India perspectives tamil jan feb 2016

30

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ghghrh`pg; gPk;uht; mk;Ngj;fUf;F kupahij

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Kd;Ndw;wk; ngz; /gh\d; tbtikg;ghsHfs;

2016

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ciuahly;

if mr;R gpupd;upq;

tpj;ahghyd;

fjk;gk; ,e;jpah KOtJk; elf;fTs;s epfo;Tfs; n[a;g;g+H ,yf;fpa tpohp cyfnkq;Fk; ,Ue;J rpy cyfg; Gfo;ngw;w vOj;jhsHfSk; rpe;jidahsHfSk; gpq; rpw;wpapy; elf;fTs;s n[a;g;g+H ,yf;fpa tpohtpy; xd;W$LfpwhHfs;. ,e;j tUlk; Ie;J ehs; elf;fTs;s ,e;j epfo;T jdpAupik> FbngaHT kw;Wk; fg;gw;gaz khw;wk; Nghd;w tplaq;fis MuhaTs;sJ. vg;NghJ: adtup 21-25 vq;Nf: n[a;g;g+H> ,uh[];jhd;

fhgpH jpUtpoh

fhyh Nfhlh fiy tpoh

15Mk; E}w;whz;bd; kdpj mwpTf;F vl;lhj Qhdpf; ftpQupd; nra;jpiag; gw;wp kf;fspilNa tpopg;GzHit Vw;gLj;Jtij ,e;jj; jpUtpoh ,yf;fhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,jpy; Mtzj; jpiug;glq;fspd; jpiuapliyj; njhlHe;J> Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;l fye;Jiuahly;fs;> Neub ehl;Lg;Gw ,ir kw;Wk; fij $Wk; mkHTfs; Kjypait ,e;j %d;W ehs; epfo;tpd; gFjpahf mikfpd;wd. vg;NghJ: adtup 7-10 vq;Nf: Kk;ig> kfhuh\;l;uh

,e;j epfo;thdJ ,ir> eldk;> ehlfk;> ,yf;fpak;> njUf; filfs;> rpdpkh> njhopw;gl;liwfs;> fhl;rprhH fiyfs;> efu tbtikg;G> fl;llf;fiy kw;Wk; ghuk;gupa NeHfhzy;fs; Kjypatw;wpd; gy;tz;zkhf mikfpwJ. vg;NghJ: /ngg;utup 6-14 vq;Nf: Kk;ig> kfhuh\;l;uh

fpyh uh[;g+H tpisahl;L tpoh xt;nthU tUlKk; tpisahl;L MHtyHfSf;fhd ,yf;fplkhf Y}jpahd Nritahw;WfpwJ. gy;NtW epfo;TfspYk; rpwg;ghf ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;ag;gl;l fhisfs;> xl;lfq;fs;> eha;fs;> NfhNtW fOijfs; kw;Wk; gpw tpyq;Ffs; fye;Jnfhs;tij Neupy; fhz;gjw;fhf kf;fs; fpyh uh[;g+upy; xd;W$Lfpd;wdH. vg;NghJ: /ngg;utup 4-7 vq;Nf: Y}jpahdh> gQ;rhg;

GJby;yp cyfg; Gj;jff; fz;fhl;rp

,e;jpah rH/g; tpoh 2016

Njrpa Gj;jf mikg;ghy; Vw;ghL nra;ag;gLk; GJby;yp cyfg; Gj;jff; fz;fhl;rp (NDWBF) Gj;jfg; gpupaHfs; jkJ E}yfj;jpy; NkYk; E}y;fisr; NrHf;Fk; jdpj;Jt tha;g;ig mspf;fpwJ. gy ,yf;fpaf; fUj;juq;FfSk; fye;Jiuahly;fSk; $l ,e;jf; fz;fhl;rpapy; Vw;ghL nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. vg;NghJ: adtup 9-17 vq;Nf: GJby;yp

,e;jpah rH/g; tpohthdJ mwpTWj;jy;fs;> jpiug;glq;fs; kw;Wk; ,ir Clhf ghHitahsHfSf;F rH/gpq; fyhr;rhuj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;j tpisfpwJ. ,j;jpUtpoh ntWk; rH/gpq; gw;wp kl;Lkd;wp> rpwe;j ,ir kw;Wk; tpohf;fs; gw;wpAk; ftdk; nrYj;JfpwJ. vg;NghJ: /ngg;utup 7-9 vq;Nf: Gup> xbrh

Kd;Diu fyhepjp gPk;uht; mk;Ngj;fupd; 125tJ gpwe;jehisf; nfhz;lhl ,e;jpah jahuhFtjhy;> ehq;fs; ,e;j ,e;jpa juprdj;jpd; ntspaPL Clhf me;jg; Gfo;ngw;w rl;lepGzH kw;Wk; jpl;lkply; epGzUf;F kupahijiar; nrYj;j tha;g;ig vLj;Js;Nshk;. E;eRf;fg;gl;ltHfspd; ,ja nja;tj;jpd; Gfo;kpf;f kuGupikiaj; jlkwpe;J> ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gf;F mtuspj;j gq;fspg;ig Kf;fpag;gLj;jpf; fhl;b kupahij vd;w gf;fq;fspd; Clhf mtiu epidT$UfpNwhk;. Kf;fpa jpUg;gk; vd;w gpuptpy;> cyfpYs;s ve;jnthU ,iwahz;ik ehl;bdJk; kpf ePz;ljhfTs;s> ehl;il Ml;rp nra;J topfhl;l tpupthdJk; Mw;wy;kpf;fJkhd rl;lf mikg;ig toq;Ffpd;w> ,e;jpahtpd; jdpj;Jt r%f> fyhr;rhu kw;Wk; rka gy;tifj;jd;ikapd; fUj;ijg; NgZfpd;w ,e;jpa murpayikg;igg; gw;wpf; fijf;fpNwhk;. mz;ikapy; gpujk ke;jpup jpU eNue;jpu Nkhb If;fpa ,uhr;rpaj;jpw;F Nkw;nfhz;l tp[aj;ijj; njhlHe;J ,e;jpah-a+.Nf ,ilapyhd cwtpd; fl;lk; 2.0 Muk;gpj;Js;sJ> ,J ,U ehLfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; rpwe;j tpa+f kw;Wk; cyf xUq;fpizg;gpy; ey;tpisit Vw;gLj;Jk;. Kjy; jlitahf> Mgpupf;fhtpYs;s 54 ehLfspdJk; jiytHfs; kw;Wk; gpujpepjpfs;> ,e;jpaMgpupf;f kd;w khehl;bd; %d;whk; gjpg;gpy; xd;WNrHe;J gq;fhw;wpdhHfs;. $l;Ltpahghuk; gf;fq;fspy;> cyfpd; ,U vOr;rpailfpd;w tsHr;rpj; J} z;fSf;F ,ilapYs;s cwTfspd; Gj;JapHg;Gf;fhd kdepiyia mikj;j epfo;itg; gw;wpj; jUfpNwhk;.

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Ke;ija fhyj;jpy; uh[];jhd; ,sturUf;Fupa efuq;fs; midj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy;> Jd;fHGH fle;j rpy E}w;whz;Lfshf jdJ tprpj;jpukhd milahsj;ijg; Ngzp te;Js;sJ. ehq;fs; ];dhg;n\hl;fs; gpuptpd; Clhf ,e;jf; fiyeakhd tpisahl;L ikjhdj;ij mDgtpj;Jzu gpw;fhyk; Nehf;fpg; gpuahzpf;fpNwhk;. fiy vd;w gpuptpy;> N\hy;-nra;jy; kw;Wk; `hz;l; Gsf; gpupd;upq; Mfpait cyfr; re;ijfspy; xU kjpg;gpw;Fupa ,lj;ij vg;gbr; nrJf;fpAs;s vd;gijf; fhl;LfpNwhk;. ciuahly; gf;fq;fspy;> ebifahf ngUkjpg;Gg; ngw;Ws;s tpj;ahghyd; tpj;jpahrkhd fjhghj;jpuq;fspy; jkf;Fs;s mthTld; ,e;jpa jpiug;gl ghHitahsH ghHf;f tpUk;Gk; glq;fspy; Vw;gl;Ls;s khw;wj;ij tuNtw;fpwhH kw;Wk; ,e;jpj; jpiuAyfpy; gj;J tUlq;fisg; g+Hj;jpnra;Ak; jWthapy; mijg; gw;wpf; fijf;fpwhH.

30

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1n

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2016

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ghghrh mk;Ngj`pg; gPk ;fUf;F ;uht; kupahi j

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n

3

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W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

,e;jpa juprdk;

30 n ntspaPL 1 n adtup-ngg;utup 2016

MrpupaH: tpfh]; ];thug; cjtp MrpupaH: epfpNy\; bf;\pj; ntsptptfhu mikr;R miw ,y. 152> ~V| gpupT> rh];jpup gtd;> GJby;yp- 110001, ,e;jpah njh.: 91.11.23388949> 23381719 njhiyefy;.: 91.11.23384663 ,izak;: http://www.indiandiplomacy.in fUj;J my;yJ Nfs;tpfspw;F: osdpd2@mea.gov.in

khf;];NghrH kPbah F&g; ,e;jpah gpiuNtl; ypkpw;nwl; gpuRupg;gtH kw;Wk; jiyik eltbf;if mjpfhup: tpfh]; N[h`up jiyik epHthfp kw;Wk; epHthfg; gzpg;ghsH: gpufh\; N[h`up epiwNtw;W MrpupaH: nrsug; jq;fh jiyik mYtyfk; khf;n]f;]N ; ghrH kPbah F&g; ,e;jpah gpiuNtl; ypkpw;nwl; gpupT ,y. [p-0-V> fPoj ; ; jsk;> MIRA NfhHg;gNul; #l;]>; pGnshl; ,y. 1&2> ,\;thH efH> kJuh rhiy> GJby;yp – 110065, ,e;jpah njh: +91.11.43011111 > njhiyefy;: +91.11.43011199

CIN No: U22229DL2006PTC152087 fUj;J my;yJ Nfs;tpfspw;F:

indiaperspectives@maxposure.in Nfs;tpfspw;F | MMGIPL njh: +91.11.43011111 njhiyefy;: +91.11.43011199 www.maxposure.in

,e;jpa juprdk; mNugpak;> g`rh> ,e;NjhNdrpak;> Mq;fpyk;> gpnud;Q>; N[Hkd;> ,e;jp> ,j;jhypak;>; gh\;Njh> ghurPfk;> NghHj;Jf;Nfak;> u\pak;> rpq;fsk;> ];ghdp\;> jkpo;> rPdk;> ag;ghdpak; Mfpa nkhopfspy; gpuRupf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpa juprdk; MdJ miw ,y. 152> ~V| gpupT> rh];jpup gtH> GJby;yp – 110001 vd;w tpyhrj;jps;s ntsptptfhu mikr;rpd; (MEA) $l;Lr; nrayhsUk;> cj;jpNahfg+Htg; Ngr;rhsUkhd tpfh]; ];thug;ghy; gpuRupf;fg;gLfpwJ> NkYk; MEA-,d; rhHghf> myF ,y. G-O-A (jiuj; jsk;)> kpuh NfhHg;gNuw; #l;]>; kid ,y. 1&2, ,\;thH efH> kJuh rhiy> GJby;yp – 110065 vd;w tpyhrj;jpYs;s khf;]N ; gh\H kPbah F&g; ,e;jpah gpiuNtw; ypkpw;nwl; (MMGIPL) epWtdj;jhy; gpuRupf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpa juprdk; xU tUlj;jpy; MW jlitfs; ntspaplg;gLfpwJ. midj;J cupikfSk; ghJfhf;fg;gl;lit. ,jpYs;s vOj;jhf;fk;> glNtiy kw;Wk;/ my;yJ Gifg;glj;ij ‘,e;jpa juprdj;jpw;F” ed;wp njuptpj;J cgNahfpf;fyhk; my;yJ kW mr;rplyhk;. ,.nt.m kw;Wk; MMGIPL Mfpait kdkhuf; nfhLf;fg;gl;l nghUl;fs;> ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpfs;> Gifg;glq;fs;> glNtiy> xspa+LUT glq;fs; my;yJ kw;iwa nghUl;fspd; ,og;gpw;F nghWg;ig Vw;Wf;nfhs;s khl;lh. ,r;rQ;rpifapy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; fUj;Jfs; ,.nt.m my;yJ MMGIPL ,d; fUj;Jf;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;ba mtrpakpy;iy.

vq;fisg; gpd;gw;Wq;fs;: http://www.facebook.com/MEA http://www.twitter.com/MEA http://www.youtube.com/MEA ,e;jpa juprdj;jpd; gpujpnahd;iwg; ngWtjw;F mUfhikapYs;s ,e;jpa ,uhaje;jpu J}jufj;ijj; njhlHGnfhs;sTk;.

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,e;jpa juprdk;

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6

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adtup - ngg;utup 2016

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tsh;r;rpf;fhd xU epow;glj;ij IAFS-III nghWj;jtiu> J}a;ikahd tsh;r;rp ghij cUthf;fpapUf;fpwJ kw;Wk; gpujkh; Nkhb Nehf;fp ehk; nry;tjhy; ek;Kila ePy ,ij “ePyg;Gul;rp” vd;W miof;fpwhh;. ePy thdj;ijAk; kw;Wk; ePy ePh;gug;GfisAk; nghUshjhuj;jpd; tsh;r;rpf;fhd xU tphpthd rPh;gLj;Jk; xU nghpa ePyg;Gul;rpapd; mq;fkhf jp;l;lj;ij by;yp gpufldk; 2015 tpthpf;fpwJ ,Uf;fpwJ>” vd jpU Nkhb njhptpj;jhh;. ,J rl;l tpNuhjkhd kw;Wk; Kiwg;gLj;jg;glhj %Nyhgha kPd;gpbf;F vjpuhf NghuhLjy;> $l;lhz;ikia rpwe;j fly; fly; tsq;fis NgZjy;> Nkk;gLj;Jjy; ghJfhg;Gf;fhd ePy fly;rhuhj tsq;fis ,e;jpa mjpfhhpfs; nrhd;d Muha;jy;> ePh;gug;gpw;Fhpa IAFS-III ,d; Kf;fpa ePf;fk; nghUshjhuj;jpd; Ma;Tfis elj;Jjy;> vd;dntd;why; jPtputhjk;> $l;L tsh;rr ; pf;fhd Rw;Wr;#oy; Rw;Wyhit flw;nfhs;is> ,izaxU epow;glj;ij Cf;Ftpj;jy;> GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f ghJfhg;G> fhyepiy khw;wk;> IAFS-III Mw;wiy cUthf;Fjy;> etPd epiyahd tsh;r;rp> WTO Kd; vr;rhpf;if fUtpfs; Ngr;Rthh;j;ijfs; kw;Wk; cUthf;fpAs;sJ %ykhf NguoT Mgj;ij UNSC rPh;jpUj;jq;fs; cl;gl Fiwj;jy;> khR fl;Lg;ghL FWf;F-ntl;L mstpyhd kw;Wk; gpw flw;fiu kw;Wk; gpur;ridfspy; Kd;ndr;rhpf;if fly; Ma;Tfis cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. “ekJ $l;Lf;fhd kpf tphpthd fl;likg;ig nropg;Gf;fhd xU Kf;fpa vjph;fhy rf;jpahf tbtikg;gjhFk;. NghNfh `uk;> nkf;ug; khWk; ePy nghUshjhuj;jpd; epiyahd kw;Wk; my; \ghg;gpy; my; nfha;jh Nghd;w tsh;r;rpf;F ehk; xj;Jiog;Nghk;. vd;idg; ngU epyg;gug;gpYs;s Nguhspf; FOf;fspd;

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$l;lhz;ik

vOr;rp gpd;dzpf;F vjpuhf> ,e;jpah kw;Wk; Mg;gphpf;f ,e;j FOf;fspd; nray;ghl;il Nkk;gl;l csTj;Jiwf;F njhptpg;gjd; %ykhf jPtputhjj;jpw;F vjpuhd xj;Jiog;gpy; fhyb vLj;Jitf;f jPh;khdpj;Js;sd. ngUk;ghyhd Mg;gphpf;f jiyth;fs; ,ij Mjhpf;f rk;kjpj;jjdhy;> rh;tNjr jPtputhjk; (CCIT) Fwpj;J tphpthd khehl;bd; Ieh Vw;Gfis ,e;jpah fLikahf rhbAs;sJ. xU rPuikf;fg;gl;l UNSC-apy; ,e;jpah kw;Wk; Mg;gphpf;fhtpw;F epue;ju ,lq;fSf;F ,U Gwq;fspYkpUe;J Mjutspg;gjd; %yk;> Kd;Ndhf;fpg; ghh;j;J> UNSC-apd; tphpthf;fj;ij Jhpjg;gLj;Jtjpy; ,e;jpah kw;Wk; Mg;gphpf;fhtpd; mZfiy cr;rpkhehL Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;sJ. “If;fpa ehLfs; ghJfhg;G rigapd; rPh;jpUj;j nray;gl;baypy; cWjpahd gyd;fis ngWtjpy; xU jPh;f;fkhd ce;Jjiy Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf UNGA jPh;khdk; 69/560I Fwpj;j fhyj;jpw;F Kd;Ng mky;gLj;Jtjpd; mtrpaj;ij ehq;fs; typAWj;JfpNwhk;” vd by;yp gpufldk; nra;Js;sJ.

Kd;Ndw;w ghij: 3S ke;jpuk;

vdNt IAFS-apd; %d;whk; gjpg;G %d;W “S” ke;jpuj;jpy; mjpfk; NjwpAs;;sJ: jpwik> msT kw;Wk; Ntfk;. xg;Gf;nfhz;l jpl;lq;fis nray;gLj;Jtij fz;fhzpf;fTk; kw;Wk; fUj;JfSf;Fk; nraYf;Fk; ,ilapy; ve;j ,ilntspAk; ,y;iy vd;gij cWjpgLj;jTk; xU $l;L fz;fhzpg;G mikg;ig mikg;gjd; %yk; cWjpahd fhy-tiuaiw nray;ghl;Lld; ngUk; mwptpg;Gfis nghUj;Jk; jPh;khdj;jpy; Ntfj;jpy; ftdk; nrYj;jpaikia gpujpgypj;jJ. kWghprPyidapd; tiuaiwfs; mLj;j Mz;L njhlh;r;rpf; $l;lj;jpy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; ,J IAFSIII nray;gl;baiy epiwNtw;Wk; nray; jpl;lj;ij ,Wjp nra;Ak;. ,e;jpaMg;gphpf;f $l;lhz;ikapd; %d;W J} z;fs; – tzpfk;> njhopy;El;gk; kw;Wk;

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gy;NtW fyhr;rhu epfo;r;rpfs; IAFS-III I xU kwf;fKbahj mDgtkhf;fpaJ

gapw;rpia- cr;rpkhehL tYg;gLj;jpaJ kw;Wk; 21tJ E}w;whz;by; kyh;tjw;F ikakhd njw;Ff;Fj; njw;F xUikg;ghl;L tbtj;Jf;F Gj;Japh; Cl;baJ. “kuGtopahd kw;Wk; G+Nfhs murpay;> fyhr;rhu> fy;tp> njhopy;El;g kw;Wk; nghUshjhu $Wfis nfhz;bUf;fpw njw;Ff;Fj; njw;F xj;Jiog;gpd; mtjhukhtjw;F fhydpj;Jtk; kw;Wk; ,d ghFghL xopg;gpypUe;J Mg;gphpf;f-,e;jpa xw;Wik cUthfpapUf;fpwJ>” vd njd; Mg;gphpf;f [dhjpgjp jpU N[f;fg; #kh njhptpj;jhh;. fz;Lgpbg;gpy; $l;L> njhopy;KidNthh; fyhr;rhu cah;T kw;Wk; b[pl;ly; nghUshjhuj;jpw;fhd Gjpa jpl;lq;fSf;Fk; IAFS-III tpj;jpl;Ls;sJ ,J ,uz;L gFjpfspd; ,isQh;fisAk; kw;Wk; gilg;ghw;wy; rKjhaj;ijAk; ,izf;Fk;. xU [dehaf cyf fl;blf;fiy tbtikg;gjw;fhfTk; kw;Wk; gRikahd epiyahd tsh;r;rpia Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhTk; tWik> fy;tpawptpd;ik kw;Wk; gl;bdpf;F vjpuhf NghuhLtjdhy;> vjph;tUk; rhiyfs; rthy;fs; epiwe;jjhf ,Uf;Fk; Mdhy; jq;fSila xl;Lnkhj;j Qhdj;NjhL gzpahw;Wtjdhy; ,e;jpahTk; Mg;gphpf;fhTk; mij nty;tJ kl;Lky;yhky; kdpj ,dj;jpd; kPl;G kw;Wk; $l;L mjpfhukspj;jikapy; xU Gjpa mj;jpahaj;ij vOJk;. “,d;W> ek;Kila eilfis xd;WNghyTk; kw;Wk; ek;Kila Fuy;fis xj;jpirthfTk; nfhz;L ehk; $l;lhf elf;f cWjpaspf;fpNwhk;. ,J xU Gjpa gazKk; my;y my;yJ xU Gjpa Muk;gKk; my;y. Mdhy; xU goikahd cwTf;fhd xU nghpa vjph;fhyj;jpd; xU Gjpa thf;FWjpahFk;>” vd;W jpU Nkhb $wpdhh;. rh;tNjr tptfhuq;fs;> ntspg;gLk; mjpfhuq;fs; kw;Wk; ,e;jpa fzf;fpy; ftdk; nrYj;Jk; www.indiawrites.org xU Nghh;l;ly; kw;Wk; ,-gj;jphpf;if-,jo; ,e;jpah iul;]; nel;nthh;f;fpd; jiyik vbl;luhf Kdp\; re;j; ,Uf;fpwhh;

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mQ;ryp

lhf;lh; gPk;uht; mk;Ngj;fhhpd;

tho;f;ifAk; fhyq;fSk;

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jd;Dila Mjuthsh;fshy; ghghrhfpg; mk;Ngj;fhh; vd;W khpahijAld; miof;fg;gLk; ghuj uj;dh lhf;lh; gPk;uht; uhk;[p mk;Ngj;fhh; re;Njfj;jpw;fplkpd;wp ,e;jpa jhapd; jpU kfd;fspy; xUtuhf jpfo;e;jhh;. mth; 1920fspd; Jtf;fj;jpy; r%f-murpay; fsj;jpw;Fs; Eioe;J gphpl;b\; Ml;rpapd; KbT tUlq;fspy; ,e;jpahtpd; rKjha> fyhr;rhu> nghUshjhu kw;Wk; murpay; khw;wj;jpy; xU Kf;fpa gq;fhw;wpdhh;. 1947y; ,e;jpah gphpl;b\; Ml;rpapypUe;J Rje;jpuk; mile;j gpwF> Rje;jpu ,e;jpahTf;fhd murpayikg;ig cUthf;Fjw;F nghWg;ghf ,Ue;jhh;. etPd ,e;jpahtpd; rKjha czh;it jl;b vOg;g jd;Dila tho;ifia mh;g;gzpj;j lhf;lh; mk;Ngj;fhh; xU rKjha rPh;jpUj;jthjpahf> kdpj chpikfs; fhtydhf kw;Wk; mbj;jl;L kf;fspd; tpLjiytPuuhf jpfo;e;jhh;. mk;Ngj;fhhpd; tho;if xU tpag;ghd tPufhtpakhFk;: xU jPz;lj;jfhj

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mQ;ryp

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$Fy; Njly; Nghf;fhdJ lhf;lh; mk;Ngj;fhhpd; fhyj;jhy; mopahj njhlh;igAk; kw;Wk; GfioAk; gpujpgypf;fpwJ NkYk; ,J kfhj;kh fhe;jp kw;Wk; [t`h;yhy; NeUf;F gpwF kpf mjpfkhf Njlg;gLk; %d;whtJ tuyhw;W ,e;jpa kdpjuhf fhz;gpf;fpwJ. ,e;jpahtpw;Fs; NjLk; Mh;tj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;> ghghrhfpg; kPjhd tprhhp;g;Gfs; Me;jpu gpuNjrk;> cj;jpu gpuNjrk;> k`uh\;buh> nly;yp> GJr;Nrhp> F[uhj;> cj;jufhz;l;> `hpahdh> uh[];jhd; kw;Wk; fh;ehlfhtpy; Kf;fpakhd Njly; Mh;tj;ij ngw;wpUf;fpwJ

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mQ;ryp

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kjk; Kf;fpakhf nfhs;ifshf kl;LNk ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mJ rl;lq;fshff; $lhJ. mJ rl;lq;fis cUthf;Fk; Neuj;jpy;> mJ cz;ikahd kj rl;lj;jpd; xU ruhk;rkhf ,Uf;fpw nghWg;ig nfhy;Ytjhy; mJ kjk; vd;w xU epiyapypUe;J js;sg;gLfpwJ. fyhepjpgPk;uht; mk;Ngj;fH

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J}z;Ljyhd %y vOj;Jf;fs; - ahh; ,e;jpahtpd; NtW ve;j nghpa jiyUk; #j;jpuh;fs; (1946) kw;Wk; jPz;lj;jfhjth;fs;: mth; vOjpa mstpw;F vOjtpy;iy. ,e;j ahh; mth;fs; kw;Wk; Vd; mth;fs; J}a njhFjp xU KONeu ];fhyiuAk; jPz;lj;jfhjth;fshdhh;fs; (1948) kw;Wk; $l Mr;rhpag;gl itf;fpwJ: Kbj;J ,Wjpahf kjj;jpy; - jiyrpwe;j ,yf;fpak;: ntspaplg;gl;l 22 Gj;jfq;fs; kw;Wk; Gj;jUk; kw;Wk; mtUila jh;khTk;. jdptiu E}y;fs; kw;Wk; gy;NtW epiyfspy; cz;ikiar; nrhd;dhy;> gy;NtW Kbf;fg;glhky; tplg;gl;l 10 Gj;jfq;fs;> gFjpfspy;> Njrpa kw;Wk; rh;tNjr 10 Muha;r;rp Mtzq;fs;> fl;Liufs; $l;lq;fspy; gue;j mstpyhd jiyg;Gfspy; kw;Wk; Gj;jf kjpg;gPLfs; NkYk; ,uz;L kpfTk; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd 537 thuq;fSf;F xUKiw ntspaplg;gLk; nrhw;nghopTfisAk; $l mk;Ngj;fhh; gy;NtW nra;jpj;jhs;fspy; kuhj;jp nkhopapy; toq;fpAs;shh;. nrhw;nghopTfspd; jiyg;Gfs; E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd fl;Liufs; rKjhak;> nghUshjhuk; kw;Wk; cs;slq;Fk;. rl;lk; kw;Wk; murpayikg;G mk;Ngj;fhhpd; gilg;GfspYs;s rk;ge;jkhd kj gpur;ridfs; fyhepjp juKk; $l rkmsT kw;Wk; murpay; tiu mk;Ngj;fupd; Mr;rhpag;glj;jf;fjhf cs;sJ. tphpe;jpUe;jJ. gk;gha; khfhz gpwe;jehis murpaypy;: ghfp];jhd; my;yJ rl;l Mizak;> (gpd;dh;) ,e;jpahtpd; gphpT (1940) gk;gha; rl;l rig> yz;ldpy; Njrpa ge;Jj;t Nghd;w vOj;Jf;fs; cl;gl 11 gphpl;b\; muR elj;jpa tl;l gt; my;yJ Gj;jfq;fs; kw;Wk; jdptiu Nki[ khehl;by; fth;dh; rk;u];lu; jpth] E}y;fs;> fhe;jpAk; kw;Wk; fhhpa rigapd; xU njhopyhsh; hff; nfhz;lhl fhq;fpuRk; jPz;lj;jfhjth;fSf;F cWg;gpduhf> kj;jpa rl;l rig nra;jit (1945); $l;lhr;rpAk; (Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; rl;l kj;jpa muR Rje;jpuKk; Nghd;w gilg;Gf;fs; mikr;ruhf)> murpayikg;G jpl;lkpLfpwJ (1939); uhz;Nl> fhe;jp kw;Wk; rig (,e;jpa [pd;dh (1943); khepyq;fSk; murpayikg;gpd; rpWghd;ikapdh;fSk; (1947) kw;Wk; tiuT FO jiytuhf) kw;Wk; nkhopthhpahd khepyq;fs; kPjhd rpe;jid ghuhSkd;wk; (Nkyitapd; (1955); nghUshjhuj;jpy; ,uz;L Gul;rpfukhd vjph;fl;rp cWg;gpdh;) Nghd;w Ma;Tf; fl;Liufs; - gphpl;b\; ,e;jpahtpd; mitfisAk; ,J cs;slf;Fk;. khepy epjp tsh;r;rp (1917) kw;Wk; &ghapd; NkYk;> mk;Ngj;fhh; jd;dhy; gpur;rid: mjDila Njhw;wk; kw;Wk; J}z;lg;gl;l rKjha kw;Wk; mjDila jPh;T (1925); r%ftpaypy; murpay; ,af;fj;jpd; rhjp xopg;G (1936) Nghd;w xU fhyj;jhy; khngUk; jiytuhf mopahj gq;fspg;G kw;Wk; ,e;jpahtpYs;s mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd rhjpfs; Fwpj;j xU Fwpg;gplj;jf;f fl;Liu: nrhw;nghopTfisAk; mth;fSila Jtf;fk;> nray;ghL kw;Wk; Mw;wpapUf;fpwhh;.

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,lkpUe;J tyk;: ,e;jpahtpd; murpayikg;G mit Kjy; mkh;tpy; jiyrpwe;j jiyth;fs;; gz;bl; [t`h;yhy; NeU ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; ifnaOj;jpLfpwhh;; 1950 Xf];w; 10 md;W lhf;lh; ,uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; murpayikg;gpy; ifnaOj;jpLfpwhh;

mikg;ig gy khbfs; nfhz;l rPh;Fiyf;fg;gLfpwJ Vndd;why; Mdhy; gbf;fl;L ,y;yhj NfhGuj;Jld; gapw;rpaspf;fg;gl;l nrhe;j jpwikfspd; xg;gpl;lhh;. ,e;j mikg;gpy; xUth; mth; mbg;gilapy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;glhky;> gpwe;j jsj;jpNyNa rhf Ntz;Lkh ngw;Nwhh;fspd; rKjha me;j];jpd; vd tpthjpj;jhh;. rhjp mikg;gpYs;s mbg;gilapy;> jdpegh;fSf;F Kd;ghfNt ,k;g;sprpl; “xUtUf;F Nky; kw;wth; nghWg;Gfis epakpf;Fk; xU Kaw;rp itf;fg;Lfpw njhopyhsh;fs; gphpT nfhz;l <LgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ” vd mth; nrhd;dhh;. xU eph;thf mikg;ghf ,Uf;fpwJ” mk;Ngj;fhiu nghWj;jtiuapy;> vd;gij mth; typAWj;jpdhh; NkYk; rhjpa mikg;G ,e;jpahtpd; “ehfhPfkhd rKjhaj;jpw;F nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpiaAk; epr;rakhfNt njhopyhsh; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijAk; jLf;fpwJ. gphpT Njitg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy; rhjpa mikg;G njhopyhsh; nghUshjhu ve;j ehfhPfkhd rKjhaKk; kw;Wk; %yjdj;jpd; juj;ij Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F jz;zPh; Eioahj ,lj;jpw;Fk; fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ> ,J r%f-nghUshju vLj;Jr;nry;Yk; ,e;j cw;gj;jp nray;Kiwapy; gphpTfspy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l njhopyhsh;fs; jpwikapd;ikia tsh;f;fpwJ> gphpTld; ,ize;j njhopyhsh; vdNt nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpia njhlh;rr ; pahd gphpthf ,Uf;fpwJ” vd;Wk; jLf;fpwJ. nghUshjhu khw;wq;fs; mth; thjpl;lhh;.

Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F r%fNjitg;gLfpwJ rhjpa mikg;G kPjhd nghUshjhu mikg;Gfspy; mk;Ngj;fhhpd; rhly; njhlh; khw;wq;fs; cah; rhjpfs; vd;W Njitg;gLfpwJ. rhjpa miof;fg;gLth;fspd; muR mikg;Gf;F mikg;G> kWGwk;> ghuk;ghpa r%frthyhf ,Ug;gNjhL kl;Lky;yhky;> nghUshjhu tiffspd; fhyePl;bg;ig nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; tpUj;jpapy; ghpe;Jiuf;fpwJ> vdNt ,J nghUshjhu xU gue;j Nehf;fj;ijAk; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. tsh;r;rpf;F Mgj;jhdjhf ,Uf;fpwJ. rhjpa mikg;G njhopyhsh;fs; kw;Wk; mk;Ngj;fhh; mtUila khepyq;fSk; %yjdj;jpd; juj;ij Fiwf;fpwJ vd;W rpWghd;ikapdh;fSk; vd;w gilg;gpy; mk;Ngj;fhh; thjhbdhh;. “jd;Dila ,e;jpa nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhf xU Ra vjph;fhyj;ij Njh;e;njLf;Fk; kw;Wk; cgha je;jpuj;ij Nghl;L itj;jpUf;fpwhh;. cUthf;Fk; mstpw;F xU jdpeghpd; cghaje;jpuk; “NtiyapYs;s kf;fspd; jpwid tsh;g;gjw;F ekf;F rKjha nghUshjhu tho;Tf;F jpl;lkpLk; xU kw;Wk; jdpegh; jpwd; Njitg;gLfpwJ. nghWg;ig khepyj;jpd; kPJ itf;fpwJ ,e;j Nfhl;ghL rhjpa mikg;gpy; ,J jdpahh; epWtdq;fspd; midj;J

,e;jpa juprdk;

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ghijfisAk; %lhky; mjpfg;gbahd ,e;jpa nghUshjhu rpe;jid tsh;rpapy; cw;gj;jpw;F toptFf;Fk; kw;Wk; rkgq;F mk;Ngj;fhhpd; gq;fspg;G epiwe;j kw;Wk; nghUshjhu gfph;e;jspg;igAk; nfhLf;Fk;. ,e;jpahtpd; nghUshjhu gpur;ridfis xU rl;l gpugykhf ,e;jpa murpayikg;ig jPh;f;Fk; nghUshjhu jj;Jtk; ,g;NghJ tiutjpy; nghUshjhu epGzh; mk;Ngj;fhh; kpfTk; njspthfpapUf;fpwJ. ,e;j kpfTk; cw;rhfkhf fhzg;gl;lhh;. “ kdpj jj;Jtk; mtUila nrhe;j thf;fpaj;jpy; cwtpd; MSik Nfhl;ghlhd” kf;fshl;rpia ngwg;gl;lJ: gF[d; fpjhah> gF[d; Rfhah. mth; tYthf ghpe;Jiuj;jhh; Mdhy; mk;Ngj;fhhpd; nghUshjhu jj;JtkhdJ kf;fshl;rpapd; %iyf;fy;yhf ,Uf;fpw rKjha> kj kw;Wk; xOf;f rpe;jidfshy; rkj;Jtk;> Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. rNfhjuj;Jt Nfhl;ghLfs; xLf;fg;gl;l kw;Wk; murpay; chpikfspd;; neUf;fg;gl;l kf;fNs mk;Ngj;fhhpd; mbg;gilapy; kl;LNk FWfyhf ,e;j jj;Jtj;jpd; ika nghUshjhu Ghpe;Jnfhs;sg;glf; $lhJ. Nehf;fkhthh;fs;. ,e;j jj;Jtk; Rje;jpuk;> kf;fshl;rpapd; rKjha kw;Wk; nghUshjhu jj;Jtk; rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu Nfhzq;fs; Fwpj;J tpLjiy> rkj;Jtk; mth; typAWj;jpdhh; kw;Wk; kw;Wk; rNfhjuj;Jtj;ij rNfhjuj;Jtj;ij rKjha kw;Wk; nghUshjhu typAWj;JfpwJ. typAWj;JfpwJ kf;fshl;rp ,y;yhj ,lj;jpy; tho;tw;wth;fSf;F murpayrhh;ej ; kf;fshl;rp tho;tspf;fTk;> ntw;wpngwf; $lhJ vd;Wk; xLf;fg;gl;lth;fis cah;j;jTk;> vr;rhpj;jhh;. murpayikg;G mitapy; tha;g;gw;wth;fSf;F tha;g;gspf;fTk; mk;Ngj;fhh; NgRk;NghJ murpayikg;ig kw;Wk; midtUf;Fk; mth;fSila cUthf;FtjDila mth;fspd; Nehf;fk; rhjpfisAk; kjq;fisAk; nghUl;gLj;jhky; vd;dntd;why; murpay; rhh;ej ; kf;fshl;rp Rje;jpuKk;> rkj;JtKk; kw;Wk; ePjpAk; tbtj;ij nfhz;L tUtjhFk; vd fpilf;fr; nra;tNj mtUila jj;Jtj;jpd; tpthpj;jhh;. khepy nfhs;ifapd; topfhl;Lk; rhuhk;rkhFk;. gpuhe;jpah (mwpT)> rPy; nfhs;ifs; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpw (gz;G) kw;Wk; fUdh (,uf;fk;) ,tw;wpd; murpayikg;ig cUthf;Ftjd; %yk; mbg;gilapy; xU jilaw;w kf;fshl;rp nghUshjhu nfhs;if Fwpj;j Nehf;fj;jpw;F rKjhaj;ij cUthf;FtNj ,e;j tbtk; nfhLj;jhh;. jj;Jtj;jpd; rhuhk;rkhFk;. eNue;jpu [hjtpd; mk;Ngj;fhh; xU nghUshjhu Nkij apypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;lJ

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iky;fy;

,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; Kd;Diu

,e;jpa juprdk;

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kf;fspd;> kf;fSf;fhf

kw;Wk; kf;fshy; cyfj;jpd; gpw Rahl;rp ehLfspNyNa kpfg; goikahd ,e;jpa murpayikg;G jd;Dila rKjha> fyhr;rhu kw;Wk; kj NtWghl;il ftdj;jpy; nfhz;L ehl;il topelj;Jtjw;Fk; kw;Wk; Ms;tjw;Fk; xU xl;Lnkhj;j khjphpia toq;FfpwJ ciu | Rke;j; gj;uh

gy;NtW mrhjhuzkhd mk;rq;fs; nfhz;l tbtikg;ghsuhf mjDila tiuT xU tpN\rkhd Mtzkhd ,e;jpa FO jiytuhd lhf;lh; gpMh; mk;Ngj;fhh; murpayikg;ghdJ cyfj;jpYs;s Rahl;rp fUjg;gLfpwhh;. ,J jq;fSila mjpfhuj;ij ehLfspNyNa kpfTk; ePz;lfhykhf tpsf;fpAk;> jq;fSila nghWg;Gfis vOjg;gl;l murpay; rh]dkhf cs;sJ. Fwpg;gpl;Lk; kw;Wk; cs; cwTfis muray; rh]dj;jpd; %y ciu 22 xOq;FgLj;jpAk; eph;thfk;> rl;lj;Jiw kw;Wk; gFjpfs; kw;Wk; vl;L ml;ltizfspy; ePjpj;Jiw - mq;fq;fis cUthf;FfpwJ. 395 \uj;Jf;fis nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. ,J ,J kw;witfSf;F kj;jpapy; mbg;gil 1950k; Mz;L; ,e;jpah xt;nthU tUlKk; muR mikg;G kw;Wk; ,J murhq;fj;Jf;Fk; FbauR jpdj;ij nfhz;lhLfpw ehshd kf;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd cwit [dthp khjk; 26k; Njjpapy; Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. Fbkf;fspd; nray;ghl;Lf;F te;jJ. \ chpikfs; kw;Wk; flikfisAk; uj;Jf;fspd; vz;zpf;ifahdJ $l tpthpf;fpwJ. murpay; murpayikg;gpd; 100 jpUj;jq;fspd; fhuzkhf rh]dkhdJ \uj;J 370 %y ciu 448 Mf cah;e;jJ. kw;Wk; murpayikg;G ([k;K Murpay; rh] kw;Wk; fh\;kPUf;F nghUe;Jk;) 22 gphpTfs; dkhdJ ,e;jpa kf;fshy; 1954k; Mz;L Mizapy; kw;Wk; vl;L Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l khfhzrl;l toq;fg;gl;bUg;gJ Nghy ml;ltizfspy; rig cWg;gpdh;fs; Vw;gLj;jpa Fwpg;gpl;l tpjptpyf;Ffs; 395 ruj;Jf;fis ,e;jpa murpayikg;G kw;Wk; jpUj;jq;fSld; Ik;K rigahy; tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ. kw;Wk; fh\;kPh; khepyj;Jf;Fk; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ lhf;lh;. rr;rpjhde;j; rpd;fh nghUe;JfpwJ. ,Jjhd; ehl;bd; murpayikg;G rigapd; midj;J gpw rl;lq;fSf;Fk; Kjy; jiyth; Mthh;. mjd;gpd;> lhf;lh;. %ykhf cs;sJ. murhy; ,aw;wg;gLk; ,uhN[e;u gpurhj; mjDila jiytuhf xt;nthU rl;lKk; murpayikg;Gld; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;. ehl;bd; rKjha> xj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. fyhr;rhu kw;Wk; kj NtWghl;il ftdj;jpy; murpay; rh]dj;jpd; Kd;DiuahdJ nfhz;L ehl;il topelj;Jtjw;Fk; ,e;jpahit xU Rahl;rp rKjha kjr;rhh;gw;w kw;Wk; Ms;tjw;Fk; xU xl;Lnkhj;j kf;fshl;rp Fbaurhf ,Uf;f Ntz;LnkdTk; kw;Wk; rf;jptha;e;j khjphpia toq;Ffpw kw;Wk; kf;fSf;F ePjp> Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; ,e;jpa murpay; rh]dj;jpd; Kjd;ik rkj;Jtj;ij ngw;Wf;nfhLg;gjw;F

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iky;fy;

mh;g;gzpf;fg;gl;l xU eytpUk;gp ,ilapyhd mjpfhug; gphpTfis njspthf murhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; kw;Wk;; nfhz;l xU $l;L mikg;ig toq;FfpwJ> rNfhjuj;Jtk;> jdpegh; khpahij kw;Wk; xt;nthd;Wf;Fk; mtw;wpDila nray;ghl;L ehl;bd; xw;WikiaAk; Nkd;ikiaAk; tuk;Gf;Fs; rllj;ij ,aw;wTk; jpUj;jTk; cah;j;Jk;gbahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; murpay; rh]dk; mjpfhukspj;Js;sJ. mwptpf;fpwJ. Kd;Diuapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s VohtJ ml;ltiz eph;thfj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fNs jpUj;jg;gl fhhpaq;fis Fwpg;gpLk; %d;W Kbahj ,e;jpa murpay; rh] rl;l [hgpjhf;fis mjhtJ dj;jpd; mbg;gil mikg;ig Kd;Diuapy; A+dpad;> khepy kw;Wk; cUthf;FfpwJ. “kf;fshfpa xj;Js;s rl;l [hgpjhf;fis Fwpg; g plg; g l; L s; s ehk; ,e;j murpay; rh]dj;ij nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. kj;jpa Nehf;fq;fNs ,e;jpa ekf;FehNk Njh;e;njLf;fpNwhk;> muR A+dpad; [hgpjhtpy; ,aw;WfpNwhk; kw;Wk; murpay; rh] Fwpg;gpl;l fhhpaq;fspy; nfhLj;Jf;nfhs;fpNwhk;” vd;w dj;jpd; mbg;gil rl;lj;ij ,aw;wk; gpuj;jpNahf Kd;Diuapd; Muk;g kw;Wk; mjpfhuj;ij ngw;wpUf;fpwJ. mikg; i g ,Wjp thf;fpaq;fs;> mjpfhuk; khepy muRfs; khepy cUthf;FfpwJ vd;gJ ,Wjpapy; kf;fspd; [hgpjhtpYs;s fhhpaq;fspy; iffspy; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sij rl;lk; ,aw;w KO mjpfhuk; Fwpf;fpd;wd. ngw;Ws;sJ. NkYk; kj;jpa murpay; rh]dj;jpd; \uj;J 1 MdJ kw;Wk; khepy muR ,uz;LNk xj;Js;s ,e;jpah xU A+dpad; gpuNjrkhf ,Uf;f [hgpjhtpy; Fwpg;gpl;l fhhpaq;fspy; kj;jpa Ntz;Lnkd;W nrhd;dhYk;> murpay; rh] murpd; kPjKs;s mjpfhuj;jpd; %yk; dkhdJ kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepyq;fSf;Fs; rl;lk; ,aw;wyhk;. ,e;jpah xUq;fpize;j

,e;jpa juprdk;

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$l;likg;ig nfhz;bUf;fpwJ vd;W nrhy;yyhk;. murpay; rh]dkhdJ kf;fsit (ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; fPo; mit) kw;Wk; Nkyit (ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; Nkyit) nfhz;bUf;fpw kj;jpapy; ,uz;L rl;l mit nfhz;l mur ghuhSkd;w tbtj;ij ngw;;wpUf;fpwJ. kf;fsit kf;fs; Njh;e;njLj;j gpujpepjpfis nfhz;bUf;fpw Ntisapy;> NkyitahdJ khepy rl;l rigfs; Njh;e;njLj;j gpujpepjpfis nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. FbauRj; jiytNu ehl;bw;Fk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;Fk; jiytuhf ,Uf;fpwhh;. cz;ikahd eilKiwapy;> ke;jphpfs; rigahy; cjtg;gLk; gpujk ke;jphpNa eph;thfj;ij elj;Jfpwhh; kw;Wk; mtNu Ml;rpf;F nghWg;Gilatuha; ,Uf;fpwhh;. xU ghFghlw;w ePjp > rl;l Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; eph;thfk; ,itNa murpayikg;gpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fspy; xd;whf ,Uf;fpwJ. cr;r ePjpkd;wpNk ehl;bd; kpf cah;e;j ePjpkd;wpkhFk; NkYk; ,J murpayikg;gpd; ghJfhtyuhf nray;gl;L Nky;KiwaPl;bd; ,Wjp ePjpkd;wpkhf nray;gLfpwJ. xt;nthU khepyKk; mjDila kpf cah;e;j ePjpkd;wpkhf xU cah; ePjpkd;wpj;ij nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. ePjp kWMa;T mjpfhuj;jpd; fPo;> rl;lkhdJ murpayikg;gpd; ve;j cld;ghLfSf;Fk; Kuz;gl;lhy; cr;r ePjpkd;wpKk; kw;Wk; cah; ePjpkd;wpKk; mij murpayikg;G mw;wjhfTk; kw;Wk; rl;lj;Jf;F Gwk;ghdjfTk; mij mwptpf;fyhk;. ePjp kWMa;T mjpfhukhdJ xU Gwk; mnkhpf;f ePjp mjpfhuj;jpw;F kw;Wk; ,d;ndhU Gwk; gphpl;b\; ghuhSkd;w mjpfhuj;jpw;F ,ilNa xU kj;jpa ghijia Vw;g;gLj;JfpwJ. ePjpj;Jiwapd; ghugl;rkw;wjd;ikia cWjpnra;tjw;fhf> eph;thfpfs; jiyaPL ,y;yhj xU nray;Kiwapy; ePjpgjpfs; epakpf;fg;gLfpwhh;fs. ePjpgjpfs; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfshYk; xg;Gjy; mspf;fg;gl;l rl;l Mtzq;fs; nfhz;l xU fz;bg;ghd nray;Kiw %yNk ePf;fg;gl KbAk;. murpayikg;G Fbkf;fSf;F gy mbg;gil chpikfis toq;FfpwJ. mitfshtd (1) rkj;Jtj;Jf;fhd chpik> (2) Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhd chpik> (3) Ruz;lYf;F vjpuhd chpik> (4) kj Rje;jpuj;Jf;fhd chpik> (5) fyhr;rhu kw;Wk; fy;tp chpikfs; kw;Wk; (6) murpayikg;G epth;j;jpfSf;fhd chpik.

murpayikg;ig cUthf;Fjy; 1946> brk;gh; 9

,g;NghJ nrd;l;uy; k`hy; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpw ghuSkd;wj;jpd; murpayikg;G k`hypy; Kjd; Kjypy; murpay; rh]d rig $baJ

1946> brk;gh; 13

murpayikg;gpd; xU rhiy tiuglkhf nray;gLk; vl;L mk;r Fwpf;Nfhs; jPh;khdj;ij gz;bl; [t`h;yhy; NeU ,aw;wpdhh;

1947> Xf];w; 14

es;spuT Ntisapy;> murpayikg;G mit Rje;jpu ,e;jpahTf;fhd rl;lq;fis cUthf;Fk; nghWg;ig Vw;fpwJ. murpayikg;ig tiutjw;F mbg;gil chpikfs; kw;Wk; A+dpad; mjpfhuq;fs; cl;gl gy;NtW FOf;fis cUthf;Ftjw;F ,J ghpe;Jiuf;fpwJ

1947> Xf];w; 19

tiuT murpayikg;ig jahhpg;gjw;F lhf;lh; mk;Ngj;fhiu jiytuhf nfhz;l xd;gJ-cWg;gpdh;fs; nfhz;l FO epakpf;fg;gl;lJ

1947> etk;gh; 4

cyfnkq;fpYKs;s gy;NtW murpayikg;GfspypUe;J ngwg;gl;l rpy mbg;gil fUj;Jf;fs; nfhz;l tiuT murpayikg;G jahhpf;fg;gl;lJ

1947> brk;gh; 11

murpayikg;ig cUthf;Fk; FOtpd; jiytuhf lhf;lh; ,uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;. gpd;dh;> mth; ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; [dhjpgjp Mdhh;.

1949> etk;gh; 26

,e;jpa murpayikg;Gf;F xg;Gjy; toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,J 1950k; Mz;L [dthp 26 md;W nray;ghl;Lf;F te;jJ

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iky;fy;

Kf;fpa jpUj;jq;fs;

1951

KjyhtJ jpUj;jk; Rje;jpukhd Ngr;R Fwpj;j epahakhd jilfis tpthpj;jJ kw;Wk; ePjpj;Jiw Ma;T %yk; rl;lq;fis ngWk; 9tJ ml;ltiz Vw;g;gLj;jg;gl;lJ

1960

8tJ jpUj;jk; kf;fsitapy; jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh;fs;> goq;Fbapdh;fs; kw;Wk; Mq;fpNyh-,e;jpah;fspd; ,l xJf;fPl;Lf;fhd fhyj;ij 1970 tiuf;Fk; ePl;bj;jJ. mjd;gpd; xt;nthU gj;J tUlKk; ,J mjpfhpf;fg;gl;lJ. 2006k; Mz;by;> 93tJ jpUj;jkhdJ muR kw;Wk; jdpahh; fy;tp epWtdq;fspy; ,ju gpw;gLj;jg;gl;lth;fSf;F 27% ,l xJf;fPl;il mDkjpj;jJ

1971

26tJ jpUj;jk; RNjr muRfspd; Kd;dhs; tpjpfSf;F ,ufrpakhf-gzk; nrYj;Jtij xopj;jij ntspapl;lJ

1976

42tJ jpUj;jkhdJ mtru mbg;gil chpikfs; xLf;fg;gl;l Neuj;jpy; rpy mbg;gil flikfis cUthf;fpaJ kw;Wk; ‘kjr;rhh;gw;w’ kw;Wk; ‘Nrhrypr’ Nghd;w thh;j;ijfis Kd;Diuapy; Nrh;j;jJ

1956

nkhopfspd; topapy; khepyq;fis kWrPuikf;f 7tJ jpUj;jk; top tFj;jJ

1961

12tJ jpUj;jj;jpw;F gpwF> Kd;dhs; Nghh;j;Jf;fPrpa fhydpfshd Nfhth> lhkd; kw;Wk; ilA ,e;jpahtpd; mq;fq;fshfpd.

1975k; Mz;by;> 35tJ kw;Wk; 35tJ jpUj;jq;fs; rpf;fPik ,e;jpa A+dpadpd; xU mq;fkhf fz;lJ

1975

39tJ jpUj;jkhdJ XusT mtru gpufldj;Jf;F js;sg;gl;l mg;Nghija gpujkh; ,e;jpuh fhe;jp ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;F Njh;e;njLj;jJ nry;YgbahfhJ vd;w myfhghj;j cah; ePjpkd;w jPh;g;ig uj;J nra;jJ

1977-78

43tJ kw;Wk; 44tJ jpUj;jq;fs; neUf;fb epiyf;F gpe;ija rKjha Rje;jpuq;fis kPl;nlLj;jJ kw;Wk; mbg;gil chpikfspypUe;J nrhj;J chpikia ePf;fpaJ

1985

52tJ jpUj;jkhdJ xU fl;rpapypUe;J kW fl;rpf;F khwpa tof;fpy; ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdhpd; gjtp ePf;fj;ij fhz;gpj;jJ

1988

61tJ jpUj;jk; Xl;lspf;Fk; taij 21ypUe;J 18 Mf Fiwj;jJ

1992

73tJ kw;Wk; 74tJ jpUj;jq;fs; gQ;rhaj;J kw;Wk; efh;g;Gw cs;shl;rp mikg;Gfspy; Neub Njh;jiy Vw;g;gLj;jpaJ

2014

99tJ jpUj;jk; Njrpa ePjpj;Jiw epakz Mizaj;ij cUthf;fpaJ. 2015y; SC mij iftpl;lJ

,e;jpa juprdk;

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2002

86tJ jpUj;jk; 14 taJ tiuf;F fy;tpf;fhd chpikiaAk; kw;Wk; MW taJ tiuf;Fk; Ke;ija Foe;ijgUt guhkhpg;igAk; nfhLj;jJ

xU ehl;bw;F my;yJ kf;fSf;F jq;fSila Kd;Ndhf;fpa gazj;jpy; Xa;TntLf;Fk; ,lNk ,y;iy

ekf;F nfhs;ifapy; Mokhd Neh;ikAk;> Ngr;rpy; xU nghpa ek;gpf;ifAk; kw;Wk; nray;ghl;by; Mh;tKk; Ntz;Lk;

1950 k; Mz;L [dthp 26y; murpay; rh]dk; ngwg;gl;l gpwF lhf;lh; ,uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; tpsk;gpaJ

murpayikg;G rig cWg;gpdh; rNuh[pdp ehAL

,e;j chpikfs; ePjpf;Fl;gl;litfshFk; kw;Wk; ,e;j chpikfspy; VNjDk; gwpf;fg;gl;bUe;jhy; xU jdpegh; cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F my;yJ cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F nry;yyhk;. ,Ug;gpDk;> ,e;jpahtpy; mbg;gil chpikfs; KOikahdjhf ,y;iy. epahkhd jilfs; tpjpf;fg;glyhk;. 1976k; Mz;bd; 42tJ rl;l jpUj;jj;jpd; gb> kf;fs; Fbkf;fshf jq;fSila chpikfis mDgtpf;fpw mNj Neuj;jpy;> chpikfSk; flikfSk; xd;Wld; xd;W njhlh;Gilaitfshf ,Ug;gjdhy; mth;fs; jq;fSila flikfis nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gij kf;fSf;F epidT+l;l murpayikg;gpy; mbg;gil chpikfs; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ. murpayikg;gpd; ,d;ndhU Gjpa mk;rk; vd;dntd;why; khepy nfhs;ifapd; fl;lis tpjpfs; Fwpj;j xU mj;jpahj;ij mJ nfhz;bUg;gjhFk;> ehl;by; rKjha kw;Wk; nghUshjhu kf;fshl;rpia Vw;g;gLj;Jtjw;F murhq;fk; mitfis mKy;gLj;Jtjw;F mitfs; fl;lisfspy; ,ay;ghfNt mike;Js;sJ. ,e;j tpjpfs; rl;lj;jpw;F cl;glhjNghjpYk; ehl;bd; Ml;rpKiwapd; ikakhf fUjg;gLfpwJ. Njh;jy; Mizak; (Rje;jpukhd kw;Wk; epahakhd Njh;jy;fis elj;Jk; nghWg;G)>

nghJ Nrit Mizak; (Kf;fpa muR Nritfis Njh;e;njLg;gjw;fhd nghWg;G) kw;Wk; xU nghJ jdpf;ifahsh; (muR kw;Wk; mjd; epWtdq;fspd; fzf;Ffspd; Ra jzpf;if) Nghd;w xU Kf;fpa gq;fhw;Wfpw murpayikg;gpd; fPo; mikf;fg;gl;l gy Rahl;rp epWtdq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. murpayikg;gpd; ngyd;fspy; xd;W vd;dntd;why; mJ jd;Dila tpsf;fk; my;yJ jpUj;jk; %ykhf fhyj;jhy; cUthf;fg;gLk; xU rf;jptha;e;j fUtpahf ,Uf;fpwJ. vOj;Jg;G+h;tkhf> murpay; rh] dj;jpy; xU jpUj;jk; vd;gJ xU fbdkhf tptfhukhf ,Uf;fpwJ> ,jw;F nghJthf Fiwe;jJ kf;fsit kw;Wk; Nkyitapd; %d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;F mij mq;fPfhpf;f Ntz;Lk;. vdpDk;> ehl;bd; kw;Wk; mjDila kf;fspd; tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp ghijapy; epw;ff;$lhJ vd;gjw;fhf cyfj;jpNyNa kpfTk; mbf;fb jpUj;jg;gLk; murpay; rh] dq;fspy; xd;whf ,e;jpa murpay; rh]dk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpah Nghd;w khWgl;l kw;Wk; rpf;fyhd xU ehl;bYk; $l ,e;jpa murpayikg;G cyfk; vq;fpYKs;s ty;Yeh;fis njhlh;e;J Mh;t%l;bAk;> jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpAk; kw;Wk; Cf;fg;gLj;jpAk; tUfpwJ. Mrphpah; xU ngUepWtd kw;Wk; nfhs;if tof;fwpQuhthh;

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Ma;Tg; gazk;

Mr;rupaq;fs; epiwe;j

Njrk

,e;jpahtpd; ,jakhd rl;b];fH tskhd gz;ghl;Lg; ghuk;gupa czHitAk; kw;Wk; tpiuthf gazpg;gtUf;F xU jdpg;gl;l mDgtj;ijAk; toq;FfpwJ ciu | Rg;jh rJHntb

,e;jpa juprdk;

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CHHATTISGARH jyhtpy; ,uz;L kPw;wH cauKila Uj;u \pth rpiy@ Kd; gf;fk;: ,yl;Rkzd; Nfhtpy;

Map not to scale

Rl;b];fH jdpj;Jtkhd fyhr;rhu fyitAldhd fd;dp ,lq;fs; kw;Wk; Rw;Wr; #oy; milahsq;fs;> epidTr; rpd;dq;fs;> mupa tdtpyq;Ffs;> NeHj;jpaha; Filag;gl;l Nfhapy;fs;> ngsj;j ,lq;fs;> muz;kidfs;> mUtpfs;> Fiffs; kw;Wk; ghiw Xtpaq;fshy; jw;ngUik milfpwJ. 44 rjtPjk; fhLfs; kw;Wk; 32 rjtPjk; goq;Fb kf;fisf; nfhz;l ,jd; ,aw;if moF> cyfk; KOtJk; ,Uf;Fk; ,aw;if MHtyHfis <Hf;fpwJ. %d;W Njrpa g+q;fhf;fs; kw;Wk; 11 tdtpyq;F ruzhyaq;fs; ,izaw;w ,aw;if vopyhy; epiwe;Js;sJ> ,e;j khepyk; ,e;jpahtpd; Rw;Wyh tiuglj;jpy; xU Kf;fpakhd td ,yf;fhf jd;id epiyepWj;jpf; nfhz;lJ. ,J kl;Lk; my;yhky;> ,jd; njhy;nghUs; jyq;fs; kw;Wk; Nfhapy;fspd; fy;ntl;Lfs; kw;Wk; rpw;gq;fs; mjd; tskhd ghuk;gupaj;ij jf;fitj;Js;sJ. NkYk; ,e;j khepyk; xU Kf;fpa ngsj;j ikakhf ,Uf;fpwJ.

njupe;J nfhs;tJ ey;y g hHitaplr; rpwe;j Neuk;

Xf;NuhgH kw;Wk; ngg;utupf;F ,ilapy;

jhyh ,bghLfs;

v g;gbr; nrd;wiltJ

Mfha khHf;fkhf: uha;g+upYs;s Rthkp tpNtfhde;jh tpkhd epiyak; Kf;fpakhd ,e;jpa efuq;fNshL ed;F ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ Gifapujk;; %yk;: uha;g+H kw;Wk; gpyh];g+H- ,uz;L Kf;fpakhd Gifapuj epiyaq;fs; ,e;jpahtpd; Kf;fpa Gifapuj epiyaq;fNshL ,izf;fpd;wd rhiy %yk;: NH 6> NH 16 kw;Wk; NH 43 khepyj;jpd; midj;J Kf;fpa efuq;fisAk; ehl;bd; kw;wg; gFjpfNshL ,izf;fpwJ

jhyh my;yJ jhyhFthdpYs;s kzpahup ejpf; fiuapy; Njtuhzp kw;Wk; [Pjhzp Nfhtpy;fspd; ,bghLfs; xU tshfj;jpw;Fs; mLj;jLj;J epw;Fk; gb mike;jpUf;fpwJ.

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Ma;Tg; gazk;

fiyg;nghUl;fs; rl;b];fupd; gy;NtW iftpidg; nghUl;fisf; fhl;LfpwJ

,e;jpa juprdk;

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rpj;uNfhl; mUtpfs;

rpj;uNfhl; ePHtPo;r;rpfs;

cs;sd. rpj;uNfhl; mUtpfs; gUtkioapd; NghJk; mjw;F rpj;uNfhl; RkhH 100 mbapypUe;J gpwFk; tUk; khjq;fshd ,wq;fp gUtkioapy; 150 mUtpfs;> a+iy kw;Wk; xf;Nuhgupy; kPw;wH tiu epytpapUf;Fk; ,e;jpahtpd; rpwe;j mDgtkhf ,Uf;Fk;. rpj;uNfhl; mUtpfs;> eahfuh ,e;jpahtpd; eahfuh mUtpfs; Nghuk;bNah Nfhapy; mUtpfs; vd;W vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. gpugykhf rl;b];fupy; ,J ehl;bd; kpfg; ngupa miof;fg;gLfpwJ. f[puhNth vd mwpag;gLk; ePHtPo;r;rp MFk;. Nfhjhtup ,J ehl;bd; kpfg; Nghuk;bNah Nfhapy; Mw;wpd; xU Jiz Mwhd ngupa ePHtPor ; r ; p ftHjhtpypUe;J 21 fp.kP J} ,e;jputjp MW> g];jhH uj;jpy; cs;s Nghuk;Njtpy; MFk;. khtl;lj;jpy; [f;jy;g+H mUNf mike;Js;sJ. rf;up mike;Js;s ,e;j Fjpiu Mw;wq;fiuapy; cs;s 11 Fsk;G tbtpyhd ePHtPo;r;rpf;F Mk; E}w;whz;L rptd; NfhapYf;F Gfo; Mjhukhf ,Uf;fpwJ. rpj;jpuNfhl; mUNf ngw;wJ. ,f;Nfhtpy; efH tk;rj;jpd; murH jq;Ftjw;fhd tha;g;Gfnsd;W ghHj;jhy; je;jkp nrhFR tpLjp;fs; kw;Wk; Fbirfs; uhkr;re;jpuhthy; fl;lg;gl;lJ.

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Ma;Tg; gazk;

NkypUe;J tyQ;Ropahf: Nghuk;bNah Nfhtpy;> Ruq; jpyh kw;Wk; klj;jpYs;s Jwtpfs;

rpHg+H

jPthHbNah Gj;j Jwtpklk;: ,q;Nf Ruq; jpyh: 2005-06 ,y; jPthHbNah klk; Njhz;Ljypd; NghJ Njhz;b vLf;fg;gl;l ,e;jf; Nrhkthrp murH fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l xU NfhapYf;F 37 nrq;Fj;jhd jP t hHbNah fy;ntl;bd; gb> jPthHbNah Rz;zhk;Gg; gbfl;Lfis klk; Nrhkthrp murH gwe;J flg;gjd; %yk; fhyq;fSf;Fr; jPthHbNah fhyq;fSf;Fr; nrd;wilayhk; kw;Wk; ,J nry;fpwJ nry;fpwJ. klj;jpw;Fr; gpuk;kh> tp\;Z> rptd; nry;Yk; topapy; vd Kg;ngUk; flTSf;F gQ;rje;jpuf; fijfs; mHg;gzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Kf;fpa Nfhapiy kj;jpapYk; kw;w ehd;ifAk; KidfspYk; kw;Wk; Gj;jupd; tho;f;if mj;jpahaq;fs; fy;ypy; rpj;jupf;fgl;Ls;sd. nfhz;l ,e;jf; Nfhapy; gQ;rhaj;jhd; ,yl;Rkdd; Nfhapy;: tp\;Z ghzpapyhd fl;llf;fiyapy; gukhj;khtpw;F mHg;gzkhf;fg;gl;l fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. Ruq; jpyh 7Mk; E} ,e;jf; Nfhapy; rpHf;fh fp.gp 625w;whz;by; kfhrpt Fg;jh ghy; mH[_d; 650 Ir; NrHe;jJ. ,J murH `H\ mtHfshy; fl;lg;gl;lJ.

,e;jpa juprdk;

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Nky; kw;Wk; tyg;Gwk;: khepy kw;Wk; rpHg+H goq;FbapdH eld mikg;Gfs;@ fPo; tyg;Gwk;: rHtNjr eldk; kw;Wk; ,ir tpoh

rpHg+H rHtNjr eldk; kw;Wk; ,ir tpoh rpHg+H tUif tho;ehs; gaz mDgtkhf ,Uf;f KbAk; mJ xUtiug; gpd;Ndhf;fp jd; fhyj;ijg; gazpf;f nra;fpwJ. nrwpthd xU tuyhw;W jskhd rpHg+H tpaj;jF Nfhapy;fs; kw;Wk; ngsj;j tpfhiufisf; nfhz;l xU Gdpj efukhf jpfo;fpwJ. efuj;jpd; fyhr;rhu uPjpahd tskhd Rw;Wg;Gwk; 7 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; xU jiyrpwe;j fl;llf;fiyahd yf;\;kzd; Nfhtpypd; gpd;dzpf;F vjpuhf rpHg+H Njrpa eldk; kw;Wk; ,ir tpohtpw;F rupahd rpj;jpughlj;ij toq;FfpwJ. ,e;j tpohtpd; ehd;fhtJ gjpg;G adtup 29 kw;Wk; 31 ,ilNa Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;lJ. rl;b];fH Rw;Wyh rigapd; fUj;jha;tpd; gb> jpUtpoh fiy kw;Wk; fyhr;rhuk;> ,ir kw;Wk; eldk; vd xU mupa $l;L xU Kjy; if mDgtj;ij mspf;fpwJ. jpUtpohtpd; fle;j %d;W gjpg;GfSf;F Nky;> gz;bj; rd;dyhy; kp];uh> khjtp Kl;fy;> g;u`;yhj; rpq; bghdpah> gz;bj; `upgpurhj; nrsuhrpah> gz;bj; gpH[{ k`uh[;> uhFy; rHkh> c];jhj; R[hj; fhd;> B[d; gha;> tpf;F tpeaf;uhk;> tjhyp rNfhjuHfs;> gPl; yhf;nfw;> [hH[; g;&f;]; kw;Wk; ypNahdhHL vNlh Nghd;w Njrpa kw;Wk; rHtNjr fiyQHfs; ,e;j epfo;tpd; gFjpahf ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wdH.

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Ma;Tg; gazk;

Fg;jhtpd; tpjitahd uhzp trjhthy; fl;lg;gl;lJ kw;Wk; ,J J}z;fshd kz;lgj;jpw;F cs;Ns xU Nkilapy; epw;fpwJ.

rk;gud; uha;g;g+upy; ,Ue;J 60 fp.kP. njhiytpy; mike;Js;sJ> rk;gudpd; Ff;fpuhkk; ty;ygh gpuptpd; epWtdH kw;Wk; rPHjpUj;jthjpAkhd Jwtp ty;yghr;rhupahtpd; gpwg;gplkhf Gfo;ngw;Ws;sJ. JwtpfSf;F kupahijr; rpd;dkhf ,q;Nf xU mofhd Nfhtpy; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. rk;g;gNf\;tuh k`hNjth Nfhapy; ,q;Nf kw;nwhU mk;rkhFk;.

FLk;rH Fiffs; kw;Wk; ifyh\; F/gh Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; g];jhH khtl;lj;jpy; fq;NfH gs;sj;jhf;fpYs;s FLk;rH Fiffs; kw;Wk; ifyh\; Fghtpd; ,aw;if moif ghHitapl te;jiltH. Fiffspd; cs;gf;fk; vg;NghJk; ,Uz;Nl fhzg;gLtjhy; mjd; FWfpa ghijfspy; nry;tJ fbdkhf ,Uf;Fk;. frpJsptPo;fs; kw;Wk; frpJspg;gbTfs; mw;Gjkhd mikg;Gf;fis ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd> FLk;rH Fiffs; 1>327 kPw;wH ePskhfTk; jiukl;lj;jpypUe;J 35 kPw;wH fPNoAk; ,Uf;fpwJ. ifyh\; Fgh rpwpa Fd;wpd; kPJ mike;Js;sJ kw;Wk; ,J FLk;rH Fiffis xj;jpUf;fpwJ. 1993y; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l 100 kPw;wH ePsKs;s ifyh\; Fghtpy; frpJsptPo;fs; kw;Wk; frpJspg;gbTfs; tha;e;j tPLfs; Vuhskha; cs;sd. ,q;Nf Vw;gLk; mjpHTfs; tpj;jpahrkhd ,ir

,e;jpa juprdk;

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,lkpUe;J tyQ;Ropahf: FLk;rH Fiffs;> rk;gudpYs;s ty;yghr;rhupahtpd; gpwg;gplk; kw;Wk; rj;jP];fupd; ruzhyaq;fspy; xd;wpy; cs;s kwpkhd;

nfhz;lJ> Mdhy; cs;Ns vg;NghJk; ,Ul;lhfj; jhd; ,Uf;fpwJ.

gHdtg;guh tdtpyq;F ruzhyak; kfhrKe;j; khtl;lj;jpy; mike;Js;s ,e;j tdtpyq;F ruzhyak; kpfr; rpwpaJ> Mdhy; 245 rJu fp.kP. gug;gpyhd Kf;fpa tdtpyq;Ffs; cs;sd. ruzhyaj;jpy; cs;s jhtuq;fs; Njf;F> ry;> %q;fpy; kw;Wk; njHkpdypah Nghd;w Kjd;ikahd ntg;gkz;ly cyH ,iyAjpHf; fhLfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Gypfs;> fub> gwf;Fk; mzpy;> Fs;s eup> ehd;F nfhk;G khd;> rpWj;ij> rpd;fhuh> khd;> fhl;Lg; g+id> Fiuf;Fk; khd;> Ks;sk;gd;wp> Fuq;F> igrd;> NfhLs;s fOijg; Gyp> fhl;L eha;fs;> rPjy; khd;> fiykhd;> ePyhd;> fhl;nlUik> Kz;l;[f; khd;> fhl;Lg;gd;wp> ehfghk;G kw;Wk; kiyg;ghk;G Nghd;w tdtpyq;Ffs; mlq;Fk;. ruzhyak; nts;is gpl;lj;jpDila fOFfs; kw;Wk; gr;ir mtjtl; Nghd;w gpugykhditNahL xU fzprkhd gwit ,dq;fis nfhz;Ls;sJ. rkPgj;jpy;> rl;b];fH Rw;Wyh rig rpHg+H ghuk;gupa NeHKfk; kw;Wk; goq;FbapdUld; NeHKfk; Nghd;wtw;iwj; njhlq;fpAs;sJ. GJby;ypapy; mike;Js;s ,e;jpahtpd; efu NeHKfk; xg;ge;jj;jpy;> Rw;Wyh Jiw $l jz;zPH tpisahl;L> kiy tz;bNahl;Ljy;> Kfhk; miktplk;> kpjptz;b Rw;Wg;gazq;fs; kw;Wk; Nfutd; Rw;Wyh Nghd;wtw;iw Cf;Ftpf;Fk; Nehf;fj;jpy; cs;sJ.

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Kd;Ndw;;wk;

rupahd rkepiyf;fhd

Nghuhl;lk;

,e;jpahtpd; Njrpa mstpyhd gq;fspg;gpd; Nehf;fk; fhyepiy khw;w Nghuhl;lj;jpw;fhd tpupthd mZFKiw kw;Wk; gy gf;fj;ijg; gpujpgypf;fpwJ

,e;jpa juprdk;

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fhyepiy khw;wj;jpw;fhd If;fpa ehLfs; fl;likg;G (UNFCCC) khehl;bd; fPo; ele;j> Nguitfspd; khehL (COP),d;W> fpufk; vjpHnfhz;Ls;s kpf Kf;fpakhd rthy;fspy; xd;Wf;F xU $l;L cyfshtpa gjpyspg;igg; fz;Lgpbf;f Kd;dzp rHtNjrk; Kd;Kaw;rpj;J tUfpwJ. gy Mz;LfSf;F Nky;> ,e;jpah ,e;j Kaw;rpf;F xU mHj;jKs;s gq;fspg;G nra;Js;sJ. fle;j Mz;L ghuprpy; etk;gH 30 kw;Wk; brk;gH 11 ,ilNa ele;j COP 21 cr;rpkhehl;by;> ,e;jpah fhyepiy khw;wj;jpw;fhd cyfpd; gjpiy tbtikg;gjpy; ,d;Dk; xU $Ljyhd gq;if vLj;Jf; nfhz;L tYthd jiyik epiyia Vw;Wf;nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,uz;L thuq;fs; ele;j jPtpu Ngr;RthHj;ijf;F gpwF> Njrpa mstpyhd gq;fspg;Gfspd; (INDC) Nehf;fj;jpd; %yk; fhgd; ckpo;it Fiwf;f ghuhl;ljf;f xU 'iky;fy;' xg;ge;jk; xU Kd;

njhopy;Jiw msTfis 2ยบC f;F fPNo cyf ntg;gepiy caHitf; fl;Lg;gLj;j kw;Wk; E}w;whz;bd; ,uz;lhtJ ghjpapy; fhgid eLepiyg;gLj;Jk; cyfg; nghUshjhuj;ij mikf;f 196 ehLfs; ifnaOj;jpl;ld. mtHfs; J}a;ikahd njhopy;El;gj;ij gw;wpa ehLfspd; Kaw;rpf;F Mz;nlhd;Wf;F $ 100 gpy;ypad; epjpf;F cWjpaspj;Js;sdH Mdhy; xt;nthU ehl;bYk; ve;j xU Fwpg;gpl;l nghWg;Gk; fpilahJ kw;Wk; mijf; fl;lhag;gLj;Jtjpy; ve;j xU mHj;jKk; ,y;iy. ,e;jr; #oypy;> ,e;jpah %d;W Kf;fpa efHTfisr; nra;Js;sJ: Kjy;> mJ Rj;jkhd vupnghUs; kw;Wk; gRik njhopy;El;gq;fisr; NrHj;Jf;nfhs;tjpy; mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij itg;gJ epr;rakhf> nghJthdJ Mdhy; ntt;NtW nghWg;G (CBDR) nfhs;ifapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ,d;Dk; mbf;Nfhbl;L fhl;LfpwJ. ,uz;lhtjhf> ,d;W #uparf;jp Vuhskhf cs;s 120 ehLfis kypthd

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Kd;Ndw;;wk;

Rw;whly;> td kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wj;jpw;fhd mikr;rH> jpU gpufh\; [thNjfH> GJby;ypapYs;s INDC ,y; xU nra;jpahsH khehl;by; ciuahw;WfpwhH

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#upa rf;jpia gbk vupnghUl;fSf;F Kd;-cr;rpkhehL cs;sPL mJ fle;j gjpyhf NrHf;FkhW mioj;Js;sJ. ,e;jf; xf;Nuhgupy; mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ> Vw;fdNt $l;lzp gpuQ;R [dhjpgjp jpU gpuhd;Rth]; mJ caH gl;bapy; mikf;fg;ngw;W `hyz;l; cld; gpujkH jpU eNue;jpu Ngr;RthHj;ijfspd; jPHf;fkhd ntw;wpia Nkhb ,ize;J njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpah cWjpnra;fpwJ. INDC %d;W Kjd;ik $ 30 kpy;ypaid Muk;g KjyPlhfr; nra;J jsq;fspy; epw;fpwJ: jdpegH khR xd;Wf;F tUfpwJ kw;Wk; ehl;by; $l;lzpapd; Fiwe;Js;sJ> ehl;bd; vuprf;jp $il kw;Wk; jiyikafj;ij mikj;J tUfpwJ. Mdhy; fhLfspy; GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f Mw;wypd; gq;F ,Wjpapy; cWg;gpdH fl;lzk; kw;Wk; rHtNjr ,uz;bYk; mjpfupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Kjy; epWtdq;fsplkpUe;J; $ 400 kpy;ypaidr; re;jHg;gj;jpy;> 2030f;Fs; ,e;jpah 33 Kjy; Nrfupf;Fk; jpl;lKs;sJ. 35 rjtPjk; tiu mjd; nkhj;j cs;ehl;L ,Wjpahf> gbk vupnghUshy; cw;gj;jpapy; khR mlHj;jpia ,aq;Fk; njhopy;Jiw Fiwf;f cWjpaspj;Js;sJ. ,J ,af;fj;jpy; nropg;gile;j Ke;ija 2005 kl;lq;fSf;F fPNo INDC fhyepiy mgptpUj;jpaile;j ehLfspd; khir nfhz;LtUk;. ,uz;lhtjpy;> khw;w rpghuprpd;; fPo; fhyepiy epjpapy;; ,e;jpah mjd; midj;J Nghuhl;lj;jpw;fhd rkepiyiaf; nfhz;Ltu ,e;jpah vuprf;jp Njitfis 2030 f;Fs; tpupthd js;sg;gl;Ls;sJ> ,g;NghJ GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f rf;jp tsq;fs; mZFKiw kypthd vupnghUspy; ,Ue;J %yk; 40 rjtPjk; FiwAk; vd;gij jpUk;gp ngw mgptpUj;jpaile;J re;jpj;J cWjp nra;aNtz;Lk;. kw;Wk; gy tUk; ehLfSf;F cjtp %d;whtjpy;> ,J Nghd;w xU gf;fj;ij nra;tjd; %yk; fpufj;jpw;F mstpw;F mjd; fhLfis gpujpgypf;fpwJ jpUk;g ed;ik caHj;j cWjpaspj;jpUf;fpwJ nrYj;j KbAk;> mJ 2030 Mk; Mz;bw;Fs; Mdhy; mijr; 2.5 gpy;ypad; 3 njhd; Rj;jk; nra;tjw;F mjpf fhgdPnuhl;;iril $Ljyhf cwpQ;r KbAk;. nrythfpwJ. Ntfkhd xl;Lnkhj;jkhf> INDC fhyepiy khw;w nghUshjhu tsHr;rpg; ghijapy; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;fhd tpupthd mZFKiw kw;Wk; njhlu mgptpUj;jpailAk; gy gf;fj;ij gpujpgypf;fpwJ. mit Gjpa ehLfshy; KbAk; vd;gij cWjp cyf nray;KiwfSf;F xU mHj;jKs;s nra;a Ntz;Lk;> mtHfs; xU gq;fspg;gpw;F ,e;jpahtpd; ePz;l fhy epiyahd> ​​Rw;W#oy;-rpNdfpj nghWg;ig typAWj;Jfpd;wd> mJ cyfj;jpw;F Kiwapy;> tWikf;F ntspNa cjTfpwJ> Fwpg;ghf mgptpUj;jpaile;J Mapuf;fzf;fhNdhiu ,Of;f tUk; nghUshjhuq;fs;> Ntfkhd tsHr;rp Ntz;Lk; vd;why; mtHfSf;F Nfhupf;iffis rkepiyg;gLj;Jk; NghJ> xU mjpfk; Njitg;gLk;.

Fiwe;j fhgd; nghUshjhuj;ij Nehf;fpa xU ,e;jpahtpd; INDC> Njitahd khw;wk; Vw;gLfpwJ.

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jiyrpwe;j

tbtikg;ghsh;fs;

ek;Kila ehfhPf uridfs; gz;ila fhyj;Jf;F jpUk;Gfpw Ntisapy;> fz;Lgpbg;G kw;Wk; xU njspthd ,e;jpaj;jdj;Jld; gpd;dpgpizf;fg;gl;l xU tsh;eJ ; tUk; rKjha gz;ghLk; fhzg;gLfpwJ ciu | RUjp lhkh;

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Kd;Ndw;wk;

,e;jpahtpy; J}z;Ljy;fs; Vuhskhf fhzg;gLfpd;wd Mdhy; ngz; tbtikg;ghsh;fs; ehl;bd; ghuk;ghpaj;ij Gjpa cauj;jpw;F vLj;Jr; nry;fpwhh;fs;. cyf ehfhPf tiuglj;jpy; ,e;jpahit itj;j goikahdth;fshf ,Uf;fl;Lk; my;yJ gFjpf;F Gjpath;fshf ,Uf;fl;Lk; my;yJ rj;jkpy;yhky;

hpJ Fkhh;- ];lhy;thh;l; ehl;bDila Kjd;Kjy; tbtikg;ghsh;fspy; xUtuhd hpJ Fkhh; rkfhyj;jpa mikg;gpy; ,e;jpa iftpid jpwikapy; gz;ila ghuk;ghpaq;fis gpujpgypf;Fk; xU tpe;ijahd ];iliy nfhz;bUf;fpwhh;. jd;Dila vz;zq;fis tsg;gLj;jpa fiy tuyhW kw;Wk; mUq;fhl;rpapaypy; cs;s xU gpd;Gyj;Jld;> gz;ila tbtq;fs; kw;Wk; ghuk;ghpa ifNtiyfspy;

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,jpy; <LgLfpwth;fshapUf;fl;Lk;> ,J kDrpfisAk; mth;fSila ifNtiyiaAk; nfhz;lhLk; Neukhf ,Uf;fpwJ. %y Njhw;wj;ij Gjpatw;Wld; fyg;gjw;F Af-goikahd ghuk;ghpa tbtq;fis Njhz;b vLg;gjd; %yk;> ,e;j ngz; tbtikg;ghsh;fs; ,e;jpah mspf;f Ntz;ba rpwe;jtw;iw ntspf;nfhz;L tUfpwhh;fs;.

GJikia GFj;Jjy; Fwpj;j hpJtpd; Ghpjy; xU Gjpa njhd;ikia cUthf;fpAs;sJ. ,th; Mil tbtikg;G Jiwapy; xU vOr;rpahsh; me;j];ij gpbj;jpUf;fpwhh; kw;Wk; ghuk;ghpaj;jpw;Fk; etehfhPfj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd ,ilntspia ntw;wpfukhf ,izj;Js;shh;. ,e;jpahtpy; ‘ngz;Bh; Milafk;’ fyhr;rhuj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jpa Kjy; ngz;kzp hpJ Mthh;.

rpNefh Nkj;jh ehfhPfj;jpy; Ff;Fd;L; rpNefh Nkj;jhtpd; rh;tNjr tho;ifKiw kw;Wk; urid Fwpj;j $h;ikahd mwpthdJ xU Jzpr;ryhd rkfhyj;jpa Ntfj;ij nfhz;bUf;fpw mtUila jdpj;Jtkhd tbtikg;Gfspy; gpujpgypf;fpwJ. rpNefhtpd; USP mtUila jdpj;Jtkhd ifahy; nra;ag;gl;l njhg;gpfshFk; ,J ntJntJg;ghd> Nyrhd kw;Wk; nkUJthd cyfj;jpd; rpwe;j mhpa Jzpfis gad;gLj;JfpwJ. “xU tYthd kDrpahf ntspg;gLtJ vd;gJ Ra-re;Njfj;jpw;Fs; nry;tJ gw;wpajy;y kw;Wk; mg;gbg;gl;l rthy;fspypUe;J gpd;thq;FtJ my;y Mdhy; cq;fSila cz;ikahd cs; miog;ig ek;GtjhFk;>” vd;gJ rpNefhtpd; cWjpahd ek;gpf;ifahFk;.

rpy;gh rh;kh- n[a;g;G+h;f;F gpd;dhy; %isahf ,Ug;gth; rpy;gh rh;kh mtUila 20 tUl ngUepWtd tuyhw;wpy;> ghg;,d;bahTld; rpy;yiw tzpfj;jpy; 12 tUlq;fisAk; kw;Wk; khhpNfh ,d;l];l;hP]; kw;Wk; Nfl;ghP]; epWtdq;fspy; FMCG khh;f;nfl;bq;fpy; vl;L tUlq;fisAk; nrytopj;jpUf;fpwhh;. mjd;gpd; ,e;jpa Jzpfs;> uridfs; kw;Wk; kuGfs; vij gpbj;jpUf;fpd;wd vd;gij cyfj;Jf;F ntspg;gLj;Jk; xU ,izatop Kfg;ghd Jaypore-f;fhf ,e;jpahtpd; kpf mofhd jahhpg;Gfis ngWk;> Nrfhpf;Fk; kw;Wk; tbtikf;Fk; fdit miltjw;;fhf mit midj;ijAk; Jwe;Jtpl;lhh;. “ehd; ,ij nra;jjdhy; fhiy 9 kzp Kjy; khiy 5 kzp tiuf;Fk; mYtyf gzpahw;Wk; muitia tpl;L ntspNawptpl;Nld; vd;gjhy; ehd; re;Njh\khf vOe;jpUf;fpNwd; Vndd;why; ehd; cz;ikapy; Mh;tkhapUf;fpwtw;iw ehd; fz;Lgpbf;f mJ vdf;F cjtpaJ>” tpahghuj;jpy; %d;wpy; xU gq;fhsuhd rpy;gh gfph;e;Jnfhs;fpwhh;.

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,e;jpa juprdk;

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epNtjpjh rhG+ - GJ Mil tbtikg;ghsh;

epNtjpjh rhG+ by;yp NIFT apd; jq;fg; gjf;fk; ngw;w Kd;dhs; khzth; Mthh; kw;Wk; cyfnkq;fpYk; rf;jptha;e;j ,e;jpa ehfhPfj;ij gpujpepjpj;Jtg; gLj;Jfpwhh;. kp];; ,e;jpah> Nty;L kw;Wk; Adpth;]; epfo;r;rpfs; cl;gl kp];lh; ,e;jpah kw;Wk; kp];lh; Nty;Lf;fhd /Ng\d; ,af;Feuhf ,th; Kf;fpa gq;fhw;wpapUf;fpwhh;. ,th; xU mwpTiuahsuhf gy;NtW /Ng\d; gs;spfspd; MNyhridf; FOtpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;shh;. ghypTl;by;> ,th; rpq; ,]; gypq;-apy; mf;\a; FkhUf;F ,irf;FOf;fis cUthf;fpapUf;fpwhh;. epNtjpjh jd;Dila jumilahsj;ij rh;tNjr mstpy; vLj;Jr;nrd;W yz;ld; kzg;ngz;fSf;fhd thuk;> ghhp]; /Ng\d; thuk;> nfhhpa /Ng\d; jpUtpoh> `hq; fhq; /Ng\d; thuk; kw;Wk; Nfd;]; Nkilapy; jd;Dila Nrfhpg;Gfis fhl;rpg;gLj;jpAs;shh;.

ghay; n[apd; - Neh;j;jpahd if tpidQh; Nkw;fj;jpa etPd Xtpaq;fSld; ,e;jpa urid kw;Wk; fiyia Neh;j;jpahf fye;J> ghay; n[apd; rpf;fyhd rhpEl;gkhd Ntiyfis nra;fpwhh;. “,e;jpa Md;kh nfhz;l xU Nkw;fj;jpa cliy” nfhz;bUj;jy; vd;w jd;Dila gpuhz;l;

%yf;$iw mth; tpthpf;fpwhh;. ,sk; tajpNyNa fiyapy; jhf;fk; Vw;g;gl;l (n[apdpd; mk;kh xU ,iraikg;ghsh; kw;Wk; mg;gh xU tbtikg;G nghwpahsh;) mtUila cyfk; eldk;> ,ir kw;Wk; Ez;fiy cl;gl fw;gid fyitfshy; epug;gg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.

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Kd;Ndw;wk;

ee;jpjh uha;g;G+uzp – nghpjhf fdT fhZjy; rpwpa efuj;jpy; gpwe;J tsh;e;j ee;jpjh uha;g;G+uzp nghpa MirfisAk; kw;Wk; mij ,d;Dk; nghpjhf;Fk; ijhpaj;ijAk; nfhz;bUe;jhh;. mjpf fw;gidtsj;Jld; fdTfhZk; ,th; rhjhuz El;gq;fspd; xU jdpg;gl;l czh;TNthL jd;Dila mofhd bird;fspy; ,e;jpahit gpujpgypf;fpwhh;. ee;jpjh Mil tbtikg;gpd; xU cz;ikahd tpRthrpahf ,Uf;fpwhh; kw;Wk; mtUila Nrfhpg;GfSk; mNj mwpit ngw;wpUf;fpd;wd. tptuq;fspYs;s

mNef tbtikg;G ghpNrhjid kw;Wk; xU rPuhd mZFKiw mtUila gilg;Gfspd; USP MFk;. gy;NtW fyhr;rhuq;fs; kw;Wk; fhyq;fspd; mofhd cj;Ntfq;fis mth; rpukkpd;wp xd;whf nfhz;LtUfpwhh;. ,J mtiu tbtikg;G gq;Fjhuhh; N`ke;j;Jld; Nrh;j;J mtUila fdTfhz;gtiuAk; kw;Wk; ftdpg;ghsh; rhuhk;rj;ijAk; gOjw;wjhf itf;fpwJ. mikg;Gk; rkepiyAk; mtUila MSikf;Fk; kw;Wk; tbtikg;Gf;Fk; jiyf;fy;yhf ,Uf;fpwJ.

kk;jh Fg;jh – njhopy;KidNthh; ,urthjp kk;jh Fg;jh /Ng\d; Jiwapy; “njhopy;KidNthh; ,urthjp” Mf mwpag;gLfpwhh;. gj;J tUlq;fSf;F Nkyhf njhopy;fis ftdpj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; [Tsp> tbtikg;G kw;Wk; cl;Gw tbtikg;ghsh;> jdpegh; kw;Wk; mDgtq;fs; Nghd;w kk;jhtpd; nrhe;j gazq;fs; [Tsp tbtikg;G gbf;Fk;NghJ fhQ;rpGuk; gl;L [Tspfs; kPjhd Ma;tpw;F tpj;jpl;lJ. 1984k; Mz;Lf;Fk; 2011f;Fk; ,ilapy;> mth; vLj;j gy;NtW Jzpr;ryhd eltbf;iffs; “,e;jpahtpy; jahhpf;fg;gl;l” nghUl;fs; midj;Jk; xNu-filapy; fpilf;Fk; vd;gjw;F tpj;jpl;lJ.

,e;jpa juprdk;

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Kd;Ndw;wk;

,e;jpahtpDila efukakhf;fy; gazj;jpd;

kw;WnkhU iky;fy;

Me;jpug; gpuNjrj;jpd; Gjpa jiyefukhd mkuhtjp efuk; Fwpj;j xU njhiyNehf;F ghh;it

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Me;jpug; gpuNjrj;jpd; Gjpa Mw;Nwhu jiyefuk; mkuhtjp ehl;bd; Kjy; gRikntsp ];khh;l; rpl;bahf ,Uf;Fk; ciu | re;jphpaP gTkpf;

gpjkh; jpU eNue;jpu Nkhb rkPgj;jpy; Me;jpug; gpuNjrj;jpd; Gjpa jiyefuhf mkuhtjpapy; mbf;fy; ehl;baNghJ ,e;jpahtpd; ];khh;l; rpl;b jpl;lj;jpy; xU Gjpa mj;jpahak; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ. fpU\;zh ejpapd; fiufspy; mike;jpUf;Fk; efuq;fspy;> rz;Bfh;> GtNd\;th;> fhe;jp efh; kw;Wk; eah nua;g;G+Uf;F gpwF> mkuhtJ ehl;bDila Ie;jhtJ jpl;lkplg;gl;l efukhf ,Uf;Fk;. NkYk; ,J ehl;bypNyNa KjyhtJ gRikntsp ];khh;l; rpl;bahf ,Uf;Fk;. khepyj;jpd; Gjpa jiyefhpd; ikakhd tuyhw;W efuk; mkuhtJ Jy;Y}hpypUe;J fpl;lj;jl;l 15 fpkP njhiytpy; mike;Js;sJ> ,J tp[athlh kw;Wk; Fz;^h; efuq;fSf;F ,ilapy; fl;lg;gLk;. ,e;J Guhzj;jpy;> mkuhtjp flTs;fspd; ,uh[hthd ,e;jpudpd; thr];jykhf ek;gg;gLfpwJ. ,J xU ghyp nkhop thh;j;ijahFk; ,jd; mh;j;jk; nrhh;f;fj;ij Fwpg;gpLk; “rpuQ;rPtpfspd; thr];jyk;” vd;gjhFk;. ,e;efuk; Kd;G Me;jpu efhp vd;W mwpag;gl;lJ. Vwf;Fiwa 2>000 tUlq;fSf;F Kd; rjthfd Nfhj;jpuj;jpd; ,Ug;gplkhf ,Ue;jjdhy;>

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Kd;Ndw;wk;

MNrhfhpd; Ml;rpfhyj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;l ];J}gh cl;gl Gj;j ];jyq;fSf;F mkuhtjp gpurpj;jp ngw;wjhf ,Uf;fpwJ. mkuhtjpia cUkhw;Wtjw;fhf> Me;jpug; gpuNjr muR xU fl;likg;Gj; jpl;lj;Jld; nray;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ> ,jpy; njUf;fs;

xd;Wf;nfhd;W rhpahd Nfhzj;jpy; jpl;lkplg;gLk;. ,e;j fl;likg;Gj; jpl;lkhdJ fpof;F-Nkw;F kw;Wk; tlf;Fnjw;F jpirfspy;> xU thpir Neuhd njUf;fshy; njhFjpahf gphpf;fg;gl;l ,e;J gs;sj;jhf;F ehfhPfj;jpd; `Nuhg;gh kw;Wk; nkh`Q;Nrh-jhuh

,e;jpa gpujkh; jpU Nkhb Me;jpug; gpuNjrj;jpd; Gjpa jiyefUf;F mbf;fy; ehl;Lfpwhh;

,e;jpa juprdk;

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,lkpUe;J tyk; (Kfg;G gf;fj;jpypUe;J): mkuhtjpf;fhd kh];lh; jpl;lk; Fwpj;j fz;Nzhl;lk;

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mNefkhf xU ghuk;gupa fl;llf;fiyapd; ,Uf;if my;yJ xU fiyQupd; ikjhdkhf ,Uf;fpuJ. Fiwe;jJ> ePq;fs; efuj;ij milAk; NghJ mJ njupAk;.

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Map not to scale

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Kd; gf;fk;: [_dh k`hypd; Nkw;$iuapy; Kd;dhs; murHfspd; fijfs; tpupthf Xtpaq;fshf jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sd@ NkNy: \P\; k`hy; mjpuitf;Fk; fz;zhb kw;Wk; fz;zhb nkhirf;Ffis nfhz;Ls;sd@ fPNo: [_dh k`hypYs;s kyH Xtpaq;fs;

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adtup - ngg;utup 2016

ntspapypUe;J ghHf;Fk; NghJ xU Nfhl;il Nghy; fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ> [_dh k`hy; kyH Xtpaq;fs;> kpdpNar;rH Xtpaq;fs;> fz;zhb kw;Wk; fz;zhb cs; Ntiyg;ghLfs; Kjypait gjpj;J mofhf myq;fupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd@ fPNo (Kd; gf;fk;): uhzpapd; re;jpg;G miw

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Kd; gf;fk;: fpU\;z gukhj;kh uhjh cldhd xU RtH Xtpak;@ NkNy: epwq;fshy; rpj;jupf;fg;gl;l xU mur CHtyk;

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fh\;kPhp rhy;itfs; mitfSila rpwe;j nerT kw;Wk; vk;g;uha;lhpf;F cyfstpy; Gfo;ngw;witfshf ,Uf;fpd;wd. jiyKiwfshf CrpNtiyia KOikailar; nra;j iftpidQh;fshy; xU mhpa tif nkd;ikahd fk;gspahy; ifj;jwpapy; nea;ag;gl;l kw;Wk; vk;g;uha;lhp nra;ag;gl;l ,e;j rhy;itfs; me;j];jpd; milahsq;fshf fUjg;gLfpd;wd. rhy;it vd;w thh;j;ij ngh;rpa thh;j;ij rhy; vd;gjpypUe;J Njhd;wpajhFk; kw;Wk; ,J NjhSf;F FWf;fhf kbf;fg;gl;L mzpag;gLfpwJ. 16k; E}w;whz;by; Kfyha Nguurh; mf;gUf;F mJ xU nghpa ce;Jjiy nfhLj;jdhy; fh\;kPhp rhy;itfspd; cw;gj;jp Jtq;fg;gl;lJ. cz;ikapNyNa> ,e;j Jzpapd; nerT> rhakpLjy;> tbtk; kw;Wk; mLf;fp itj;jy; mtiu MSik nra;jjhf mwpag;gl;bUf;fpwJ. mtUila muritapy;> cah;jukhd rhy;itfs; rhjfkhd ,uh[je;jpfSf;Fk; kw;Wk; murit cWg;gpdh;fSf;Fk; ghprhf mspf;fg;gl;lJ. 18k; E}w;whz;bd; gpd; gFjpapy;> fpof;fpe;jpa fk;gdpapy; gzpahw;wpa kDrh;fs; %ykhf INuhg;gpah;fspd; Mil itf;Fk; mYkhhpfspy; mitfs; ,lk;ngw;wd. xU J}u Njrj;jpd; me;epa Njhw;wk; nfhz;l rhy;it xU cah; ehfhPf jahhpg;ghf cUthdJ kl;Lky;yhky; mjDila fpuhf;fpahd tpiyapdhy; me;j];jpd; xU milahskhdJ. 19k; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy;> fh\;kPhp rhy;itfs; INuhg;gpa tbtikg;Gfspy; kpfTk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Mjpf;fj;ij nrYj;j Muk;gpj;jJ. fh\;kPhpd; ey;y jukhd rhy;itfs; xU tif Mrpa fhl;L kiy MLfshd gh];kpdh Ml;L Nuhkj;jpdhy; jahhpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j gFjpfspy; Fsphpd; fLikapypUe;J tpyq;Ffis ,aw;ifahf ghJfhg;gjw;fhf Nuhkk; tsh;f;fg;gl;lJ. fh\;kPhp rhy;itfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpw nkd;ikahd

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mjd; tpisTfSf;F czT top mikg;ig jahH nra;J FH jtpu NtW rupahd ,dpg;g+l;bahf mikfpwJ. Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpy;> kfu rq;fuhe;jp ngs\hf nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ> nf[_H FH (NguPr;rk; go nty;yk;) caH ,dpg;G tiffshd J} j; Gyp (kzk; epiwe;j ghypy; nra;ag;gl;l ghd;Nff;)> Gyp gpj;> NfhFy; Gj;> J}j; Gyp> gl;b\g;j;jh gpj; kw;Wk; gy Nghd;w gioa tpUk;gg;gl;l czT tiffSf;F jdpj;Jtkhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. tpohtpd; xU gFjpahd #upaf; flTSf;F toq;fg;gLk; gpurhjnkq;Fk; by; kw;Wk; FH epiwe;jpUf;Fk;. by; (vs; tpijfs;)> rHf;fiu (nty;yk;)> cyHe;j Njq;fha; kw;Wk; epyf;fliyapy; xU tskhd fyitiaf; nfhz;l fHehlfj;jpYs;s vy;Y ngy;yh Nghd;w mJ ey;nyz;zj;NjhL toq;fg;gLk; my;yJ gPfhH> [hHfz;l;> cj;jug; gpuNjrj;jpYs;s rpwe;j Gjpjhf mWtil nra;ag;gl;l muprp fUk;Gr; rhW> nty;yk;> JUtpa Njq;fha;> thiog;gok;> cyHe;j goq;fs; kw;Wk; ghYld; fye;J nra;ag;gLk; kfu nrsyhit tptupf;fpwJ. cj;jpug; gpuNjrj;jpy; nra;ag;gLk; kpjkhd #l;by; rikf;fg;gl;L> Fiwe;j

kfu rq;fuhe;jp gw;wpa cz;ikfs;

uh[];jhd; fPtH

,e;jpa juprdk;

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kfu rq;fuhe;jpapy;> kfuj;jpd; #upa milahsk; my;yJ kfuj;jpy; (,e;jpa ,uhrp) #upad; EiofpwJ. ,e;jj; jpUtpoh cj;juhazj;jpd; kPJ tpOfpwJ kw;Wk; md;iwa ehspd; gfy; kw;Wk; ,uT rkkhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;W ek;gg;gLfpwJ fpupNfhupad; ehs;fhl;bapd; gb> ,J xt;nthU Mz;Lk; mNj ehspy; tpOk; rpy ,e;jpa jpUtpohf;fspy; xd;whFk; kfu rq;fuhe;jp Nfusk; kw;Wk; cj;jpu gpuNjrj;jpd; Fk;g Nkshtpd; Muk;gj;jpy; nghJthf Fwpf;fg;gLk;> rgupkiy ,e;j ey;y ehspy; KbtilfpwJ kfhuh\;buhtpy;> jpUkzkhd ngz;fs; ,e;j ehspy; kQ;rs; Fq;Fkj;jpw;fhf tPl;bw;F miof;fg;gLtH

nfhuprh fNfhup

fhuj;jpyhd fpr;rb mjd; tsikf;fhf mupnrY muprp J}s; kw;Wk; rpwg;ghd mbf;fb nra;ag;gLk;. vdpDk; ,jd; Rit nts;sk; kw;Wk; Ntw muprp kw;Wk; ghy; vspikahdJ. ,jd; jdpj;Jtkhd Ritf;F ,dpg;G tiffs; rf;yp]; kw;Wk; by; gf;FtgLj;jg;gl;l kl;ghz;lk; kw;Wk; rpf;fpRld; NrHe;j xU nghJthdjhfTs;s gad;gLj;jg;gLk; muprp jhd; fhuzkhf ,lkhFk;. ,Uf;fpwJ> mNefkhf cs; gUg;Gfs; vdpDk;> rq;fuhe;jpw;F FHKuh Kjy; ntl;bypUe;Nj vLf;fg;gLfpd;wd. vd;wiof;fg;gLk; mty; Kf;fpakhf ,Uf;f uh[];jhdpy;> ,g;gz;bif Ntz;ba xd;W. gQ;rhg; > %d;W ehs; jdpr;Rit Nfusk;> F[uhj;> cj;jug; tptfhuk;> vg;NghJNk gpuNjrk; kw;Wk; Nkw;F ,g;gz;biff;F jpUtpohtpd; njhlf;fk; tq;fhsj;jpy; Nyhupapd; NghJ FHKuh my;yJ Milfs;> eiffs; kw;Wk; tpUe;jpdUf;F toq;fg;gLk; mty; Kf;fpakhf ghj;jpuq;fspd; Gjpa filfs; jpd;gz;lq;fspd; xU gFjpahf re;ijapy; ngUFtjd; %yk; mikfpwJ> ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; jPHkhdpf;fg;gLfpwJ. rq;fuhe;jp FHKuh yl;LfSk; ehspy;> ngupa fjh`p]; fPtH> (,dpg;G mty; ngdp> f[f;> by;-gl;b> gf;Nfhlh kw;Wk; ge;Jfs;) Ritf;f kjpf;fjf;fJ. fPH Nghd;w Ritahd czT tiffis Guhzj;jpy; ,J cz;L> by; FH cUthf;f thq;fp tUtH. Guhzj;jpy; ,J murH III Mk; FNyhj;Jq;f cs;sJ> fpU\;z gukhj;kh ,e;jpudpd; Nrhod; rikayiwapy; ,Ue;J Nfhgj;jpypUe;J mtuJ fpuhk kf;fis te;jJ kw;Wk; jPNghw;rtk; kw;Wk; fhg;ghw;wp jq;Fkplk; mikf;f NfhtHj;jd eldq;fs; ghHf;f $bapUf;Fk; gHtl;il J}f;fpdhH> fPtH mtuJ $l;lj;jpw;F toq;fg;gLk;> tpUg;gkhd fhiy czthf ,Ue;jJ. FHKuh yl;L mN`hk; murH kfu rq;fuhe;jpapd; cw;gj;jp ];jhdk; nrhHfehuhaz RFq;Kq; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; Nkw;fpy; tpUe;J ,lkpUe;J tUk; GJikahd mur rpwg;ghfTk; muprp epiwe;jjhfTk; mike;J fhzpf;if> mJ $l;lj;jpw;F xUtiuj; jiy tzq;fitf;fpwJ. ,q;F toq;fg;gl;L Fbir tpUe;jpw;F nrd;wJ. adtup-ngg;utup 2016

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rikaw;fiy

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,ilntsp

FspH khjq;fspy; thapy; vr;rpy; CWk; ,e;j czT tiffis UrpAq;fs;

rhHNrhd; fh rhq; (fPiuAld; fLF ,iyfs;) jahupg;G Neuk; 30 epkplq;fs; rikf;Fk; Neuk; xU kzpj;jpahyk;; gupkhWjy; 4 NgUf;F Njitahd nghUl;fs; 1 fpNyh fLF ,iyfs; (rhH Nrhd; fh rhq;)> 500 fpuhk; fPiu> 1 fg; jz;zPH> 3 gr;ir kpsfha;> cg;G Urpf;Nfw;g> 5 Nk.fuz;b nea;> 1 ngupa ntq;fhak; eWf;fpaJ> eRf;fpa cs;sp 8 fpuhk;G msT> 2" eWf;fpa ,Q;rp> 4 Nk.fuz;b kf;fp fh Ml;lh (miuj;j eUty; JUtyhd Nrhsk;)> moFgLj;j 1 Nk.fuz;b ntz;nza; nra;Kiw fLF ,iyfspd; jz;Lfs; fdkhfTk; nkd;ikahfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mtw;iwf; fOtTk;. jz;Lfspd; mbg;ghfj;ij ntl;b vLj;J mtw;wpd; ePsk;tiu ,Of;fTk;. ,iyfis ed;whf ntl;b ehH ,y;yhjij cWjp nra;Jnfhs;sTk;. fPiuiaf; fOtp ed;whf eWf;fTk;.

Ff;fupy; jz;zPH vLj;Jf; nfhz;L nfhjpf;f tplTk;. fLF ,iyfs;> fPiu kw;Wk; gr;ir kpsfha; Nghd;wtw;iwr; NrHf;fTk;. mJ ghHf;f fzprkhf ,Ue;jhYk; NrHf;fr; NrHf;f RUq;fptpLk;. midj;J fPiufSk; ghj;jpuj;jpw;Fs; mlq;fpaTld; cg;G NrHf;fTk;> Njitg;gl;lhy; rpwpJ ePH NrHf;fTk;. xU tprpy; te;jTld; 30 epkplq;fs; Fiwe;j #l;by; rikf;fTk;. %bia vLj;J jz;zPH tw;Wk; tiu rikf;fTk;. Mwitj;J eUty; JUtyhd $ohFk; tiu fyf;fTk;. $ohd fPiuia kWgbAk; ghj;jpuj;jpy; Nghl;L Fiwthd #l;by; rikf;fTk;.

,e;jpa juprdk;

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jdp xU ghj;jpuj;jpy; nea; Cw;wp ntq;fhaj;ij nghd;dpwkhf tjf;fTk;. ,Q;rp kw;Wk; cs;spiaAk; nghd;dpwkhf tjf;fpf;nfhs;sTk;. fPiuia 10 epkplq;fs; fyf;fpf; nfhz;Nl rikf;fTk;. xNu rikaj;jpy; 1 Nk.fuz;b kf;fp fh Ml;lhit fPiuf;Fs; NrHj;J xt;nthU NrHf;iff;Fk; gpwF jPtpukhf fpswTk;. #l;il Fiwj;Jf; nfhz;L kw;nwhU 10 epkplq;fs; fPiu kQ;rs; rhakhfp ,WFk; tiu rikf;fTk;. gupkhWk; ghj;jpuj;jpw;;F khw;wTk;. xU fpz;zk; epiwa ntz;nza; itj;J mij kf;fP fp Nuhl;b nfhz;L #lhf gupkhwTk;.

kf;fp fp nuhl;b jahupg;G Neuk; 10 epkplq;fs; rikf;Fk; Neuk; 30 epkplq;fs; gupkhWjy; 4 NgUf;F Njitahd nghUl;fs; 2 fg; kf;fp fh Ml;lh>JWtpa nts;is Ks;sq;fp 1>1/2 Nk.fuz;b fhu tpijfs; (m[;nta;d;)> Njitf;Nfw;g RL jz;zPH> 4 Nk.fuz;b vz;nza;> 3 Nk.fuz;b ntz;nza; nra;Kiw kf;fp fh Ml;lhit xU ghj;jpuj;jpy; NghlTk;. cg;G> Ks;sq;fp kw;Wk; fuk; tpijfis NrHj;Jf; fyf;fTk;. rpwpJ ePH NrHj;J kh gjk; tUk; tiu gpiraTk;. gpire;j khit rpW rpW ge;Jfshf gpupj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;. xt;nthU ge;ijAk; <uf; iffshy; vLj;J nkd;ikahd gjk; tUk; tiu cUl;lTk;. nuhl;b ciltjpypUe;J ghJfhf;f Njitgl;lhy; epiwa ePiu J}tTk;. <ukhd gpsh];upf; jhspy; xU gpire;j kh ge;ijg; Nghl;L cUz;ilahf cUl;bf; nfhs;sTk;. khit xl;LtjpypUe;J fhf;f tpuiy ePUf;Fs; tplTk;. xU ghj;jpuj;ijr; #lhf;fp> gpsh];upf; jhis ghj;jpuj;jpw;F mUNf nfhz;L te;J nuhl;bia mjpy; NghlTk;. kpjkhd #l;by; xU gf;fk; ed;whf NtFk; tiu rikf;fTk; gpwF rpwpJ vz;nda; NrHj;J kw;nwhU gf;fk; rikf;fTk;. #lhd nuhl;bapy; jhuhskhf ntz;nza; Cw;wp cldbahfg; gupkhwTk;. ed;wp;: mw;Gjkhd Ritfs;: fhiy kw;Wk; kjpa czT> Njapiy> fhf;nuapy;> GJby;ypapYs;s ntsptptfhu (mikr;R) JiztHfs; rq;fj;jhy; ntspaplg;gl;l njhFg;G Gj;jfq;fspd; xU gFjp

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ciuahly;

,e;jpa juprdk;

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xU Rje;jpukhd rkj;Jt cyfj;ij tpl kpfTk;

mtrpakhdJ vJTkpy;iy

tpj;jpahrkhd fijeilapy; mjpf Mh;tk; nfhz;l ,e;jpa rpdpkh ghh;itahsh;fs; ghh;fF ; k; tpUg;gq;fspYs;s khw;wj;ij tpj;ah ghyd; tuNtw;fpwhh; ciu | Mh;jp fG+h; rpq;

tpj;ah ghyd; ghj;jpuq;fis tpsf;Ftij NghjpYk; mtUld; vdf;F ve;j rhPu xw;WikAk; tpl mitfSf;F khWgl;l tpsf;fkspg;gjpy; ,y;iy vd;gij ehd; czh;e;Njd;. mtiug; re;Njh\g;gLfpwhh;. gj;J tUlq;fSf;F Kd;G Nghy ,Uf;fpw mtUila Ngj;jp iukh mij ghpepjhtpy; kpfTk; ntw;wpailahj ghgp nra;aNtz;Lnkd;W ehd; epidf;fpNwd;>” vd [hr]pd; jd;Dila muq;Nfw;wj;jpypUe;J> mth; njhptpj;jhh;. mth; mij Mr;rhpakhd cWjpAld; ,Ug;gpDk;> tpj;ah ebif fPjh ghypahf nra;jpUf;fpwhh;. ve;j ebfUf;Fk; ,Wjpahd <f; my;ngyh vd;w kuhj;jp jpiug;glj;jpy; ntw;wp vd;gJ me;j ebf;f rk;kjpj;Js;shh;. kiwe;j fjhghj;jpuj;jpy; NtW ahh; ebfh; gfthd; jhjhtpd; Rarhpij xUtiuAk; ghh;itahsh; jpiug;glk; khpj;j ebfh;-,af;Fehpd; nts;spj; jpiuapy; fw;gid nra;J ghh;;f;f tho;f;ifiaAk; kw;Wk; fPjh ghyp tpj;ahtpd; KbahjNjahFk;. tpj;ah ebj;j gq;nfLj;j mtUila 1951-,ir fjhghj;jpuq;fs; midj;J fjhghj;jpuq;fSNk myngyhit cUthf;Fk;NghJ midj;jpYNk mitfspd; kPJ jd;Dila mth; vjph;nfhz;l rpukq;fis jd;dk;gpf;if Kj;jpiuia Fwpg;gpLk; Rarhpij jpiug;glk;. mth; jd;Dila gjpj;jpUf;fpwJ. jpUkzj;jpw;F “,J xU rpwg;Gj; Njhw;wkhf jd;dk;gpf;ifia gpd;dh;> tpj;ah jd;Dila ,Ue;jhYk; gpufhrkd ebfuhf gjpj;jpUf;fpwhh; tha;g;Gfis Fiwj;Jf; ebg;gJ xU nfsutkhFk;>” vd;W nfhz;lhh; kw;Wk; ebiffs; mth; njhptpf;fpwhh;. kPdh Fkhhp kw;Wk; Rrpj;uh nrd;> tpj;jpahrkhd fijeilapy; Kd;dhs; ,e;jpa gpujk ke;jphp ,e;jpuh fhe;jp> mjpf Mh;tk; nfhz;l ,e;jpa rpdpkhTf;F#g;gh; nghyp]; fpuz; Ngb> ghlfp vk;v]; Nghfpwth;fspd; ghh;f;Fk; tpUg;gq;fspy; Rg;Gyl;Rkp kw;Wk; Kd;dhs; ghfp];jhd; xU khw;wk; ,Ug;gjhf ebif czh;fpwhh;. gpujk ke;jphp ngdhrph; G+l;Nlh MfpNahhpd; mjpfjpfkhd rpwpa-gl;n[l; jpiug;glq;fs; tho;f;if mbg;gilapyhditfs; cl;gl 10 ,g;NghJ jpNahl;lh;fspYk; kw;Wk; Kk;ig Rarhpij glq;fis epuhfhpj;Js;shh;. “Rrpj;uh mflkp Mg; j %tpq; ,Nk[; (MAMI) nrd;dpd; Rarhpij fijia ehd; Nerpj;j Nghd;w jpUtpohf;fspy; ntspaplg;gLfpwJ>

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,lJ: ,e;jpa FbauRj; jiyth; lhf;lh; gpudhg; Kfh;[p tpj;ah ghyDf;F gj;k = tpUij toq;Ffpwhh;; tyJ: tpj;ah ghypTl;by; khWgl;l fjhghj;jpuq;fspy;

fhhpaq;fs; ed;whfg; NghfpwJ>” vd;gij miyf;F vjpuhf ePe;j jPh;khdpj;jpUf;fpwhh;. tpj;ah ftdpj;jpUf;fpwhh;. “(MAMI) jpUtpoh tpj;ah rpdpkhj; Jiwapy; jdJ gj;jhtJ Mr;rhpakhdjhFk;. ehd; Kd;Ng (MAMI)f;F tUlj;ij epiwT nra;tjdhy; 2015k; Mz;L nrd;wpUf;fpNwd; Mdhy; ,e;j gjpg;G ,e;jpahtpd; mtUf;F jdpr;rpwg;GilajhFk;. xU cyf Eiothapypy; tha;g;G cs;sjhy; rpwg;Gilajhf Nkilapy; ,e;jpa rpdpkhit Cf;fg;gLj;Jtjpy; ,Uf;fpwJ kw;Wk; Jiwapd; Kf;fpakhdth;fs; jhd; njhlh;e;J <Lglg;Nghtjhf mth; FOtpy; ,lk; ngw;wpUf;fpwhh;fs;. xU eLth; njhptpf;fpwhh;. tpj;ah xU ebifahf FO cWg;gpduhf jpwikia fz;L tpae;Njd;. kl;Lky;yhk; xU eguhfTk; ngUk;ghyhd NkYk;> jpiug;glq;fspd; Njh;T Mr;rhpakhdjhf jd;Dila jdpj;Jtj;ij cUthf;fp ,Ue;jJ. xU mw;Gjkhd Neuk; vdf;F ghypd rkj;Jtj;ij cah;j;Jtjw;fhf fpilj;jJ>” vd;W tpj;jpah njhptpj;jhh;. gzpahw;wpapUf;fpwhh;. xU thpirapy; ehd;F fh`hdpapy; jd;Dila tUlq;fshf> 2012k; Mz;by; frg;ghd ghj;jpukhf ,Uf;fl;Lk; Jtq;fg;gl;l ,e;jpad; tpj;ah rpdpkhj; my;yJ jp Nll;b gpf;rhpy; gpypk; ng];bty; Mg; rpy;f; Rkpjhthf ntw;wpf;fhd nky;Nghdpd; mq;fkhf tpj;ah Jiwapy; Jzpr;ryhd Mh;tkha; ,Uf;fl;Lk; mwpag;gl;bUf;fpwhh;. ,e;j tUlk;> jd;Dila gj;jhtJ my;yJ ghtpy; xU Rje;jpukhd ng];btypd; ika fUj;J tpj;ah tUlj;ij epiwT jdpg;gl;l mk;khthf ghprPypj;jJ Nghy “rkj;Jtk;” nra;tjdhy; 2015k; ,Uf;fl;Lk;> tpj;ah vd;gjhFk;. rkj;Jtk; vd;gJ jhd; ek;Gfpw ehd; kpfTk; czh;r;rpfukhf tUlk; mtUf;F Like rl; l j; i jkP W k; czh;fpw xd;whFk;…,d;iwa MEA INDIA jdpr;rpwg;GilajhFk; rKjha tiffs; fhyfl;lq;fspy;> Rje;jpukhd kw;Wk; ghypd kw;Wk; rkj;Jtkhd cyfj;ij NtWghl;by; jtpu vJTk; mtrpakhdjhf cWjpahf ,Uf;fpwhh;. rkPgj;jpa Njhd;wtpy;iy. fiy kw;Wk; jpiug;glq;fs; Follow xU nghJ epfo;rpapy;> ,e;j #o;epiyfSf;F cjTk; vd;Wk; kw;Wk; @MEAINDIA nfsutpg;G murq;fj;jpd; %ykhf kdepiyfisAk; kdg;ghq;FfisAk; my;y Njrj;jpd; %ykhfNt khw;Wk; vd ehd; ek;GfpNwd;. rkPgj;jpy; ek; fpilj;jJ. vdNt> ehd; mij midtiuAk; gpujpgypf;Fk; Ntw;Wikia jpUg;gpj; ju tpUk;gtpy;iy.” nfhz;lhLk; kw;Wk; jOTk; mw;Gjkhd Channel vd;W fijj;J> mtUila Njrpa jpiug;glq;fis ghh;j;J kpfTk; re;Njh\ MEA INDIA tpUij jpUg;gpj; ju kWj;J g;gLfpNwd;>” vd;W mth; njhptpf;fpwhh;.

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