rhaj;ij ePf;Ftjw;F xU [hk;efh;> Nghh;ge;jh;> n[l;G+h; ,urhahdk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. kw;Wk; uh[;fhl; khepyj;jpYs;s ,e;j gFjpfs; kPz;Lk;gpw gpugykhd ifg;gilahf gjdplg;gLfpwJ mjdhy; mitfSf;F kPz;Lk; fl;ilapdhy; mr;rpLk; ikaq;fshFk;. tz;zkplyhk;. ,uh[];jhdpy;> ifg;gilahf fl;ilahy; F[uhj; kw;Wk; ,uh[];jhd; khepyq;fs; mr;rpLjyhdJ gy;NtW gFjpfspy;; jq;fSila ifg;gilahf fl;ilapdhy; mr;rpl;l Jzpfis nrhe;j njhopEl;gq;fs;> tbtq;fs; kw;Wk; jahhpg;gjw;F kpfTk; Gfo;ngw;w ikaq;fshf tz;z jpl;lq;fis ngUikahf fhl;Lk; jpfo;fpd;wd. cz;ikapNyNa> F[uhj;jpYs;s kpfTk; gpurpj;jpngw;w [Tsp ifNtiyfspy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l vz;zpf;ifapyhd efuq;fs; xd;whf fhzg;gLfpwJ. ntspf;NfhL Kjypy;

kpfTk; ,lJ: xU khjphp G+ tbtq;fs; nfhz;l rl;il kw;Wk; ghthil mzpjy;; ,lJ: xU ifg;gilahf fl;ilahy; mr;rplg;gl;l Mil; fPNo: gytz;z ifg;gilahf fl;ilahy; mr;rbj;jy; nfhz;l xU nkj;ij ciw

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fiy

NkNyapUe;J fbfhu Rw;wpy;: xU kuf;fl;il ifg;gilahf fl;ilahy; mr;rpLjypy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ; kNyrpahtpd; Nfhyh yk;G+hpYs;s rh;tNjr th;j;jf kNyrpah (INTRADE 2011) nghUl;fhl;rpapy; xU ifg;gilahf fl;ilahy; mr;rbf;Fk; fiyQuhd; xU kDrp xU Jz;L Jzpapy; xU tifia mr;rpLfpwhh;

mr;rplg;gl;L mjd;gpd; tz;;zk; epug;gg;gLk;; fhypNfh mr;rpl;l gLf;if ciwfs;> gQ;Riw kw;Wk; NriyfSf;F rq;fdh gpugykhf ,Uf;fpw mNj Ntisapy;> ghFU mjDila lhG kw;Wk; ];ahfpngfh; mr;rpLjy;fSf;F gpuhgykhapUf;fpwJ ,jpy; Ke;ijaJ kQ;rs; fhtp my;yJ fUg;Gld; fspk;G Nrh;e;j xU fyitapd; tbtkhFk; kw;Wk; gpe;ijaJ xU gprp;d; giria gad;gLj;jp rhaj;jpypUe;J kiwf;fg;gl;l gFjpapYs;s mr;Rf;fshFk;. ngUk;ghyhd ,e;jpa ifNtiyfs; NghyNt> ifg;gilahf fl;ilahy; mr;rpLtJ xU jiyKiwapypUe;J mLj;j jiyKiwf;F fle;J te;Js;sJ. Rj;jpay;> JisapLk; fUtpfs; kw;Wk; rpwpa cspfs; cl;gl xU fUtp njhFg;ig nfhz;L rpf;fyhd khjphpfs; my;yJ tbtq;fs; xU ku ifg;gpb nfhz;l Njf;F ku fl;ilapy; nrJf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j fl;ilfs; mstpYk; tbtj;jpYk; NtWgLfpwJ. Mdhy; ,e;j kuf; fl;ilfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjw;F Kd;> mr;rpLk; nray;Kiwapy; cyh;e;j #o;epiyfspy; ntspg;gLk;NghJ cilahJ vd;gij cWjpnra;tjw;fhf mitfs; xU thuj;jpw;F fLF vz;nzapy; Cw itf;fg;gLfpwJ. fl;ilahy; mr;rbj;jy; nray;Kiw xU Neuk; vLf;Fk; kw;Wk; jpwikAk;

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xU rpf;fyhd ifg;gilahf fl;ilahy; mbf;Fk; mr;R

gzpf;FOTk; Njitg;gLk; xd;whf cs;sJ. kuf; cj;jpu gpuNjrk;> k`uh\;buh kw;Wk; kj;jpa fl;ilfs;> Jzp kw;Wk; rhaq;fs; fl;ilahy; gpuNjrk; Nghd;w khepyq;fspYk; nropj;J mr;rbf;fg;gl;l Jzpapd; %d;W Kf;fpa tsh;fpwJ. rpk;gh vd;W miof;fg;gLk; [Tsp fUtpahf ,Uf;fpwJ. xU ek;gKbahj ifnjhopyhsh;fs; G+ kw;Wk; tbtpay; tbtq;fis fz; xj;Jiog;Gld;> Jzpapd; mbapYs;s ,lJ gQ;rhgpy; cUthf;Ffpw mNj Neuj;jpy;> mofpa %iyapy; Kjy; fl;il mikf;fg;gLfpwJ. xU fyk;fhp (ifahy; tiujy; kw;Wk; fl;ilahy; $h;ikahd Foha; lhGit (ed;F rypf;fg;gl;l mr;rbj;jy; ,uz;bd; fyit) Xtpak; cUthf;f kw;Wk; Cwitf;fg;gl;l fUg;G gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fl;ilahy; kz;> ku Nfhe;J kw;Wk; mr;rbf;fg;gLk; Kiwf;F Me;jpu xd;whf Nrh;g;gjw;F NfhJik gpuNjrk; jhafkhf cs;sJ. tbtikg;ig jhdpaj;jpypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;l xU Nkw;F tq;fj;jpd; nruhk;G+h; mOf;F nghb fye;j xU nkd;ikahd khtl;lj;jpYs;s ifg;gilahf fiwgbtjpypUe;J gir) Jzp kPJ ntspaplg;gLfpwJ. fl;ilahy; mr;rbf;Fk; fiyQh;fs; jLg;gjw;F> <ukhd mNj nray;Kiw Jzpapd; jbj;j kw;Wk; Jbg;ghd tiffspy; ePsj;jpYk; mfyj;jpYk; kPz;Lk; rkfhyj;jpa kw;Wk; ghuk;ghpa lhG kPJ Ez; kPz;Lk; nra;ag;gLfpwJ. tbtq;fis cUthf;Ffpwhh;fs;. kuj;Jhs; J} tbtj;ij mOf;F fiw cyf ghh;itahsh;fs; tg;gLfpwJ gbtjpypUe;J jLf;f> mr;rplg;gl;l mjpfg;gbahf Rw;Wg;Gwr;#oy; clNd <ukhd lhG kPJ Ez; tpopg;Gs;sth;fshf khwp kuj;J}s; J}tg;gLfpJ. mr;rplg;gl;l tUtjdhy;> Ez; tbtq;fs; gFjp ,g;NghJ mjd;gpd; tUk; rhak; NghLk; kw;Wk; fw;gidtskpf;f jahhpg;Gfs; nray;KiwapypUe;J Kj;jpiuaplg;gLfpwJ. nra;tjw;F ,aw;if kw;Wk; fha;fwpfspypUe;J kuj;J}s; J}tg;gl;l clNd> #hpaxspapy; fha jahhpf;fg;gl;l rhaj;ij gad;gLj;Jtjdhy; itg;gjw;fhf Jzp ntspapy; vLf;fg;gLfpwJ. Rw;Wg;Gw ed;ikfs; epiwe;j ePz;l fhy F[uhj; kw;Wk; uh[];jhd; jtpu> fiy goikahd ,e;j fiy tbtk; cyfmstpy; tbtk; gQ;rhg;> Nkw;F tq;fk;> Me;jpu gpuNjrk;> gpugyk; mile;jpUf;fpwJ.

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xU gz;ila mWtil nfhz;lhl;lkhd kfu rq;fpuhe;jp ek;ik rq;f fhyj;jpw;F mioj;J nry;fpwJ> ,e;jpa tpoh gUtj;jpd; njhlf;f fhykhf miof;fg;gLk; ,J jPghtspAld; jd; cr;rj;ij milfpwJ ciu | khJspf;fh lh\;

,e;jpa jpUtpohf;fspd; fz;ftH mk;rk;> ngUk; mstpyhd nfhz;lhl;lq;fis cs;slf;fpAs;sJ NkYk; ngUk;ghyhditapd; cw;gj;jp ];jhdk; njhd;ktpay; kw;Wk; Guhzj;jpy; %o;fpapUf;Fk; NghJ mtw;Ws; xt;nthd;Wk; epiwa ey;tho;T kw;Wk; ,aw;if rpe;jidAlDk; tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. cjhuzj;jpw;F kfu rq;fuhe;jpia vLj;Jf;nfhs;Nthk;. jkpo; ehl;by; nghq;fy;> gQ;rhg;gpy; Nyhup> mrhkpy; kf; gp`_> gPfhupy; rq;fuhe;j; kw;Wk; Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpy; ngs\; vd;Wk; gy;NtW ngaHfshy; ,e;jpahtpy; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy; ,jd; Guhzk; kw;Wk; tpQ;Qhdg; gpd;dzp xUtifg;gl;Ls;sd. ,f;fhyj;jpd; NghJ> Ntj Ma;Tfspd; gb xw;iw Mw;wy; kw;Wk; Gtp tho;tpd; Kf;fpa

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f[f; my;yJ vs; nty;yk;

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rikaw;fiy

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nfhz;lhLtjw;F kl;Lky;yhky; njhlf;f rq;f fhy Muk;gj;ij nfhz;lhLtNj ,j;jpUtpohtpd; gpd;ddp Nehf;fkhf cs;sJ. (fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ,J ,e;J kj Gj;jhz;L MdJ) Mdhy; gioa czTg; nghUl;fs; Efug;gl;L Gjpa gq;FfSf;F ,lj;ij cUthf;FfpwJ. jPNghw;rtk; jpUtpohtpd; xU xUq;fpize;j gFjpahf ,Ug;gjw;F ,JNt xU Kf;fpa fhuzkhf Mjhukhf fUjg;gLfpw #upad; xU mikfpwJ. xU efu kj;jpapy; cs;s rpy ehl;fs; jdJ rpLrpL kfdhd jPNghw;rtk; kf;fis gioa tp\aq;fis rdpia re;jpf;fpwhH. ,e;j #upa ,af;fk; tpl mDkjpf;fpd;wd ,J ,d;Dk; ehL fhyepiy khw;wj;ij KOtJk; xU xUq;fpize;j Vw;gLj;JfpwJ kw;Wk; ,J kfu rq;fuhe;jpa ghuk;gupakhf ngUk;ghYk; ePz;l ntg;gkhd gioad fopjypd; cs;sJ. ehl;fs; kw;Wk; Fiwe;j gdp ,J NkYk; muprp> ghuk; g upak; ,uTfshff; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd: NfhJik> vs;> nty;yk;> ,d;Dk; kfu ,J Nfhil kw;Wk; Njq;fha;> fUk;G> ghy; mWtil njhlq;fTs;sjd; rq;fuhe;jp Nghd;wtw;wpd; gad;ghl;il milahskhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. tpohtpd; xU tpsf;FfpwJ kw;Wk; vdpDk;> ,J Rw;iw tptrhapfspd; gpujhd ghfkhf cs; s J Kbf;fTk; mWtilia czthd Njq;fha; gd;wp Muk;gpg;gjw;Fk; rpwpJ ,iwr;rp nfhz;l ghuk;gupa Neuk; vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;. khf; gp`_ czT kw;Wk; Nfhuprh fNfhup ,uz;L Kjy; ehd;F ehl;fs; (%q;fpy; jspHfs; nfhz;L rikf;fg; nfhz;lhlg;gLk; kfu rq;fuhe;jp mjd; ngw;w gd;wp ,iwr;rp)> gNlhl; jpah kh]; mk;rj;ij tiuaWf;fpwJ. gioa Ntj (thio ,iyapy; Ntfitj;j kPd;)> [hYf; ,yf;fpak; ek;gg;gLtjhf ,Ue;jhy;> jpah Ff;Fuh khq;Nfh (m];]hkp-ghzp Gjpa tptrha gUtj;jpd; Muk;gj;ij

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kpsF Nfhop) kw;Wk; fh[p nyK (mrhk; vYkpr;ir) Nghd;w kPd;> Nfhopf; fwp czTfs; nra;ag;gLk; mrhikj; jtpu kw;w khepyq;fspy; ghuk;gupa rq;fuhe;jp nfhz;lhlg;gLk;. MapDk; xt;nthU gFjpAk; xU jdpj;Jtkhd nkDit toq;Ftjpy; <Lgl;bUf;Fk;. kfuh];buhtpy; cs;sJ Nghy;> kfu rq;fuhe;jpia Fwpg;gpLk; tifapy; ,d;Wk; yl;L kw;Wk; Fyhr;rp Nghyp (gUtj;jpd; Gjpa nty;yk;> tWj;j fliy khT> vs; tpij J}s; kw;Wk; Vyf;fha; Nghd;w kzk; nghUe;jpa krhyhf;fis cs;slf;fpa g+uzj;ij nky;ypa cilaf;$ba rg;ghj;jpapy; itf;fg;gLk;) J}a;ikahd nea;> Nghfpr;rp gh[p kw;Wk; g[;upr;rp gf;upAld; gupkhwg;gLk;. mjpf Ritahf ,Ug;gpDk; rkpghlila vspjhf ,Uf;Fk;> ,e;j czT ntWkNd RitahdJ kw;Wk; thdpiy khw;wj;jpd; NghJ xUtiu MNuhf;fpakhf itf;f Vw;GilaJ. MAHNtjj;jpypUe;J te;j by; (vs; tpijfs;) kw;Wk; fH (nty;yk;) Nghd;wtw;wpd; ,dpg;G fyit rupahd rikay; khw;W kUe;jhf nfhz;lhl;lq;fspd; xU xUq;fpize;j gFjpahf mikfpwJ. Nfhil kw;Wk;

,lkpUe;J ,lQ;Ropahf: nfhz;lhl;lq;fSf;F vs; tpij> nty;yk; kw;Wk; f[f;@ vs; yl;L

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rikaw;fiy

mjd; tpisTfSf;F czT top mikg;ig jahH nra;J FH jtpu NtW rupahd ,dpg;g+l;bahf mikfpwJ. Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpy;> kfu rq;fuhe;jp ngs\hf nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ> nf[_H FH (NguPr;rk; go nty;yk;) caH ,dpg;G tiffshd J} j; Gyp (kzk; epiwe;j ghypy; nra;ag;gl;l ghd;Nff;)> Gyp gpj;> NfhFy; Gj;> J}j; Gyp> gl;b\g;j;jh gpj; kw;Wk; gy Nghd;w gioa tpUk;gg;gl;l czT tiffSf;F jdpj;Jtkhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. tpohtpd; xU gFjpahd #upaf; flTSf;F toq;fg;gLk; gpurhjnkq;Fk; by; kw;Wk; FH epiwe;jpUf;Fk;. by; (vs; tpijfs;)> rHf;fiu (nty;yk;)> cyHe;j Njq;fha; kw;Wk; epyf;fliyapy; xU tskhd fyitiaf; nfhz;l fHehlfj;jpYs;s vy;Y ngy;yh Nghd;w mJ ey;nyz;zj;NjhL toq;fg;gLk; my;yJ gPfhH> [hHfz;l;> cj;jug; gpuNjrj;jpYs;s rpwe;j Gjpjhf mWtil nra;ag;gl;l muprp fUk;Gr; rhW> nty;yk;> JUtpa Njq;fha;> thiog;gok;> cyHe;j goq;fs; kw;Wk; ghYld; fye;J nra;ag;gLk; kfu nrsyhit tptupf;fpwJ. cj;jpug; gpuNjrj;jpy; nra;ag;gLk; kpjkhd #l;by; rikf;fg;gl;L> Fiwe;j

kfu rq;fuhe;jp gw;wpa cz;ikfs;

uh[];jhd; fPtH

,e;jpa juprdk;

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kfu rq;fuhe;jpapy;> kfuj;jpd; #upa milahsk; my;yJ kfuj;jpy; (,e;jpa ,uhrp) #upad; EiofpwJ. ,e;jj; jpUtpoh cj;juhazj;jpd; kPJ tpOfpwJ kw;Wk; md;iwa ehspd; gfy; kw;Wk; ,uT rkkhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;W ek;gg;gLfpwJ fpupNfhupad; ehs;fhl;bapd; gb> ,J xt;nthU Mz;Lk; mNj ehspy; tpOk; rpy ,e;jpa jpUtpohf;fspy; xd;whFk; kfu rq;fuhe;jp Nfusk; kw;Wk; cj;jpu gpuNjrj;jpd; Fk;g Nkshtpd; Muk;gj;jpy; nghJthf Fwpf;fg;gLk;> rgupkiy ,e;j ey;y ehspy; KbtilfpwJ kfhuh\;buhtpy;> jpUkzkhd ngz;fs; ,e;j ehspy; kQ;rs; Fq;Fkj;jpw;fhf tPl;bw;F miof;fg;gLtH

nfhuprh fNfhup

fhuj;jpyhd fpr;rb mjd; tsikf;fhf mupnrY muprp J}s; kw;Wk; rpwg;ghd mbf;fb nra;ag;gLk;. vdpDk; ,jd; Rit nts;sk; kw;Wk; Ntw muprp kw;Wk; ghy; vspikahdJ. ,jd; jdpj;Jtkhd Ritf;F ,dpg;G tiffs; rf;yp]; kw;Wk; by; gf;FtgLj;jg;gl;l kl;ghz;lk; kw;Wk; rpf;fpRld; NrHe;j xU nghJthdjhfTs;s gad;gLj;jg;gLk; muprp jhd; fhuzkhf ,lkhFk;. ,Uf;fpwJ> mNefkhf cs; gUg;Gfs; vdpDk;> rq;fuhe;jpw;F FHKuh Kjy; ntl;bypUe;Nj vLf;fg;gLfpd;wd. vd;wiof;fg;gLk; mty; Kf;fpakhf ,Uf;f uh[];jhdpy;> ,g;gz;bif Ntz;ba xd;W. gQ;rhg; > %d;W ehs; jdpr;Rit Nfusk;> F[uhj;> cj;jug; tptfhuk;> vg;NghJNk gpuNjrk; kw;Wk; Nkw;F ,g;gz;biff;F jpUtpohtpd; njhlf;fk; tq;fhsj;jpy; Nyhupapd; NghJ FHKuh my;yJ Milfs;> eiffs; kw;Wk; tpUe;jpdUf;F toq;fg;gLk; mty; Kf;fpakhf ghj;jpuq;fspd; Gjpa filfs; jpd;gz;lq;fspd; xU gFjpahf re;ijapy; ngUFtjd; %yk; mikfpwJ> ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; jPHkhdpf;fg;gLfpwJ. rq;fuhe;jp FHKuh yl;LfSk; ehspy;> ngupa fjh`p]; fPtH> (,dpg;G mty; ngdp> f[f;> by;-gl;b> gf;Nfhlh kw;Wk; ge;Jfs;) Ritf;f kjpf;fjf;fJ. fPH Nghd;w Ritahd czT tiffis Guhzj;jpy; ,J cz;L> by; FH cUthf;f thq;fp tUtH. Guhzj;jpy; ,J murH III Mk; FNyhj;Jq;f cs;sJ> fpU\;z gukhj;kh ,e;jpudpd; Nrhod; rikayiwapy; ,Ue;J Nfhgj;jpypUe;J mtuJ fpuhk kf;fis te;jJ kw;Wk; jPNghw;rtk; kw;Wk; fhg;ghw;wp jq;Fkplk; mikf;f NfhtHj;jd eldq;fs; ghHf;f $bapUf;Fk; gHtl;il J}f;fpdhH> fPtH mtuJ $l;lj;jpw;F toq;fg;gLk;> tpUg;gkhd fhiy czthf ,Ue;jJ. FHKuh yl;L mN`hk; murH kfu rq;fuhe;jpapd; cw;gj;jp ];jhdk; nrhHfehuhaz RFq;Kq; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; Nkw;fpy; tpUe;J ,lkpUe;J tUk; GJikahd mur rpwg;ghfTk; muprp epiwe;jjhfTk; mike;J fhzpf;if> mJ $l;lj;jpw;F xUtiuj; jiy tzq;fitf;fpwJ. ,q;F toq;fg;gl;L Fbir tpUe;jpw;F nrd;wJ. adtup-ngg;utup 2016

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rikaw;fiy

FspHfhy

,ilntsp

FspH khjq;fspy; thapy; vr;rpy; CWk; ,e;j czT tiffis UrpAq;fs;

rhHNrhd; fh rhq; (fPiuAld; fLF ,iyfs;) jahupg;G Neuk; 30 epkplq;fs; rikf;Fk; Neuk; xU kzpj;jpahyk;; gupkhWjy; 4 NgUf;F Njitahd nghUl;fs; 1 fpNyh fLF ,iyfs; (rhH Nrhd; fh rhq;)> 500 fpuhk; fPiu> 1 fg; jz;zPH> 3 gr;ir kpsfha;> cg;G Urpf;Nfw;g> 5 Nk.fuz;b nea;> 1 ngupa ntq;fhak; eWf;fpaJ> eRf;fpa cs;sp 8 fpuhk;G msT> 2" eWf;fpa ,Q;rp> 4 Nk.fuz;b kf;fp fh Ml;lh (miuj;j eUty; JUtyhd Nrhsk;)> moFgLj;j 1 Nk.fuz;b ntz;nza; nra;Kiw fLF ,iyfspd; jz;Lfs; fdkhfTk; nkd;ikahfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mtw;iwf; fOtTk;. jz;Lfspd; mbg;ghfj;ij ntl;b vLj;J mtw;wpd; ePsk;tiu ,Of;fTk;. ,iyfis ed;whf ntl;b ehH ,y;yhjij cWjp nra;Jnfhs;sTk;. fPiuiaf; fOtp ed;whf eWf;fTk;. Ff;fupy; jz;zPH vLj;Jf; nfhz;L nfhjpf;f tplTk;. fLF ,iyfs;> fPiu kw;Wk; gr;ir kpsfha; Nghd;wtw;iwr; NrHf;fTk;. mJ ghHf;f fzprkhf ,Ue;jhYk; NrHf;fr; NrHf;f RUq;fptpLk;. midj;J fPiufSk; ghj;jpuj;jpw;Fs; mlq;fpaTld; cg;G NrHf;fTk;> Njitg;gl;lhy; rpwpJ ePH NrHf;fTk;. xU tprpy; te;jTld; 30 epkplq;fs; Fiwe;j #l;by; rikf;fTk;. %bia vLj;J jz;zPH tw;Wk; tiu rikf;fTk;. Mwitj;J eUty; JUtyhd $ohFk; tiu fyf;fTk;. $ohd fPiuia kWgbAk; ghj;jpuj;jpy; Nghl;L Fiwthd #l;by; rikf;fTk;.

,e;jpa juprdk;

adtup - ngg;utup 2016

jdp xU ghj;jpuj;jpy; nea; Cw;wp ntq;fhaj;ij nghd;dpwkhf tjf;fTk;. ,Q;rp kw;Wk; cs;spiaAk; nghd;dpwkhf tjf;fpf;nfhs;sTk;. fPiuia 10 epkplq;fs; fyf;fpf; nfhz;Nl rikf;fTk;. xNu rikaj;jpy; 1 Nk.fuz;b kf;fp fh Ml;lhit fPiuf;Fs; NrHj;J xt;nthU NrHf;iff;Fk; gpwF jPtpukhf fpswTk;. #l;il Fiwj;Jf; nfhz;L kw;nwhU 10 epkplq;fs; fPiu kQ;rs; rhakhfp ,WFk; tiu rikf;fTk;. gupkhWk; ghj;jpuj;jpw;;F khw;wTk;. xU fpz;zk; epiwa ntz;nza; itj;J mij kf;fP fp Nuhl;b nfhz;L #lhf gupkhwTk;.

kf;fp fp nuhl;b jahupg;G Neuk; 10 epkplq;fs; rikf;Fk; Neuk; 30 epkplq;fs; gupkhWjy; 4 NgUf;F Njitahd nghUl;fs; 2 fg; kf;fp fh Ml;lh>JWtpa nts;is Ks;sq;fp 1>1/2 Nk.fuz;b fhu tpijfs; (m[;nta;d;)> Njitf;Nfw;g RL jz;zPH> 4 Nk.fuz;b vz;nza;> 3 Nk.fuz;b ntz;nza; nra;Kiw kf;fp fh Ml;lhit xU ghj;jpuj;jpy; NghlTk;. cg;G> Ks;sq;fp kw;Wk; fuk; tpijfis NrHj;Jf; fyf;fTk;. rpwpJ ePH NrHj;J kh gjk; tUk; tiu gpiraTk;. gpire;j khit rpW rpW ge;Jfshf gpupj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;. xt;nthU ge;ijAk; <uf; iffshy; vLj;J nkd;ikahd gjk; tUk; tiu cUl;lTk;. nuhl;b ciltjpypUe;J ghJfhf;f Njitgl;lhy; epiwa ePiu J}tTk;. <ukhd gpsh];upf; jhspy; xU gpire;j kh ge;ijg; Nghl;L cUz;ilahf cUl;bf; nfhs;sTk;. khit xl;LtjpypUe;J fhf;f tpuiy ePUf;Fs; tplTk;. xU ghj;jpuj;ijr; #lhf;fp> gpsh];upf; jhis ghj;jpuj;jpw;F mUNf nfhz;L te;J nuhl;bia mjpy; NghlTk;. kpjkhd #l;by; xU gf;fk; ed;whf NtFk; tiu rikf;fTk; gpwF rpwpJ vz;nda; NrHj;J kw;nwhU gf;fk; rikf;fTk;. #lhd nuhl;bapy; jhuhskhf ntz;nza; Cw;wp cldbahfg; gupkhwTk;. ed;wp;: mw;Gjkhd Ritfs;: fhiy kw;Wk; kjpa czT> Njapiy> fhf;nuapy;> GJby;ypapYs;s ntsptptfhu (mikr;R) JiztHfs; rq;fj;jhy; ntspaplg;gl;l njhFg;G Gj;jfq;fspd; xU gFjp

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ciuahly;

,e;jpa juprdk;

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xU Rje;jpukhd rkj;Jt cyfj;ij tpl kpfTk;

mtrpakhdJ vJTkpy;iy

tpj;jpahrkhd fijeilapy; mjpf Mh;tk; nfhz;l ,e;jpa rpdpkh ghh;itahsh;fs; ghh;fF ; k; tpUg;gq;fspYs;s khw;wj;ij tpj;ah ghyd; tuNtw;fpwhh; ciu | Mh;jp fG+h; rpq;

tpj;ah ghyd; ghj;jpuq;fis tpsf;Ftij NghjpYk; mtUld; vdf;F ve;j rhPu xw;WikAk; tpl mitfSf;F khWgl;l tpsf;fkspg;gjpy; ,y;iy vd;gij ehd; czh;e;Njd;. mtiug; re;Njh\g;gLfpwhh;. gj;J tUlq;fSf;F Kd;G Nghy ,Uf;fpw mtUila Ngj;jp iukh mij ghpepjhtpy; kpfTk; ntw;wpailahj ghgp nra;aNtz;Lnkd;W ehd; epidf;fpNwd;>” vd [hr]pd; jd;Dila muq;Nfw;wj;jpypUe;J> mth; njhptpj;jhh;. mth; mij Mr;rhpakhd cWjpAld; ,Ug;gpDk;> tpj;ah ebif fPjh ghypahf nra;jpUf;fpwhh;. ve;j ebfUf;Fk; ,Wjpahd <f; my;ngyh vd;w kuhj;jp jpiug;glj;jpy; ntw;wp vd;gJ me;j ebf;f rk;kjpj;Js;shh;. kiwe;j fjhghj;jpuj;jpy; NtW ahh; ebfh; gfthd; jhjhtpd; Rarhpij xUtiuAk; ghh;itahsh; jpiug;glk; khpj;j ebfh;-,af;Fehpd; nts;spj; jpiuapy; fw;gid nra;J ghh;;f;f tho;f;ifiaAk; kw;Wk; fPjh ghyp tpj;ahtpd; KbahjNjahFk;. tpj;ah ebj;j gq;nfLj;j mtUila 1951-,ir fjhghj;jpuq;fs; midj;J fjhghj;jpuq;fSNk myngyhit cUthf;Fk;NghJ midj;jpYNk mitfspd; kPJ jd;Dila mth; vjph;nfhz;l rpukq;fis jd;dk;gpf;if Kj;jpiuia Fwpg;gpLk; Rarhpij jpiug;glk;. mth; jd;Dila gjpj;jpUf;fpwJ. jpUkzj;jpw;F “,J xU rpwg;Gj; Njhw;wkhf jd;dk;gpf;ifia gpd;dh;> tpj;ah jd;Dila ,Ue;jhYk; gpufhrkd ebfuhf gjpj;jpUf;fpwhh; tha;g;Gfis Fiwj;Jf; ebg;gJ xU nfsutkhFk;>” vd;W nfhz;lhh; kw;Wk; ebiffs; mth; njhptpf;fpwhh;. kPdh Fkhhp kw;Wk; Rrpj;uh nrd;> tpj;jpahrkhd fijeilapy; Kd;dhs; ,e;jpa gpujk ke;jphp ,e;jpuh fhe;jp> mjpf Mh;tk; nfhz;l ,e;jpa rpdpkhTf;F#g;gh; nghyp]; fpuz; Ngb> ghlfp vk;v]; Nghfpwth;fspd; ghh;f;Fk; tpUg;gq;fspy; Rg;Gyl;Rkp kw;Wk; Kd;dhs; ghfp];jhd; xU khw;wk; ,Ug;gjhf ebif czh;fpwhh;. gpujk ke;jphp ngdhrph; G+l;Nlh MfpNahhpd; mjpfjpfkhd rpwpa-gl;n[l; jpiug;glq;fs; tho;f;if mbg;gilapyhditfs; cl;gl 10 ,g;NghJ jpNahl;lh;fspYk; kw;Wk; Kk;ig Rarhpij glq;fis epuhfhpj;Js;shh;. “Rrpj;uh mflkp Mg; j %tpq; ,Nk[; (MAMI) nrd;dpd; Rarhpij fijia ehd; Nerpj;j Nghd;w jpUtpohf;fspy; ntspaplg;gLfpwJ>

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ciuahly;

,lJ: ,e;jpa FbauRj; jiyth; lhf;lh; gpudhg; Kfh;[p tpj;ah ghyDf;F gj;k = tpUij toq;Ffpwhh;; tyJ: tpj;ah ghypTl;by; khWgl;l fjhghj;jpuq;fspy;

fhhpaq;fs; ed;whfg; NghfpwJ>” vd;gij miyf;F vjpuhf ePe;j jPh;khdpj;jpUf;fpwhh;. tpj;ah ftdpj;jpUf;fpwhh;. “(MAMI) jpUtpoh tpj;ah rpdpkhj; Jiwapy; jdJ gj;jhtJ Mr;rhpakhdjhFk;. ehd; Kd;Ng (MAMI)f;F tUlj;ij epiwT nra;tjdhy; 2015k; Mz;L nrd;wpUf;fpNwd; Mdhy; ,e;j gjpg;G ,e;jpahtpd; mtUf;F jdpr;rpwg;GilajhFk;. xU cyf Eiothapypy; tha;g;G cs;sjhy; rpwg;Gilajhf Nkilapy; ,e;jpa rpdpkhit Cf;fg;gLj;Jtjpy; ,Uf;fpwJ kw;Wk; Jiwapd; Kf;fpakhdth;fs; jhd; njhlh;e;J <Lglg;Nghtjhf mth; FOtpy; ,lk; ngw;wpUf;fpwhh;fs;. xU eLth; njhptpf;fpwhh;. tpj;ah xU ebifahf FO cWg;gpduhf jpwikia fz;L tpae;Njd;. kl;Lky;yhk; xU eguhfTk; ngUk;ghyhd NkYk;> jpiug;glq;fspd; Njh;T Mr;rhpakhdjhf jd;Dila jdpj;Jtj;ij cUthf;fp ,Ue;jJ. xU mw;Gjkhd Neuk; vdf;F ghypd rkj;Jtj;ij cah;j;Jtjw;fhf fpilj;jJ>” vd;W tpj;jpah njhptpj;jhh;. gzpahw;wpapUf;fpwhh;. xU thpirapy; ehd;F fh`hdpapy; jd;Dila tUlq;fshf> 2012k; Mz;by; frg;ghd ghj;jpukhf ,Uf;fl;Lk; Jtq;fg;gl;l ,e;jpad; tpj;ah rpdpkhj; my;yJ jp Nll;b gpf;rhpy; gpypk; ng];bty; Mg; rpy;f; Rkpjhthf ntw;wpf;fhd nky;Nghdpd; mq;fkhf tpj;ah Jiwapy; Jzpr;ryhd Mh;tkha; ,Uf;fl;Lk; mwpag;gl;bUf;fpwhh;. ,e;j tUlk;> jd;Dila gj;jhtJ my;yJ ghtpy; xU Rje;jpukhd ng];btypd; ika fUj;J tpj;ah tUlj;ij epiwT jdpg;gl;l mk;khthf ghprPypj;jJ Nghy “rkj;Jtk;” nra;tjdhy; 2015k; ,Uf;fl;Lk;> tpj;ah vd;gjhFk;. rkj;Jtk; vd;gJ jhd; ek;Gfpw ehd; kpfTk; czh;r;rpfukhf tUlk; mtUf;F Like rl; l j; i jkP W k; czh;fpw xd;whFk;…,d;iwa MEA INDIA jdpr;rpwg;GilajhFk; rKjha tiffs; fhyfl;lq;fspy;> Rje;jpukhd kw;Wk; ghypd kw;Wk; rkj;Jtkhd cyfj;ij NtWghl;by; jtpu vJTk; mtrpakhdjhf cWjpahf ,Uf;fpwhh;. rkPgj;jpa Njhd;wtpy;iy. fiy kw;Wk; jpiug;glq;fs; Follow xU nghJ epfo;rpapy;> ,e;j #o;epiyfSf;F cjTk; vd;Wk; kw;Wk; @MEAINDIA nfsutpg;G murq;fj;jpd; %ykhf kdepiyfisAk; kdg;ghq;FfisAk; my;y Njrj;jpd; %ykhfNt khw;Wk; vd ehd; ek;GfpNwd;. rkPgj;jpy; ek; fpilj;jJ. vdNt> ehd; mij midtiuAk; gpujpgypf;Fk; Ntw;Wikia jpUg;gpj; ju tpUk;gtpy;iy.” nfhz;lhLk; kw;Wk; jOTk; mw;Gjkhd Channel vd;W fijj;J> mtUila Njrpa jpiug;glq;fis ghh;j;J kpfTk; re;Njh\ MEA INDIA tpUij jpUg;gpj; ju kWj;J g;gLfpNwd;>” vd;W mth; njhptpf;fpwhh;.

,e;jpa juprdk;

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