India perspectives Tamil november-december 2016

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gputrp ghujpa jpth]:

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vg;nghOJ: brk;gh; 1-5 vq;Nf: nfhdhh;f;> xbrh

Kd;Diu ,e;jpah 8 tJ gphpf;]; cr;rp khehl;il Nfhthtpy; elj;jpaJ ,jpy; xU mikjpahd rPuhd kw;Wk; epiyahd cyfj;jpw;F miog;G tpLj;j gpujkH eNue;jpu Nkhb mtHfs; ,J Ie;J ehLfspd; ,isQHfs; elj;Jk; kf;fSf;Fk; kf;fSf;Fkhd njhlHghy; ,af;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd gphpf;]; jiytHfsplk; typAWj;jpdhH. ,e;j ,jopy; ehk; gphpf;]; (BRICS) kw;Wk; igkp];bf; (BIMSTEC) khehl;by; vLf;fg;gl;l njhiyNehf;fhd jPHkhdq;fis ehk; kW Ma;T nra;fpNwhk;.

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MrpupaH: tpfh]; ];thug; cjtp MrpupaH: epfpNy\; bf;\pj; ntsptptfhu mikr;R miw ,y. 152> ~V| gpupT> rh];jpup gtd;> GJby;yp- 110001, ,e;jpah njh.: 91.11.23388949> 23381719 njhiyefy;.: 91.11.23384663 ,izak;: http://www.indiandiplomacy.in fUj;J my;yJ Nfs;tpfspw;F: osdpd2@mea.gov.in

khf;];NghrH kPbah F&g; ,e;jpah gpiuNtl; ypkpw;nwl; gpuRupg;gtH kw;Wk; jiyik eltbf;if mjpfhup: tpfh]; N[h`up jiyik epHthfp kw;Wk; epHthfg; gzpg;ghsH: gpufh\; N[h`up eph;thf Mrphpah;: n[a;jh ge;Njhghj;gha jiyik mYtyfk; khf;n]f;]N ; ghrH kPbah F&g; gpshl; vz; 246> 3tJ jsk;> Xf;yh fl;lk; -3> GJ by;yp - 110020 ,e;jpah njh: +91.11.43011111 > njhiyefy;: +91.11.43011199

CIN No: U22229DL2006PTC152087 fUj;J my;yJ Nfs;tpfspw;F:

indiaperspectives@maxposure.in

Nfs;tpfspw;F | MMGIPL njh: +91.11.43011111 njhiyefy;: +91.11.43011199 www.maxposure.in

,e;jpa juprdk; mNugpak;> g`rh> ,e;NjhNdrpak;> Mq;fpyk;> gpnud;Q>; N[Hkd;> ,e;jp> ,j;jhypak;>; gh\;Njh> ghurPfk;> NghHj;Jf;Nfak;> u\pak;> rpq;fsk;> ];ghdp\;> jkpo;> rPdk;> ag;ghdpak; Mfpa nkhopfspy; gpuRupf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpa juprdk; MdJ miw ,y. 152> ~V| gpupT> rh];jpup gtH> GJby;yp – 110001 vd;w tpyhrj;jps;s $Ljy; nrayhsu;; (MEA) $l;Lr; nrayhsUk;> cj;jpNahfg+Htg; Ngr;rhsUkhd tpfh]; ];thug;ghy; gpuRupf;fg;gLfpwJ> NkYk; MEA-,d; rhHghf gpshl; vz; 246> 3tJ jsk;> Xf;yh fl;lk; -3> GJ by;yp - 110020 ,e;jpah vd;w tpyhrj;jpYs;s khf;]N ; gh\H kPbah F&g; ,e;jpah gpiuNtw; ypkpw;nwl; (MMGIPL) epWtdj;jhy; gpuRupf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpa juprdk; xU tUlj;jpy; MW jlitfs; ntspaplg;gLfpwJ. midj;J cupikfSk; ghJfhf;fg;gl;lit. ,jpYs;s vOj;jhf;fk;> glNtiy kw;Wk;/ my;yJ Gifg;glj;ij ‘,e;jpa juprdj;jpw;F” ed;wp njuptpj;J cgNahfpf;fyhk; my;yJ kW mr;rplyhk;. ,.nt.m kw;Wk; MMGIPL Mfpait kdkhuf; nfhLf;fg;gl;l nghUl;fs;> ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpfs;> Gifg;glq;fs;> glNtiy> xspa+LUT glq;fs; my;yJ kw;iwa nghUl;fspd; ,og;gpw;F nghWg;ig Vw;Wf;nfhs;s khl;lh. ,r;rQ;rpifapy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; fUj;Jfs; ,.nt.m my;yJ MMGIPL ,d; fUj;Jf;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;ba mtrpakpy;iy.

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rh;tNjr tptfhuq;fs;> ntspg;gLk; mjpfhuq;fs; kw;Wk; ,e;jpa fzf;fpy; ftdk; nrYj;Jk; www.indiawrites.org xU Nghh;l;ly; kw;Wk; ,-gj;jphpf;if-,jo; ,e;jpah iul;]; nel;nthh;f;fpd; jiyik vbl;luhf Kdp\; re;j; ,Uf;fpwhh;.

8tJ gphpf;]; cr;rpkhehl;bw;fhf mth; Nfhth te;jhh;

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$l;lhz;ik

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2015 ,y; epWtg;gl;l Mrpahd; nghUshjhu r%f tiuglk; (AEC)

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rkNah[pj Mok;

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ePz;l ghHit: Mrpa E} w;whz;il ,ize;J tbtikj;jy;

tpiuthd jlk; Fwpj;j fpof;Nf nray;gL nfhs;if %yk;> tphpthf;fg;gl;l fpof;F Mrpa epyg;gug;GfSldhd jd;Dila tphpthd cwTfspy; Mrpahd; ehLfspd; ikaj;ij ,e;jpah kPz;Lk; njspthf ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. 2015 ,y; xU Mrpahd; r%fj;jpd; Kf;fpakhd Mrpahid ikag;gLj;jpa nray;jpl;l cUthf;fk;> Mrpahd; r%f jhprdk; 2025 Mrpahd; xUq;fpizg;Gf;fhd (IAI) nray;jpl;lq;fs;> mgptpUj;jp ,ilntspia Fiwj;jy; kw;Wk; Mrpahd; ,izg;G 2025 vd;w Kf;fpa

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,e;jpah mwptpj;jJ. ,jw;fpilapy;> ehse;jh gy;fiyf;fofj;ij xU rHtNjr mwpT ikakhf GJg;gpg;gjd; %yk; Gj;j kjj;jpw;F Gj;Japuspj;J tUfpwJ. kPfhq; ejpapYs;s ,e;jpa fy;ntl;Lfs; kw;Wk; gfpug;gl;l fyhr;rhu FwpaPl;L Mtzq;fis Muha ,e;jpah ghpe;Jiuj;Js;sJ. \y;yhq;fpy; cs;s Mrpahd; Ma;T ikakhdJ tHj;jfk;> Rw;Wyh kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu ghptHj;jidfspd; cwTfis tphpthf;f vy;iy jhz;b tphpTg;gLj;j cWjpaspj;Js;sJ. fhy; E}w;whz;by; midj;J tpjkhd cwTfisAk; cUthf;fp ,e;jpah kw;Wk; Mrpahd; ,g;NghJ Gjpa Jiwfis Muha Kaw;rpj;J tUfpwJ. xU Mrpa E}w;whz;L fdit edthf;f mtHfs; nghpjhf jpl;lkpl Ntz;Lk;> Ngr;RthHj;ij elj;j Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; rkNah[pjkhf rpe;jpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

rh;tNjr tptfhuq;fs;> ntspg;gLk; mjpfhuq;fs; kw;Wk; ,e;jpa fzf;fpy; ftdk; nrYj;Jk; www.indiawrites.org xU Nghh;l;ly; kw;Wk; ,-gj;jphpf;if-,jo; ,e;jpah iul;]; nel;nthh;f;fpd; jiyik vbl;luhf Kdp\; re;j; ,Uf;fpwhh;

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etk;gH-brk;gH 2016

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gpujkH Nkhb `Ndha; tUifapd; NghJ fpof;F Mrpa cr;rpkhehl;by; nfhhpa Fbaurpd; [dhjpgjp jpUkjp ghHf; n[apd;-`Na mtHfis re;jpf;fpwhH

,ijnahl;b> rPdh kw;Wk; u\;ah ,ilapyhd ,Ujug;G tHj;jfkhdJ mDgtpf;Fk; tphpthd rkNah[pj 2015 ,y; mtHfspd; Muk;g ,yf;fhd $l;lhz;ik" apy; GJ jpy;ypAlhd 6 gpy;ypad; lhyiu tpl mjpfkhf mjd; cwit tpal;ehk; Nkk;gLj;jpaJ. mjhtJ 76 gpy;ypad; lhyh; <l;b jdpg;gl;l njd;fpof;F mjpNtfkhf tsHe;J Mrpa ehLfSld; tUfpwJ. Mdhy; ,d;Dk; kl;Lky;yhky; midj;J mjpfkhf nra;ayhk;. ,e;jpahtpd; fpof;F Mrpahd; ehLfSlDk; ntWk; rl;l %Nyhghaj;ij GJ jpy;yp Mokhd ,uz;liu cwT itj;Jf;nfhs;s Mz;Lfspy;> ,af;Fk; ,e;j tpUk;GfpwJ vd;gij Nkhb murhq;fk; midj;J mtuJ tUif mjd; AEPfhuzpfspYk;> tpthpf;fpwJ. apy; kpfg;nghpa tHj;jfNk Kjd;ik ,e;jpahtpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij fpof;Nf nray;gL vd;w epfo;j;jpAs;sJ. ce;Jrf;jpahf Af;jpia ,af;Fk; ,e;j Ntfkhf khWk; ,Uf;fpwJ. midj;J fhuzpfspYk;> g+Nfhs murpay; tHj;jfNk Kjd;ik ep[q;fspd; ce;Jrf;jpahf ,Uf;fpwJ. ,e;jpah fhuzkhf> Mrpahd; kw;Wk; Mrpahd; ehLfs; 2009 Mk; ehLfSldhd ,e;jpahtpd; Mz;by; jq;fs; tHj;jf xg;ge;jj;ij cwTfSf;F AEP $Ljy; ,Wjp nra;jjpypUe;J mtw;Wf;F Ntfk; nfhLj;Js;sJ.

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Kd;Ndw;wk;

];lhh;l;mg; ,e;jpah> rhpahd Neuj;jpy; xU rhpahd Nahrid murpd; gpujhdkhd nray;jpl;lkhdJ njhopy; KidNthh; jq;fis Nkk;gLj;jTk; kw;Wk; mth;fspd; vjph;fhy tsh;rr ; pf;Fk; cjtp tUfpwJ mNjNeuj;jpy; Gjpjhf Jtq;Ffpwth;fSf;Fk; kw;Wk; KjyPll ; hsh;fSf;Fk; tha;gG ; fis toq;FfpwJ ciu |

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Ntiytha;g;Gfspy; tsh;r;rpahdJ cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jpapd; cw;gj;jpapd; gq;F tpz;zg;gjhuh;fspd; mjpfhpg;G vz;zpf;ifapy; 25 rjtPjk; mjpfhpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd Njrpa Ntfkpy;yhj Neuj;jpy;> gpujkh; eNue;jpu cw;gj;jp nfhs;if ghpe;Jiuj;Js;sJ. vdNt> Nkhb mth;fspd; ~];lhh;l;mg; ,e;jpah| jpl;lk; ~Nkf; ,d; ,e;jpahTld; Nrh;e;J ];lhh;l;mg; mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;Ws;sJ. ,e;jpah nray;jpl;lkhdJ tUk; Mz;Lfspy; mLj;j cyfpd; Ntfkhd nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpf;Fs; Ntiytha;g;G njhopy;Jiwahf ,Uf;Fk;.

Eioe;Js;s NghjpYk;> muR Ntiyapd;ik ,d;W mnkhpf;f kw;Wk; gphpl;lDf;F mjpfhpg;G kPJ mf;fiw nfhz;Ls;sJ. mLj;jgbahf ,e;jpah Ntiytha;g;Gfspy; rkPgj;jpa Mrpa-grpgpf; kdpj mgptpUj;jp cyfpd; %d;whtJ ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ. mwpf;ifapd; gb> ngUfptUk; 2017 ,y; nkd;nghUs; kf;fs; njhif fhuzkhf Ntiytha;g;Gfspy; kl;Lk; mLj;j 35 Mz;Lfspy; 800>000 Ntiyfs; cUthFk; mnkhpf;fh kw;Wk; Ntiyfs; NjLtjpy; vd;W eh];fhk; kjpg;gpl;Ls;sJ. gphpl;lDf;F ,e;jpah xU jPtpu rthiy xU eph;thf mYtyfj;ij mLj;jgbahf vjph;nfhs;Sk;. 1991 kw;Wk; mikf;f Fiwe;j nrytpy; ,e;jpah 2013f;F ,ilNa> 'Ntiy nghwpapay; jpwik fpilf;Fk; nra;Ak; taJila" kf;fspd; xU ehl;by; mjpf mstpy; Ntiytha;gG ; fspy; msT 300 kpy;ypad; Mf KjyPL nra;a gy epWtdq;fs; cyfpd; %d;whtJ mjpfhpj;Js;sJ mNjrkak; Mh;khf cs;sd. ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ. 140 kpy;ypad; kf;fs; epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; kl;LNk nghUshjhuj;jhy; KjyPl;lhsh;fSf;F thpr; ftdpf;fg;gLthh;fs; vd mwptpg;G rYiffs; toq;Ftjd; %yk; ,e;jpa murpd; njhptpf;fpwJ. ,e;j R+oypy;> murhq;fj;jpd; nray;jpl;lq;fs; Gjpa njhopy;fSf;F ,ul;il nry;y jpl;lq;fs; Nkf; ,d; ,e;jpah Mjutspg;gjw;F xU Cf;fpahf kw;Wk; ];lhh;l;mg; ,e;jpah ,e;j gpur;rpidf;F nray;gLk; vd ek;gg;gLfpwJ. muR Muk;g xU rhpahd jPh;thf Njhd;WfpwJ. njhopy;fSf;F rpwg;G epjpahf &.10>000 Nfhb rPdhtpy; cyfshtpa tPo;r;rpapd; tpisthf fhuzkhf cw;gj;jp Jiwapy; rhpitf; fhZk; NghJ> mjpf Ntiyfis cUthf;FtJ xU mtru Njitahf cs;sJ. mLj;J tUk; gj;jhz;Lfspy; 100 kpy;ypad; Ntiyfis cUthf;f nkhj;j

GJ jpy;ypapy; ];lhh;l;mg; ,e;jpah kw;Wk; ];Nlz;l;mg; ,e;jpah jpl;l mwpKf tpohtpy; gpujkh; eNue;jpu Nkhb ciuahw;Wfpwhh;

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gpujkh; ];lhh;l;mg; gpujpepjpfs;> VCf;fs; kw;Wk; gq;F KjyPl;lhsh;fSld; ciuahLfpwhh;

xJf;fpaJ Nghf> fhg;Ghpikfs; nryTfspy; vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpah ,uz;lhtJ 80 rjtPjk; js;Sgbfs; toq;fpAs;sJ. jiyKiw b[pl;ly; Gul;rp Muk;g epiyapy; %d;W tUlq;fSf;F thp kw;Wk; ,zf;f cs;sJ> kUj;Jtk;> fy;tp> ,-fhkh;];> Ma;Tfspy; tpyf;Ffs; njhopJiwf;F tpUe;Njhk;gy;> tptrhak; kw;Wk; fpuhkj;jpy; xU tha;g;ghf cs;sjhf ty;Yeh;fs; Gjpa Ntiyfis cUthf;f topelj;Jjy; ek;Gfpwhh;fs;.

Nghd;w Gjpa nghUshjhuk; tpiuthf ngUfptUk; epWtdq;fspd; Mw;wiy ,iza gadh;fs; khw;Wk;. tsh;e;J tUk; epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; kf;fs;njhifapd; gpd;dzpapy; b[pl;ly; thq;Fgth; mwpit KjyPll ; hsh;fSf;F cyfpd; Ntfkhf tsh;e;J Cf;fg;gLj;jp rkPgj;jpa muR thpr; rYiffs; tUk; Ntiytha;g;G njhlf;f tUlq;fspy; jq;fsJ ,e;jpa ,lq;fspy xd;whf ,e;jpah KjyPLfSf;fhd gy Jzpfu toq;FtJ Gjpa ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ. ehl;by; KjyPl;L epjpfs; gpy;ypad; njhopy;fs; cUthf nkhigy; ,iza gadh; lhyh;fs; jpul;bAs;sd. cjTk; kl;lk; 2013 y; 15.1 rjtPjkhf [g;ghdpd; rh/g;l;Ngq;f; kw;Wk; ,Ue;jJ 2016 y; 34.18 tpxh;f;> mYtyf ,lj;ij rjtPjkhf mjpfhpj;Js;sJ. toq;Fk; epA+ahh;f;if rhh;e;j 2016 y;> ,e;jpahtpy; ,iza gadh;fspy; toq;Feh; vd jq;fs; ,e;jpa jpl;lq;fis 43.8 rjtPjk; Ngh; ,izaj;jpy; mwptpj;Js;s gy epWtdq;fs; cs;sd. nghUl;fis thq;fpAs;sdh;. 2019 ,y; ,e;j fle;j Mz;L Rkhh; $ 11 gpy;ypad; ,Ue;j vz;zpf;if 64.4 rjtPjkhf tsUk; vd ,e;jpa ,iza th;j;jfk; 2025 Mk;

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Mz;by; $ 220 gpy;ypad; Mf caUk; khWtjw;F epjp jpul;Ltjpy; murhq;fk; xU vd Ngq;f; Mg; mnkhpf;fh nkh;hpy; Cf;fkhd gjpiyAk; gpy;ypad; fzf;fhd ypQ;r; fzpj;Js;sJ. lhyh;fisAk; ngw;W tUfpwJ. ngUfptUk; nkd;nghUs; jtpu> ViofSf;fhd kpd;rhu Njitfis G+h;j;jp nra;aTk; kUj;Jt nkd;nghUs; kw;Wk; tPLfSf;F kw;Wk; Ntiytha;g;ig cUthf;fTk; Fiwe;j nrytpy; Nrhyhh; Ngdy;fs; 2022 Mk; Mz;bw;Fs; R+hpa jpwid Nghd;w gFjpfspy; njhopy; Ie;J klq;F mjhtJ Jtq;Ftjw;F fdprkhd 100>000 nkfhthl; Mf KjyPl;lhsfs; Mh;tk; cah;j;j Nkhb muR jpl;lk; r%f jhf;fk; fhl;b tUfpd;wdh;. r%f tFj;Js;sJ. Muk;g njhopy;fspy; jhf;fk; Muk;g njhopy;fspy; cyfpNyNa ,sikahd KjyPli ; lg; KjyPl;ilg; nghWj;j tiu Gjpa njhopy;KidNthh;fis ,e;jpah xU nghpa re;ij nfhz;l ehL ,e;jpahjhd;> nghWj;j tiu tha;g;ig toq;FfpwJ. Vwf;Fiwa 70 rjtPjk; ,e;jpah xU nghpa fpuhkg;Gw ,e;jpahtpy; njhopy; KidNthh; 35 re;ij tha;gi ; g cs;s kpy;ypad; fzf;fhd taJf;F Fiwthdth;fshf toq;FfpwJ. kf;fs; ,d;Dk; Rj;jkhd ,Uf;fpd;wdh;. ,e;jpahtpy; FbePh;> fopg;giwfs; xt;nthU ehSk; Rkhh; kw;Wk; kpd;rhuk; ,y;yhky; %d;W ehd;F Gjpa ,Uf;fpd;wdh;. fpuhkg;Gw gphpT tUlj;jpw;F Ib epWtdq;fs; gpwf;fpd;wd. gy 8-10 rjtPjk; vd;w MNuhf;fpakhd Mz;Lfshf> Ntiy NjLtij tpl Ntfj;jpy; tsh;e;J tUfpwJ kw;Wk; Ntiyia cUthf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W 2017 ,y; Efh;T Njit $ 100 gpy;ypad; ,isQh;fspd; kdg;Nghf;fpy; xU R+l;rk Mf ,Uf;Fnkd vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ. khw;wk; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk; ehl;bYs;s 2018 ,Wjpf;Fs; xt;nthU fpuhkj;jpw;Fk; ,isQh;fspd; fdTfSf;F ,wf;iffs; kpd;rhuk; toq;Ftjhf gpujkh; Nkhb cWjp nfhLf;f ~];lhh;l;mg; ,e;jpah' xU rhpahd mspj;jijj; njhlh;e;J R+hpa Mw;wYf;F fskhf cs;sJ.

GJ jpy;ypapy; ];lhh;l;mg; ,e;jpah kw;Wk; ];Nlz;l;mg; ,e;jpah jpl;l mwpKf tpohtpy; epjp> ngUepWtd tptfhuq;fs; kw;Wk; jfty; xypgug;Gf;fhd kj;jpa mikr;rh; mUz; N[l;yp kw;Wk; th;j;jfk; kw;Wk; njhopy;Jiw ,izaikr;rh; eph;kyh rPjhuhkd; mth;fSld; gpujkh; Nkhb

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nrhl;LePh; ghrdk; %yk; ePiu

ghJfhj;jy; ePh; tsq;fs; Ntfkhf Fiwe;J tUtjdhy;> nrhl;L ePh; ghrd KiwahdJ Njitahd xd;whfptpl;lJ. ghuk;ghpa ePhg ; g ; hrd mikg;GfSld; xg;gpLifapy; ,J NkYk; mjpf gaDs;sjhf ,Uf;fpwJ ciu |

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mit tah;fSld; fl;lg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j tptrhapfspd; tho;it ghjpf;Fk; ehl;bYs;s mikg;ghdJ bhpg;gh;fs; milgLtij jLf;Fk; epyg;gug;gpd; vy;iyfs;> epytpay;> clypay;> tpjj;jpy; tbfl;bfs; cl;gl xU Kf;fpa> njhopy;El;gj;jpd; jw;Nghija epiy kw;Wk; xU Jiz Kf;fpa> gf;fthl;L bhpg;gh;fs; tsq;fis mwpe;J ,e;jpa muR twl;rpia kw;Wk; Njitahd ghfq;fSk; kw;Wk; Fiwf;f gy;NtW Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;L cuq;fis cgNahfpg;gjw;fhfTk; mj;Jld; tUfpwJ. ,jpy; nrhl;L ePh; ghrdk; Nghd;w Ez; cuq;fs; tpuakhtij jtph;gg ; jw;fhfTk; ghrd El;gq;fis Cf;fg;gLj;JtJk; mlq;Fk;. ntd;R+hp vd miof;fg;gLk; cuj; 2022 Mk; Mz;bw;Fs; 20 yl;rk; njhl;bfisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. n`f;NlUf;F mjpfkhd epyj;jpw;F xU gpiza Foha; mikg;gpd; nrhl;L ePh; ghrdk; mspf;f muR nrhl;L ePh; %ykhf> Njitahd msT jpl;lkpLfpwJ. cz;ikapNyNa> ghrdj;ij ePh; xt;nthU jhtuj;jpw;Fk; ePh; Nrkpg;G kw;Wk; Nkk;gl;l jhpR epyq;fs;> jpdKk; mspf;fg;gLfpwJ> cw;gj;jpj;jpwDld; Nrh;jJ ; cuq;fs;> ,jd;%yk; nrYj;Jk;NghJ kw;Wk; G+r;rpf; nfhy;ypfs; kw;Wk; njhopyhsh; kiyfs;> kw;Wk; tpepNahfpf;Fk;NghJ Vw;gLk; ePh; Mfpatw;Wf;F MFk; nryTfis flNyhu kzy; ,og;G Fiwf;fg;gLfpwJ. gaphpd; Fiwg;gJ cl;gl fhuzpfs; Fwpj;j gFjpfspy; epoy; gFjpapYs;s NtUf;F kl;LNk mjd; nghUshjhu jhf;fk; kw;Wk; nray;gLj;jyhk; ePh; nrYj;jg;gLtjdhy; Nkw;gug;G xl;Lnkhj;j nray;jpwid Ma;T epyj;jpypUe;J MtpahFk; ePh; ,og;G nra;a xU rpwg;G nray;FOit Fiwf;fg;gLfpwJ. ePuhdJ Fwpg;gpl;l gpujkh; eNue;jpu Nkhb mth;fs; ,lq;fspy; rpy gaph;fSf;F 100 rjtPjk; vd;w rkPgj;jpy; Vw;gLj;jpAs;shh;. cah; tpisr;ry; mjpfhpg;ig toq;FtJld; ed;ikfs; Nkw;gug;G ghrdj;jpy; 40-70 rjtPjk; tiu nrhl;LePh; tay;fs; KOtJk; ghuk;ghpakhd Fiwe;j ghrdk; %yk; ePh; Nrkpf;fg;gLfpwJ vd Ma;T mlh;jj ; pAila ghypnaj;jpypd; (LDPE) njhpag;gLj;JfpwJ. Foha;fis gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; gjpyhf> nrhl;L ePh; ghrdj;ij jhpR epyq;fs;> Nth;fspy; kl;LNk ePh; nrhl;Lfs; tpOk;gb kiyfs;> mNj Nghy; twz;l kw;Wk; flNyhu

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,lkpUe;J tyk;: njspg;ghd; jiy kyh;fs; kw;Wk; Gy;Yf;F ePh; gha;r;RfpwJ> ePiu Nrkpf;Fk; nrhl;L ePh; ghrd Kiw xU ];l;uhnghp gz;izapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ> xU gz;izapy; rhFgb nra;ag;gLfpwJ kw;Wk; xU cau;j;jg;gl;Ls;s Njhl;lj;Jg; ghj;jpapYs;s ghrd mikg;G

kzy; gFjpfspYk; nray;gLj;jyhk;. ,e;j nray;Kiwapy; ePh; jpdKk; gha;rr ; g;gLtjdhy; kw;Wk; <ug;gj kz;lyj;jpw;F ntspg;Gwj;jpy; cg;ghdJ js;sg;gLtjdhy; mjhtJ gaphpd; NthpypUe;J cg;ig J}ug;gLj;Jtjdhy; ,J cg;G my;yJ cth; ePiu Xustpw;F gad;gLj;j mDkjpf;fpwJ. fis tsh;rr ; p kw;Wk; kz; mhpg;gpy; fzprkhd Fiwg;G> nray;ghLfspy; nefpo;jd;ik> Nkhrkhd epyj;jpYk; cah; nghUe;Je;jd;ik NkYk; njhopyhsh;fs;> fhpk cuk; kw;Wk; urhad cuq;fs; nryTfspy; fzprkhd Nrkpg;G Nghd;wit gpw Kf;fpa ed;ikfshFk;.

njhopy;El;g rhj;jpaf; $W kw;Wk; r%f Vw;Gld; Nrh;jJ ; > ,e;j jpl;lk; kpf mjpfkhd nryT gad; tpfpjj;ij (11:32) nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.

jpl;lq;fs;

2016 mf;Nlhghpy; ghfy;Nfhl; khtl;lk;> `d;Fz;l; jhYfhtpy; uhk;jhy; kNuhy; nrhl;L ePh; ghrd jpl;lj;jpd; ,uz;lhk; fl;lj;ij Jtq;fpa fh;ehlfh nkhj;jk; 35>000 n`f;Nlh; epyg;gug;gpy; (Kjy; fl;lkhf 11>000 n`f;Nlh; kw;Wk; 2tJ fl;lkhf 24>000 n`f;Nlh;) mikj;J cyfpd; kpfg;nghpa xw;iw nrhl;L ePh; ghrd jpl;lj;jpd; jhafkhf jpfo;fpwJ. `d;Fz;l; jhYfh KOtJk; 30 fpuhkq;fspy; nrhl;LePh; ghrdj;ij nghUshjhu 15>000 rpW> FW tptrhapfSf;Fk; Kw;Nghf;fhd epiyj;jd;ik mjpfkhNdhh; gadilAk; ,e;j & tptrhapfs; ,e;j mikg;gpd; nrythdJ 768 Nfhb jpl;lkhdJ nrhe;jkhf tpUk;Gfpwhh;fs; vd;gJ tsh;ff ; g;Lk; gaph;fspd; tif> fl;lg;gl;l xU ,af;f kw;Wk; Njh;en ; jLf;fg;gLk; ,ilntsp> ghpkhw;w (BOOT) khjphpapd; Ma;T KbTfspy; ePh; Njit kw;Wk; ePh; Mjhuj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; Nel;lhgpk; ,e;jpah ep&gzkhfpAs;sJ miktplk; Mfpaw;iw nghWj;J gpiuNtl; ypkpnll; kw;Wk; ,Uf;fpwJ. Njq;fha; kw;Wk; n[apd; ePhg ; g ; hrdj;jpdhy; $l;lhf khq;fha; Nghd;w mjpf ,ilntspAs;s nray;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. gaph;fSf;F n`f;NlUf;F &. 20>000,e;jpahtpy; nrhl;L ePh; ghrd Jiwapy; 25>000 tiuapYk; fUk;G> fha;fwpfs; kw;Wk; Muha;rr ; pfs; 1970 Mk; Mz;by; Jtq;fg;gl;l gUj;jp Nghd;w neUf;fkhd ,ilntspapyhd NghjpYk;> mjpf Muk;g KjyPL Njit fhuzkhf thpirapYs;s gaph;fSf;F n`f;NlUf;F & 45>000- ,j;jpl;lj;jpd; tsh;rr ; pahdJ nkJthfTk; kw;Wk; 50>000 tiuapYk; Muk;gj;jpy; epWTtjw;fhd jz;zhP ; gw;whf;FiwAs;s gFjpfspy; kl;LNk nryT NtWgLfpwJ. ,J nryTkpf;fjhf nray;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jJ. njd;id kw;Wk; ,Ug;gpDk;> ,d;W nrhl;LePh; ghrdkhdJ gpw Njhl;lj; njhopy;fSf;F mjpf jz;zhP ; Kw;Nghf;fhd tptrhapfspd; tpUg;gj; Njh;thf Njitg;gl;ljdhy; Nfus muR 1990fspy; ,Ug;gjhf Nrhjid KbTfs; ep&gpj;Js;sd. ,k;Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. jpuhl;ir Nghd;w ngUk;ghyhd khepyq;fspy; ep&gzkhd gog; gaph;fSf;fhf fh;ehlfh kw;Wk; Me;jpug;

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gpuNjrk; ,ij iff;nfhz;lJ mjd;gpd; epyg;gug;ig nfhz;l [hh;ff ; z;lb ; y; xU ,J F[uhj;> kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;> kfhuh\;buh> tha;gG ; ,Ue;jjdhy; ,J rhj;jpakhapw;W. uh[];jhd; tiu gutpaJ. Vndd;why; nrhl;L goq;Fbapdh; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhf khepy muR ePh; ghrdkhdJ nghpa gz;izfSf;F gFjpasT epjpAjtpaspf;Fk; ];th;z[ ; ae;jp kl;LNk Nkw;gug;G ghrdj;ij tpl nghUshjhu fpuhk; ];tNuh[;fh; Nah[;dh vd;w rpwg;G hpjpahf kpfTk; rhj;jpakhdjhf nray;jpl;lj;jpd; %yk;> ,Ue;jJ. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s Nel;lhgpk; vg;gpv]; (FPS)I nghpa gz;izfs; $l tsh;ej ; mwpKfg;gLj;j mOj;jj;ij nghpa gz;izfspy; ehLfspy; cs;s gz;izfSld; <Lnra;Ak; mikg;ig gad;gLj;jp nrhl;L ePh; xg;gpLk;NghJ eLj;ju ,g;NghjpUf;fpw nrhl;LePh; ghrd ghrdkhdJ msTilajhfNt ,Ue;jd.

Kiwia Nkk;gLj;jpAs;sJ. Nkw;gug;G ghrdj;ij midj;J gz;izfSf;Fk; xU caukhd ,lj;jpy; jz;zhP ; kpd;rhuk; fpilf;ftpy;iy. njhl;b itg;gjd; %yk; ,ij tpl nghUshjhu vdNt> 2010 Mk; Mz;L epWTtjw;fhd nrytpy; Rkhh; 50 hPjpahf kpfTk; Nel;lhgpk; ,e;jpahtpy; Kf;fpa rjtPjj;ij Fiwf;Fk; mstpw;F rhj;jpakhdjhFk; Ntshz;ikf;fhd mjd; FLk;g ,J tsh;rr ; paile;Js;sJ. nrhl;LePh; mikg;ig (FPS) ,e;j vg;gpv]; (FPS) cUthf;Fk; tiu> rpwpa tptrhapfs; nrhl;L KiwahdJ nrhl;LePh; ghrdj;jpw;F mjpf ePh; ghrdk; Kiwf;F Fiwe;j Kd;DhpikNa mstpyhd tptrha epyk; Njit vd;gij nfhLj;J te;jdh;. kWj;Js;sJ NkYk; ,t;thW ,e;jpah ngUk;ghyhd tptrha epyq;fs; xU KOtjpYk; mjpfjpfkhd tptrhapfs; ,g;NghJ Vf;fUf;F Fiwthf ,y;yhky; Mdhy; rPuw;w ,ij gpd;gw;Wfpd;wdh;.

ghuk;ghpa kw;Wk; nrhl;L ePh; ghrdj;jpy; ePh; gad;ghl;il xg;gpLjy; Crop Banana

Traditional method - Water

Traditional method - Yield

1760

57.5

Drip Irrigation method - Water

Drip Irrigation method - Yield

% Saving in water

% Increase in yield

970

87.5

45

52

Grapes

532

26.4

278

32.5

48

23

Citrus

1660

100

640

150

61

50

Tomato

300

32

180

48

39

50

Brinjal

90

28

42

32

53

14

Chilli

100

4.2

42

6.1

62

44

Sugarcane

2150

128

940

17

56

33

90

2.3

42

2.9

53

27

Cotton

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31

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33

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,];Nuh ,e;jpa khztUila nraw;iff;Nfhs;fis Rw;wptl;lg;ghijapy; tpl;Ls;sJ Sl. No.

Mass (kg)

Date

Name

Student Group

1

April 20, 2009

ANUSAT

40

2

July 12, 2010

STUDSAT

LESS THAN 1

3

April 20, 2011

YOUTHSAT

4

October 12, 2011

SRMSAT

10.9

5

October 12, 2011

JUGNU

3

6

June 22, 2016

SATHYABAMASAT

7

June 22, 2016

SWAYAM

1

College of Engineering, Pune

8

September 26, 2016

PISAT

5

PESIT and consortium of colleges

9

September 26, 2016

PRATHAM

MIT Chennai 7 engineering college consortium

92

Indian and Russian universities SRM University, Chennai IIT-Kanpur

1.5

Sathyabama University, Chennai

10.15

etk;gH-brk;gH 2016

IIT-Bombay

n

35

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Njrpa gapw;rp Cf;Ftpg;Gj; jpl;lk;

,e;j yl;rpa jpl;lkhdJ 2019-20 Mk; Mz;bw;Fs; 50 yl;rk; njhopy; goFeh;fSf;F gapw;rpaspf;f ,yf;fpl;L &.

10>000 Nfhb epjp xJf;fPL nra;Js;sJ. ,j;jpl;lk; MSDENjrpa njhopyhsh; Njrpa gapw;rp apd; fPo; gapw;rpapd; nghJ re;ij jfty; Cf;Ftpg;Gj; ,af;Fdh; (DGT) %yk; nray;gLj;jg;gLk;. njhopy; mikg;G (LMIS) jpl;lkhdJ 2020 Mk; goFeh;fis gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ,J ,e;jpa jpwd; Nkk;ghl;Lr; Mz;bw;Fk; 50 yl;rk; ,J KjyhspSf;F Rw;Wr;R+oypd; nkhj;j ,isQh;fSf;F Cf;fj;njhif toq;FfpwJ. tpepNahfk; kw;Wk; Njit gapw;rp mspf;f njhopy; gapw;rpahdJ epiyf;fhd xU xw;iw jpwikahd kdpjtsj;ij rhsukhFk;. ,J cyfj; juk; jpl;lkpl;bUf;fpwJ Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd kpfTk; kw;Wk; rpwe;j eilKiwfspd; rpwe;j topfspy; xd;whf gb epWtd Vw;ghLfs;> eilKiwfs;> topKiwfs; kw;Wk; njhopyhsh; fUjg;gLfpwJ. 2015k; Mz;bd; Njrpa nfhs;ifapy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sgb Fwpf;Nfhis re;ij jftiy jahhpf;f tbtikf;fg;gl;l mila mJ Kaw;rpf;fpwJ. ,f;nfhs;ifahdJ juT mikg;Gfspd; xU xUq;fpize;j 2020 Mk; Mz;bw;Fs; 10 klq;F tha;g;Gfis njhFg;G MFk;. LMIS %yk;> njhopyhsh; mjpfhpg;gjw;fhf MSMEf;fs; cl;gl re;ijapy; Gs;spapay; kw;Wk; Gs;spapay; njhopy;JiwfSld; nray;Ntfj;Jld; my;yhj jfty;fs; cUthf;fg;gLk;. Njrpa jpwd; Nkk;ghl;L KfikahdJ (NSDA) Njrpa nrayhw;w jpl;lkpl;bUf;fpwJ.

cyf jpwd;fs; ehs; tpohtpy; kj;jpa mikr;rh;fSld; ,ize;J FbauRj; jiyth; gpuzhg; Kfh;[p Gj;jfk; ntspapLfpwhh;

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Gifg;glk;

fl;llf;fiy jpwd; Fwpj;j

xU fij

f[{uhN`htpYs;s mofhd kj;jpa fhy epidTr;rpd;dq;fs; mtw;wpd; rpf;fyhd rpw;g Ntiyg;ghLfSf;Fk; kw;Wk; rpw;wpd;g rpw;gq;fSf;Fk; ngah; ngw;wjha; ,Uf;fpd;wd

,e;jpa juprdk;

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kj;jpag; gpuNjrj;jpYs;s xU rpwpa efukhd f[{uhN`h ,e;jpahtpd; Gfo;ngw;w Rw;Wyh ];jyq;fspy; xd;whFk; kw;Wk; mjd; kpfr; rpwe;j Nfhtpy; fiyf;fhf cyfk; KOtJk; Gfo; ngw;Ws;sJ. fp.gp.

900 kw;Wk; 1130 tUlq;fSf;F ,ilapy; rz;nlyh Ml;rpahsh;fshy; fl;lg;gl;l f[{uhN`h Nfhtpy;fs; czh;T> ghYzh;T> eldk;> ,ir kw;Wk; fw;gidtsk;kpf;f fhhpaq;fis tpthpf;Fk; jq;fspd; kfj;jhd> rpf;fyhd rpw;gq;fSf;F ngah; ngw;wjha; tpsq;Ffpd;wd. f[{uhN`h epidTr;rpd;dq;fspd; gphpT gy;NtW kf;fspd; tho;f;ifia rpj;jhpf;fpwJ. ,e;j And];Nfh cyf ghuk;ghpa jsj;jpYs;s Nfhtpy;fs; Nkw;F gphpT> fpof;F gphpT kw;Wk; njw;F gphpT vd %d;W tshfq;fshf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd kw;Wk; ,uz;L ntt;NtW kjq;fshd ,e;J kw;Wk; rkz kjq;fSf;F nrhe;jkhditahf ,Uf;fpd;wd. rz;nlyh Ml;rpahsh;fshy; 80 Nfhapy;fs; fl;lg;gl;l NghjpYk;> ,d;W Rkhh; 20 Nfhtpy;fs; ed;F guhkhpf;fg;gl;l epiyapy; kPe;jpUf;fpd;wd. kaq;fpg;NghFk; mDgtj;ijg; ngw ,e;jf; Nfhapy;fspd; jho;thuq;fspy; cyh thUq;fs;.

Khajuraho

Map not to scale

Madhya pradesh

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Gifg;glk;

fz;lhhpah k`hNjt; Nfhtpy;

f[{uhN`htpNyNa kpfg; nghpa gpukhz;lkhd NfhtpYf;Fs; EioAk; NghJ ePq;fs; gpukhz;lkhf nrJf;fg;gl;l kfu Njhuizia fle;J nry;tPh;fs;. khngUk; nja;tj;jpd; Fif vd mh;j;jKs;s fz;lhhpah k`hNjt; Nfhapy;> rhd;nlyh murh; jhq;fNjth mth;fshy; fp.K. 1000 ,y; fl;lg;gl;ljhFk;. ,f;Nfhtpy; rpt ngUkhDf;F mh;g;gzpf;fg;gl;ljhFk; kw;Wk; mjd; fUtiwapy; xU gspq;F rptypq;fk; cs;sJ. ntspg;Gw mikg;G ifyhr kiyia Fwpg;gpLk; xU gpujhd NfhGuj;ij mbg;gilahf nfhz;ljhFk; kw;Wk; 84 rpwpa NfhGuq;fshy; R+og;gl;Ls;sJ. ,f;Nfhtpy; moFkpF rpw;gq;fshy; myq;fhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ kw;Wk; mij Rw;wpYk; nja;tq;fs;> kpUfq;fs; kw;Wk; tPuh;fs;> fd;dpah;> eldf; fiyQh;fs;> ,irf;fiyQh;fs; kw;Wk; rpw;wpd;g tbt rpw;gq;fis rpj;jhpf;Fk; 870 rpw;gq;fs; cs;sd.

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yf;\;kzd; Nfhtpy;

jl;ilahf $iuaplg;gl;l EioT jho;thuj;ijAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. jiuia ghh;j;Jf;nfhz;L Njhs;fspy; ghukhd fw;fis Rkg;gJ Nghd;w xU thpir ahidfs; $l;lj;ijf; nfhz;l xNu ,lk; yf;\;kzd; NfhtpyhFk;. ,ir fiyQh;fs;> myq;fhpf;fg;ggl;l Fjpiufs; kw;Wk; rthhpahsh;fs; kw;Wk; ePjpkd;w tho;f;ifia rpj;jhpf;Fk; xU njhFg;G Nghd;witfSk; kpfr; rpwe;j gpw rpw;gq;fspy; mlq;Fk;.

tp\;Z nja;tj;jpw;F mh;g;gzpf;fg;gl;l ,f;Nfhtpy; kd;dh; aNrhth;kd; (fp. gp. 930-950) Ml;rp fhyj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;ljhFk;. ,q;F %d;W jiyAila kw;Wk; ehd;F iffSila itFz;l tp\;Z glk; xd;W cs;sJ mNjNeuj;jpy; ntspg;Gw Rth; Rkhh; 600 flTsh;fspd; glq;fis fhl;rpg;gLj;JfpwJ. efhuh ghzp fl;blf;fiyapy; fl;lg;gl;l ,f;Nfhtpy; xU rd;dpjhdj;ijAk; kw;Wk;

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Gifg;glk;

Njtp [fjhk;gp Nfhtpy; ,f;Nfhtpy; G+h;tkhf tp\;Z nja;tj;jpw;F mh;g;gzpf;fg;gl;l NghjpYk;> fUT+yj;jpy; ghh;tjp Njtpapd; glk; Gdpjg;gLj;jg;gl;l gpwF ,t;thW ngahplg;gl;lJ. rpwg;ghf myq;fhpf;fg;gl;l ,f;Nfhtpypy; tp\;Z Njtd; kw;Wk; mtuJ gy;NtW tbtq;fs; mlq;fpa gy rpw;wpd;g rpw;gNtiyg;ghLfs;> Rth;fspy; mofhd rpiyfs;> rpf;fyhd rpw;g njhFg;Gfs;

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etk;gH-brk;gH 2016

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. xU cah;e;j gPlj;jpy; epw;Fk; ,f;Nfhtpy; vspikahd %d;W gFjpahd tbtikg;ig ngw;Ws;sJ kw;Wk; ,q;F eilghij ,y;yhj xU fUtT+yk;> xU eil> xU kfh kz;lgk; kw;Wk; xU EioT jho;thuk; cs;sJ. xg;giz nra;Ak; kw;Wk; jq;fis moFgLj;Jk; ngz; rpiyfs; kw;Wk; fhjypd; xt;nthU epiyiaAk; rpj;jhpf;Fk; nja;tPf jk;gjpfs; Nghd;wit Rth;fis myq;fhpf;Fk; rpy trPfhpf;Fk; rpw;gq;fshFk;.

Mjpehj; Nfhtpy;

mtw;wpd; $iufSld; kl;Lk; kPe;jpUf;fpw NghjpYk;> Nfhtpypd; mikg;G gy;NtW mk;rq;fspy; moF Njtijfs; kw;Wk; ahf;\ pf;fspd; mofhd rpw;gq;fis ngw;Ws;sJ. ehafpfs;> fhkpdpfs; kw;Wk; ghkpdpfs; Nghd;w gy;NtW tifahd ngz;fSk; mofhd Kiwapy; rpj;jhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdh;.

,J rhz;nlyh tk;rj;jpd; uh[h kjdth;kdpd; Ml;rp fhykhd 1207 Mk; Mz;ilr; Nrh;e;j thh;j;ijfs; nghwpf;fg;gl;l xU rpiyia cila xU mofhd kw;Wk; rpwpa rd;dpjhdkhFk;. ,g;NghJ fUtiw kw;Wk; eil

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Gifg;glk;

g];tdhj; Nfhtpy; f[{uhN`htpYs;s kpfg; nghpa rkz Nfhtpy;fshd ,it xU fl;llf;fiy mw;GjkhFk;. g];tdhj; Nfhtpy; 10 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; kj;jpapy; fl;lg;gl;ljhFk; kw;Wk; rkz kjj;jpd; Kjy; jPh;j;jq;fuUk; kw;Wk; epWtdUkhd rkz Mjpehj; mth;fSf;F Mjpapy;

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Mh;g;gzpf;fg;gl;lJ. MapDk;> 1860 Mk; Mz;by; g];tdhj; rpiy epWtg;gl;lJ mjd;%yk; Nfhtpy; Gjpa ngaiu ngw;wJ. ahidfs;> rpq;fq;fs;> fly; Njtijfs;> mofhd fd;dpfspd; md;whl tho;f;if Nghd;wtw;iw ntspg;Gw Rthpy; mofhf nrJf;fg;gl;l cUtq;fs; fhz;gpf;fpd;wd.

rJh;GQ;r; Nfhtpy;

f[{uhN`h epidTr;rpd;d njhFg;GfspNyNa rpw;wpd;g rpw;gq;fis nfhz;buhj xNu Nfhtpyhd ,f;Nfhtpy; tp\;Z nja;tj;jpw;F mh;g;gzpf;fg;gl;ljhFk;. mjd; fUtiwapy; ehd;F iffisAila tp\;Ztpd; 2.7 kP ePs rpiy cs;sJ> NkYk; ,f;Nfhtpy; rpq;fq;fs;> ghjp nja;tPf kw;Wk; nja;tPf kdpjh;fspd; rpw;gq;fis nfhz;Ls;sJ. mh;j;jehhp];tuh; (ghjp rptd; ghjp ghh;tjp) kw;Wk; eurpk;khpd; Jiztp Nghd;wit kpfTk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f rpw;gq;fshFk;. ,f;Nfhtpypd; mikg;G fp.gp. 1100 Mk; Mz;L rhz;nlyh kd;dh; aNrhth;kdhy; fl;lg;gl;ljhFk;.

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nlf;fhd;

caph;g;ghij

fiyQh;fs; gy;NtW th;zq;fis jhspy; kw;Wk; fpj;jhd; Jzpapy; fijfshf tiutJ njhlh;tjdhy; Nfhz;l; goq;Fb fiy tbtk; cyfstpy; nry;thf;Fld; jpfo;fpwJ ciu |

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etk;gH-brk;gH 2016

Xtpah; N[ Rthkpehjd; mth;fs; kj;jpag; gpuNjr khepyj;jpYs;s gjd;fhh;f; fpuhkj;ijr; Nrh;e;j 17 taJila [q;fhh;f; rpq; \ahk;; vd;w xU jpwikahd ,isQid fz;Lgpbf;fhjpUe;jhy; Nfhz;l; fiy tuyhW xUNtis tpj;jpahrkhd ghijia vLj;jpUf;fhJ. NkYk; Nfhz;l; fiy ,e;jpahtpd; gy mope;JtUk; goq;Fb fiy tbtq;fspy; xd;whf jtph;f;f Kbahjgb tifg;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;. [q;fhh;f;fpd; ntw;wpf;F mbg;gilahf %y jpwik kw;Wk; Mokhd fiyg; ghh;it kl;Lky;yhky; ghuk;ghpa Nth;fs; kw;Wk; rkfhyj;jpa njhLjYf;F ,ilapyhd rhpahd rkepiy Mr;rhpag;glj;jf;f tpjj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ. cz;ikapNyNa> jdJ Xtpaj;jpw;F fhfpjk; kw;Wk; fpj;jhd; Jzpia gad;gLj;Jk; Kjy; Nfhz;l; fiyQuhf \pahk; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwhh;. mtuJ jpwik kw;Wk; jhprdk; kpfTk; gue;J fhzg;gl;lJ ,Jjhd; mtiu ,e;jpahtpy; kl;Lky;yhky; rh;tNjr epfo;TfspYk; ntspg;gLj;jp xU Gfo;ngw;w Xtpauhf;fpAs;sJ. gh[{ \ pahk;> gPh;ghy; rpq; cf;fp kw;Wk; Jh;fh Kfg;G gf;fk;: goq;fhyq;fspd; tptrha fijfis tpthpf;Fk; xU Nfhz;l; gha; Nghd;w gpw Nfhz;l; fiyQh;fs; Xtpak; kw;Wk; NkNy: fpj;jhd; Jzpapy; xU fpuhkj;ij rpj;jhpf;Fk; xU Xtpak; jq;Sf;fhd xU cahpa epiyia cUthf;fp rh;tNjr ghuhl;ilg; ngw;Ws;sdh;.

Nfhz;l; r%fj;jpd; Njhw;wj;Jf;F gwitfis tYthd ,aw;if $Wfshf xU Jy;ypakhd Njjpia Fwpg;gpl gad;gLj;jp jq;fs; fijfis gpujpgypj;Js;sdh;.

Kbahtpl;lhYk;> mjd; Nth;fs; Ke;ija Mhpa xU ey;y glkhdJ r%fj;jpd; tPLfspy; fhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;jJ vd;gij mwpe;Jnfhs;s njhpAk;gbahd ey;y mjph;\;lj;jpw;F KbfpwJ. ,e;jpahtpy; nghpa topfhl;LfpwJ vd;gJ Nfhz;l; goq;Fb r%fkhf $wg;gLk; xd;gJ r%fj;jpd; xU nghJthd Nfhz;l; Xtpaq;fs; kpy;ypad; kf;fs; njhifAila ek;gpf;ifahFk;. gpufhrkhf th;zk; ,th;fs; ngUk;ghYk; nlf;fhd; kuq;fs;> tpyq;Ffs; G+rg;gl;l Rth;fs;> [d;dy;fs; kw;Wk; jPgfw;gj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;fs;. gy E} kw;Wk; gwitfs; jsq;fs;> ghuk;ghpa rpd;dq;fs; w;whz;Lfshf> Nfhz;l; r%fkhdJ kw;Wk; tbtq;fs; epiwe;jpUg;gJ Nghd; w tYthd Me;jpuh> kfhuh\;buh> kj;jpa Nfhz;l; Rw;Wg;Gwq;fspy; xU ,aw;if gpuNjrk;> [hh;f;fz;l;> xbrh Mfpa nghJthd fhl;rpahFk;. khepyq;fspy; trpj;J tUfpwJ. $WfspypUe;J ghuk;ghpakhf G+rhhpah;fshf ,aw;ifAld; Mokhf cj;Ntfk; ngWfpwJ gzpahw;Wk; gh;jhd; Nfhz;l;Lf;fs; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s Nfhz;l;Lf;fs; Xtpak; kw;Wk; ,irapy; ghuk;ghpakhf cj;Ntfk; epGzj;Jtk; ngw;W r%fj;jpy; ngw;Ws;sdh; mj;Jld; jq;fspd; fhl;rp fiy cah;e;j ,lj;jpy; ,Ug;gjhf $wg;gLfpwJ. Rkhh; eilKiwapy; kpfTk; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l 1980fspd; Kw;gFjpapy;> fpj;jhd; Jzpapy; Fbkf;fshf ,Ue;J kuq;fs;> tpyq;Ffs; kw;Wk; mf;hpypf; kw;Wk; fhfpjj;jpy; ik Nghd;w etPd

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fiy

Rthu];akhd cz;ikfs; Nghghypy; cs;s ghuj; gtdpd; Kf;fpa Ftpkhlk; [q;fhh;f; rpq; \pahkhy; tz;zk; jPl;lg;gl;ljhFk; kw;Wk; ,J Nfhz;l; nja;tk; gubNahit rpj;jhpf;fpwJ. NkYk; ,th; kj;jpag; gpuNjr tpjhd; rghtpd; cl;Gwj;jpy; th;zk; jPl;bapUf;fpwhh; kw;Wk; ,th; Nghghypy; cs;s xU rhjhuz tPl;by; tho;fpd;w NghjpYk; mtuJ $yp & 7 yl;rj;ij rf Xtpah;fs; kw;Wk; mtuJ fpuhk kf;fSf;F gfph;e;jspj;Js;shh;. gpNlhh; vd miof;fg;gLk; cs;Shh; gFjpfspy; ,ytrkhf fpilf;Fk; xU rpwg;G kz; Xtpaq;fSf;fhd Rthpd; Nkw;gug;ig cUthf;Ftjw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. cyfkakhf;fy; %yk;> Nfhz;l; Xtpaq;fshdJ nkj;ij ciwfs;> ku jl;Lf;fs; kw;Wk; Milfs; Nghd;w md;whl tpw;gidg; nghUl;fshfptpl;ld> fiy tbtk; nghpa mstpy; Gfo; ngw ,it cjTfpd;wd.

kj;jpag; gpuNjrj;ijr; Nrh;e;j Nfhz;l; r%fj;jpdh; cUthf;fpa xU goq;Fb Xtpak;

Clfq;fspd; gy;NtW tifiag; gad;gLj;Jk; %yk; fle;j fhyj;ij kPz;Lk; cUthf;fpdh;.

NghJ xU rpy gh;jhd; Nfhz;l;Lfs; jq;fspd; ,d;W> Nfhz;l; Xtpaq;fs; tskhd rlq;Ffis cUtf kw;Wk; tpthpg;G fhl;rp tptuq;fs;> gpufhrkhd tz;zq;fs;> Gije;j Xtpaj;jpd; xU Gjpa kughf khw;w kw;Wk; kh;kk; kw;Wk; eifr;Rit czh;Tf;F ngah; gpujpgypf;fj; Jtq;fpapUf;fpwhh;fs;. rkfhyj;jpa ngw;wjha; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,Ug;gpDk;> ,e;j Nfhz;l; fiyQh;fs; etPd goq;Fb fiyg;gilg;Gfs; nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; Kiwfis fhyhtjpahdit vd;gijj; Nfhz;l; Xtpaq;fs; gad;gLj;j njhlq;fpapUg;gJ jtpu NtnwJTkpy;iy. kl;Lky;yhky; gioa Xtpaj;jpw;Fk; kw;Wk; tskhd tptuq;fs;> kuGfs; kw;Wk; ghzpfis Xtpaj; ij cUthf;fj; gpufhrkhd cz;ikahf itf;Fk;NghJ Njitg;gLk; fUtpfs; tz;zq;fs; mth;fs; rkfhyj;jpa fhl;rpfs; ,uz;bw;Fk; mbg;gilapy; kw; W k; eifr;Rit kw;Wk; gpur;ridfis Nfhz;l; fiyapd; kpf gpujpgypf;fpd;wdh;. trPfukhd mk;rq;fspy; xd;W czh;Tf;F Mr;rhpakhd mstpyhd mjd; vspikahFk;. xU ngah; ngw;wjha; fhl;rp fij gy;NtW tifahd fpj;jhd; Jzp my;yJ xU ,Uf;fpd;wd fUg;nghUs;fs; kw;Wk; Jzp my;yJ xU tpsf;fg;gl fijfis rpj;jhpf;fpwJ. Guhzf; fhfpjk; ,it midj;Jk; fijfs; kw;Wk; tha;top tuyhWfs; Kjy; xU Nfhz;l; Xtpaj;ij cUthf;fj; ghuk;ghpa ,ir> ,aw;if Rw;Wr;R+oy;fs;> Njitg;gLfpwJ. Xtpah; Kjypy; xU Kf;fpakhd epfo;Tfs; kw;Wk; rlq;Ffs; fUg;nghUspy; my;yJ xU vspa jiyg;gpy; tiu> Nfhz;l; fiyQh;fs; njhopy;El;gk; G+[;akhf ,Uf;fpwhh; mjd;gpd; Xtpa kw;Wk; Mokhd rpf;fypd; Mo;e;j Njh;r;rp nray;Kiwia Jtq;Ffpwhh;. ,Ug;gpDk;

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xU ghuk;ghpa Nfhz;l; Xtpak;

vspikapy; ek;gKbahj rpf;fy; kw;Wk; jq;fsJ nrhe;j jdpj;Jtkhd jdpg;gl;l ghJfhg;G cs;sJ. Nfhz;l; Xtpaj;jpd; kpfTk; fiy milahsq;fs; %yk; xU Fwpg;ig Fwpg;gplj;jf;f kw;Wk; vspjhf milahsk; gjpT nra;Js;sdh;. Nfhz;l; Xtpaq;fs; xU fhzf;$ba mk;rq;fspy; xd;W thp kw;Wk; rpy Mapuj;jpypUe;J xU rpy yl;rq;fSf;Fs; Gs;sp El;gj;ij gad;gLj;JtjhFk;. ,e;j vq;NfAk; tpw;fyhk;.

NfhLfs; kw;Wk; Gs;spfs; fpj;jhd; ,Jehs; tiu> Nfhz;l; Jzpapy; xU rf;jptha;e;j fiyahdJ jw;Nghija ,e;jpa tskhd ,e;jpa kw;Wk; ,af;f czh;it fhl;rp fiy kuGfspYk; Vw;gLj;JfpwJ> ghh;itahshpd; tuyhw;W hPjpapy; tuyhw;wpd; ftdj;ij cldbahf <h;f;fpwJ. kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd xU gFjpahd Xtpaq;fs; nghJthf kz; xd;whf ,Uf;fpwJ. ,e;j ghuk;ghpa Rth;fspy; nra;ag;gLfpwJ. gy ,e;jpa goq;Fb goq;Fb fiy ,aw;if tz;zq;fspd; xU fiy tbtq;fSf;F fyit nghJthf ku epyf;fhp> kWkyh;r;rp tbtk; cyf kur; rhW> nrk;kz;> ,iyfs; kw;Wk; MjuT Nghf;FfSld; kw;Wk; khl;Lr; rhzk; Nghd;w Njitg;gLfpNghjpYk;> xj;jpUf;fpwJ kz; nghUl;fspypUe;J Nfhz;l; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. fiyahdJ rkfhy etPd fhyj;jpy;> Nfhz;l; Xtpaq;fs; fhy njhlh;igAk; kw;Wk; jw;Nghija cyf ehfhpfj;Jld; tho;thjhuj;ijAk; ngw;wpUf;fpwJ xj;jpUg;gjdhy; mit tskhd ghuk;ghpa NkYk; r%f tho;f;if kw;Wk; ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpd; ngUk;gFjpahf ,Uf;fpd;wd. caph;g;ghijapd; xU Kf;fpa Nfhz;l; fiyQh;fs; cyf fiy re;ijapy; gFjpahf ,Ug;gJ njhlh;fpwJ.

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tuyhW

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kPz;Lk; jpwj;jy;

Nuthhp ePuhtp uapy; vQ;rpd; gdpkid 2010

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Nuthhp ePuhtp uapy; vQ;rpd; gzpkidapd; xU Njhw;wk;

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ese;jh gw;wp gy tptuq;fs; njhpahj NeU xg;gilj;j NghJ> yp fhh;G+]pah; NghjpYk;> ,j;jsk; Gj;j kjj;jpd; ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; jpl;lkpl;l efuj;ijAk; xU tsUk; ikakhf ek;gg;gLfpwJ. kw;Wk; etPd ,e;jpahtpd; vjph;fhyj;ij cz;ikapy;> gy;fiyf;foj;jpd; milahsg;gLj;Jk; efuj;ijAk; tPo;r;rpahdJ ,e;jpahtpy; Gj;j tbtikj;jhh;. kjj;jpd; Nja;Tld; xj;jpUf;fpwJ. 'fle;jfhyj;jpy; xU rhjidia ,j;jsk; ,g;NghJ ed;F mwpag;gl;l cUthf;fpa Gjpa fl;llf;fiy nkhopapd; Rw;Wyh jykhfTk; fz;Lgpbg;gpy;" yp fhh;G+] kw;Wk; gpugykhd pahpd; gq;if mq;fPfhpj;j Gj;j Rw;Wyh tl;lhu And];Nfh ,ij ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; gFjpahfTk; jpfo;fpwJ. Nlhf;fpNahtpy; cs;s jpl;lkpl;l efukhd Nkw;fj;jpa fiyapd; rz;bfh; yp fhh;G+] rz;bfh; Nfgply; Njrpa mUq;fhl;rpafk;> pauhy; 1950 fspy; mh;n[d;Bdhtpd; yh tshfk; tbtikf;fg;gl;ljhFk; gpshl;lhtpYs;s lhf;lh; rz;bfh; Nfgply; FUr;rl; mth;fspd; tPL tshfk; VO ehLfspy; kw;Wk; gpuhd;]pd; khh;i] cs;s 17 jsq;fspd; y;ypy; cs;s If;fpa thr];jyj;Jld; gFjpahFk;. yp fhh;G+]pah; vd ed;F ,izj;J gl;baypl;Ls;sJ. mwpag;gLk; gpugykhd etPd fl;llf; 100 Vf;fh; gutpAs;s Nfgply; fiyQh; rhh;y];-nlhh;l; [Pdul; fphp]; tshfk; Rw;Wyh gazpfs; kj;jpapy; mth;fspd; gilg;ig nfhz;lhl gpugykhdjhFk;. rl;lkd;w muz;kid Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l ehLfle;j njhlh; (rl;lkd;wk;)> muR jiyikr; nrayfk;> gz;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. 1950fspy; gQ;rhg; kw;Wk; mhpahdh cah; ePjpkd;wk;> gQ;rhg; kw;Wk; mhpahdhtpw;F xU Gjpa gpugykhd jpwe;j if epidTr;rpd;dk;> jiyefuk; fl;l gpujkh; [t`h;yhy;

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tbtpay; kiy kw;Wk; epoy;fs; NfhGuk; cl;gl gy eph;thf fl;blq;fs; kw;Wk; epidT rpd;dq;fspd; jhafkhf jpfo;fpwJ.

fq;nrq;l;Nrhq;fh Njrpa G+q;fh

rpf;fpkpd; fq;nrq;l;Nrhq;fh Njrpa G+q;fh ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; fyg;G cyf ghuk;ghpa jskhFk;. tlfpof;F ,e;jpahtpy; ,kakiyapy; mike;Js;s ,e;j Njrpa G+q;fh gs;sj;jhf;Ffs;> rkntsp> Fiffs;> Vhpfs;> gdpg;ghiwfs; kw;Wk; fhLfspd; gue;j gd;Kfj;jd;ikia cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. And];Nfh gb> ,g;G+q;fh cyfstpy; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l gFjpapd; mfd;w caukhd vy;iyfspy; xd;iw fhz;gpf;fpwJ kw;Wk; cyfpd; %d;whtJ kpf cah;e;j rpfukhd>

,e;jpahtpy; mjpfk; mwpag;glhj cyf ghuk;ghpa jsq;fspy; rpy

kTz;l; fq;nrq;l;Nrhq;fh my;yJ fQ;rd;[q;fhtpd; jhafkhf jpfo;fpwJ. rpf;fpk; gFjpapy; fhy;thrpia cs;slf;fpAs;s ,g;G+q;fh mjd; gy;Yaph;fSf;fhd gpuahzpfs; kj;jpapy; gpbj;jkhd xd;whf ,Uf;fpwJ. f];J} hp khd;> ,khya jhh; MLfs;> rptg;G ghz;lh fub kw;Wk; gdp rpWj;ij Nghd;w gy tpyq;FfSf;F fq;nrq;l;Nrhq;fh jhafkhFk;. ,J mjid Kf;fpakhd xU R+o;epiy jskhf;FfpwJ. NkYk; ,J xU Kf;fpakhd fyhr;rhu jskhFk;. ehl;Lg;Gwf; fiyapd; gb> kiy> Vhpfs;> Fiffs; kw;Wk; gpw ,aw;if $Wfs; rpf;fpkpYs;s goq;Fb r%fj;jpw;fhd Kf;fpa topghl;L nghUl;fshFk;. ,it Gj;j ek;gpf;iffSld; Nrh;e;J rpf;fpkpd; milahsj;jpw;fhd mbg;gilia cUthf;FfpwJ.

gl;ljhfypy; cs;s epidTr;rpd;dq;fs; $l;lk;: 1987 ,y; epakpf;fg;gl;l> tl fHehlfhtpy; cs;s xd;gJ ,e;J Nfhtpy;fisf; nfhz;l xU thpir kw;Wk; xU n[apd; Gdpj ];jyk;. gPk;ngl;fh ghiw ciwtplq;fs;: 2003 ,y; epakpf;fg;gl;l> kzw;fy; giw ciwtplq;fs; ghiw Xtpaq;fspd; xU mw;Gjkhd fsQ;rpakhFk;. ,it tpe;jpa kiyj;njhlhpd; mbthuj;jpy; mike;Js;sd.

fq;nrq;l;Nrhq;fh Njrpa G+q;fh topahf fle;J nry;Yk; bNrhq;hp-yh kiyNaw;w ghij

kiy ,uapy; ghij: 1999> 2005 kw;Wk; 2008 Mfpa Mz;Lfspy; epakpf;fg;gl;l kiy ,uapyhdJ lhH[Pypq; ,khyad; ,uapy; ghij> ePyfphp kiy ,uapy; ghij kw;Wk; fy;fh-\pk;yh ,uapy; ghij Mfpatw;iw Fwpf;fpd;wd. uhzp fp tht; (uhzpapd gbf;fpzW): 2014 ,y; epakpf;fg;gl;l kw;Wk; F[uhj;jpd; gjhd; gFjpapy; mike;Js;s ,j;jsk; mjd; msT kw;Wk; rpw;gj;jpw;fhf mwpag;gl;l xU gpugykhd gbf;fpzW MFk;.

Nkw;Fj; njhlHr;rp kiy: 2012 ,y; epakpf;fg;gl;l Nkw;Fj; njhlHr;rp kiy r`;ahj;hp kiy vdTk; mwpag;gLfpwJ> ,J Nkw;F ,e;jpahtpy; mike;Js;sJ. Njrpa g+q;fhf;fs; kw;Wk; tdtpyq;F ruzhyaq;fs; cl;gl Kg;gj;jp xd;gJ ,lq;fs; ghuk;ghpa jsq;fshf epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

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nts;isg;

ghiytdk;

fl;r; Gfo;kpf;f uhd; cr;rtj;ij elj;Jtjdhy; mJ nfhz;lhl;lk;> jpUtpoh> fiy kw;Wk; fyhr;rhuk; Mfpatw;wpd; ikakhf khwpAs;sJ ciu

|

mdpy; Ky;re;jhdp

fl;rpd; fpNul; uhd; vd miof;fg;gLk; cg;G gbe;Js;s ghiytdj;jpd; gue;j gug;G Kjy; fl;r; tisFlhtpd; flw;fiu tiu> ghdpapd; gue;J mfd;w kuq;fsw;w Gy;ntspfs; Kjy; rtd;dh`; Nghd;w eypah trpg;gplk; tiu kw;Wk; fhyh Jq;fh; (fUg;G kiyfs;) Nghd;w kiyfs; Kjy; Mr;rhpa%l;Lk; [{uhrpf; KfLfs; kw;Wk; ghiw mikg;Gf;fs; tiu> fl;r; xU gaz ,yf;Fs;s ,lkhFk;. ,e;jpahtpd; kpfg;nghpa khtl;lq;fspy; xd;whd fl;r; xU fyhr;rhu Rthu];ak;

epiwe;j gFjpahFk;> ,J gy ,e;J kjk; kw;Wk; K];yPk; Nka;g;gh; r%fq;fspd; tPlhfj; jpfo;fpwJ. ,e;j miu ehNlhb Nka;r;ry;fhuh;fspd; ngz;kzpfs; ,aw;iff;F tz;zkspf;Fk; vk;gpuha;lhp kw;Wk; xl;LNtiy Nghd;w iftpidfspy; jpwd; ngw;wth;fshf ,Uf;fpd;wdh;. fl;r; jiyikafkhd G+[; xU fhyj;jpy; kfhuht; vd;w guk;giu gl;lj;Jld; 1540 Kjy; 1948 tiu ,e;j gFjpia murhz;l [Nl[h uh[Gj;jpuh;fspd; Ml;rp gPlkhf

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gazk;

fiyQh;fs; rpf;fyhd m[;uhf; fiy ,Ue;jJ. mth;fspd; muz;kid tshfkhd cl;gl Njhy; vk;gpuha;lhp> kz;ghz;lk;> jh;ghh;fhj; Mr;rhpakha; myq;fhpf;fg;gl;l rpy;th; Ntiyg;ghL> ku Ntiyg;ghL> cl;Gwq;fs; kw;Wk; trPfukhd guhf;k`hy; cNyhf Ntiyg;ghL kw;Wk; fl;ilahy; muz;kidia nfhz;l mw;Gjkhd 18 Mk; mr;rbj;jy; Nghd;wtw;wpy; rpwe;J E}w;whz;bd; Idh muq;if nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. tpsq;Ffpd;wdh;. epNuhdh fpuhkkhdJ G+[;[pw;Fg; gpwF> rhiyahdJ fpuhkq;fisf; Mkzf;F vz;nza; nfhz;l Gy;ntspfisAk; rhh;e;j epwq;fisf; kw;Wk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l nfhz;L Jzpapy; tiuAk; iftpidapy; xt;nthU fl;rr ; pYs;s tPLfspd; Nuhfhd; Xtpaq;fs; kw;Wk; xU jpwidg; ngw;Ws;s ,dpikahd xyp vOg;Gk; ughhpf;fs;> m`ph;thf;fs;> ntspg;Gwq;fs; kzpfs; kw;Wk; rhak; [hj;thf;fs;> Kj;thf;fs;> kw;Wk; cl;Gwq;fs; G+rg;gl;l ku nghUl;fs; nkf;thy;f;fs; kw;Wk; Nrhjh fiytbtq;fs; jahhpg;gth;fSf;fhd uh[Gj;jpuh;fs; Nghd;w kw;Wk; fz;zhbfshy; jhafkhf jpfo;fpwJ. gy;NtW r%fj;jth;fspd; Gq;fhf;fs; vd FbNaw;wq;fspd; myq;fhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd miof;fg;gLk; ,e;j topahf nry;fpwJ. gFjpapd; tl;l tPLfs; ghiytd fhyepiy kw;Wk; G+fk;gq;fspy; epiyj;J epw;Fk;gbahf rpf;fyhf Ntag;gl;l $k;Gf; $iufs;> jbj;j Rth;fs; kw;Wk; rpwpa [d;dy;fisf; nfhz;L tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ntspg;Gwq;fs; kw;Wk; cl;Gwq;fs; ,aw;if tbtq;fs; kw;Wk; fz;zhbfshy; myq;fhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. fl;r; fpNul; uhdpd; gspr;rpLk; nts;is ,lJ: uhd; cr;rtj;jpd; NghJ cg;G gug;Gf;fspd; xU fhl;rpia fhz xU ghiytd fhyh Jq;fh; vd miof;fg;gLk; kiyapy; ,ir fr;Nrhpapy; fiyQh;fs; kw;Wk; fPNo: fl;r;rpYs;s xU Rw;Wyh tPL

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fPopypUe;J ,lJ:: uhd; cr;rtj;jpd; NghJ Filfs; jiyfPohf njhq;Ffpd;wd, uhd; cr;rtj;jpd; NghJ tpw;gidf;fhf itf;g;gl;bUf;Fk; iftpidg; nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; xU ngz; fiyeakhd vk;gpuha;lhp Ntiyapy; <Lgl;Ls;shh;

2017 gpg;uthp 20f;F ,ilapy; elj;jg;gl ,Uf;fpwJ. Njhh;jhtpYs;s Rw;Wyh fpuhkkhdJ cah;ju $lhu miwfs;> epfo;r;rp gFjpfs;> iftpid ikaq;fs;> cztfq;fs; kw;Wk; gpw trjpfs; nfhz;L cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ. Rw;Wyh fpuhkj;jpypUe;J> xl;lf tz;b %yk; jl;ilahd fspkz; rkntspfs; topahf ehl;Lg;Gw ,ir fr;Nrhpfs; %yk; Rw;Wyh gazpfis ,ir fiyQh;fs; kfpo;tpj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; cg;G gbe;Js;s fspkz; rJg;Gepyk; fpNul; uhDf;F gpuahzk; Nkw;nfhs;Sq;fs;. nts;is ghiytdk; midj;J gf;fq;fspYk; gy VWq;fs;. ,e;j kiyapd; iky;fs; ePSk; xU fz;fth; cr;rpapYs;s jj;jhj;Nuah fhl;rpahf ,Uf;fpwJ. ngsh;zkp fpNul; uhd; NfhtpyhdJ Nfhtpy; G+rhhpfshy; KO epyT ,utpy; cg;G nts; i s Ngh\pf;fg;gLk; Fs;sehpfis rkntspfs; nts;is xspapy; ghiytdk; fth;e;jpOf;fpwJ. jpNdhjhh; kpd;Dk; NghJ ,J Fwpg;gplj;jf;f nghsh;zkp KO kiyapy; juk;ehj; Gd;dpa];jyk; tpjj;jpy; mofhf ,Uf;fpwJ. kw;Wk; fd;gjhf;fs; my;yJ ghdpapd; fpof;Nf> epyT ,utpy; gpse;j fhJfSila Jwtpfspd; rhiyahdJ kw;nwhU gue;j xU fz;fth; xU klhyak; fhzg;gLfpwJ. nts;is ghiytdj;jpw;Fr; fhl;rpahFk; ,e;j khtl;lj;jpd; rpwg;gk;rk; nry;fpwJ mjd; gpwF Kd;G vd;dntd;why; 7>500 rJu fpNyh xU jPthf ,Ue;j Mdhy; kPl;lh; gutpAs;s xU Gtpapay; ,g;NghJ Gjuhy; %lg;gl;bUf;Fk; xU hpjpahf jdpj;jtkhd cg;G ghiytdk; fl;r; cah;j;jg;gl;l epy tbtkhd fhjph; Ngl;bw;F fpNul; uhd; MFk;. ,e;j trPfukhd epyk; tUfpwJ. NjhyhtPuh vd;w rpe;J jsj;jpy; F[uhj; murhq;fj;jhy; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLk; <h;f;ff;$ba mfo;Tfis ePq;fs; ,q;Nf fpNul; uhdpd; tpspk;gpy; xU ghiytd fhzyhk;. ,q;fpUe;J rw;W njhiytpy; jpUtpohthd uhd; cr;rtj;ij elj;JfpwJ. Rthu];akhd ghiw mikg;Gf;fs;> KfLfs; ,e;j tUlk;> ,t;tpoh 2016 etk;gh; 1> Kjy; kw;Wk; 160 kpy;ypad; tUlq;fs; goikahd

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fPopypUe;J ,lJ: fl;r; tuyhw;W fpuhkk; NjuhtpYs;s epidTr; rpd;dq;fs;> khe;tpapYs;s tp[a; tpyh]; muz;kid kw;Wk; uhd; cr;rtj;jpd; NghJ xU Rw;Wyh Kfhkpd; ,uT fhl;rp

vt;thW nry;tJ

Mfha khh;f;fk;: G+[; tpkhd epiyak; Kf;fpakhd ,e;jpa efuq;fSld; ed;F ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. tpkhd epiyaj;jpypUe;J efu ikaj;jpw;Fr; nry;y lhf;rpfs; kw;Wk; Ml;Nlh hpf;\ hf;fs; vspjhf fpilf;fpd;wd.

Kutch

Gujarat

rhiy khh;f;fk;: Njrpa neLQ;rhiy 8A mfkjhghj;ij G+[;[{ld; ,izf;fpwJ kw;Wk; xU tof;fkhd g]; Nrit G+[;i[ gpw mz;il efuq;fSld; ,izf;fpwJ.

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Map not to scale

uapy; khh;f;fk;: ,uapy;fs; Kf;fpakhd ,e;jpa efuq;fis G+[;[{ld; ,izf;fpd;wd kw;Wk; mfkjhghj;> jpy;yp> Kk;ig Nghd;w ,lq;fspypUe;J vspjhf nrd;wilayhk;.

kuq;fspd; ku gbkq;fs; nfhz;l xU gbk Vhp> `hNtypfs;> epidTr; rpd;dq;fs;> xU jsk; cs;sJ. tuyhw;W kR+jp> n[apd; kw;Wk; ,e;J kj Nkw;F Nehf;fp nry;Yk; rhiy gue;j ghdp Nfhtpy;fs; kw;Wk; Gd;dpa];jyq;fisf; Gy;ntspfSf;Fr; nry;fpwJ. fl;r; ,e;jpahtpd; nfhz;l Njuh ghuk;ghpa fpuhkk; Mfpait kpf Kf;fpakhd gwit gFjpfspy; xd;whFk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ehuhaz; rNuhth; ,q;F ,e;jpa ePh;g;gwitfs;> rpW /GNshhpfd; ruzhyak; ntspkhd;fs; kw;Wk; gpw ghY} gwit> ntz; KJFila gUe;J> ePz;l l;bfspd; tho;tplkhFk;> mNjNeuj;jpy; myFila gUe;J> ntz; fOj;Jila bl; ehypah Gy;ntspfs; Xeha;fs;> ntspkhd;fs;> gwit kw;Wk; ];Nlhypfh ghiytd G+idfs; kw;Wk; gy Gjh;FUtp Nghd;w cyfstpy; mope;J tUk; gwitfSf;F mUfptUk; gy gwitfspd; jhafkhf jpfo;fpwJ. fl;r; cyfstpy; Gfyplkhf jpfo;fpwJ. F[uhj;jpd; rpwe;j mr;RWj;jYf;F ,e;jpahtpy; rhk;gy;epw flw;fiufspy; cs;shd gwitfs; i`NghNfhypa]; gwitfs; xd;whd epypah fhzg;gLk; rpy ,lq;fspy; Kjy; khe;tp thOk; Kf;fpakhd ,JTk; xd;whFk;. rhhp Vhp tiuapyhd gwit gFjpfspy; ghh;f;f Ntz;ba kw;nwhd;whFk;> flw;fiuf;F xd;whFk; ,J ,e;jpa jPgfw;gj;jpw;F gazk; ,lk;ngaUk; Fsph;fhy Nkw;nfhs;Sq;fs;. gwitfs; $Lk; ,lkhFk;. fl;r;irr; Nrh;e;j kfhuht; ,q;Nf NkYk; Nkw;fpy; xU tuyhw;W FUj;thuh xU nghpa muz;kidia nfhz;l tisFlh mUfpYs;s yf;gj; fl;bAs;shh;. ePz;l J} Nfhl;il> rpNahl; Gj;jkj Fiffs;> m\;Guh u eil gazj;jpw;Fk; kw;Wk; khjh Neh khj; Gdpjf; Nfhtpy;> ehuhaz; FspaYf;Fk; kw;Wk; rNuhth; Gdpj Vhp> Nfhl;Nl\;th; fiuf; R+hpa m];jkdj;ij Nfhtpy;> ehypah n[apd; Nfhtpy; kw;Wk; urpg;gjw;Fk; flw;fiu kpfTk; xU Nfhl;il> xU gbf;fpzW> xU tuyhw;W nghUj;jkhdjhf ,Uf;fpwJ.

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gazk;

ehfhyhe;J goq;FbfSld;

re;jpg;G ehfhyhe;jpd; Mr;rhpa%l;Lk; kw;Wk; mg;gOf;fw;w ,aw;if moif fz;lwpAq;fs; ... VO rNfhju khepyq;fspy; xd;whd ehfyhe;J mjd; mw;Gj mofpdhy; cq;fis nka;kwf;fr; nra;tjw;F cWjpaspf;fpwJ ciu

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Ur;rh Fy;fh;dp

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fPopypUe;J ,lJ: xU ghuk;ghpa goq;Fb Fbir> `hh;d;gpy; tpohtpy; xU goq;Fb eld epfo;r;rp kw;Wk; xU ehfh Foe;ij ,d cil cLj;jp myq;fhpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ

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Nfh`pkhtpYs;s ehfh g[hh; ehfhyhe;jpd; gpuhe;jpa czT fyhr;rhuj;jpd; xU cz;ikahd gpujpgypg;ghFk;. mirt czT kw;Wk; fhy;eil th;j;jfj;jpw;F gpugykhd ,e;j gioa njUf;fspy; ele;J nry;tJ czTj; Njh;TfspYs;s Ntbf;ifapy; cq;fSf;F jpifg;G Vw;gLj;JtJ epr;rakhFk;.

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jpkhG+hpy; cs;s ,ilf;fhy fr;rhhp Nguurpd; ,bghLfs;

fyhr;rhuj;ijAk; jhz;b gazpf;fpwJ. gq;nfLf;Fkstpw;F gutyhd Gfio mile;Js;sJ. ,e;jpag; gpujkh; jpU midj;jpw;Fk; Nkyhf> njhiytpy; ,Ug;gjd; eNue;jpu Nkhb mth;fs; 2015y; xU fyhr;rhu tpisthf Kd;ndg;NghJk; ,y;yhj milahskhf gpuhe;jpaj;jpd; tz;zkakhd ehfhpfj;jpd; re;jbkpf;f Nghuhl;lj;jpypUe;J Milfis mzpe;J mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij kPl;fg;gl;l filrp fd;dp epyq;fspy; rpythFk;.

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EiothapyhFk; KOtJk; ehfh epfo;r;rpfis my;yJ mbj;jsj;jpypUe;J rpwg;Gilajhf;Ffpd;wd. ehd;F kzp Neu kiyNaw;wkhd l;RNfh gs;sj;jhf;fpw;F gazk; ,aw;if kw;Wk; mikjp Nkw;nfhs;syhk;. ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghhpd; NghJ [g;gdPah;fSld; Nghh; Ghpe;j tPuh;fSf;F rq;fkpf;Fk; ,lk; mQ;rypahf Nfh`pkh Nghh; fy;yiwAk; ,e;j khah[hy epyj;jpd; trPfukhdJ Nfh`pkhtpy; cs;sJ. ,e;j Nghuhl;lq;fspd; ,aw;ifapd; kiwf;fg;gl;l nfhilfis ntspg;gLj;Jtjdhy; ,J mjDila ,jkhd kw;nwhU epidTr; rpd;dk; Nfh`pkhtpy;

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NkNy: Nfh`pkhtpYs;s ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghh; fy;yiw kw;Wk; NkNy: ehfhyhe;jpd; ,aw;ifkakhd Nthf;fh khtl;lj;jpd; xU fhl;rp

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Map not to scale

Nagaland

(tyQ;Ropahf): Nrg;gq;fpoq;F> Gspj;j Nrhah> %q;fpy; jsph; kw;Wk; fUthL Nghd;wit ehfhyhe;J rikaypy; kpfTk; nghJthf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nghUl;fshFk;

vd;d rhg;gplhyk; ngUk;ghYk; cyh;j;Jjy; kw;Wk; nehjpf;f itj;jy; %yk; rikf;fg;gLk; czTfs; fpilf;Fk; ehfyhe;J khkprg; gphpah;fspd; nrhh;f;fkhFk;. irt czT rhg;gpLgth;fs; %q;fpy; jsph;fs; kw;Wk; gpugy uh[h kph;rh my;yJ fpq; kpsfhapy; jahh; nra;ag;gl;l czT tiffis Njh;e;njLf;fyhk;!

vd;d nra;ayhk; ehfhyhe;J \hg;gpq; gphpah;fSf;F Vuhskhdtw;iw thhp toq;FfpwJ! %q;fpy; Ntiy> kuk; nrJf;Fjy;> kz;ghz;lk; kw;Wk; ,Uk;G nfhy;yh; gl;liw Nghd;w fiy kw;Wk; ghuk;ghpa jpwd;fspYs;s tsik mofpa iftpidg; nghUl;fis gue;j mstpy; toq;FfpwJ.

Rk;KNfbkh Nghd;w Mq;fpNyah; fhyj;jpd; <h;g;gplq;fis ghh;f;fTk;.

Nfh`pkhtpy; ,Ue;J Rkhh; 150 fp.kP njhiytpy; mike;Js;s Nkhf;NfhRq; efuj;ij Rw;wpYKs;s fpuhkg;Gw tho;f;if cq;fis trPfhpf;Fk;. iftpid ikaj;ijg; ghh;itapLtjd; %yk; cq;kh fpuhkj;jpYs;s mNah goq;Fb tho;if Kiwfis fz;L fopf;fTk;. ehfhyhe;jpd; ,e;j gFjp mjd; cz;ikahd moFf;F ngah; ngw;w rq;fpNfhq; kiyapd; mw;Gj fhl;rpfis fhz;gpf;fpwJ. ehfhyhe;J tpNehjkhd Like fyhr;rhuk; kw;Wk; ,aw;if> czT INDIAN diplomacy kw;Wk; tpohf;fs; vd midj;J fhhpaq;fspd; xU fyitahFk;.

NkYk; ,e;j tz;zkpF fyhr;rhuq;fSf;F kj;jpapy;> Follow mjd; kfpo;r;rpahd kf;fs; kw;Wk; @INDIANdiplomacy mth;fspd; re;Njh\ mjph;Tld; mJ xU njsptw;w mutizg;ig gug;GfpwJ. cz;ikapy; ,Ue;J J}uk; tplg;gl;lJ Nghd;w ,e;j Channel fdT epyj;jpy; cq;fis INDIAN diplomacy nka;kwf;fr; nra;aTk;!

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nfhz;lhl;lk;

fly; gazq;fs;> Nff;Ffs; kw;Wk;

Njhoik gw;wp...

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,e;jpa juprdk;

Nefhhpfh kJ}H rpd;`h

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NrHf;iff;fhd xU MHtyH MthH)> fpwp];Jk]; fhl;rpfs;> rg;jq;fs; kw;Wk; gj;k= tpUJ ngw;w ,tH jpUtpoh thridfs; ntd;ly; Nuhl;hpf;]pd;; Vw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; nfhz;lhl;lq;fSf;fhf epidTfis #o;e;Js;sJ. xt;nthU Neuj;ij xJf;FfpwhH. Mz;Lk;> mtuJ ez;gHfs; kw;Wk; FspHfhy khjq;fspy; ,tH FLk;gj;Jld; Gjpatw;iw nra;fpwhH. Nfhthit tpl;L ntspNa 'vq;fisg; nghWj;jtiu> ,Uf;Fk; Nghnjy;yhk;> fpwp];Jk]; Kjypy; xU xU fpwp];Jki] Md;kPf nfhz;lhl;lkhFk;> ,aw;ifia ez;gHfSld; my;yJ mLj;jJ Gjpa Milfs; Nerpf;Fk; xUtuhf> xU flw; gazj;jpw;fhf kw;Wk; filrpahfj;jhd; FspHfhy mtH NjHe;njLg;gjhf ghpRfs; ,lk;ngWk;. khjq;fspy; ntd;ly; njhptpf;fpwhH. xt;nthU Mz;Lk; NkYk; ntd;ly; ,e;j ,e;j ghuk;ghpaj;ij jdJ Njhl;lk; tUlk; fpwp];Jk]; ehd; ,d;Dk njhlHe;J rpwe;jjhf ,Uf;f kw;Wk; Gj;jhz;by; gdhkh nra;J nfhz;bUf;fpNwd;.

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nfhz;lhl;lk;

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Kfg;G gf;fk;: fpwp];Jk];f;fhf myq;fhpf;fg;gl;l Nuhl;hpf;]pd; tPL. NkNy: fpwp];Jk]; rkaj;jpy; khrw;w fd;dpkhpapd; Njthyak;

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ey;y Ritahd czit tpUk;Gfpwthpd;

flw;fiu

,e;jpahtpd; flNyhu rikay; jpwikahdJ 7>517 fp.kP. flNyhu moif tpQ;RfpwJ ciu|

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NkNy: tlh ght; kw;Wk; tyJ: Ngy; G+hp

gy czT tiffSf;F kj;jpapy; Njq;fha; rl;dp ,Uf;fpwJ. [hy;/g;nurpia gpd;dh; <h;j;j vz;nza; ,y;yh Nfhl;L flw;fiuf;F kPz;Lk; tug;gpurhjkhFk;.

Nfushtpd; fUg;G my;th> fbdkhf ,Uf;Fk; Kl;lh khyh> Urpahd fh[h> ikR+h; ghf; kw;Wk; jtph;f;fKbahj urFy;yh kw;Wk; mjd; cld;gpwg;G cl;gl mJ GJikahd ghuk;ghpa tbrhwhd urk; ,dpg;gpd; ngUk; gFjpia xU grpA+f;fpahfTk; kw;Wk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Nfhth cly;ey NgzpahfTk; flNyhu rikay; nuhl;b gz; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fz;Lgpbg;Gfspd; Kd;dzpapy; MdJ kw;Wk; gid fs;S kw;Wk; ,Ue;J tUfpwJ kw;Wk; tlh ght; Njq;fha; rh;f;fiu Nghd;w flNyhug; gFjpf;F rpwe;j gpugykhd xU Vw;Wkjpf;fhf Mjpf;fj;ij nfhz;Lte;j Njhd;Wtjw;F jahhpf;fg;gLk; Nrhy; fb mNj fly;rhh; th;j;jfj;jpw;F toptFj;jJ msT urpfiu nfhz;Ls;sJ. ed;wp. cjhuzkhf> ,yl;Litg; nghWj;jtiu> Nfhth nuhl;bahd Ngh Rthu];akhd fyitahdJ kw;Wk; ,e;jpa rikay; NgNul;by; Eioe;j rpf;fpfs; my;yJ gpuhiyd;fs; Kjy; Gspg;gpy;yhj mg;gk; MFk;.

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gFjpapd; nghpa Jz;Lfspy; kpsF> rPd flw;gil gFjpahf ,e;jpahtpw;Fs; cyh;e;j ,Q;rp tpOJ Nrh;j;J mjd;gpd; te;j NghJ> mth; fha;fwp rhjj;ijf; kuf; Fr;rpfspy; itj;J thl;b Ritf;fhf fz;L tpae;jhh;. mij nra;Ak; fiyia mUfk;Gy; (ngh;Klh Gy;) J}tg;gl;lJ. fw;gjw;fhf mq;NfNa jq;fptpl;lhh; nrq;fp]; fhd; jdJ ,uhZtj;jpw;F ,e;j kw;Wk; mij gad;gLj;jp gy gjpg;Gfis czT tifia gpd;gw;wpdhh; fz;Lgpbj;jhh;. kw;Wk; ,Wjpahf Kjy; ,e;jpahtpw;F jq;fs; je;J}hp tbtj;ij gl; L g; nghUl;fis ,bahg;gk; cUthf;fpdhh;. tpw;f te;j rPdh;fis rPdh;fs; E}Ly;i] ,Ug;G ,y;yhky; Mdhy; ,bahg;gkhdJ E}Ly;i] cUthf;fTk; xd;W my;yJ ,uz;L cUthf;f cjtpajhfTk; krhyh nfhz;l Ritahd mjd;gpd; mNugpah;fs; kw;Wk; mNugpah;fs; mhprp fiyahdJ flNyhu mjpy; Kl;ilia Nrh;j;J Nrtpahid ,e;jpahtpd; kw;nwhU gpugykhd Nrtpahid cUthf;fTk; fz;Lgpbg;ghf ,Ue;jJ. cUthf;fpajhfTk; J}z;Ljyhf fwpNtg;gpiy rhjk; my;yJ $wg;gLfpwJ. muG Njq;fha; rhjk; Nghd;w tzpfh;fs; mth;fs; tPl;by; mike;jJ Ritahd mhprp czTfs; nfhz;bUe;j ePz;l jhdpa Njitapd; mbg;gilapy; mhprpf;F xU khw;whf Njhd;wpa NghJ> ,J Mrpahtpd; Kjy; Jtq;fpa Kjy; njhopw;rhiy ifahy; fha;fwp rhjk; vd;gJ mNefUf;F jahhpf;fg;gLk; Nrtpahd; MFk;. rq;f njhpahJ> ,J mwpahkNy Kjy; /gpiuL fhyj;jpy; khg;gps;is rk;gh mhprp iu]; cUthdJ. kh `{thd; 1403 Mk; xl;Nlhkhd; Nguuir te;jile;jjhfTk; Mz;by; nrq; N`h-tpd; fPo; Vfhjpgj;jpa ,J ];ngapdpy; Gyht; kw;Wk; ngy;yh

njd; ,e;jpa fhiy czthd mg;gk; kw;Wk; Kl;il krhyh

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rikay;

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cUthf toptFj;jJ vd $wg;gLfpwJ. fypq;fg;gl;bzk; kw;Wk; jkuypg;jhtpy; xU fypq;fh gq;fsh rpwg;G kw;Wk; xU JiwKf Rit czthd Khp Nfhz;NlhthdJ fly; czT kw;Wk; ghjp nte;j mhprpia gad;gLj;Jk; ngy;yhit Jhz;bapUf;ff; $Lk;. fhpfhyr; Nrhod; fhyj;J Ml;Lf;fwp Rf;fh ,e;NjhNdrpa rjha; cUthf Cf;Ftpj;jJ Nghy rpfhe;Njhp uhd; MdhJ Fl;b rhuh cUthf toptFj;jJ - xU KO Ml;il Nfhopf;Fs; my;yJ mhpflf;fh Rug;gpf;Fs; jpzpj;J xU Njhl;by; mhprp khtpy; rikf;fg;gLfpwJ. NtW ,uz;L Rthu];akhd rikay; El;gq;fs; ntspg;gl;Ls;sJ - vz;nza; ,y;yh rikay; (cjhuzkhf rhz;Lyh kw;Wk; gl;Lth) kw;Wk; ngq;fhyp Nrhh;Nrhhp Nghd;w thridf;fhf ,iwr;rpAld; fha;fwpfs; Nrh;f;Fk; fiy. mth;fs; Kw;wpYk; xU jhtuj;ij gad;gLj;Jfpwhh;fs; vd;gJ kw;nwhU

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rl;dpAld; nea;apy; tWj;j Njhir

rikay; jpwikahFk;. thiog; gok; gioa rpy;f; &l; NgNuLfspd; fhiy czTf;fhf jahuhd ,dpg;ghf gb> midj;J gpugykhd gphpahzpAk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; NghJ (rTjh-j`pmd;dj;jpy; Nrhsk; vd;w xU thio my;yJ nghl;L-rh;f;fiu-thio)> thrid tifahd gyhYld; fghg;fs; kw;Wk; Nfhg;lhf;fs; tifia Nrh;j;J Fr];jhdpy; (<uhd;) ,Ue;J jahhpf;f Muk;gj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l gh`;jpahthf ,e;jpahtpd; njw;F G+f;fs; ,Wjpapy; flNyhug; gFjpf;F ,iwr;rpg; gphpah;fshy; Kjypy; te;jJ. rhg;gplg;gl;lJ. rh;f;fiu Ke;ija kPs;nra;ifapy; midj;J ts;spf; fpoq;F kw;Wk; mhprp J}s; kw;Wk; gyhg;gok; Nghd;w kQ;rh ghy; Nrh;j;J xd;whf gpugykhd (thio jz;L) flNyhu fha;r;rpa xU fQ;rpahf gphpahzpAk; ,e;jpa r%fj;jpd; ,Ue;j gh`;jpah gh`;jpahf Kjypy; xU ngUk; czTg; ghahrk; gphptpy; Nrh;e;jJ ,e;jpahtpd; njw;F gFjpahf ,Ue;jJ. NkYk; nty;yk; kw;Wk; ghkpdp murh;fs; Vyf;fha; Nrh;j;J flw;fiuf;F te;jJ mth;fspd; gue;j gjg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,J cztpd; ghuk;ghpa njw;Nf xbrhtpy; xU czTfs; gFjpahf ts;spf; fpoq;F jhdpa ghahrkhf cUthdNghJ> kw;Wk; gyhg;goj;ij cUthf;fp mit ,J nfhapd;lh FbahdJ my;yJ gpugyg;gl fUtpahf nray;gl;ldh;> u];khiy kw;Wk; kfhuh\;bu Nkhlhf; ,J gpw;fhyj;jpy; \h[fhdhy; cUthf;Fk; Nahridf;F toptFj;jJ jdJ tpUe;jpd; xU mq;fkhf vd ,d;W gy czT tuyhw;whsh;fs; iff;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ek;Gk; czthdJ.

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rikay;

gz;biff;fhy mURit

czTfs;

vq;fs; rikay; Fwpg;Gfis ghUq;fs; mit epr;rakhfNt cq;fs; Rit nkhl;Lf;fisj; J}z;Lk; kw;Wk; cq;fs; nfhz;lhl;lq;fSf;F NkYk; RitA+l;Lk;

,e;jpa juprdk;

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etk;gH-brk;gH 2016

Nfhth kPd; Fok;G jahhpg;G Neuk;: 15 epkplq;fs; rikf;Fk; Neuk;: 30 epkplq;fs; ghpkhwg;gLk; egh;fs;: 4 Njitahd nghUl;fs; 5.1 nr.kP (2") gUkDf;F ntl;lg;gl;l 1/2 fpNyh kPd; Jz;Lfs;> 1 1/2 Njf;fuz;b cg;G ntl;lg;gl;l> 1/2 Njf;fuz;b kQ;rs; J}s; Njq;fha; rhW: 1/2 fg; JUtpa Njq;fha;> 3 Njf;fuz;b frfrh> 7 Ke;jphp gUg;Gfs;> 5 kpsF> 4 tj;jy;> 1 Njf;fuz;b nfhj;jky;yp> 4 fg; jz;zPh;> 1/2 fg; vz;nza;> 1 eWf;fpa ntq;fhak;> 1 Njf;fuz;b G+z;L tpOJ> 1 Njf;fuz;b ,Q;rp tpOJ> 3 gpse;j gr;ir kpsfha;> mlh;Tf;fhf 1 Njf;fuz;b mhprp khT> moFg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf eWf;fg;gl;l 1 Njf;fuz;b nfhj;jky;yp jio

fphPk; Nghd;w rh;f;fiu Gl;L jahhpg;G Neuk; : 15 epkplq;fs; rikf;Fk; Neuk;: 30 epkplq;fs; ghpkhwg;gLk; egh;fs;: 4 Njitahd nghUl;fs; 4 Kl;ilfs;> 2 Njf;fuz;b rh;f;fiu> 1 bd; Rz;ba ghy;> 2-3 nrhl;L ntz;zpyh vrd;];> 3 bd; Rj;jkhd ghy;> moFgLj;Jtjw;fhf nrh;hp goq;fs;

nra;Kiw kPd; Jz;Lfis fOtp fha itf;fTk;; cg;G kw;Wk; kQ;rs; J}is Nja;j;J> Nyrhf tWj;J jdpahf itj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;. frfrh> Ke;jphp gUg;G> kpsF> tj;jy; kw;Wk; nfhj;jky;ypAld; Njq;fhia xU fyf;fpapy; NghlTk;; ed;whf tpOjhFk; tiu fyf;fTk;; 2 fg; jz;zPh; Nrh;j;J fyf;fp ,e;j mlh;jpahd rhiw itj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;; NkYk; ,uz;L fg; jz;zPh; Nrh;j;J fyf;fp jdpahf itj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;; kz;bia ePf;fptplyhk;. xU flhapy; vz;nza; Cw;wp R+Nlw;wTk;> jq;f gOg;G

nra;Kiw xU tl;lkhd Nff; bd;dpy; rh;f;fiuia NghlTk;; Fiwe;j R+l;by; mLg;gpy; bd;id itf;fTk; kw;Wk; rh;f;fiuia cUfitj;J mjd;gpd; ghFthf;fTk;. mLg;gpypUe;J bd;id vLj;J mjid Row;wTk; ,jd;%yk; rh;f;fiu ghF mbapy; rkkhf G+rg;gLfpwJ. Kl;il> Rz;ba ghy;> ntz;zpyh vrd;]; kw;Wk; Rj;jkhd ghiy xU fyf;fpapy; NghlTk;; 5 epkplq;fs; mjpNtfj;jpy; fyf;fTk;. rh;f;fiug; ghF G+rg;gl;l flhapy; Kl;il fyitia Cw;wTk; kw;Wk; mij mYkpdpa %bahy; ,Wf;fkhf %lTk;; ,sQ;R+lhd jz;zPh; ghid kPJ flhia itj;J 20 epkplq;fSf;F Ntf itf;fTk;. nrl;lhFk; tiu Fsph;rhjdg; ngl;bapy; ciwa itf;fTk;; xU ghpkhWk; ghj;jpuj;jpy; Gl;il ftpo;f;fTk;; nrh;hp goq;fshy; myq;fhpj;J Fspuhf ghpkhwTk;.

epwkhFk; tiu ntq;fhaj;ij tWf;fTk;; G+z;L kw;Wk; ,Q;rp tpOJ kw;Wk; gr;ir kpsfha;fis Nrh;j;J 2 epkplq;fs; tjf;fTk;. kPd; Nrh;j;J Nyrhf tjf;fTk;; mhprp khTld; Nrh;j;J mlh;j;jpaw;w Njq;fha; rhiw fyf;fTk;; kPd; Vwf;Fiwa NtFk; tiu mjpfkhd R+l;by; rikf;fTk;; mlh;j;jpahd Njq;fha; rhW Nrh;j;J Kw;wpYk; kpUJthFk; tiu xU rpy epkplq;fs; ,sQ;R+l;by; rikf;fTk;; xU ghpkhWk; ghj;jpuj;jpw;F khw;wTk;; nfhj;jky;yp jiofshy; moFgLj;jp R+lhd mhprpAld; ghpkhwTk;.

cgrhuk;: mw;Gjkhd Rit: rpw;Wz;b> cah;uf Njapiy> fhf;nla;y;> GJ by;yp ntspAwTj;Jiw tptfhu (mikr;rfj;jpd;) Jizth;fs; mikg;G ntspapl;l rikay; Gj;jfq;fspd; xU njhlhpd; ghfk;

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rhjid

ntsp tptfhuj; Jiw mikr;rfj;jpd; $Ljy; nrayh; kw;Wk; mjpfhug;G+h;t Ngr;rhsh; jpU. tpfh]; ];t&g; (mkh;e;jpUg;gth;) mth;fSld; ntw;wpf;FO

ntsp tptfhuj; Jiw mikr;rfj;Jf;F

VO el;rj;jpuq;fs; th;jj ; f njhlh;ghsh;fs; mikg;G ,e;jpa murpd; ntsp tptfhuj; Jiw mikr;rfj;Jf;F VO tpUJfis toq;fpAs;sJ

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etk;gH-brk;gH 2016

,e;jpa th;j;jf njhlh;ghsh;fs; mikg;G (ABCI) xOq;F nra;j rkPgj;jpa tpohtpy; ,e;jpa murpd; ntsp tptfhuj; Jiw mikr;rfk; (MEA) VO tpUJfisg; ngw;W rhjidahsuhf ngUikaile;jJ. ntsp tptfhuj; Jiw mikr;rfj;jpd; Kjd;ik gj;jphpifahd ,e;jpa jhprdq;fSf;F ,uz;L jq;fk;> xU nts;sp kw;Wk; xU ntz;fy tpUJfs; toq;fg;gl;ld.

NkYk; ,e;j mikr;rfk; NjePh; Nki[ Gj;jfk;> ,iza Kfhk; kw;Wk; mjd; epWtd ,izajsj;Jf;fhf tpUJfisg; ngw;wJ. 2016 mf;Nlhgh; 28 md;W Kk;igapy; tpthd;lh ig jh[;> f/g; gNuby; xOq;F nra;ag;gl;bUe;j 56tJ tUlhe;jpu tpUJ epfo;r;rpapd; xU mq;fkhf ntsp tptfhuj; Jiw mikr;rfk; tpUJfisg; ngw;wJ. ,uz;L khjq;fSf;F xU KiwntspahFk; ,e;jpa jhprdq;fs; gj;jphpf;if 16 nkhopfspy; mr;rplg;gLfpwJ kw;Wk; 180 f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ,e;jpa J}jufq;fspy; tpepNahfpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

,e;jpa jhprdq;fs; ngw;w tpUJfs;

,e;jpa nkhop ntspaPL (jq;fk;): ,e;j gj;jphpf;if ,e;jp kw;Wk; jkpo; vd ,uz;L ,e;jpa nkhopfspy; mr;rplg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jp nkhopapy; ,e;j ,jo;fs; 30 ehLfspYk; jkpopy; vl;L ehLfspYk; tpepNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,Unkhop ntspaPL (jq;fk;): ,e;j gj;jphpf;if 16 nkhopfspy; mjhtJ ,e;jp> muG> Mq;fpyk;> gpuQ;R> n[h;kd;> ,e;NjhNdrpad;> ,j;jhyp> gh\;Nlh> ghurPfk;> Nghh;j;JfPrpak;> u\ pad;> rpq;fsk;> [g;gdP];> rPdk;> ];ghdp\; kw;Wk; jkpo; nkhopapy; ntspaplg;gLtjdhy; nfsutg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ml;il tbtikg;G (nts;sp): ve;j thh;j;ijfSk; ,y;yhky; fth; ];Nlhhpf;F tpsf;fk; nfhLf;Fk; tpjkhf gj;jphpifapd; ml;il tbtikg;Gfs; tbtikf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

mk;rq;fs; (ntz;fyk;): gj;jphpifapd; xt;nthU gpuRuj;jpYk; ,e;jpa ghuk;ghpak; Fwpj;j xU fl;Liu ,lk;ngWk;. 'mr;rKk; kjpg;Gk; mspf;fpd;w `k;gp ,bghLfs;" vd;w ntw;wpf; fl;LiuahdJ And];Nfh cyf ghuk;ghpa jsj;jpd; fl;blf;fiyia Muha;ej ; jdhy; mJ thrfh;fis kPzL ; k; tp[aefu NguuRf;F (1336 1646) vLj;Jr; nrd;wJ.

ntsp tptfhuj; Jiw mikr;rfj;Jf;F mjpf nfhsutpg;Gfs; gpnu];B[; gg;spNf\d; - rh;tNjr Nahfh jpdj;jpy; NjePh; Nki[ Gj;jfk; (nts;sp): rh;tNjr Nahfh jpdk; Kjy; gjpg;gpy; xU NjePh; Nki[ Gj;jfk; mikr;rfj;jhy; ntspaplg;gl;lJ kw;Wk; mJ cyfk; KOtjpYk; ,Ue;J Kd; vg;NghJk; ngw;wpuhj msT tuNtw;ig ngw;Ws;sJ. ,e;j ntspaPL Gifg;glq;fs; kw;Wk; ghg;-mg;fis nfhz;bUe;jJ. tiyj; njhlh;G - ,iza Kfhk; (jq;fk;): 4.5 kpy;ypaDf;Fk; mjpkhf $l;lhf gpd;njhlh;gth;fisf; nfhz;l KfE}y; gf;fk; kw;Wk; l;tpl;lh; N`z;by; MdJ ntspAwT tptfhuj;jpd; cldb nra;jpfspd; xU MjhukhfTk; kw;Wk; nghJ ,uh[je;jpu fUtpahfTk; ,Uf;fpd;wd. epWtd ,izajsq;fs; - ntsp tptfhuj; Jiw mikr;rf ,izaj;jsk; (jq;fk;): mikr;rfj;jpd; tiyj; jskhdJ mjDila ,Ujug;G cwTfs;> ntspAwTf; nfhs;if kw;Wk; ,e;jpah Fwpj;j Kf;fpa jfty;fis gy;NtW mk;rq;fspy; ,e;jpahtpd; epiy kw;Wk; fz;Nzhl;lk; gw;wp thrfh;fSf;F njhptpf;fpwJ. ,e;jpa jhprdq;fs; gj;jphpf;ifahdJ cs;slf;fj;ij cUthf;Ftjpy; Kf;fpa jpwDld; tpsq;Fk; njd; fpof;F Mrpah kw;Wk; kj;jpa fpof;fpy; kpfg; nghpa ntspaPll ; hsuhd khvf;]N ; gh]h; kPbah F&g; %yk; ntspaplg;gLfpwJ. indiaperspectives.in/magzter kw;Wk; indiaperspectives.in/issuu jsq;fspy; gj;jphpf;ifia ,izaj;jpy; ngwyhk;.

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ciuahly;

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m[a; Njt;fhd; jhd; ,af;fpa ,uz;lhtJ Kaw;rpahd kpfTk; ~cyfshtpa| jpiug;glkhd rptha; %yk; mjprakhd cauj;ij kw;Wk; ghpkhzj;ij vl;bAs;shh; ciu

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tpsk;guq;fspd; gpd;dhy; ky;bgpsf;]py; ,uz;L Kiw Njrpa tpUJ thq;fpa jpiug;gl ,j;jpiug;glk; te;jJ. jdJ glk; jpiuapy; ebfh; m[a; Njt;fhd; ,e;jp jpiug;gl ntw;wpaile;jhy; jtpu kw;wgb Clf njhopw;Jiwapd; kpfTk; ek;gfkhd ebfh;fspy; xUtuhf jpfo;fpwhh;. rkPgj;jpy; ntspahd mth; ntspr;rj;jpypUe;J tpyfpapUg;gijNa tpUk;Gk; ghypTl; el;rj;jpukhd Njt;fhd; tpsk;guk; ,af;fpa ,uz;lhtJ Jzpfu Kaw;rpahd xU Nkhrkhd glj;Jf;F cjTk; vd;gij rptha; %yk;> jdJ kFlj;jpy; kw;nwhU ek;gtpy;iy. 'tpsk;guk; ftdj;ij <h;f;Fk; Kj;ij Nrh;j;Js;shh;. xU topKiwahf jtwhf kjpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ cyfk; KOtJk; 60 ehLfspy; xNu vd ehd; epidf;fpNwd;. xU glj;jpd; Kjy; Neuj;jpy; ntspahd rptha; khngUk; ghf;]; ,uz;L fhl;rpfNs mjd; vjph;fhyj;ij Mgp]; ntw;wpaile;Js;sJ. 'rpq;fk; 28 jPh;khdpf;fpd;wd>" ,t;thW mth; njhptpj;jhh;. ehLfspy; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. rptha; me;j rpthapy; rh;tNjr ebfh;fs; ,lk; milahsj;ijAk; jhz;btpl;lJ" vd ebfUk; ngw;Ws;sdh;. Kd;dzp ebif Nghyp\; ,af;FeUkhd mth; njhptpf;fpwhh;. vhpf;fh fhh;. gy;Nfhpahtpy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ Gjpa glj;jpy;> Nfkuhtpw;F Kd;dhYk; jhd; ghh;j;jpuhj mk;khit NjLk; NghJ kw;Wk; gpd;dhYk; ,uz;bYk; Njt;fhd; Foe;ij flj;jy;fhuh;fspd; gpbfspy; rpf;fpf; jhd; el;rj;jpuk;. jdJ kfs; flj;jg;gLk; nfhz;l fjhehafdpd; nrtpl;L kw;Wk; NghJ gy;Nfhpahtpy; u\pa kh/gpahit Cik kfshf gphpl;b\; Foe;ij el;rj;jpuk; re;jpf;Fk; xU flf;fKbahj kpfTk; caukhd mgpfhapy; <k;]; xU Kf;fpa fjhghj;jpuj;jpy; kiyNaw;w topfhl;b fjhghj;jpuj;jpy; ebj;Js;shh;. rptha;f;fhd ebg;G ebj;Js;shh;. glyj;jpw;F ePz;l ehl;fs; vLj;jJ> jpiuapy; xU ghj;jpuj;jpy; jpiuapy; xU Mdhy; vhpf;fh fhh; kw;Wk; ebg;gij tpl xU glj;ij mgpfhapy; <k;]; ,th;fs; ,Wjp ,af;Fk; nghWg;G kpfTk; ghj;jpuj;jpy; KbntLf;f %d;W epkplq;fs; mrhj;jpakhdJ vd mth; ebg;gij tpl kl;LNk xt;nthUtUf;Fk; vLj;jJ. njhptpf;fpwhh;. 'xU ebfuhf xU glj;ij rptha; xU rz;il glk; ePq;fs; xU \hl; nfhLf;fpwPh;fs; ,af;Fk; vd;gij Njt;fhd; kWf;fpwhh;. mj;NjhL cq;fs; Ntiy Kbe;jJ. ',J xU czh;r;rp ehlfkhFk;> Mdhy; ePq;fs; ,af;Fk; NghJ> nghWg;G kpfTk; xU je;ij kw;Wk; kfSf;F xU glj;jpYs;s xt;nthU rpwpa mrhj;jpakhdJ ,ilapyhd fijahFk; ,jpy; tptuj;jpYk; xU fz; itj;jpUf;f vd mth; fjhehafd; mwpahkNy vjphpfspd; Ntz;Lk;>" rptha; glj;ij ,af;fp njhptpf;fpwhh;. xU td;Kiw Nkhjypy; tpOfpwhh;>" jahhpj;j Njt;fhd; ,t;thW vd mth; njhptpf;fpwhh;. njhptpf;fpwhh;.

Njt;fhdpd; $l;lj;ij ,Of;Fk; Njt;fhd; Kjd; Kjypy; rf;jp kl;Lk; my;y. el;rj;jpu me;j];jpy; ,af;fp 2008 ,y; ntspahd FLk;g ehlfkhd ~A Nk mTh; `{k| ghf;]; Mgp]; ntw;wpaila mtuJ mZFKiw $l;lj;jpypUe;J mtiu jdpj;J epWj;JfpwJ. jpiuapy;> mth; jtwptpl;lJ. Mdhy; glk; mt;thW MdJ fz;L mth; Jtz;Ltpltpy;iy. ',J my;irkh; rf;jptha;e;jtuhf ,Uf;fpwhh;. mjw;F ntspNa> Njtfhd; gpukpg;ghf vijAk; ntspapLtjpy;iy. kwjp Nehia ifahz;l Kjy; th;j;jf mth; nghJ epfo;r;rpfspy; Njhd;WtJ Nehf;fpyhd ,e;jp jpiug;glkhFk; kw;Wk; mJ mhpjhFk;> ,J xUNtis Clfq;fNs vd;dthdJ vd;gJ Fwpj;J tUj;jkila MSfpw ,e;j fhyj;ij Gwe;js;sp mtUila vd;dplk; ve;j fhuzKk; ,y;iy." xspia caph;g;Gld; itj;jpUf;f cjtyhk;. rptha; $l tpkh;rfh;fsplk; ,Ue;J gf;Ftg;gl;l ebfh; mtuJ glq;fshNyNa fyg;ghd tpkh;rdq;fis ngw;Ws;sJ> Mdhy; mtiug; gw;wp Ngr itf;fpwhh;. mijNaj;jhd; mjd; mofhd kiyNaw;w rz;il fhl;rpfs; rpthapYk; nra;jpUf;fpwhh;. kw;Wk; fz;iz gwpf;Fk; fhl;rpaikg;Gfs; ,d;W mth; ngWfpw xt;nthU nghpa $l;lj;ij jd; trk; ,Of;f cjtpAs;sd. ghf;]; Mgp]; tR+y; rhjidAk; mtUf;Fs; rpwe;j Fiwe;j mstpyhd Kf;fpa

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,Uf;fpw ebfiu epahag;Lj;JfpwJ vd;W Mg; rh;jhh; Nghd;w glq;fspy; Njt;fhdpd; nrhy;tJ epahakhdjhf ,Ue;jhYk; xU Mf;\d; Njhw;wk; tuyhw;Wf;F mg;ghy; cz;ikahd Gul;rp ebfh; Nghy;> mth; ,Ug;gpDk; mJ xU fle;j fhy fhhpakhFk; ,f;fhyj;jpy; epiyahf tsh;r;rpaile;Js;shh;.

Mdhy; ,g;NghJ rptha; mij ep&gpj;Js;sJ. Vwf;Fiwa 25 Mz;Lfhy njhopypy;> GJ MapukhtJ Mz;L gpwe;jjpypUe;J> tzpf hPjpapyhd glq;fspy; mdy; ff;Fk; mtuJ jpiu ghj;jpuj;jpy; gy Gjpa Fw;w fhl;rpfs; Kjy; rphpg;G mLf;Ffisr; Nrh;j;Js;shh;> fytuk; epiwe;j Nfhy;khy; ,Jjhd; mtiu Ie;jhz;L njhlhpy; tpiwg;ghd Kfj;jpy; fhyj;jpw;Fs; rpwe;j mth; mwpKfkhfp ebj;jJ kw;Wk; jPtpukhd ebfUf;fhd ,uz;L - [h`k; fw;gidtsk;kpf;f khDl (1998) kw;Wk; ny[z;l; Mg; fpl;lj;jl;l ehlfq;fspy; tYthd kw;Wk; gfj; rpq; (2002) - nghpa gj;jhz;LfSf;Fg; rpe;jidkpf;f kdpjdhf Njrpa tpUJfis ngw gpwFk;> m[a; Njt;fhd; ebg;gJ tiu Njt;fhd cjtpAs;sJ. rpdpkh njhopy;Jiw vspjhf gue;j mstpyhd 1991 Mk; Mz;L nghpa Ma;thsh;fshy; xU jpiu fjhghj;jpuq;fis ntw;wpfukhd G+y; Mh; ntspg;gLj;jpAs;shh;. fhd;Nl vd;w mjpubAld; ebfuy;yhjtuhfNt mth; mwpKfkhfp ghypTl; cyfpy; Njt;fhd; ghh;ff ; g;gl;lhh;. fpl;lj;jl;l gj;jhz;LfSf;Fg; fskpwq;fpdhh;. Mdhy; gy gpwF> $l;lj;ij kfpo;tpf;Fk; Mz;Lfshf jahhpg;ghsh;fs; ghzpAs;s xU ebfuy;yhj Mf;\ â&#x20AC;&#x152; d; mtiu ebfuhf my;yhky; mtiu rz;il fjhehafdhf rpdpkh njhopy;Jiw ghj;jpuq;fspy; kl;LNk gad;gLj;jpdhh;fs;.

Ma;thsh;fshy; ghh;f;fg;gl;lhh;. mtuJ rz;il rptha; mtiu ebfUf;fhd gpugykhd njhlh;fs;> jpiuapy; rz;ilfs; kw;Wk; mtuJ gpuNjrj;jpw;F jpUg;GfpwJ. Mdhy; rpthapy; Kul;Lj;jdkhd kw;Wk; jahuhd Kiwfs; nghpa mstpy; nfhLj;jjd; %yk;> m[a; ntF[d urpfh;fspd; gy gphpTfspy; mtiu Njt;fhdpy; cs;s ,af;Fdh; njspthfNt Nerpf;f itj;Js;sJ. Mf;\d; [hf;rd;> rd; nghpa cauj;j;jpw;F efh;e;Js;shh;.

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