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MrpupaH: iraj; mf;gUjpd; cjtp MrpupaH: epfpNy\; bf;\pj; ntsptptfhu mikr;R miw ,y. 152> ~V| gpupT> rh];jpup gtd;> GJby;yp- 110001, ,e;jpah njh.: 91.11.23383316> njhiyefy;.: 91.11.23384663 ,izak;: http://www.indiandiplomacy.in fUj;J my;yJ Nfs;tpfspw;F: osdpd2@mea.gov.in

khf;];NghrH kPbah F&g; ,e;jpah gpiuNtl; ypkpw;nwl; gpuRupg;gtH kw;Wk; jiyik eltbf;if mjpfhup: tpfh]; N[h`up jiyik epHthfp kw;Wk; epHthfg; gzpg;ghsH: gpufh\; N[h`up epiwNtw;W MrpupaH: nrsug; jq;fh jiyik mYtyfk; khf;n]f;]N ; ghrH kPbah F&g; ,e;jpah gpiuNtl; ypkpw;nwl; gpupT ,y. v/g;2gP> ,uz;lhtJ khb> MIRA NfhHg;gNul; #l;]>; pGnshl; ,y. 1&2> ,\;thH efH> kJuh rhiy> GJby;yp – 110065, ,e;jpah njh: +91.11.43011111 > njhiyefy;: +91.11.43011199

CIN No: U22229DL2006PTC152087 fUj;J my;yJ Nfs;tpfspw;F:

indiaperspectives@maxposure.in Nfs;tpfspw;F | MMGIPL njh: +91.11.43011111 njhiyefy;: +91.11.43011199 www.maxposure.in

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Nks thj;jpaq;fspypUe;Jk; CJ gj;jpfspd; thrj;jpypUe;J vd;dhy; xUNghJk; tpLgl KbahJs;sJ. vdJ mk;khTk; vdJ khkpkhUk; rpe;J}updhy; (Fq;Fkk;) %bapUg;gij vd;dhy; fw;gidapy; fhz Kbe;jJ. ehd; fiyf; fy;Y}upapy; Nru;e;j

fhyj;jpy; 1g+irf;fhd Mu;tk; mw;Wg; NghapUe;jJ. mf;fhyj;jpy; ehd; $Lfs; nra;tjw;Fr; nry;Ntd;.

Gjpa MilfisNah my;yJ rg;ghj;Jf;fisNah thq;FtJ njhlu;gpy; rpe;jpf;ftpy;iy. $Lfisr; nra;tjw;fhd vdJ Mu;tk; G+i[apy; gq;Nfw;f Ntz;Lk; vdw; mthit kpifj;Jf; fhzg;gl;lJ. ehd; nfhy;fj;jhit iftpl;L tpl;L GJ by;ypf;F te;J GjpanjhU tho;f;if tho Muk;gpj;Njd;. ,q;F rpw;wuQ;rd; G+q;fh vd;w tq;fhs kf;fis mjpfkhff; nfhz;l FbapUg;Gg; gpuNjrj;jpy; g+ir xU ngupa nfhz;lhl;lkhf cs;sJ. ehd; tPl;Lf;Fg; gf;fj;jpy; cs;s ge;jYf;Fg; NghNtd; - mjpy;

mjpf rdneupry; ,y;iy. mjdhy; mq;fpUg;gJ rpwe;jJ vdj; Njhd;Wfpd;wJ. GJ by;ypapy; cs;s ghupastpy; myq;ffupg;gl;l G+i[g; ge;jy;fspy; rpy nfhy;fj;jhtpYs;stw;Wld; ,yFthfg; Nghl;b Nghlf; $baitahf cs;sd. gY}d; tpahghupapd; tprpy;> mY} eWf;Ffspd; ehT+Wk; thrk; (tq;fhs ];ilypy; nra;ag;gl;l cUisf; fpoq;Fg; nghupay;)> rpWtu;fs; Gj;jhil mzpe;J nfhz;L FJ}fspf;Fk; fhl;rp vd;gd vdf;F vdJ gps;isg; gUtj;ijf; fz; Kd; nfhz;L te;J epWj;Jfpd;wd. kpfr; rpwpa tplaq;fs; %yk; fpilf;Fk; kfpo;r;rpia ,g;NghJ vd;dhy; czu Kbfpd;wJ. ,f;fl;Liuahrpupau; xU gpugykhd ,e;jpaf; fiyQuhthu;.

nrg;uk;gH-xf;NuhgH

2 0 1 4

n

9

n

W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

fyhrhuk;

Moq;fhz ,ayhj

,e;jpag; ngz;kzp

GJby;yp> Njrpa mUk;nghUl;fhl;rpafj;jpy; elhj;jg;gl;l ,e;jpar; rpw;gq;fspd; fz;fhl;rpapy; ngz;ikapy; rhay;fis Muha;fpNwhk; ciu & epow;glq;fs; | FKj; Nkhfd;

nfhz;lhlg;gl;L tzq;fg;gLtNjhL mr;rk; epiwe;jtshf Gdpjkha;f; fUjg;gLfpwhs; ngz;: ,e;jpar; rpw;gq;fspy; tbf;fg;gLk; ngz; nkd;ikahdts; kw;Wk; Ez;zakhdts;. mtSila ntspg;Gwkhd Njhw;wq;fs; gy. Mdhy;> mtSila ,ay;ghd kHkj;ij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F> tuyhW kw;Wk; Guhzq;fspd; gf;fq;fis ePqf ; s; ftdkhfg; Gul;bg; ghHf;f Ntz;Lk;. cj;jp uPjpahf> rpw;gf; ifj;jpwdpYs;s Guhjd ,e;jpa thrfq;fs;> clypd; gy;NtW cWg;GfspdJk; msTfs; Fwpj;J njs;sj;njspthd tptuf;Fwpg;Gfis RUf;fkhf tptupj;Js;sd. ,NjhL> ,yf;fpa thrfq;fspy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;lthW xU KOikahd ngz;zpd; ,ay;Gfs; -Nkhfpdp (trg;gLj;Jfpd;w)> fhkhl;rp (ftHr;rpkpf;f)> kPdhl;rp (kPidg; Nghd;w fz;fs;) kw;Wk; re;jpuKfp (epyhitg; Nghd;w Kfk;)xd;wpizf;fg;gl Ntz;bapUe;jd. Milfs;> eiffs;> rpifayq;fhuk;> Kf ghtq;fs; kw;Wk; cz;ik tho;it xj;j fiyeakhd Njhuizfs; Kjypa vy;yhtw;iwANk kpf EZf;fkhd rpW$wpy; ftdkhff; nfhz;L tuNtz;bapUe;jd. rpw;gq;fs; fspkz;> kuk;> fy; my;yJ cNyhfj;jpy; nra;ag;gl;litahf ,Uf;fyhk;. fspkz; rpw;gq;fs; FatHfspd; fzpkz;zpy; cUthf;fg;gl;L> Foe;ijfspd; nghk;ikfSlDk; jz;zHP tpl;L itg;gjw;F cgNahfkhFk; cs;ehl;L Ru`p kw;Wk; fhuh Kjypait cl;gl;l rikay; kw;Wk; Nrkpg;Gg; ghj;jpuq;fSld; xd;whf #isapy; itj;Jr; Rlg;gl;ld.

kur; rpw;gq;fspy; kpfg; gpugykhdit fpU];zd;> mtUila rNfhjuHfshd gyuhkd; kw;Wk; Rgj;uh MfpNahH xbrh khepyj;jpy; Gupapy; [fd;dhj Nfhapypy; ,Uf;Fk; fhl;rp MFk;. Ntg;gk; kuj;jpy; nra;ag;gl;l ,e;j kur; rpw;gq;fs; 12 njhlf;fk; 19 tUl ,ilntspapy; rk;gpujhakhf gjpyPL nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. ehl;bd; rfy ghfq;fspYk; fw; rpw;gq;fisAk; Guhjd khjpupg;nghUl;fisAk; ey;y epiyapy; fhzyhk;. cjhuzkhf m[e;jh kw;Wk; vy;Nyhuh (kfhuh];lu; h) Nghd;w Fiffspy;> khky;yGuj;jpy; (jkpo;ehL) ghiwr; nrJf;fy;fs;> NkYk; ,khr;ry gpuNjrj;jpYs;s ig[;dhj; Nfhapy;fs;> uh[];jhdpYs;s jpy;thuh Nfhapy;fs;> kj;jpa gpuNjrj;jpYs;s f[{uhN`h> xbrhtpYs;s NfhdhHf; kw;Wk; fHehlfhtpYs;s `Nygpl; Kjypait. cNyhfr; rpw;gq;fs; ghuk; Fiwe;jit kw;Wk; cWjpahdit. Ntiyg;ghL Fwpj;j xU Ma;Tf; fl;Liuahd th];J rh];jpuj;jpy; kJrp];jh vd;W tptupf;fg;gLtJ Nghy nrH-ngHba+ (gpnuQ;Rr; nrhy;yhd ,jd; Neub nkhopngaHg;G njhiye;j nkOF) Kiwapy; ntz;fyj;jpYs;s NeHj;jpahd cUtr;rpiyfs; tbtikf;fg;gLfpd;wd. fp.K 6000 tUlq;fSf;F Kd;dNu cNyhfj; njhopw;fiyahdJ ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;Js;sJ. mNefkhd fy; kw;Wk; ntz;fy cUtr;rpiyfs; l;upghq;fh (%d;W Kiw fPoN ; ehf;fp tise;Js;s) epiyapy; cs;sd> ,J ngz; clypd; ftHr;rpahd tisTfis mjpfupf;fpwJ.

y[;[hnfsup ,e;jpar; rpw;gq;fspy; jha;ik vd;gJ mopahg; Gfiog; ngw;Ws;sJ. ,e;j 6 Mk; E}w;whz;L kzw;ghiw NtiyahdJ> nry;t tsk; kw;Wk; nrOikAld; ghuk;gupakhf njhlHGila ,e;jg; ngz; nja;tj;jpd; gps;isg;NgW epiyiar; rpj;jupf;fpwJ. ,j;nja;tj;ij ,e;jpahtpd; nlf;fhd; gpuNjrj;jpy; tzq;FfpwhHfs;.

,e;jpa juprdk;

n

10

n

nrg;uk;gH-xf;NuhgH

2 0 1 4

ckh kNf];tH rptd; - ghHtJ kw;Wk; mtHfspd; gps;isfshd fNz]; kw;Wk; fhHj;jpNfad; MfpNahH mlq;Fk; xU 8Mk; E} w;whz;ilr; NrHe;j FLk;g kzw;ghiwr; rpw;gk; kj;jpag; gpuNjrj;jpd; khz;l;nrsupy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.

nrg;uk;gH-xf;NuhgH

2 0 1 4

n

11

n

W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

fyhrhuk;

ru];tjp

mHj;jehuP];tuH

Ntjhe;j nra;As;fspy; flTshfj; njhog;gl;l xNunahU Mwhd ru];tjpapd; xU mtjhukhd ,e;j 12Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gspq;Ff;fy; rpiyahdJ gs;S> uh[];jhdpy; cs;sJ. mwpT> Ngr;R> nkhop> tpQ;Qhdk; kw;Wk; fiyfspd; ,f;flTNs Kjd;Kjy; mwpag;gl;l nkhop vd;Wk; Njtdhfpup mr;RU vd;Wk; kjpg;Gg; ngw;Ws;s rk];fpUjk; my;yJ Njtghi\ia (flTs;fspd; nkhop) fz;Lgpbj;jtH vd;W ek;gg;gLfpwJ.

gpusaj;jpd; flTshd rptDk; mtUila ghupahH ghHtjpAk; gpupf;f ,ayhky; xd;W$LtjhFk;. ghHtjp (rf;jp my;yJ ckh) fUiz kw;Wk; moF> Ra jpahfk; kw;Wk; md;G Mfpatw;wpd; cUthdtH. mtNu gpusaj;jpd; Mw;wYf;F (rf;jp) %ykhf cs;shH vd;W ek;gg;gLfpwJ.

gj;uNyfh 1000 tUlq;fSf;F Kd;dH $l ,e;jpar; r%fj;jpy; fy;tp Kf;fpakhf tpsq;fpaJ vd;gjw;F ,e;jpahtpd; ,Ujag; gFjpapYs;s kj;jpa gpuNjrk;> f[{uhN`hitr; NrHe;j ,e;j 10Mk;11Mk; E}w;whz;bd; kzw;ghiwr; rpw;gj;jpy; xU vOj;ij vOJk; xU ngz;zpd; cUtk; rhd;whf mikfpwJ.

,e;jpa juprdk;

n

12

n

nrg;uk;gH-xf;NuhgH

2 0 1 4

tPuhrhl;b tuyhw;W uPjpahd fijfspd; gb> uh[];jhdpy; Nghuhy; rpijtile;jpUe;j Nfhl;ilnahd;W mj;JkPWfpd;w ,uhZtj;jpdupd; gpbapy; tpotpUe;j Ntisapy;> jkJ nfsutj;ijf; fhg;ghw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf ngz; neUg;gpy; Fjpj;jhs;. rhl;b vd miof;fg;gl;l ,ij xopj;Jf; fl;ba 19 Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu tl ,e;jpahtpy; ,j;jPf;Fspg;G eilKiwapy; ,Ue;jJ. ,q;F ehk; 13 Mk; E} w;whz;ilr; NrHe;j jdJ jiyiaj; jhNd ntl;Lfpd;w xU tPurhl;bapd; fUq;fy; rpw;gj;ijf; fhz;fpNwhk;> ,J njd;dpe;jpahtpd; Me;jpug; gpuNjrj;ijr; NrHe;jJ.

md;ghd jha;f; flTs;fs; ,it g+kpj; jhapd; vy;yhk; toq;Fk; kw;Wk; vy;yhk; kd;dpf;Fk; jd;ikiaj; njuptpf;fpd;wd. NkYk; ,it kJuh> nfsrhk;gp kw;Wk; ghlypGj;jh Nghd;w Guhjd kdpj ehfuPfq;fspy; ngUnkz;zpf;ifapy; fhzg;gl;ld. Vuhskhd myq;fhuj;JlDs;s ,e;j fp.K 2Mk; E} w;whz;bd; fspkz; jha;f; flTshd kJuh me;j rfhg;jj;jpd; ngz; rhHe;j fw;gidia Fwpg;ghy; fhl;LfpwJ.

`upjp ngz; jpUbahd `upjp jd;dpdj;ijNa jpd;Dk; xU flj;jy;fhup> ,tH gpd;dH ngsj;j kjj;jpd; nry;thf;fpd; fPo; gps;isfisg; guhkupg;gtuhfTk; ghJfhg;gtuhfTk; khwpdhH. `upjpapd; Me;jpug; gpuNjrj;ijr; NrHe;j ,e;j 4 Mk; E} w;whz;L Rz;zhk;Gf;fy; rpiyia xU ngz; nja;tkhf topgl;ldH.

nrg;uk;gH-xf;NuhgH

2 0 1 4

n

13

n

W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

fyhr;rhuk;

If;fpaj;ijAk; rkhjhdj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;Jk;

kyu;fspd; gpizg;G

GJ by;ypapy; tUlhe;jk; eilngWk; G`_y; thY}d; Nf iru; nfhz;lhl;lk; rkaq;fSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;igAk; gfpu;eJ ; nfhs;tjd; capNuhl;lj;ijAk; gyg;gLj;jpAs;sJ

xt;nthU tUlKk; R+/gp Qhdpahd FJGj;jPd; gf;jpahu; fhfpapd; rkhjpapy; xU ,e;jpa juprdk;

n

14

n

nrg;uk;gH-xf;NuhgH

2 0 1 4

kyu; tpupg;G xd;W itf;fg;gLfpd;wJ

NkypUe;J tyQ;Ropahf Nahfhka Nfhapypy; cs;s kyu; tprpwp> gq;Fgw;Weu;fs; kyu; tpupg;igf; nfhz;L nry;fpd;whu;fs;> ,e;jpahtpd; gioa by;ypapy; Cu;tyk; Muk;gpf;fpd;wJ

Gjd; fpufk; kiwa Muk;gpf;Fk; NghJ Njrpa jiyefukhd by;ypapy; G`_y; thY}d; Nf iru; (kyu; tpw;gidahsu;fspd; Cu;tyk;) vDk; cs;sq;fis nfhs;is nfhs;Sk; tz;zkakhdJk; eWkzkpf;fJkhd Cu;tyk; eilngWk;. tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;Gkpf;f FJg; kpdhUf;Fg; gf;fj;jpYs;s nk`;uhypapy; midj;J rkaj;jtu;fshYk; nfhz;lhlg;gLk; ,e;j Cu;tyk; > kjpy;fshy; R+og;gl;l efupy; my;yJ gioa by;ypapYs;s rhe;jpdp rTf; efuj;jpy; Muk;gpj;J Gfo; ngw;w R+/ gp QhdpAk; ,iwNerUk; mwpQUkhd FJGj;jpd; gf;jpahu; fhfp mtu;fspd; ju;fhtpy; (fy;yiw) rhjhu; vdg;gLk; kyu;fshy; nra;ag;gl;l tpupg;gpid itg;gjw;fhf nk`;uhyp efuf; filtPjp (re;ij) Clhf Nahf;kah NfhapYf;Fr; nry;fpd;wJ. fhfp mtu;fs; ,e;jpahtpd; R+/gpj;Jtj;jpy; ghupasT nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpAs;sjhf tuyhW $Wfpd;wJ. mtu; cyfshtpa rNfhjuj;Jtk; kw;Wk; nfhil njhlu;ghd Nfhl;ghLfis cUthf;fpdhu;. cz;ikapy;> mtu; 13 Mk;> 14 E}w;whz;Lfspy; ,e;jpahtpy; ngUe;njhifahd kf;fs; ,];yhk; rkaj;ij Vw;fitj;j R+/gpj;Jt ,af;fj;jpd; kpf Kf;fpakhd xU gFjpia cUthf;fpdhu;.

FJGj;jpd; gf;jpahu; fhfp mtu;fspd; mlf;f];jyk;> by;ypapy; eilngWk; rkaq;fSf;fpilapyhd xU Kf;fpa tpohthd tUlhe;j G`_y; thY}d; Nf iru; nfhz;lhl;lq;fs; eilngWk; ,lkhf cs;sJ. ,e;j tpohtpd; Muk;gk;> 1812 Mk; Mz;by; Kfyhar; rf;futu;jj ; pahd II Mk; mf;gu; \htpd; kidtpahd ,uhzp Kk;jh]; k`hy;> mg;NghJ nrq;Nfhl;ilapy; trpj;j gpupj;jhdpauhd Nru; Mu;rg ; hy;l; nrl;ld; vd;gtuhy; my`hgj;Jf;F ehL flj;jg;gl;l jdJ kfd; kpu;]h [`hq;fuP ; ghJfhg;ghfj; jd;dplk; jpUk;gp tUthuhapd; mjw;fhf fhfp ju;fhTf;F rhjhu;

nrg;uk;gH-xf;NuhgH

2 0 1 4

n

15

n

W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

fyhr;rhuk;

(NkNy kw;Wk; fPNo ,lJ gf;fk;) nfhz;lhl;lq;fspd; mq;fq;fshf ft;thypg; ghly;fSk; fyhrhu epfo;r;rpfSk; eilngWfpd;wd. (tyJ) Cu;tyk; ju;fhit neUq;Ffpd;wJ

(tpupg;G) xd;iwAk; nk`;uhypapYs;s Nahfkah Mk; Mz;Lfspy; gpujku; ,e;jpuh fhe;jp midj;J NfhapYf;F kyu; tprpwpnahd;iwAk; toq;Ftjhf Ntz;LNfhs; tpLj;jhu;.

Neu;ri ; r nra;j rk;gtj;Jld; ,d;W ju;fhtpd; KOr; njhlu;GgLfpd;wJ. mt;thW R+oYk; tpohf; Nfhyk; kpu;]h [`hq;fuP ; jpUk;gp G+z;Ls;sJ. ft;thypa ,ir> gpupjj ; hdpau;fs; te;jjdhy; ,g;ghuk;gupak; Fapu;ff ; p fyhrhu epfo;rr ; pfs; nfhz;lhl;lq;fis 1942 Muk;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd kw;Wk; eldq;fs; tPjpfspy; mf;fijapy; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. elhj;jg;gLfpd;wd. jP Mk; Mz;by; jil vt;thwhapDk;> gpupj;jhdpau;fs; Ml;lf;fhuu;fspd; Ml;lq;fs; nra;jdu;. ,e;Jf;fSf;Fk; ,f;nfhz;lhl;lq;fis 1942 ,tw;Wf;F Md;kpf czu;tpidr; K];ypkf ; Sf;Fk; Mk; Mz;by; jil nra;jdu;.

Nru;ff ; pd;wd. K];ypk; Qhdp ,ilapyhd ,ilntspiaf; ,e;Jf;fSf;Fk; K];ypk;fSf;Fk; xUtupd; mlf;f];jyj;jpy; Fiwg;gjw;fhf mg;Nghija ,ilapyhd ,ilntspiaf; K];ypk; ngz; xUtuhy; Fiwg;gjw;fhf mg;Nghija ed;wpAzu;Tld; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l gpujk ke;jpup [t`u; gpujk ke;jpup [t`u; yhy; xU topghL fle;j rpy E} yhy; NeU 1961 Mk; NeU 1961 Mk; Mz;by; ,jw;F w;whz;Lfspy; rKjha> Mz;by; ,jw;F kPzL ; k; kPzL ; k; Gj;Japuspj;jhu;. iru;-Vrka kw;Wk; Fy uPjpahd Gj;Japuspjj ; hu; Fyh/GNuh\hd;> G`_y; thY} jilfisj; jhz;b> ahj;jpiuf;Fk; d; Nf iru; vd;w ngau;fspy; nfhz;lhl;lj;jpw;Fkhd miof;fg;gLk; ,e;j %d;W ehs; tpohtpy; xU re;ju;gg ; khf tsu;rr ; p fz;Ls;sJ. midj;J khepyq;fSk; gq;Nfw;W Njrpa r%f ,t;tUlj;jpy; xf;Nlhgu; 10 Me; jpfjp ,e;j xUq;fpizg;ig Cf;Ftpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd 70 Cu;tyk; Muk;gpf;fpd;wJ.

,e;jpa juprdk;

n

16

n

nrg;uk;gH-xf;NuhgH

2 0 1 4

gq;Filik

BRICS: Gjpa cyf

xOq;fpw;fhd tq;fp

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FOit $Ljy; kf;fs; ikakhfTk; NkYk; ‘jhf;fj;jpw;fhd jskhfTk;| cUthf;FtJ njhlHghd jpU Nkhb mtHfspd; jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; vz;zq;fis kw;w BRICS jiytHfs; tuNtw;wJ ,e;jpahtpw;fhd kw;nwhU rpwg;gk;rkhFk;. BRICS ,sk;taJ mwpQHfs; kd;wk;> BRICS nkhopg; gs;spfs; kw;Wk; BRICS gy;fiyf;fofk; Nghd;wtw;iw mikj;J fy;tp kw;Wk; Rfhjhuk; rhHe;j Jiwfspy; kf;fs;-ika Kaw;rpfis Vw;gLj;JtJ Nghd;wit vjpHfhyj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl cs;sd.

MW kw;Wk; VNjhnthd;iwr; nra;aj; jahuhf ,Uf;fTk; Mwpy;> vy;iyfis miltjw;fhd gd;Kf Muk;gf; fl;lj;jpy; jhd; ,g;NghJk; BRICS cs;sJ. Nkw;fpypUe;J cyfpd; kw;w gFjpfSf;F mjpfhuj;ij khw;Wk; rpd;dkhf NDB cs;sJ. NkYk; BRICS jiytHfspd; xl;Lnkhj;j cWjpg;ghlhd mgptpUj;jpaile;J tUk; ehLfspy; cz;ikahd epWtdq;fis xd;wpizj;J midj;ijAk; cs;slf;fpa kw;Wk; [dehaf cyf xOq;fpw;F toptif nra;tJk; MFk;. ,e;j Muk;g Kaw;rpfs; kf;fspypUe;J kf;fSld; Mo;eJ ; ,ize;Js;sd. NkYk; fy;tp kw;Wk; GJik $l;likg;ig xd;wpizj;J> mgptpUj;jpaile;J tUk; ehLfSf;fhd MHtj;ij vOr;rp mila nra;tjw;fhd cz;ikahd ,lkhf BRICS mikAk;.

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vOj;jhsH ,e;jpah iul;]; nel;nthHf;fpd; jiyik MrpupaH MthH. www.indiawrites.org

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fy;tprhu; gupkhw;wk; - ,e;jpahtpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; kw;Wk; fyhrhu kuGupikfshy; ce;jg;gl;l jdpg;gl;l rPdf; fw;iffs; kw;Wk; rPdhtpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; mwpQu;fspd; my;yJ mwpQu; FOf;fspd; Kaw;rpfspd; ,e;jpaf; fw;iffs; fhuzkhf cUthf;fg;gl;litahFk;. rPdhtpd; rhu;gpy; ,f;fUg; nghUs;fs; xUNghJk; midj;Jj; fhyQ; nrd;w Nguhrpupau; [P rpad;ypd; mtu;fSk; JiwfisAk; cs;slf;fpajhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy. Mdhy; ,e;jpahtpd; rhu;gpy; Nguhrpupau; jhd; R+q; mtu;fSk;> mit ,Wjpahd gpupg;igAk; gFjpfspd; xOq;fikg;igAk; kw;Wk; gyUld; ,ize;J> ,U ehLfSf;Fk; nghJthd jPuk ; hdpg;gjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;lg;l msTNfhs;fisAk; fyhrhug; gazj;jpd; tuyhW kpfg; gue;J tpupe;jjhf tiffisAk; Rl;bf; fhl;Lgtitahf ,Ue;jd. mika Ntz;Lk; vd;w jq;fsJ jdpg;gl;l cWjpahd "njhlu;Gw;w tuyhWfs;" vd;w ek;gpf;ifapd; fhuzkhf jq;fsJ mDFKiwf;F tYT+l;b> ,uz;L fy;tprhu; mu;gg ; zpg;ig toq;fpajd; fyhrhuq;fspdJk; rKjhaq;fspdJk; %yk; ,jw;Fg; ghupastpy; gq;fspg;Gr; fyhrhuk;> ,e;jpahTf;Fk; gu];gu nropg;Gf;Fk; tsu;rr ; pf;Fk; nra;jdu;.

Guhjd fhyq;fs; rPdhTf;Fk; ,ilapyhd cjtpahf mike;j epfo;TfisAk; njhlu;ghd Mtzg;gLj;jy;fs; rPdj; cghaKiw njhlu;GfisAk; fz;lwptjw;fhf> ,f; jug;gpy; mjpfstpy; midj;ijAk; fiyf;fsQ;rpak; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fspy; xj;Jiog;gpd; cs;slf;fpajhff; fhzg;gl;l ftdk; nrYj;jpAs;sJ. mNjNtis rpy ,e;jpa mwpQu;fs; cghaq;fspy; xd;whf

,af;fk;: kf;fs;/ vz;zf; fUf;fs;/ fhydpj;Jt kw;Wk; etPd cj;jpNahfG+u;tkhf nghUl;fs; fhyq;fSf;Fupa Rthu\;akhd Vw;Wf;nfhs;sgl;Ls;sJ

,ilj;njhlu;G ,ilj;njhlu;gpd; vOjg;glhj fijfis ntspf; jd;ikAk; gpuNjrKk; nfhz;L te;jdu;. re;Njfj;jpw;F

$l;bizj;jy; fyhrhukag;gLj;jy;/ ,lkpd;wp> fiyf;fsQ;rpakhdJ Vw;fdNt vOjg;gl;bUe;j ,irthf;fw;/ vjpu;tpidr; nrad;Kiw midj;ijAk; njhFj;J cs;slf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJld; epug;gg;glhjpUe;j ,ilntspfis epug;Gtjw;fhff; topKiw kw;Wk; khjpupfs; fLikahf ciof;f Ntz;bAkpUe;jJ. ,f;fiyf;fsQ;rpaj;jpd; Nehf;fk; rhj;jpakhd tiu xd;Wld; xd;w[ njhlu;Gila rpW fUg; nghUs;fisf; gf;fr; rhu;gpd;wp cz;ikahd jfty;fis toq;ff; nfhz;l gy gue;j fUg;nghUs;fis cs;slf;fj;jpw;fhff; $bajhf mika Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;. ,t;thW ftdj;jpy; vLf;fg;gl;ld. nra;tjd; %yk;> xU mwpTrhu;ej ; gilg;G vd;w tifapy; ngsj;j rkaj;jpd; %ykhd ,ilj;njhlu;G ,f;fiyf;fsQ;rpaj;jpd; ePzl ; fhyk; epiyj;J epw;Fk;

jj;Jtk;> nkhop> ,yf;fpak;> fiy> tpQ;Qhd kw;Wk; ngWkhdq;fisAk; mjd; MjhuG+u;tj;jd;ikiaAk; njhopy;El;gk; vd;gtw;wpd; Clhd ,ilj;njhlu;G Nkk;gLj;j KbAk; vd;W vjpu;ghu;ff ; g;gl;lJ. fhyk;> gl;Lg; ghij: jiu kw;Wk; fly; khu;ff ; khf tsq;fs;> ngWNgWfs; vd;gd Nghd;w eilKiwrhu;ej ;

tuyhw;wpd; Clhd njhlu;Gfs; - tu;jj ; fk;> ,uh[je;jpuj; tplaq;fisf; ftdj;jpy; nfhz;L> Njitahapd; njhlu;Gfs;> tpUe;jpdu;fs;

Nehf;nfy;iy kw;Wk; fUg;nghUfs;

,e;jpa juprdk;

n

34

n

nrg;uk;gH-xf;NuhgH

2 0 1 4

gpw;fhyj;jpy; gy;NtWgl;l fUg;nghUs;fspy;/ jiyg;Gf;fspy; tupthd ghfq;fis vOJtjw;fhd mbg;gilahf mikAk; tpjj;jpy; KOikahdJk; MjhuG+u;tkhdJkhd xU jdpg; ghfj;ijf; nfhz;ljhf my;yJ mij tpQ;Rkplj;J ,uz;L ghfq;fisf; nfhz;ljhf ,f;fiyQ;rpaj;ij cUthf;FtJ kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd vdf; fUjg;gl;lJ. ,e;j KOikahd ghfj;ij (ghfq;fisj;) jpl;lkpLk; NghJ mJ gpd;tUk; gFjpfisf; nfhz;ljhf mika Ntz;Lk; vd;W jPuk ; hdpf;fg;gl;lJ.

fhy xOq;fpd; mbg;gilapy; : xt;nthU gFjpf;Fkhd mwpKfg; gFjp> gy;NtW tuyhw;Wf; fhyq;fspy; fhzg;gl;l ,e;jpa-rPd fyhrhuj; njhlu;Gfspd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fspd; RUf;fj;ij tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.

jiyg;Gf;fspd; mbg;gilapy;: gy;NtW tiffisr; rhu;ej ; gjpTfs; epGzu;fshy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. tu;jj ; fk; kw;Wk; tzpfk;> thdtpay; kw;Wk; vz;fzpjk;> ,ir kw;Wk; ,irf; fUtpfs;> nkhopfs; kw;Wk; njhlu;ghly;> kUj;Jtk;> fl;llf; fiy> gl;L kw;Wk; Njapiy cw;gj;jp> kjFUkhu;fs;> rQ;rhupfs; vd;gd mtw;wpy; rpy jiyg;Gf;fshFk;. xU tplak; njhlu;ghd Mf;fq;fspy; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l gjpTfspy; fhzg;gLtjdhy; FWf;F - crhTif mj;jpatrpakhfTs;sJ. nraw;jpl;lj;jpd; gue;j Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; kw;Wk; fl;likg;G njhlu;gpy; cld;ghL fhzg;gl;L ,Wjp gP[pq;fpy; cs;s /g`ha; klhyaj;jpy; cs;s Rtu; Xtpaq;fSf;F epiyg;gLj;jg;gl;ljd; gpd;du; mLj;j fl;lkhf mbg;gil kj;jpapy; RA+ap Fthdp crhTiff; Fwpg;Gf;fspYk; Vida gpuRupf;fg;gl;Ls;s Mf;fq;fspYk; cs;s Rl;bfisr; rupghu;gg ; jd; %yk; ,U gf;fq;fspYk; jdpj;jdpahf gjpTfspd; KOikahd gl;banyhd;iw cUthf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ. ,g;gl;bay;> gjpTf;Fk; mq;ff P huk; toq;Ftjw;Fk; fhyf;nfL xUkpj;j jd;ikiaf; nfhz;l gjpTg; gl;banyhd;iw epu;zapf;fg;gl;L Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,U jug;igAk; ,Wjpepiyg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf FWf;fhfr; rupghu;ff ; g;gl;lJ Nru;ej ; epGzu;fisAk; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fisAk; ,U jug;igAk; Nru;ej ; epGzu;fspd; FOnthd;iw cs;slf;fpa E}yhf;ff; FO> Mq;fpyj;jpYk; rPd cUthf;Ftjw;Fj; jPuk ; hdpf;fg;gl;lJ. mtu;fs; nkhopapYk; vOjg;gl;l ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpfisf; ,f;fiyf;fsQ;rpaj;ijj; njhFf;Fk; gzpAld; ftdkhfr; rupghu;jJ ; mq;ff P huk; toq;Fk; ,Wjpahd njhlu;Gila fUj;Jf;fs; mjpfhuk; nfhz;l FOthff; kw;Wk; gpur;rpidfs; njhlu;gpy; fhzg;gl;lJ. fye;JiuahLtjw;fhfTk; cs;slf;fg;gl ,U jug;igAk; Ntz;ba gjpTfis milahsk; KbTiu Nru;ej ; epGzu;fisAk; fhz;gjw;fhd msTNfhs;fis tiuaiw ,e;jpa-rPd; njhlu;Gfs; cj; j pNahfj; j u; f isAk; nra;tjw;fhffTk; njhlu;rr ; pahd fhy njhlu;ghd fiyf;fsQ;rpaj;ijj; cs;slf;fpa E} ,ilntspfspy; $bdu;. ,jidj; njhFf;Fk; gzpahdJ> vkJ yhf;ff; FO> njhlu;eJ ; > xt;nthU gFjpf;Fkhd nghJthd fyhrhu mDgq;fis fUg;nghUs;fis xJf;Ftjw;Fj; kPsha;T nra;J> Qhgfg;gLj;jp> ,Wjpahd mjpfhuk; jPuk ; hdpf;fg;gl;lJ. mit> ,uz;L kPs typAWj;jp ‘fyhrhuj; nfhz;l FOthff; ehLfspy; xd;wpy; fpilf;ff;$bajhfTs;s njhlu;GfSf;Fg; Gj;Japuspg;gij’ fhzg;gl;lJ gjpTfisAk; tsq;fisAk; (nghUl;fs; Nehf;fhff; nfhz;l xU ghupa Kaw;rpahFk;. ,r;nraw;jpl;lj;jpd; kw;Wk; kdpju;fs;) mbg;gilahff; Fwpf;Nfhs; ,e;jpahTf;Fk; rPdhTf;Fk; nghJthd nfhz;bUe;jd. rpy fUg;nghUs;fis Muk;gj;jpy; tuyhw;W mDgq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; njhlu;gpy; Mq;fpyj;jpy; my;yJ rPd nkhopapy; jahupj;J gpd;du; Gjpa Nfhl;ghLfisAk; Gjpa Ma;TfisAk; nkhopngau;gg ; J nghUj;jkhdjhff; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,jd; tpopg;Gzu;itAk; Vw;gLj;JtjhFk;. NtW tpjj;jpy; %yk; Neuj;ijAk;> rf;jpiaAk; tsq;fisAk; cr;r $Wtjhapd;> ,J vkf;Fg; gadspf;Fk; vd;W ehk; mstpy; gad;gLj;j KbAk; vd;W vjpu;ghu;ff ; g;gl;lJ. vjpu;ghu;ff ; pd;w xU njhlu;fpd;w gzpiaf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ ,Wjpahf jiyg;Gf;fisg; gfpu;eJ ; gjpTfis vdyhk;. NkYk;> jw;Nghija R+oypy; ,e;j nghJthd vOJtjw;fhf gy;NtWgl;l mwpQu;fsplk; xg;gilg;gjw;fhf mDgtg; gpd;dzpahdJ gyJUtq;fshfg; gpupe;Js;s ,U ehLfisAk; Nru;ej ; epGzu; FOf; $l;lk; rpf;fy; epiwe;j ,d;iwa cyfpy; $l;lhfr; elhj;jg;gl;lJ. ,Wjpahf> ajhu;jj ; G+u;tkhfg; gpd;gw;wg;gl nraw;gLtjw;fhd cz;ikahd> tiuaiwaw;w Ntz;ba fhy ml;ltiz mtw;Wf;fhd nghWg;ghsu;fspd; rhj;jpaq;fis KOikahfg; Gupe;Jnfhs;tjw;Fk; tpguq;fSld; jahupf;fg;gl;lJ. ,r;nrad;KiwahdJ> kjpg;gL P nra;tjw;F vkf;F cjTk;. gjpTfis vOJk; gzpiag; G+u;jj ; p nra;tjw;Fk; xt;nthU ,e;j E}yhrpupau; [t`u; yhy; NeU gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; Nguhrpupauhff; flikahw;WtJld; GJ by;ypapy; cs;s rPd fw;iffs; epWtdj;jpd; nfsut cWg;gpdu;fspy; xUtuhfTk; tpsq;Ffpd;whu;.

nrg;uk;gH-xf;NuhgH

2 0 1 4

n

35

n

W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

gpuahzk;

,e;jpad; Gyp ,e;jpa juprdk;

n

36

n

nrg;uk;gH-xf;NuhgH

2 0 1 4

tdtpyq;F mjpraq;fspd;

ruzhyaq;fs;

jkJ ,aw;ifahd tho;tplj;jpy; mupjhdJk; mUfpf;nfhz;L tUtJkhd ,dq;fspd; jpfpyhd mDgtj;Jf;F cj;juthjkspf;fpd;w kpfr; rpwe;j ,e;jpa Njrpag; g+q;fhf;fisj; njupTnra;fpNwhk;

Ranthambore National Park

mwpe;Jnfhs;sr; rpwe;jJ nrd;W ghHg;gjw;Fr; rpwe;j fhyk; xf;NuhgH nry;Yk; top

nghJthd kPd;nfhj;jpg; gwit

,aw;ifahd tho;tplj;jpy; ,iuft;tpfs; ue;jk;g+H Njrpag; g+q;fh tl ,e;jpahtpYs;s kpfg;ngupa kw;Wk; kpfg; Gfo;ngw;w Njrpag; g+q;fhf;fspy; xd;whFk;. ,J uh[];jhdpYs;s rit khNjhg+upy; mike;Js;sJ. ,g;g+q;fh GypfSf;Fg; ngaHNghdJ kw;Wk; ,J fk;guP khd ,iuft;tpfis mtw;wpd; ,aw;ifahd tho;tplj;jpNyNa ghHg;gjw;F ,e;jpahtpYs;s kpfr; rpwe;j ,lq;fspy; xd;whFk;.

Gypfis gfy; Ntisfspy; $l> mit Ntl;ilahLtJ kw;Wk; jkJ Fl;bfisg; guhkupg;gJ Nghd;w mtw;wpy; rhjhuz Ntiyapy; mYtyhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJk; ,yFthfg; ghHf;fyhk;. uj;jk;g+H MdJ gpugykhd guk;giur; nrhj;jhfTk; $l fzf;fpy; vLf;fg;gLfpwJ> Vnddpy; fl;llq;fisr; Rl;bf;fhl;Lk; glq;fs; thapyhfj; njuptpf;fg;gLk; rpijghLfs; mq;Fs;sd.

nrg;uk;gH-xf;NuhgH

2 0 1 4

n

37

n

145 fp.kP J}uj;jpYs;s n[a;g;g+H mUfhikapYs;s tpkhdepiyak;. mUfhikapYs;s Gifapuj epiyak; 11 fp.kP J}uk; js;spAs;s rit khNjhg+H. Ng&e;Jg; Nghf;Ftuj;Jfs; rit khNjhg+iu rfy Kf;fpa efuq;fSlDk; ,izf;fpd;wd. , tw;iwAk; ghHf;fTk; fOijg;Gypfs;> kiu> fhl;Lg; Gypfs;> GDFg; g+idfs;> mirahf; fubfs;> ,e;jpad; gwf;Fk; eupfs;> nghJthd kPd;nfhj;jpg; gwit kw;Wk; ePz;l fhJs;s Ks;sk;gd;wpfs;

W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

gpuahzk;

gdpf;fl;bapd; Rlnuhsp [k;K fh\;kHP khepyj;jpYs;s ylhf; khtl;lj;jpd; fpof;Fg; gFjpapy; mike;Js;s n`kp]; Njrpag; g+q;fhtpw;F njw;fhrpahtpYs;s kpfg;ngupa Njrpag; g+q;fh vd;w ew;ngaH cs;sJ. gdpr; rpWj;ijf;F ed;F ngaHngw;Ws;sJ ,e;jg; g+q;fh 200 ,dq;fisf; nfhz;L ngUik NgRfpwJ. NkYk; ,J ,e;jpahtpy; ,khyad; ];Ndhnfhf; gwitiag; ghHg;gjw;F ey;ynjhU ,lkhFk;. ,g;g+q;fh jdJ vy;iyfSf;Fs; jpngj;jpa nfhk;ghf;fs; kw;Wk; Gdpj NrhHl;nld;fs; Nghd;w ngsj;j Nfhapy;fs; gytw;Wf;F ,lkspf;fpwJ. ,tw;wpy; gpugykhd 400 tUlg; gioikkpf;f n`kp]; JwtpklKk; mlq;FfpwJ. a+d; khj eLg;gFjpapypUe;J xf;NuhgH

khj eLg;gFjp tiuf;Fk; kiyNaWtjw;fhd vz;zpylq;fh ghijfis ,g;g+q;fh mspf;fpwJ. kpfTaHe;j kiyfSk; cjpuhj Crpapiyr; nrb kw;Wk; my;g] ; ; kiyabthu cyH gpuk;G kuk; Kjypait epiwe;j my;g] ; ; kiyf; fhLfSk; fz;Zf;fpdpa tpUe;ij toq;Ffpd;wd. g+q;fhthdJ ,khya kw;Wk; l;uhd;]; ,khya ,iug; gwitfs; gw;wpf; fw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F ey;y ,lkhFk;. ,q;Nf fhzg;gLk; ,iug; gwitfspy; nghd;dpwf; fOF> vYk;Gz;zp ty;Y}W kw;Wk; ,khya gpze;jpd;dp ty;Y}W Kjypait mlq;Fk;. ,e;J]; kw;Wk; ] hd;]f ; H MWfspd; rq;fkk; g+q;fhtpd; vy;iyahfr; nraw;gLtNjhL> xU mjprakpf;f fhl;rpAk; MFk;.

Hemis National Park

mwpe;Jnfhs;sr; rpwe;jJ nrd;W ghHg;gjw;Fr; rpwe;j fhyk; Nk khjj;jpw;Fk; nrg;uk;gH khjj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; nry;Yk; top mUfhikapYs;s tpkhdepiyak; Ny`; (32 fp.kP). =efH-Ny`; neLQ;rhiyapy; fhHfpy; topahf =efupypUe;Jk;> kzhypapypUe;Jk; ,U topfspy; Ny`; Clhfr; nry;Yk; rhiyahy; n`kp]; Njrpag; g+q;fhitr; nrd;wilayhk;. , tw;iwAk; ghHf;fTk; jpngj;jpa ];Ndh/gpd;Q;> Rf;fH> /Nghy;f;-nua;y;l; ];tp/g;w;> nul;-gpy;l; nrsf;> ylhfp a+upay;> ,khyad; kiy mzpy;> kiyf; fPup kw;Wk; ,khyad; Rl;b Kay; ,khyad; ];Ndhnfhf; ,e;jpa juprdk;

n

38

n

nrg;uk;gH-xf;NuhgH

2 0 1 4

gdpr; rpWj;ij

nrg;uk;gH-xf;NuhgH

2 0 1 4

n

39

n

W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

gpuahzk;

rptg;Gg; gz;lh ,e;jpa juprdk;

n

40

n

nrg;uk;gH-xf;NuhgH

2 0 1 4

cauj;jpYs;s ,aw;if nehf;nuf; Njrpag; g+q;fh Nkfhyahtpd; Nkw;F fhNuh `py;]; khtl;lj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ. ,J capH kz;lyf; fhg;gfkhf tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ> NkYk; ,J 2009 ,y; And];Nfhtpd; (UNESCO) capH kz;lyf; fhg;gfg; gl;baypy; NrHf;fg;gl;lJ. mlHe;j> caHe;j kw;Wk; nropj;J tsHe;j fhLfspd; gRikahd Nkw;$iu ,e;jf; fhg;gfj;ij %bapUf;fpwJ. fly; kl;lj;Jf;F NkNy 4>650 mb cauj;jpYs;s nehf;nuf; jhd; fNuh `py;]pYs;s mjpAaH cr;rp MFk;. ,J Mrpa ahidfs; kw;Wk; rptg;Gg; gz;lhf;fs; cl;gl gy mupa tpyq;Ffspd;

tho;tplk;. rptg;Gg; gz;lhf;fspd; tPLfspy; filrpahf vQ;rpapUg;gtw;wpy; nehf;nuf;Fk; mlq;Fk;. rptg;Gg; gz;lh ,y;yhky; mope;J Nghtjd; tpspk;gpy; ,Ug;gjhy;> ,e;j tpyq;Ffs; FbapUf;Fk; Kf;fpa ,lj;jpw;F Ma;Tg; gazk; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F Njrpa g+q;fhtpy; fLikahd tpjpfs; cs;sd. nehf;nuf;fpy; gpugy `_nyhd; `pg;gd; vd;Dk; rpwpa kdpjf; Fuq;F cl;gl VO caH tpyq;fpdq;fs; cs;sd. g+q;fhtpy; ,Uf;Fk; xUtH mofhd nehf;nuf; Fd;iwAk; Nuhq;ghq; lNu ePHtPo;r;rpiaAk; $l ed;whfg; ghHf;fyhk;.

`_nyhd; `pg;gd;fs;

mwpe;Jnfhs;sr; rpwe;jJ

Nokrek National Park

nrd;W ghHg;gjw;Fr; rpwe;j fhyk; xf;NuhgH kw;Wk; khHr; khjq;fSf;F ,ilapy;. ,f;fhyj;jpy; mq;fpUf;Fk; fhyepiy ,dpikahf ,Uf;Fk;> mq;F mofhd jhtuq;fisAk; tpyq;FfisAk; fz;Lfspf;fyhk;.

128 fp.kP js;spAs;s Fth`l;bapy; cs;sd. Fth`l;b kw;Wk; \ py;yhq; Kjypa ,lq;fspypUe;J Ng&e;JfSk; fhHfSk; fpilf;fpd;wd.

nry;Yk; top

khHgps; g+id> mupa FWthy; Fuq;F> gd;wp thy; Fuq;F kw;Wk; ,khyad; nghd;dpw KJF kuq;nfhj;jpg; gwit

, tw;iwAk; ghHf;fTk;

mUfhikapYs;s tpkhdepiyak; kw;Wk; Gifapuj epiyak; Mfpait

nrg;uk;gH-xf;NuhgH

2 0 1 4

n

41

n

W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

gpuahzk;

Mrpar; rpq;fq;fs; ,e;jpa juprdk;

n

42

n

nrg;uk;gH-xf;NuhgH

2 0 1 4

Mrpahtpw;Fupa moFfs; Mrpar; rpq;fq;fspd; xNunahU thoplkhfg; Gfo;ngw;Ws;s rhrd;-fpH fhl;L Njrpag; g+q;fh 1>412 rJu fp.kP gug;gstpy; cyH ,iyAjpH fhLfs;> fUNtyf; fhL> vd;Wk; gRikahd kw;Wk; ghjpf;fhy gRikahd jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; Gw;wiufisf; nfhz;l kiyg;ghq;fhd epyg;gug;ghFk;. ,e;jr; rpq;fq;fs; xU fhyj;jpy; tl Mgpupf;fh> njd;fpof;F Mrpah kw;Wk; tlf;F fpuP]; Mfpa ehLfspy; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,g;NghJ mtw;wpy; RkhH 411 kl;LNk fhl;by; capUld; ,Uf;fpd;wd> mit vy;yhNk fpH fhl;bYk; mijr; Rw;wpAs;s gFjpfspYk; jhd; cs;sd.

1900fspd; Muk;gg; gFjpapy; F[uhj; khepyj;jpd; mg;Nghija [{dhfhl; rk];jhdj;jpd; ethg; fpH fhl;Lg; gFjpiaAk; mjd; rpq;fq;fisAk; “ghJfhf;fg;gl;lit" vd;W gpufldk; nra;jhH. g+q;fhtpd; fhLepiwe;j kiyg;ghq;fhd rkepyk; fhuzkhf kwpkhd;> rpWj;ij> Fs;seupfs; kw;Wk; khd;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,g;g+q;fh KjiyfSf;Fk; 300 f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l gwit ,dq;fSf;Fk; $l ciwtplkhf cs;sJ. kz;zpw kPd; Me;ij

mwpe;Jnfhs;sr; rpwe;jJ

Sasan-Gir Forest National Park

nrd;W ghHg;gjw;Fr; rpwe;j fhyk; xf;NuhgH eLg;gFjp njhlf;fk; a+d; eLg;gFjp tiu

uh[;Nfhw; kw;Wk; [{dhfhH Mfpa ,lq;fspypUe;J Ng&e;JfSk; fhHfSk; fpilf;fpd;wd.

nry;Yk; top

, tw;iwAk; ghHf;fTk;

mUfhikapYs;s tpkhdepiyak; 40 fp.kP J}uj;jpYs;s Nfn\ hl;. rhrd; Gifapuj epiyak; fpH Njrpag; g+q;fhtpypUe;J RkhH 5 fp.kP J}uj;jpYs;sJ. m`kjhghj;>

Mrpa fhl;Lf; fOij> fOijg;Gypfs;> fpH eupfs;> kpfr;rpwpa kuq;nfhj;jpg; gwit> kz;zpw kPd; Me;ij> mirahf; fub kw;Wk; ntspkhd;

nrg;uk;gH-xf;NuhgH

2 0 1 4

n

43

n

W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

gpuahzk;

xw;iwf; nfhk;G fhz;lhkpUfk; ,e;jpa juprdk;

n

44

n

nrg;uk;gH-xf;NuhgH

2 0 1 4

fhz;lhkpUfj;jpd; thoplk; 858 rJu fp.kP gug;gstpy; gue;Js;s fh]puq;fh Njrpag; g+q;fh mrhk; khepyj;jpd; gpuk;kGj;uh Mw;wq; fiufspy; mike;Js;sJ. ,J Ie;J gug;ngy;iyfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ - kj;jpa (EioTg; Gs;sp N`h`;uhtpy;)> Nkw;F (EioTg; Gs;sp gNfhupapy;)> fpof;F (mf;uhNuhypapy;)> Nkw;F vy;iy gH`h g`hH (Nfhufl;bapy;) kw;Wk; tlf;F. fh]puq;fhtpy; gpuahzQ;nra;J Muhaf;$ba kpfr;rpwe;j top ahidapd; KJfpy; rthup nra;tjhFk;> Vnddpy; mit caHe;j Gw;fspd; Clhf ,yFthff; fhy;itj;J elf;ff; $bait. g+q;fhtpd; rpwg;G milahskhd

fhz;lhkpUfq;fis tof;fkhf khd;fSld; NrHe;J Nka;r;rypy; <LgLifapy; fhzyhk;. cyfpd; xU nfhk;Gs;s fhz;lhkpUfq;fspy; 70 rjtPjj;jpw;Fk; mjpfkhdit ,q;Fs;sd. Rthu];akhf> cyfpd; fhl;L Mrpa ePH vUikfspy; 57 rjtPjKk; $l ,q;F jhd; cs;sd. ,J rHtNjr gwit ghJfhg;G mikg;ghd NgHl;iy/g; ,d;uHe\ dy; epWtdj;jhy; gwitfisg; ghJfhf;Fk; Kaw;rpfSf;fhf Kf;fpa gwitg; gFjpahf mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,g;g+q;fhtpy; 35 ghY} l;b ,dq;fs; cs;sd> ,tw;wpy; 15 ,dq;fs; mUfptUgit MFk;.

fhl;L ahidfs;

mwpe;Jnfhs;sr; rpwe;jJ topahf> nghf;fhl; (46 fp.kP)> ehfNthd; (75 fp.kP) kw;Wk; Fth`l;b (200 fp.kP) Mfpa ,lq;fspypUe;J mq;F nry;yyhk;.

nrd;W ghHg;gjw;Fr; rpwe;j fhyk; nrg;uk;gH kw;Wk; xf;NuhgH nry;Yk; top

Kaziranga National Park

, tw;iwAk; ghHf;fTk;

97 fp.kP J}uj;jpYs;s Nuht;iuah (N[hH`w;) mUfhikapYs;s tpkhdepiyak;. mUfhikapYs;s Gifapuj epiyak; 80 fp.kP J}uk; js;spAs;s /GHNfw;wpq;. rhiy

nrg;uk;gH-xf;NuhgH

2 0 1 4

n

45

rpWj;ij> kPd;gpbg; g+id> flkhd;> Fiuf;Fk; khd;> mrhkpa Fuq;F kw;Wk; fq;if nlhy;gpd;

n

W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

ntw;wp

cyfpd;

cr;rpapy;

mwpKfk; 230 njhd; epiwnfhz;l PSLV-C23 VTfyk; Ie;J ntspehl;Lr; nra;kjpfis ePs;tl;l XLghijapy; Nru;j;jjd; %yk; tpz;ntspj; njhopy;El;gj;jpy; cWjpahd ,lj;ijg; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;lJ ciu | gy;yt gf;yh

,e;jpa juprdk;

n

46

n

nrg;uk;gH-xf;NuhgH

2 0 1 4

,e;jpahtpd; cs;ehl;by; cUthf;fg;gl;l ,e;j tpz;ntsp KbAk;. ru;tNjr uPjpapy; fhzg;gl;l jilisg; nghUl;gLj;jhJ ehk; ,jid cUthf;fpAs;Nshk;" epfo;rr ; pj;jpl;lk; ,e;jpahtpd; fpuPlj;jpy; gjpf;fg;gl;l vd mtu; njuptpj;jhu;. 2014 [_d; 30 Me; jpfjp xU ,uj;jpdkhf xspUk; vd;gjpy; vJtpj re;NjfKk; K.g. 9.52 kzpastpy; JUtr; nra;kjp VTfyk; ,y;iy. 2014 [_d; 30 Me; jpfjp> ehl;bw;F kpFe;j (PSLV) thid Nehf;fp kfpikAld; NkNyOe;jJ. 230 gad;fisj; jUk; ty;yik nfhz;l VTfykhd njhd; vilAk; 44.4 kPww ; u; cauKk; nfhz;l VTfyk; JUtr; nra;kjp VTfyj;Jld; ( Polar Satellite Launch jPapidf; ff;fpathW E}w;Wf; fzf;fhd fpNyhkPww ; u; Vehicle -PSLV) , S P LV-C23 vd;w ngaiuf; nfhz;l J}uj;jpw;F Gif thypidg; gug;gpathW tpiuthfr; ,d;DnkhU VTfyk; ve;jnthU jlq;fYkpd;wpg; gadg; nrd;W Nkfq;fSf;Fs; kiwe;jJ. PSLV-C23 VTfyk; gazpj;J Ie;J ntspehl;Lr; nra;kjpfis ePs; tl;l gwe;j mjd; fl;likg;G murhq;fj; jpiwNrupf;F 1>000 XLghijapy; Nru;jj ; J. kpy;ypad; nrytpid Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,g;gaz Muk;gj;ijf; ,J JUtr; nra;kjp VTfyj;jpd; fz;Lfspg;gjw;fhf =P`upf;Nfhl;lh njhlu;rr ; pahd 26 MtJ ntw;wpg; ,e;jpahtpd; tpz;ntsp VT 230 njhd; vilAk; gazkhfTk; ehd;fhtJ KOikahd epiyaj;jpw;F(ISRO) gpujku; jpU. eNue;jpu 44.4 kPww ; u; cauKk; tu;jj ; f Kaw;rpahfTk; mike;jJ. ,jpy; Nkhb mtu;fs; tpkhd %yk; tUif nfhz;l VTfyk; nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;l nra;kjpfspy; je;jikahy; md;iwa jpdk; ,e;jpa jPapidf; ff;fpathW Kf;fpakhdJ 714 fpNyh fpuhk; nfhz;l tpz;ntsp Muha;rr ; p epWtdj;jpw;F E}w;Wf; fzf;fhd SPOT-7 vd;w nra;kjpahFk;. ,J xU tpNrl jpdkhf mike;jJ. fpNyhkPww ; u; J}uj;jpw;F Rkhu; 2.2 kPww ; u; tiu rpWgFjpfshfg; ‘,e;jpahtpd; Kd;Ndfukhd tpz;ntsp glq;fisg; gjpT nra;Ak; Mw;wYila Gif thypidg; epfo;rr ; pj;jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; Ie;J- MW xU Gtp mtjhdpg;Gr; nra;kjpahFk;. gug;gpf;nfhz;L ehLfs; nfhz;l cyfshtpa cau; ,e;j gpuhd;rpa jdpahu; Jiwr; ehLfs; FOtpy; ,e;jpah Nru;eJ ; s;sJ. gwe;jJ nra;kjpahdJ vahu;g]; b/ ehk; ru;tNjr kl;lj;jpy; Kd;dzpapy; ngd;]; mz;l; ];Ng]; epWtdj;jhy; ,Uf;Fk; Jiwfspy; ,JTk; xd;whFk;. ,j;Jiwapy; ehk; rhjhuz epiyf;F mg;ghy; mjp rpwg;G cUthf;fg;gl;ljhFk;. Vida ehd;F nra;kjpfspy;> epiyf;F Kd;NdwpAs;Nshk;’ vd jpU. Nkhb njuptpj;jhu;. cyfshtpa miktpl epu;za Kiwikag; (GPS) guPlr ; pg;gjw;fhd tpNrl mk;rq;fisf; nfhz;l > gaz gpuhe;jpa xj;Jiog;Gf;fhd njd;dhrpa xd;wpaj;jpd; top cUthf;fj;Jg; gad;gLj;jg;glTs;s fdlhtpd; mq;fj;Jt ehLfSf;F gadspf;ff; $bajhf ‘rhu;f; NLS 7.1 kw;Wk; 7.2 Mfpa nra;kjpfs;> fg;gy; nra;kjp' vd;w ngaupy; Gjpa nra;kjpnahd;iw Nghf;Ftuj;jpid fz;fhzpg;gjw;Fg; cUthf;FkhW gpujku; Nkhb tpQ;Qhdpfsplk; gad;gLj;jg;glTs;s AISAT Ntz;LNfhs; tpLj;jhu;. "vkJ tpz;ntsp epfo;rr ; pj;jpl;lk; vd;w N[u;kdpar; nra;kjp> cs;ehl;by; jahupf;fg;gl;lJ vd ehk; ngUikg;gl

,e;jpag; gpujku; ,e;jpa tpz;ntsp Muha;r;rp epWtdj;jpy;

nrg;uk;gH-xf;NuhgH

2 0 1 4

n

47

n

W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

ntw;wp

PSLV-C23 nghJthd gazf; Fwpg;G

4 Stage

655.1 x 657.7 km i = 98.23 degree AST CO

INJECTION

COAST-PS4 TRANSITION

e3

ag St

Sta g

e2

PS3 COASTTRANSITION

PS2-PS3 TRANSITION

PS2 THRUSTING

Time after lift-off

Altitude

Velocity

(kilometres)

(metres/ second)

VELOX-1 separation

1198.7

662.3

7526.7

NLS7.2 separation

1173.7

661.8

7526.9

NLS7.1 separation

1143.7

661.2

7527.1

AISAT separation

1113.7

660.6

7527.4

SPOT-7 separation

1073.7

659.8

7527.7

Fourth stage cut-off

1036.7

659.1

7521.0

Third stage separation

531.2

545.6

5331.0

Third stage ignition

521.2

536.8

5344.6

Second stage separation

263.4

220.2

3567.9

Heat shield ignition

262.2

218.7

3572.0

Second stage ignition

187.7

131.5

2256.8

First stage separation

110.6

52.9

1555.4

0.0

0.026

451.9

Event

(seconds)

Stage 1

PS1-PS2 TRANSITION

PS1 THRUSTING

LIFT-OFF

First stage ignition

,e;jpa juprdk;

n

48

n

nrg;uk;gH-xf;NuhgH

2 0 1 4

VELOX-1

vd;w vjpu;fhyj;jpy; rpwpa> kypthd> ghuk; Fiwe;j nra;kjpfis cUthf;Ftjw;fhd njhopy;El;gr; nra;Kiwapidf; nfhz;l rpq;fg;G+upd; nra;kjp vd;gd mlq;Fk;. ,e;jpa tpz;ntsp Muha;rr ; p epWtdj;jpd; thbf;ifahsu;fs; kl;by;yh kfpo;rr ; pAld; fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;." vq;fSf;F rupahd ePs; tl;l XLghijnahd;W fpilj;Js;sJ. gazk; Fwpj;j Neuj;jpy; Muk;gpj;jJ. vq;fSf;F mtrpag;gLkplj;J kw;WnkhU nryT Fiwe;j nra;kjpia VTtjw;F ,e;jpa tpz;ntsp Muha;rr ; p epWtdj;jplk; kPzL ; k; tUNthk;" vd;fpwhu; gpuhd;rpd; J}Y}]pYs;s vahu; g]; b/ngd;]; mz;l; ];Ng]; epWtdj;jpd; SPOT-7 vd;w nra;kjpapd; epfo;rr ; pj;jpl;lg; gzpg;ghsuh jpU. gpypg; nf];Fau;]; (Phillipe Ghesquiers).

PSLV-C23 VTfyk; 50 ehl;fspy; jahu;gLj;jg;gl;lik xU rhjidahFk; vd ,e;jpa tpz;ntsp Muha;rr ; p l epWtdj;jpd; ngUkjpg;Gf;Fupa jiytu; fyhepjp Me;jpug; gpuNjrj;jpd; =`upNfhl;lhtpYs;s rl;B\; tpz;ntsp Nf. uhjhfpU\;zd; vdf; $Wfpd;whu;." cyfshtpa epiyaj;jpypUe;J PSLV-C23 Vtg;gl;lJ. VTifr; re;ijapy; Nghl;bj;jd;ik nfhz;ljhf l mJ ‘Nfhu;-mNyhd;’ (core-alone) ,J fhzg;gLkhapd; ,e;jpa tpz;ntsp Muha;rr ; p fl;likg;gpyhd (Nkhl;lhu;fspy; jpz;kg; epWtdj;jpw;fhd ,e;j cw;gj;jp Kiw njhlu;eJ ; gl;bfis gad;gLj;jhj) 10 MtJ Kd;ndLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;’ vd mtu; typAWj;jpdhu;.

JUtr; nra;kjp VTfyg; (PSLV) gy;NtW jlq;fy;fSf;F kj;jpapy; ,e;jpah rhjid gazkhFk;. gilj;Js;sJ. ‘Na jpy; khQ;Nr Nkhu;" (,e;j ,jak; l PSLV-C23 VTfyk; SPOT-7, vdg;gLk; ,d;Dk; gytw;iw Ntz;b epw;fpd;wJ) vd;W gpujku; 714 fpNyh fpuhk; vil nfhz;l gpuhd;rpa jpU Nkhb mtu;fs; $wpaik ,e;jpa tpz;ntsp Gtp mtjhdpg;Gr; nra;kjpnahd;iw R+upa ePs; tl;l XLghijapd; 655 fpNyh Muha;rr ; p epWtdj;jpy; gzpGupAk; 16>000 Copau;fSf;F kPww ; u; J}uj;jpw;F xj;jpaq;ff; $bajhf ngUik Nru;fF ; k; xU epfo;thf mike;jJ. tpz;ntspf;F VtpaJ. ,e;jpahtpd; md;gspg;ghf> vkJ may; l SPOT-7 nra;kjp INuhg;gpa tpz;ntspj; ehLfs; midj;Jf;Fk; KOikahd gy;NtW njhopy;El;gf; fk;gdpnahd;whd vahu;g]; njhopw;ghLfisAk; NritfisAk; toq;ff;$ba b/ngd;]; mz;l; ];Ng]; fk;gdpahy; me;ehLfSf;F Nrit toq;Ftjw;F khj;jpuk; cUthf;fg;gl;l xU nra;kjpahFk;. mu;gg ; zpf;fg;gl;l "rhu;f"; nra;kjp xd;iw cUthf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W ,d;iwa jpdj;jpy; tpz;ntspr; rKjhaj;jplk; Ntz;bf; nfhs;fpd;Nwd;" vd mtu; njuptpj;jhu;. NkYk; vkJ nra;kjp %ykhd miktpl Kiwikapd; glq;fs; njd; Mrpah KOtijAk; ‘,e;jpah tRjPt FLk;gfk; (KO cyfKk; xNu cs;slf;fpajhf mikf;fg;gLjy; tpupthf;fg;glNtz;Lk; FLk;gk;) vd;w vkJ gok;ngUik tha;ej ; Nfhl;ghl;ilf; vd;W cq;fsplk; Ntz;bf; Nfhs;fpd;Nwd;" vd;Wk; nfhz;l xU ehL vd rl;B\; jthd; mtu; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;. "rhu;f; nra;kjp" vt;thW tpz;ntsp epiyj;jpy; epfo;jj ; pa jdJ mika Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ njhlu;ghd 24 epkpl Neu ciuapy; ,e;jpag; ,J Nkyjpf tpguq;fs; fhzg;glhj NghjpYk; gpujku; njuptpj;jik kfpo;rr ; pA+lL ; k; mJ mdu;jj ; q;fs;> jhtuf; fz;fhzpg;G> ntt;NtWgl;l 19 xU tplakhFk;. mjdhy; ,e;jpahtpd; fhyepiy khw;wq;fis milahsk; ehLfspypUe;J tpz;ntsp epfo;rr ; pj;jpl;lkhdJ mjpfhu fhZjy; vd;gtw;Wf;F tiuaiwapd;wp 40 nra;kjpfis Nkhfj;ijad;wp kdpj ,dj;jpw;Fr; Nrit xj;Jiog;G toq;ff;$ba J}u czu;T mDg;gpAs;s nra;tijNa Nehf;fhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ. nfhz;l nra;kjpfspd; xU njhFjpahf vq;fisg; nghWj;jtiuapy; mJ vkJ ,e;jpa tpz;ntsp mika KbAk; vd ,e;jpa tpz;ntsp kdpj ,dj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhd Muha;rr ; p epWtdj;jpd; Kd;dhs; jiytu; Kftufj;jpd; 114 xU Kf;fpakhd fUtpahFk;. mjdhy;> fyhepjp Nf. f];J}upuq;fd; $Wfpd;whu;.

MtJ ,e;jpa vkJ njhopy;El;g Kd;Ndw;wj;jpd; ,k;Kd;nkhopTf;fhd KjyhtJ tpz;ntspg; gad;fis mtw;iwg; ngw;wpuhj gpujpgypg;ghf> rhu;f; nra;kjpnahd;iw gazkhFk; mgptpUj;jpaile;JtUk; cyFld; cUthf;Fk; Nfhl;ghl;il tq;fhsNjrk; Fwpg;ghf vkJ may; ehLfSld; Vw;fdNt tuNtw;Ws;sJ. gpuhe;jpa gfpu;eJ ; nfhs;tJ fl;lhakhdjhFk;. xj;Jiog;Gf;fhd njd;dhrpa xd;wpaj;jpy; ,J ntt;NtWgl;l 19 ehLfspypUe;J 40 (SAARC) jw;NghJ Mg;fhdp];jhd;> tq;fhsNjrk;> nra;kjpfis mDg;gpAs;s ,e;jpa tpz;ntsp G+ll ; hd;> ,e;jpah> khiyjPT> Neghsk;> ghfp];jhd;> Kftufj;jpd; 114 MtJ ,e;jpa tpz;ntspg; ,yq;if Mfpa ehLfs; cWg;Gupik ngw;Ws;sd. gazkhFk;. ,e;jpa tpz;ntsp Muha;rr ; p ,e;ehLfspy; ,e;jpah khj;jpuNk tpz;ntspj; epWtdj;jpd; tu;jj ; fg; gpupthd> tiuaWf;fg;gl;l njhopy;El;gj;jpy; Muk;gk; Kjy; ,Wjp tiuahd md;upf;]; $l;Lj;jghdk; (Antrix Corporation Limited) Mw;wy;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

nrg;uk;gH-xf;NuhgH

2 0 1 4

n

49

n

W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

ntw;wp Rkhu; 15>000 tUlhe;j Gus;itf; nfhz;Ls;sJld; u\;ah> If;fpa mnkupf;fh> rPdh Mfpa ehLfsplk; PSLVitg; gad;gLj;jp KOikahf tu;jj ; f uPjpapy; khj;jpuNk fhzg;gl;lJ. mu;gg ; zpf;fg;gl;l VTiff; nfhs;tdTf; fl;lisfisg; jpU. Nkhb nrt;tha;f; fpufj;jpw;fhd ,e;jpahtpd; ngw;Ws;sJ. ,tw;wpd; %yk; mLj;JtUk; fd;dpg; gazkhd khq;fy;ahidAk; Gfo;eJ ; Ngrpdhu;. tUlq;fspy; NkYk; 14 ntspehl;Lr; nra;kjpfis nrq;Nfhl;ilapypUe;J nrq;Nfhspw;fhd ,e;jpahtpd; ePst ; l;l XLghijapy; nfhz;L Nru;ff ; g;gLk;. "ehk; gazk; rpwg;ghf Muk;gpf;fg;gl;L 1>350 fpNyh Vw;fdNt xU rf;jpahf khwptpl;Nlhk;. epr;rakhf ehk; fpuhk; epiwnfhz;l nra;kjp xU gpy;ypaDf;Fk; ,d;Dk; tsu;rr ; pailNthk;" vd tiuaWf;fg;gl;l Nkw;gl;l kf;fspd; fdTfisr; Rke;J tz;zk; md;upf;]; $l;Lj;jghdj;jpd; jiytUk; Kfhikj;Jtg; nrt;tha;f; fpufj;ij Nehf;fpg; gazpf;fpwJ. mJ gzpg;ghsUkhd jpU. tPv]; n`[; njuptpj;jhu;.

2014 nrg;lk;gu; 24 Me; jpfjp nrq;Nfhisr; re;jpf;fj; ,e;jpahtpd; tpQ;Qhd epiyaj;jpw;fhd jahuhfTs;sJ. mjd; %yk; nrt;thapd; jdJ KjyhtJ tp[aj;jpd; NghJ XLghijf;F tpz;fyj;ij mDg;gpa ,e;jpahtpd; gpujku; jpU. Nkhb mtu;fSf;F etPd KjyhtJ Mrpa ehL vd;w ngUik nkhd;]u; u; VTfyk;> [pNah rpq;FNuhd]; ,e;jpahTf;Ff; fpilf;Fk;. fdTfisr; nra;kjp VTfyk; khu;f; III (Geosynchronous nrt;tha;f; fpufj;jpw;fhd fd;dpg; Rke;jthW nrt;tha;f; Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III - GSLV Mk III)> gazj;jpw;fhd nryT Rkhu; 4>500 fpufj;ij Nehf;fp tpz;ntsp tPuu;fis vLj;Jr; nry;Yk; kpy;ypad; &ghthFk;. mjid gazk; nra;J Mw;wy; nfhz;l 630 njhd; vilnfhz;l cUthf;Ftjw;fhf Rkhu; 500 nfhz;bUf;Fk; 1>350 ghupa VTfyk; vd;gd fhz;gpf;fg;gl;ld. tpQ;Qhdpfs; fLikahf cioj;jdu;. vjpu;tUk; khjq;fspy;> ,e;j VTfiz ‘vkJ epfo;rr ; pahdJ ,d;Wk; $l fpNyh fpuhk; epiw ,uz;L my;yJ %d;W ,e;jpa cyfpy; kpfTk; nryT Fiwe;j nfhz;l nra;kjp tpz;ntsp tPuu;fisr; Rke;J nry;yf; epfo;rr ; pahf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ" ,e;jpa nrg;lk;gu; 24 Me; $ba gazpfs; njhFjpnahd;iw mjd; gpujku; $wpdhu;. vkJ nrt;tha;f; jpfjp nrq;Nfhisr; KjyhtJ guPlr ; hu;jj ; g; gazj;jpy; fpufg; gazj;jpw;fhd nryT> fpuhtpl;b nrd;wilAk; vLj;Jr; nry;yTs;sJ. mjd; fd;dpg; vd;w n`hypT+l; jpiug;glj;jpw;fhd gazj;jpy;> mJ kdpju;fisr; Rke;J nryit tplf; FiwthdJ vd;w nry;y khl;lhJ. Vtg;gl;ljd; gpd;du; fij mz;ikapy; r%f Clfq;fspy; mJ flypypUe;J kPlf ; g;gLk;. ,e;j eltbf;ifahdJ itu]; Nghd;W gutpaJ. vkJ tpQ;Qhdpfs; nryT ,e;jpa kz;zpypUe;J ,e;jpa VTfynkhd;iwg; Fiwe;j vspikahd nghwpapaYf;fhd Gjpa gad;gLj;jp ,e;jpa tpz;ntsp tPuu;fis Gtpapd; fPo; tbtnkhd;iwAk; fw;gidapd; rf;jpiaAk; cyfj;jpw;F kl;lj;jpYs;s ePs; tl;l XLghijnahd;wpy; nfhz;L ep&gpj;Jf; fhl;bAs;sdu;.’

Nru;fF ; k; kdpj tpz;ntspg; gazj;jpw;fhd Kf;fpa tpz;ntspahdJ gpugykhd nry;te;j ehLfs; njhopy;El;g mgptpUj;jp epfo;rr ; pj;jpl;lj;jpd; Xu; khj;jpuKupaJ vd;w gioikahd thjj;Jf;F mq;fkhFk;. ,e;j kdpj tpz;fyj;jpw;F Rkhu; 125>000 gpupahtpilaspf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; gpd;tUkhW $wpdhu;. kpy;ypad; &gh nrythFk; vd;W vjpu;ghu;ff ; g;gLfpd;wJ. ‘tpz;ntspj; njhopy;El;gkhdJ mbg;gilapy; nghJ ,J tiuapy;> kdpj tpz;fyq;fis mDg;Gk; Mw;wy; kfDld; njhlu;GilajhFk;. mJ mtu;fSf;F

,e;jpag; gpujku; ,e;jpa tpz;ntsp Muha;r;rp epiya tpQ;QhdpfSld; ciuahLfpd;whu; ,e;jpa juprdk;

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nrg;uk;gH-xf;NuhgH

2 0 1 4

PSLV-C23 xNu ghu;itapy; (Vehicle lift-Off Mass 230 tonne Height 44.4m) Stage 1

Stage 2

Stage 3

Stage 4

Nomenclature

PS1

PS2

PS3

PS4

Propellant

Solid

Liquid

Solid

Liquid

Mass (tonne)

138

42

7.6

2.5

Max thrust (kN)

4787

804

242

7.3 x 2

Burn time (s)

102

148

110

526

Stage diameter (m)

2.8

2.8

2.8

2.8

Stage length (m)

20

12.8

3.6

3.0

(HTPB based)

UH25 + N2O4

(HTPB based)

MMH + MON-3

HTPB: Hydroxyl Terminated Poly Butadiene UH25: Unsymmetrical Dimenthyl Hydrazine + 25% Hydrazine Hydrate N2O4: Nitrogen Tetroxide MMH: Mono Menthyl Hydrazine, MON-3: Mixed Oxides of Nitrogen

,d;W ,e;jpah njhopw;ghl;Lr; nra;kjpfspd; tYT+lb ; mtu;fspd; tho;it khw;wpaikf;ff;$bajhFk;. njhijpnahd;iwj; jd; trk; itj;Js;sJ. ,e;jpa njhopy;El;gk; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd Gjpa tha;gG ; f;fis kf;fSf;Fj; jilaw;w ,izg;gpid toq;ff;$ba cUthf;Ffpd;wJ. mj;Jld; mJ vkJ rthy;fSf;F 10 njhlu;ghly; nra;kjp cs;sd. mit ,e;jpahtpd; Kfq;nfhLf;fg;gjw;fhd Gjpa topKiwfis vq;fSf;F ,yj;jpudpay; Clfj; Jiwapd; Jupj tsu;rr ; pf;Fk; toq;Ffpd;wJ. tpz;ntsp njhiytpy; ,Ug;gjhfj; cjtpAs;sd. cyfshtpa vkf;Fj; Njhd;w KbAk;. vdpDk; juj;jpyhd fhl;rpfisj; juf;$ba mJ vkJ ehshe;j tho;tpd; jtpu;ff ; 12 Gtp mtjhdpg;Gr; nra;kjpfSk; Kbahj xU gFjpahFk;. mJ nrt;tha;f; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mit ,e;jpah kpfTk; gpd;jq;fpa gpuNjrq;fspYs;s fpufj;jpw;fhd fd;dpg; jdJ vy;iyfisg; ghJfhj;Jf; FLk;gq;fis gpujhd ePNuhl;lj;Jld; gazj;jpw;fhd nryT nfhs;tjw;Fk; cjTfpd;wd. 2016 ,izf;Fk; etPd njhlu;ghlypd; Rkhu; 4>500 kpy;ypad; Mk; Mz;lhFk; NghJ ,aq;f ce;J rf;jpahf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. mJ &ghthFk;. jpl;ljpd; Muk;gpf;Fk; mnkupf;fhtpd; [P.gP.v]; ntFnjhiytpYs;s fpuhkq;fspy; Kiwikia xj;j Mdhy; ,e;jpahtpd; thOk; gps;isfSf;F ePzl ; njhiyf; mbg;gilapy; mjid fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,aq;Fk; ,e;jpa gpuhe;jpa fy;tpapd; Clhf juk;tha;ej ; fy;tpia cUthf;Ftjw;fhf ,ltikg;Gr; nra;kjpj; njhFjpapd; toq;fp tYT+lL ; fpd;wJ. mJ njhiyRkhu; 500 tpQ;Qhdpfs; gFjpahf mikAk; ,uz;L tpNrl kUj;Jtj;jpd; Clhf mjpf fLikahf nra;kjpfs; cs;sd. njhiytpYs;s Ml;fSf;Fk; jukhd cioj;jdu; ‘mgptpUj;jpapd; ikag; gFjp Rfhjhu guhkupg;G toq;fg;gLtij njhopy;El;gkhFk;. 1.25 gpy;yad; cWjpnra;fpd;wJ. mJ rpwpa ,izf;fg;gl;l ,e;jpau;fs; vd;w efuq;fspYs;s ,isQu;fSf;F b[pl;ly; ,e;jpahtpd; njhiyNehf;fpid miltjpy; gy;NtW Gjpa njhopy; tha;gG ; f;fis toq;Ffpd;wJ. mJ Kf;fpa tfpghfj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.’vd jpU. mJ ngsjpf uPjpahd njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;JtJ Nkhb mtu;fs; ,e;jpahTf;fhd Gjpa tpz;ntsp ,yf;F rpukkhfTs;s re;ju;gg ; q;fspy; ,izaj;jpD}lhd xd;wpid tpsf;Fifapy; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;. ,izg;ig Vw;gLj;j cjTfpd;wJ.’

,f;fl;Liuahrpupau; xU tpQ;Qhd vOj;jhsu; Mthu;. mtu; gaz ,yf;F re;jpud;: re;jpud;> nrt;tha; kw;Wk; mtw;Wf;F mg;ghy; ePz;L nry;Yk; ,e;jpahtpd; Ntl;if (Destination Moon: India’s Quest for Moon> Mars and Beyond) vd;w E}iy vOjpAs;shu;.

nrg;uk;gH-xf;NuhgH

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kupahij

Rje;jpuj;ij Nehf;fp m`pk;ir

topapy; fhybfs; ,e;jpa kf;fs; xf;NuhgH 2 Mk; jpfjp kfhj;kh fhe;jpapd; 145tJ gpwe;j ehisf; nfhz;lhLk; ,t;Ntisapy;> ehk; mtUila gpurpj;jpngw;w tho;itAk; rhjidfisAk; gpd;gw;wp vOJfpNwhk; 1893: njd;dhgpupf;fhtpy; gPln ; lHkup];ghHf; vd;w ,lj;jpy; uapypy; Kjyhk; tFg;gpypUe;j jdJ ,Uf;if xJf;fl P i ; l iftpl;L> %d;whk; tFg;Gf;Fr; nry;y kWj;j fhe;jp mq;fpUe;J J}f;fp tPrg;gLfpwhH. mjw;F vjpuhfg; Nghuhb> mLj;j ehs; mNj Kjyhk; tFg;G ,Uf;ifiag; ngWfpwhH> Mdhy; xU INuhg;gpa gpuahzpf;fhf ,lk; nfhLf;f rhujp kWj;jjhy; ,J Njhy;tpapy; KbfpwJ. NtW ehLfspypUe;J te;J njd;dhgpupf;fhtpy; trpf;fpd;w kf;fis xd;W$l;bf; nfhz;L tUtjd; %yk; ,ij vjpHj;Jg; Nghuhlj; jPHkhdpf;fpwhH fhe;jp.

xf;NuhgH 2> 1869 rpwg;Gtha;e;j khepykhd NghHge;jupd; jpthdhd fuk;re;j; fhe;jpf;Fk; mtuJ ehyhtJ kidtp Gl;yp gha;f;Fk; xU Mk;gpisg; gps;is gpwe;jJ> mjw;F Nkhfd;jh]; fuk;re;j; fhe;jp vdg; ngaupl;ldH.

[_d; 1891: If;fpa ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; ,d;dH nuk;gps; rl;lg; ghlrhiyapy; fw;WtUk; Nkhfd;jh]; rl;l cj;jpNahfj;jUf;fhd guPl;irapy; rpj;jpaile;J xU tf;fPyhFfpwhH. mtH njd;dhgpupf;fhtpy; ,e;jpa K];ypk; tHj;jfHfis gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;fpwhH. ,e;jpa juprdk;

n

52

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nrg;uk;gH-xf;NuhgH

2 0 1 4

1894: njd;dhgpupf;fhtpy; ,e;jpaHfs; thf;fspg;gjfhd cupikia kWf;fpd;w kNrhjhit vjpHg;gjw;fhf New;wy; ,e;jpad; fhq;fpu]; mikg;ig cUthf;FfpwhH. NIC-My; ,e;j kNrhjhit epWj;j ,aytpy;iy vd;why; $l> fhe;jp mePjpf;F vjpuhd xU mwg;Nghiuj; njhlq;FfpwhH.

1897: [dtup khjj;jpy; njd;dhgpupf;fh> lHkd; JiwKfj;jpy; mtH nrd;W ,wq;Fk; NghJ> mq;F FbNawpapUe;j xU FOitr; NrHe;j nts;isf;fhuHfs; mtiu mbf;fpwhHfs;. lHgd; fhty;Jiwapd; jiyik cj;jpNahf];jupd; kidtp mtiuf; fhg;ghw;w Kaw;rpf;fpwhH. ,e;j epfo;T Clfq;fspy; ghupa Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpwJ> vdNt fhydpj;Jt murhq;fk; me;j nts;isaHfisf; ifJnra;Ak; epiyf;Fj; jsg;gLfpwJ. fhe;jp Fw;wg;gj;jpupif jhf;fy; nra;tij kWj;J> nghJ epHthfj;jpid rhjfkhf cgNahfpf;fpwhH. jhf;Fjy;jhuHfs; nghJ kd;dpg;G NfhUfpd;wdH.

1906: Mrpa kf;fs; gjpTr; rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gLfpwJ ,jd;gb rfy Mrpa FbapUg;ghsHfSk; jkJ jdpg;gl;l jftiyg; gjpTnra;J> mtHfSila ifNuiffisf; nfhz;l xU ml;iliaf; nfhz;Ljpupa Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jg; gjpit Nkw;nfhz;L jz;lidf;F Mshf Ntz;lhnkd;W kf;fsplk; fhe;jp Nfl;Lf;nfhs;fpwhH. Mjyhy;> rj;jpahf;fpu`k; (,e;jpah Rje;jpuj;ijg; ngw cjTtjw;fhf fhe;jpahy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l td;Kiwaw;w ,af;fk;) nry;thf;ifg; ngWfpwJ. VO tUlq;fshf> gy MHg;ghl;lf;fhuHfs; rpiwapy; milf;fg;gLfpd;wdH my;yJ Rlg;gLfpd;wdH.

1908: Xf];w; khjj;jpy; fhe;jpAk; Vwj;jho 2000 ,e;jpaHfSk; jkJ gjpT ml;ilfis vupf;fpd;wdH. fhe;jpAk; Vida jiytHfSk; ifJ nra;ag;gLfpd;wdH> ehL gy vjpHg;Gg; Nghuhl;lq;fisr; re;jpf;fpwJ. 1930: gpupj;jhdpaH cg;Gr; rl;lj;ij ,wf;Ffpd;wdH> ,J ,e;jpaHfs; cg;Gj; jahupg;gij rl;lj;Jf;F tpNuhjkhdjhf khw;WfpwJ. khHr; khjk; 12 Mk; jpfjpad;W> 61 tajhd fhe;jp cg;Gj; jahupg;gjw;fhf 24 ehl;fshf 320 fp.kP fhyhy; ele;Nj jz;bf;F gpuahzpf;fpwhH. mtUld; ,yl;rf; fzf;fhd ,e;jpaHfSk; NrHfpd;wdH. fhe;jp ifJ nra;ag;gLfpwhH.

1943: 73 tajhd fhe;jp ,e;jpahtpd; gpuptpidia vjpHj;J 21 ehl;fshf ePbf;Fk; xU cz;zh tpujg; Nghuhl;lj;ij Muk;gpf;fpwhH.

1919: gpupl;b\; murhq;fk; nusyw; rl;lj;ij mKy;gLj;JfpwJ> ,r;rl;lk; re;Njfpf;fg;gLk; “gaq;futhjpfis” ifJnra;aTk;> tprhuizapd;wp mtHfis rpiwapy; milf;fTk; mDkjpf;fpwJ. ,e;jpa Njrpaf; fhq;fpu]; `Hj;jhy; ,af;fj;ij Muk;gpf;fpwJ - Mapuf; fzf;fhd ,e;jpaHfs; Ntiynra;tij epw;ghl;LfpwhHfs;> gpupj;jhdpag; nghUl;fis tpw;gijAk; thq;FtijAk; epw;ghl;LfpwhHfs;. fytuq;fs; elf;fpd;wd. mk;upl;] hupy; fpl;lj;jl;l 400 ,e;jpaHfs; nfhy;yg;gLfpd;wdH> Mapuk; NgH fhakilfpd;wdH.

1920: gpupj;jhdpaj; jahupg;Gfisg; gfp];fupf;FkhW ,e;jpaHfis fhe;jp Cf;fg;gLj;JtNjhL> mtHfNs mtHfspd; nrhe;j cilfis cw;gj;jp nra;AkhW mtHfsplk; Nfl;Lf; nfhs;fpwhH.

Xf];w; 14-15> 1947: ,e;jpar; Rje;jpur; rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gLfpwJ> ,e;jpah xU Rje;jpu ehlhfpwJ.

1942: mtH ,e;jpahtpd; Rje;jpuj;ijg; giwrhw;Wtjw;F ,e;jpahit tpl;L ntspNaW vd;w ,af;fj;ij mq;FuhHg;gzk; nra;fpwhH. Mbg;Nghd Ml;rpahsHfs; fhe;jpia rpiwapypLfpwhHfs;.

1944: cly;eyg; ghjpg;gpd; fhuzkhf mtH rpiwapNyNa ,we;J tpLthNuh vd;w gaj;jpy; fhe;jpAk; mtuJ rf jiytHfSk; tpLtpf;fg;gLfpd;wdH.

nrg;uk;gH-xf;NuhgH

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n

[dtup 30> 1948: GJby;ypapYs;s gpHyh khspifapy; khiy 5.17 kzpf;F ehj;J} uk; Nfhl;Nr neUf;fkhf epd;Wnfhz;L fhe;jp kPJ %d;W Gy;yl;fisr; RLfpwhd;.

W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

Kd;Ndw;wk;

ntspr;rj;jpw;F

tUfpwJ

mUzhr;ry gpuNjrk;> ,e;jpahtpd; tlfpof;F gFjpapypUf;Fk; VO ,ize;j khepyq;fspy; ngupaJ> 1987 Mk; Mz;L /ngg;utup khjk; 20 Mk; jpfjpad;W khepy me;j];J ngw;wJ. nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%f mgptpUj;jpf;fhf njhlHr;rpahf Ntiy nra;J tUfpwJ ciu | Rg;upah mfHthy;

,e;jpa juprdk;

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bUzhr;ry gpuNjrk;> tpbaypy;-vupAk; kiyfSf;fhd epyk; vd;W mwpag;gLfpwJ> ,e;jpahtpd; tlfpof;F gFjpapd; kpfg;ngupa khepyk;. jw;Nghija cs;@H jahupg;Gfspd; nkhj;j kjpg;G &. 93.570 gpy;ypadhf ,Ue;jhYk;> tptrhak; jhd; tUkhdj;jpd; Kf;fpa Mjhukhf cs;sJ. ,e;j tUlj;jpy; jhd; Kjy; Kiwahf Gifapuj epiyak; ,q;F mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

ifj;njhopw;rhiy kw;Wk; tptrha nfhs;if

kw;Wk; tHj;jfj;ij rpwg;ghf mikf;Fk; jpl;lj;ij ,e;jpa murhq;fk; typAWj;jp tUfpwJ. ,e;j gFjpapy; mgptpUj;jpia Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf njhopy; kw;Wk; tHj;jf mikr;rfj;jpd; %yk; tlfpof;F ifj;njhopy;rhH kw;Wk; KjyPl;L Kd;Ndw;wf; nfhs;if -2007 (NEIIPP-2007) njhlq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. czT jhdpa jahupg;G kw;Wk; tptrha jahupg;Gfis re;ijg;gLj;Jjy; Nghd;w Jiwfspy; jd;dpiwT milAk; jw;Nghija tifapy; khepyj;jpd; tptrha cs;@H mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lk; nray;gl;L jahupg;Gfspd; tUfpwJ. khepyj;jpy; RkhH 61>000 rJu nkhj;j kjpg;G fpNyhkPw;wH J}uj;jpw;F fhLfs; kw;Wk; &. 93.570 fhL rhHe;j jahupg;Gfspy; ,Ug;gJ gpy;ypadhf Kf;fpakhd xd;whFk;. muprp> Nrhsk;> jpid> fUk;G> ,Q;rp kw;Wk; vz;nza; ,Ue;jhYk;> tpj;Jf;fs; khepyj;jpy; gpugykhd tptrhak; jhd; jhdpaq;fshf cs;sd. tUkhdj;jpd;

,e;jpahtpd; Njitf;F ngUksT ePH kpd;rhuj;ij mUzhr;ryg; gpuNjrk; toq;fp tUfpwJ. epiyahd mgptpUj;jpf;fhf ifj;njhopw;Jiwapy; jdpahH kw;Wk; $l;LKaw;rpapy; epWTtij Cf;fkspj;J tUfpwJ. 2008 ,y; 27>000 nkfhthw;iw tpl mjpfkhf kpd;rhuj;ij jahupf;Fk; Kf;fpa tifapy; 42 ePH kpd;rhuj; jpl;lq;fis Rw;Wyh Mjhukhf njhlq;f khepy muR xg;ge;jq;fis mofpa kiyfs;> mikjpahd Vupfs; cs;sJ Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sJ. mg;gH rpahq; ePH kw;Wk; klq;fspd; jhafk; mUzhr;ry kpd;rhuj; jpl;lk;> 2009 Mk; Mz;L gpuNjrk; MFk;. jthq; Nkhd];lup> Vg;uy; khjj;jpypUe;J 10>000 njhlf;fk; 12>000 Uf;kpdp efH kw;Wk; fq;fh Vup Nghd;wit nkfhthw; tiuapyhd kpd;rhuj;ij jahupf;Fk; vd;W Kf;fpa Rw;Wyh jyq;fshf cs;sd. ,jhefupy; vjpHghHf;fg;gLfpwJ. “fpof;Nf ghHf;Fk; nfhs;if” ,Uf;Fk; [tfHyhy; NeU mUk;nghUl;fhl;rpafk; %yk; njhopw;rhiyfSf;fhd cl;fl;likg;G goq;FbapdH tho;f;ifia gpujpgypf;Fk; tifapy;

nrg;uk;gH-xf;NuhgH

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W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

Kd;Ndw;wk;

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Dibang Valley

Tawang

Itanagar

jtpHf;f $lhjJ l

q;fpy; Kisg; nghupay;> % kPd; mtpay; kw;Wk; Jf;gh (Nkhd;gh goq;Fbapduplk; nghJthdJ) Nghd;wit fz;bg;ghf Kaw;rp nra;a Ntz;bait.

l

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,e;jpa juprdk;

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56

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nrg;uk;gH-xf;NuhgH

2 0 1 4

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nrg;uk;gH-xf;NuhgH

2 0 1 4

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57

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W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

];dhg;n\hl;fs;

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58

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nrg;uk;gH-xf;NuhgH

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cauj;jpy;

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Kjypatw;wpypUe;J NjHTnra;Aq;fs;

Baga Beach Colva Beach

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nrg;uk;gH-xf;NuhgH

2 0 1 4

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59

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W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

];dhg;n\hl;fs;

Arunachal Pradesh

Assam

Meghalaya

Nagaland

Manipur

Tripura Mizoram

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,e;jpa juprdk;

n

60

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nrg;uk;gH-xf;NuhgH

2 0 1 4

nrg;uk;gH-xf;NuhgH

2 0 1 4

n

61

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W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

];dhg;n\hl;fs;

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n

62

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nrg;uk;gH-xf;NuhgH

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Jaisalmer

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nrg;uk;gH-xf;NuhgH

2 0 1 4

n

63

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W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

];dhg;n\hl;fs;

Gulmarg

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,e;jpa juprdk;

n

64

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nrg;uk;gH-xf;NuhgH

2 0 1 4

nrg;uk;gH-xf;NuhgH

2 0 1 4

n

65

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W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

];dhg;n\hl;fs;

,e;jpa juprdk;

n

66

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nrg;uk;gH-xf;NuhgH

2 0 1 4

Rishikesh

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nrg;uk;gH-xf;NuhgH

2 0 1 4

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67

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W W W. I N D I A P E R S P E C T I V E S . I N

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n

68

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nrg;uk;gH-xf;NuhgH

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,e;j nkhopfs; midj;Jk; nghJthd vOj;Jf;fisAk; mbg;gilfisAk; nfhz;Ls;s ,j;jhyp> gpnud;r>; ];ghdpap Nghu;jJ ; f;Nfa nkhopfs; xd;Wf;F xd;W NtWgLtijtplg; gd;klq;F NtWgl;l nkhopfshFk;. ,e;jpau;fs; jhq;fs; thOk; gd;nkhopr; R+oiy xU ghf;fpakhfNt fUJfpd;wdu;. gbj;j ,e;jpau;fspy; mjpfkhNdhu; Mq;fpyj;ijj; jtpu ,Unkhopfisg; Ngrf; $batu;fshf cs;sdu;. vt;thwhapDk;> xU nkhopapy; gilg;ghw;wypd; cr;rpiaj; njhl;Ls;s> Vida nkhopfis ed;whfg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba vOj;jhsu;fspd; juq;fSf;F kj;jpapy; $lf; fhzg;gLk; xt;nthU jdpg;gl;l MspdJk; milahsk; kpfTk; rpf;fyhdjhff; fhzg;gLtJ ,q;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mk;rkhFk;.

,e;jpahtpd; khepyq;fspy; xd;whd fu;ehlfhtpy; fhzg;gLk; Gtpapay;> fyhrhu>nkhopapay; gd;ikj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Ffpd;w rpy cjhuzq;fs; ,q;Nf jug;gLfpd;wd. mj;Jld; mit fu;ehlfhtpd; gpujhd nkhopahd fd;dlj;jpy; cs;s ,yf;fpa Nkhijfspd; fijahfTk; cs;sJ. $Ntk;G vd;w Gidg; ngaupy; mwpag;gl;l Nftp Gl;lg;gh 1967 Mk; Mz;by; jdJ = uhk juprdk; vd;w fhtpaj;jpw;fhf Qhg tPl tpUjpid ntd;whu;. mtu; ikR+u; kfhuh[htpdhy; Msg;gl;l gioa ikR+u; murpd; kiyg; gpuNjrj;ijr; Nru;ej ; tu;. fd;dlj;ij jha;nkhopahff; nfhz;l mtuJ Gj;jfk; Ntjhe;jr; rpe;jid kw;Wk; rk];fpUjk; vd;gtw;wpd; nry;thf;F fhzg;gLk; cau; kuGrhu;ej ; fd;dl ,yf;fpa tifapy; nfsut tpUjpid ntd;wJ. Mdhy; mjw;F Kd;du; mtu; ehl;Lg;Gw kuGj; njhlu;fisg; gad;gLj;jp kiyfspy; cr;rpapYs;s kioapy; Cwpa Ff;fpuhkq;fisAk; epyg; gpuGf;fs; kw;Wk; tptrhapfisf; nfhz;l gy juq;fisf; nfhz;l rKjhaq;fisAk; nfhz;l xU cyifg; gw;wp tpsf;fpd;w ehty;fis vOjpapUe;jhu;.

1973 Mk; Mz;by; ,t;tpUJ gpuhe;jpa> Ngr;R tof;F> jdpg;gl;l mbg;gilfspy; Kw;wpYk; NtWgl;l rpyUf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ. rpyNghJ ,e;jpau;fs; jq;fis fd;dlj;jpd; n\yp vd Rw;wpAs;stu;fs; miof;fg;gLk; ghlyhrpupauhd gynkhopfisg; ge;ju; G+Ndapy; gbj;jtu;. kuhl;b NgRtij jq;fSf;Ff; NgRtu;. tl fu;ehlfhtpYs;s fpilj;j ghf;fpakhfNt ju;thu; efuj;ijr; Nru;ej ; tu;. tpNf nfhfhf; 1990 ,y; fUJfpd;wdu;. gbj;j tpUJ ntd;wtu;. ,tUk; ,Nj ,e;jpau;fspy; gpuhe;jpaj;ijr; Nru;ej ; tu;. ngUk;ghyhNdhu; vdpDk; tpj;jpahrkhd Mq;fpyk; jtpu NtW gpd;dzpiaf; nfhz;ltu;. xU ,U nkhopfisg; Ngrf; mwpQUk; cgNte;eUkhd mtu; $batu;fshf cs;sdu; ,e;jpahtpd; ehfupfk; rhu;ej ; gz;Gfis Mokhfg; Gupe;J itj;jpUe;j Nky; tu;ff ; j;ijr; Nru;ej ; tu; xUtuhthu;. ,jw;F khw;wkhf> 1971 Mk; Mz;by; tpUJ ntd;w rptuhk; fue;j; mtu;fs; fu;ehlfhtpd; fiuNahug; gFjpapy; cLg;gp efug; (xU Nfhapy; efukhd ,J jw;NghJ mjd; czT tpLjpfSf;Fg; gpugy;akile;Js;sJ) gpuNjrj;ijr; Nru;ej ; tuhfTk; gy;Jiwrhu; MSik nfhz;ltuhf ,Ue;jhu;. gy;NtWgl;l Jiwfspy; Mu;tk; nfhz;l Nkijahf ,Ue;j fue;j; mtu;fs; midj;J tifahd mwpTfisAk; fw;gjpy; mjpf <LghL fhl;bajd; %yk; fd;dl nkhopapy; fiyf;fsQ;rpak; xd;iw vOjpdhu;. mtu; tho;ej ; gpuNjrj;jpy; mtuj ftdj;ij <u;ff ; hj JiwfNs ,y;iy vDk; msTf;F ehl;Lg;Gw ,ir> af;\hq;fdh> tpQ;Qhdk;> R+oy;> Xtpak;> tptrhak; vd midj;Jj; JiwfspYk; mtu; <LghL fhl;bdhu;. fiuNahug; gpuNjrj;jpy; gad;ghl;bYs;s xU tpj;jpahrkhd nkhopahd J}Y} > fue;j; mtu;fspd; jha;nkhopahFk;. Mdhy; mtu; fd;dl nkhopapd; tbthd mk;rq;fspy; mjpfstpy; ftdk; nrYj;jhJ xU tUlj;jpw;F xU ehty; vd;w mbg;gilapy; jd;idr; R+oTs;s fpuhkg; gpuNjrq;fspy; vjpu;nfhs;Sk; f\;lq;fisg; njspthf tpsf;fp mjpfstpy; vOjpdhu;.

nrg;uk;gH-xf;NuhgH

Qhd gPl tpUJ (,lJ) kw;Wk; mt;tpUJ toq;fg;gl;l ,Utu;> fpup\; fu;ehl; (fPNo) kw;Wk; NftP Gl;lg;gh (mbg;Gwk;)

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ghuk;gupak;

(,lJ) ghlyhrpupau; (tyJ) Gfo;ngw;w vOj;jhsu; A+Mu; Mde;j %u;j;jp

,jw;F khw;wkhf> tPlb ; y; jkpo; NgRgtuhf mwpQUkhd VNf uhkhD[k; mtu;fis ,r;re;ju;gg ; jpy; ngq;fShiur; Nru;ej ; mjpfhu tu;ff ; j;jtuhd Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;LtJ nghUj;jkhdjhFk;. ,yf;fpaj; kh];jp ntq;fNl\; Iaq;fu; mtu;fs; vspikahd> jpwdha;thsu; ekpjh Nfhf;N`y; mtu;fs; jpU mofpa nkhop eilapy; Neu;jj ; pahd rpW uhkhD[k; mtu;fs; jdJ ,aw;ifahd gd;nkhop fijfis vOjpdhu;. kh];jp mtu;fs; Gfo;ngw;w MSik gw;wpf; $wpa thu;ji ; jfis Nkw;Nfhs; Iaq;fu;fspd; tupiriag; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; fhl;Lfpd;whu;. " tf;fpukhd Mu;tj;jpd; fhuzkhf> ehd; nra;jhu;. Iau;khu; fd;dl nkhopapy; ruskhfg; fd;dlg; gpuNjrj;jpy; njhlu;rr ; pahf jkpo; nkhopiaAk; Ngrf;$batu;fshf ,Ue;jJld; jq;fsJ jkpo;g; gpuNjrj;jpy; fd;dl nkhopiaAk; thrpj;Njd;. %jhijau;fspd; nkhopahd jkpopYk; ruskhf ehd; ,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpyj;ij gbj;J mjidf; ciuahlf; $batu;fshf ,Ue;jdu;. fw;gpj;Njd;. mj;Jld; If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpy; ,e;jpahitg; gpugykhd Vida Qhd gPl tpUJ gw;wpAk; ,e;jpa nkhopfisAk; fw;gpj;Njd; ntd;wtu;fs; ,g;NghJk; ek; kj;jpapy; ( jdJ fw;gid uPjpahd Ra rupijapy;> tho;fpd;wdu;. fpup\; fu;ehl; vd;gttu; mNahth khepyj;jpd; rpwpa fy;Y} Qhd gPl tpUJ nfhq;fhdp> kuhl;b Mfpa nkhopfisg; upnahd;wpy; tuyhW fw;gpf;fpd;w> mnkupf;fg; ntd;w rptuhk; NgRfpd;whu;> gpugy ehtyhrpupaUk; ngz; xUtiuj; jpUkzk; Kbj;j ,e;jpaf; fud;l; mtu;fspd; fl;LiuahrpupaUkhd A+Mu; Mde;j %u;jj ; p fjhehafdhd jpU uhkhD[k; jdJ jha;nkhop J} xU Mq;fpyg; Nguhrpupau; Mtu;. mtu;fs; rpWguha tho;it epidTgLj;Jifapy;) Y} MFk;. mtu; NtW ,e;jpa nkhopfspy; vOjg;gLtw;iw " vdJ tho;tpd; Muk;g fhyj;jpy;> ehd; fd;dl nkhopapy; mq;ff P upg;gijg; gykhf Mjupf;fpd;whu;fs;. mk;khTld; nrd;idj; jkpopy; NgrpNdd;. fiyf;fsQ;rpak; ,it vq;fsJ rikay; Ntiyfisr; nra;j xd;iw fd;dlj;Jld; Iaq;fu; tPlL ; g; gzpg; ngz;fSld; vOjpAs;shu njhlu;Gila ikR+u; jkpopy; NgrpNdd;. tPlL ; f;F Like cjhuzq;fshFk;. ntspNa vdJ ez;gu;fSld; fd;dl INDIAN DIPLOMACY Mdhy; nghJthf nkhopapy; NgrpNdd;. mg;gh Nky; Nehf;Fifapy; ,e;jpahtpd; khbapy; cs;s jdJ mYtyfj;jpy; Mq;fpyj;jpy; nghJthd gd;ikj;Jtj;ijAk; ciuahbdhu;... mjdhy; Nky; khbapYk; fPo; khbaYkhf> Fwpg;ghf nkhopapay; tifiaAk; cs;NsAk; ntspNaAkhf> vdf;F %d;W nkhopfspy; Follow Fwpg;gjhf cs;sd. ,sk; tajpy; guPlr ; ak; Vw;gl;lJ. @INDIANDIPLOMACY kuzpj;j NghjpYk; tskhd "vj;jid ,uhkazq;fs; cs;sd? Ke;E}W? %thapuk;? gy;Jiwrhu; kuGupikapid vd Muk;gpf;fpd;wJ jpU uhkhD[k; mtu;fspd; gpugykhd vk;kplk; tpl;Lr; nrd;Ws;s Ma;Tf; fl;Liu mtiu epidT$u;tjpNy " vj;jid fd;dlj;jpd; vOr;rpf; ftpQUk; gy;tifikfs;? vd;W ehk; Nfl;f KbAk;.

Watch INDIAN DIPLOMACY ,e;j vOj;jhsu; xU Kd;dhs; ,e;jpaj; J}Jtu; Mthu;.

,e;jpa juprdk;

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nrg;uk;gH-xf;NuhgH

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tho;f;iff;fhd

,e;jpaf; fhjy;

eWkzk; Kjy; gor;rhw;wpd; ,dpg;Gr; Rit tiu khk;goj;Jf;F vg;NghJk; Kjyplk; jhd;. ,e;jpah cyfpd; kpfg;ngupa kho;go cw;gj;jpahsuhfTk; Efu;thsuhfTk; tpsq;fpd;wJ. khk;gok; cyfshtpa czTKiwapd; xU gpugykhd cs;sPlhfTk; cs;sJ ciu | [`;dhtp ru;kh

nrg;uk;gH-xf;NuhgH

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czT Kiw khk;gok; cyfpy; kpfTk; gpugykhd mad kz;lyg; jdpj;Jtkhd RitiaAk; ePzl ; MAisAk; nfhz;l go tiffspy; xd;whFk;. ,J Guhjd fhyk; njhl;L khk; goq;fisj; juf;$ba Nfru; tif kh kuq;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; gapuplg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. cz;ikapy;> F[uhj;jpYk; k`huh\;lu; htpYk;; tsu;fpd;wd. kho;goq;fspd; gpwg;gplk; fpof;F ,e;jpah> gu;kh (jw;Nghija kpad;khu;)> me;jkhd; jPTfs; vd;gdthFk;. ,e;jp czT Kiw ,J fpK 5 Mk; E}w;whz;lstpy; ngsj;j gpf;Ffshy; thu;ji ; jfspy; $wKbahj> kd epiwtspf;Fk; kNyrpahtpYk; fpof;F MrpahtpYk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ Ritapidj; jUtjdhy; khk; goq;fs; rikaypd; vd ek;gg;gLfpd;wJ. NghJk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,d;W tiuapy; khk;go ,d;W cyfpy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; I]; fpwPk>; Mk; gd;d (thridj; khk;goq;fspy; fpl;lj;jl;l miuthrpg; jputpaq;fs; Nru;jJ ; r; rikf;fg;gl;l gFjp ,e;jpahtpy; cw;gj;jp gr;ir khq;fha; - gpujhd czTfSld; khk;goq;fs; nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. vdpDk; ,e;j Nru;jJ ; cl;nfhs;sg;gLtJk; RitA+lL ; k; cw;gj;jpapy; ngUk;gFjp ,e;jpahtpNyNa Gj;Jzu;tspg;gJkhd xU ghdk;)> khk;go gjhu;jj ; q;fshf Efug;gLtjdhy; ru;tNjr khk;go CWfha; vd;gd ,e;jpa tPLfspy; mjpfstpy; tpahghuj;jpw;F ,e;jpahtpd; gq;fspg;G toikahfg; gupkhwg;gLk; czTfspy; gad;gg ; Lj;jg;gLtJld; xU rjtPjj;ijAk; tplf; FiwthfNt mlq;Fk;. Ritahd Nahfl;Lld; cs;sJ. ehu;fsw;w> eWkzk; tPRk; mbf;fg;gl;l khk;gor; rijapidr; Knryp kw;Wk; my;nghd;Nrh khk;gok; Kjy; Ritahd Nru;jJ ; r; nra;ag;gLk; k`huh\;lu; htpd; Gy;yuprp Nghd;w gor;rij epiwe;j ghjhkp tif mk;uhfz;l; (khk;go =fz;l); Nghd;w jhdpaq;fSf;fhd tiuahd khk;go tiffis cw;gj;jp gpuhe;jpaq;fSf;Nf cupa tpNrl Kf;fpakhd xU nra;tjd; %yk; cyfpy; mjp$basT czTKiwfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

Nru;fi ; fg; nghUshfTk; khk;goq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; ehL tl ,e;jpahtpy; khq;fha;fs; rpwpa vd;w epiyia ,e;jpah mile;Js;sJ. Jz;Lfshf mupag;gl;L R+upa xspapy; tpsq;Ffpd;wd mjw;F mLj;j epiyapy; rPdh cyu;jj ; g;gl;L ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J cs;sJ. rpe;J}up> J];n]`;up> rT] Kug;gh vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Nfhil h> g];yp> yf;Ndhth> [t;`up> Fyhg; fh];> yq;fu; h fhyj;jpy; njd; ,e;jpahtpy; khk;gor; RitA+l;lg;gl;l vd;gd cs;spl;l gy;NtW khk; go tiffs; t ,e;jpa rhk;ghUk; (mtiu mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L GspAld; khepykhd cj;ju; gpuNjrj;jpy; gapuplg;gLfpd;wd. njd; jahupf;fg;gLk; Fok;G) tl ,e;jpahtpy; lq;fp khk;gor; ,e;jpahTk; cs;sq; ftUk; tiffisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ RitA+l;lg;gl;l Jtuk; gUg;Gk; (mtiuf; fwp) Ritkpf;f uh];G+up> r/Nglh (igq;fd;gs;sp)> ePyk;> `pkhaj;> czTfshfr; rikf;fg;gLfpd;wd. F[uhj;> k`huh\;lu; h> jk;G+u; g;upA+u;> ky;Nfhth> ky;ypfh Mfpa xt;nthd;Wk; uh[];jhd; khepyq;fspy; rPdp my;yJ ghy; Nru;jJ ; jdpj;Jtkhd epwj;ijAk; RitiaAk; nfhz;Ls;sd. khk;gor; rijapidg; gad;gLj;jpj; jahupf;fg;gLk;

Mk; gd;d

,e;jpa juprdk;

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nrg;uk;gH-xf;NuhgH

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czT Kiw Mk;uh]; vdg;gLk; gor;rhW nuhl;b> muprp my;yJ G+up]; (nghupj;j nuhl;b) tiffSld; gupkhwg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;jpahtpd; Nkw;Fg; gpuNjrj;jpy; thOk; nfhq;fhdpapdu; gOj;j khk;gor; rijapidg;; gad;gLj;jp kq;fl vdg;gLk; gog;ghfpidj; jahupf;fpd;wdu;. Me;jpug; gpuNjrj;jpy; mtiu Fok;G nra;tjw;F khq;fha; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w mNjNtis F[uhj; khepyj;jtu;fs; khq;fhiag; gad;gLj;jp Rz;lh (khq;fha;r; rPty; czT) jahupf;fpd;whu;fs; khk;go y];]p (Nahfl;Lld; fyf;fg;gl;l khk;gok;) mjpfkhd ,e;jpau;fsJk; njd;dhrpa kf;fspdJk; tpUg;gj;Jf;Fupa ghdq;fspy; xd;whFk;.

cyfshtpa ftu;rr ; p Nkw;Fyf czTKiwapy; gog;ghFfisAk; rpw;WzTfisAk; nra;tjw;Fg; gad;gLj;Jthu;fs;. mj;Jld; khk;go ry;rh> khk;go n[yp> khk;go nuyp\; vd;gd Nghd;w ,dpg;Gg; gz;lq;fSk; Nkw;Fyfpy; gpugykhditahFk;. gpypg;igd;]py; gr;ir khq;fha; (Gspf;f itf;fg;gl;l kPd; my;yJ ,why; my;yJ

(NkNy) khk;go =fz;l; ( Nkw; gFjpapy;) khk;go CWfha; ,e;jpa juprdk;

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cg;gpdhy; nra;ag;gl;l czTf;Fr; RitA+l;Lk;) ng$q;f; Nru;jJ ; r; rhg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. kPd; Fok;G nra;tjpy; mjpfstpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; khk;gok; Nfhop ,iwr;rpf;Fk; rpwe;jjhFk;. jha;yhe;jpy; fwpfSf;Fr; RitA+l;Ltjw;F mJ gad;gg ; Lj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. kj;jpa mnkupf;fhtpy; cg;G> tpdhf;fpup> fWg;G kpsF> n`hl; Nrh]; vd;gtw;Wld; gr;irahf cz;zg;gLfpd;wJ. mnkupf;fhtpd; `tha; gpuNjrj;jpy; khq;fha;fs; R+l;by; thl;lg;gl;L cl;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. yj;jpd; mnkupf;fhtpy;> Fr;rpfspy; itj;J rPtg;gl;l khk;goq;fs; eilghij tpahghupfshy; tpw;fg;gLfpd;wd. khk;goq;fs; RitA+l;Lk; gjhu;jj ; q;fshf gad;gLj;jg;gLtJld; Knryp kw;Wk; Gy;yuprp Nghd;w jhdpaq;fSf;fhd Kf;fpakhd xU Nru;fi ; fg; nghUshfTk; tpsq;Ffpd;wd.

Gj;jhf;fg; gad;ghLfs; cyfk; KOtjpYk; cs;s rikaw;fiy epGzu;fs; jq;fsJ rikay; gl;bay;fspy; khk;goj;ijg; guPlr ; pj;Jg; ghu;jJ ; f;nfhz;bUf;fpd;wdu;. ,e;jpahtpy;> khk;go gpupahdp (Nrhw;Wf;F thridj; jputpaq;fs;> fha;fwpfs;> khk;gok; vd;gtw;iw nfhz;l Fok;Gfisr; Nru;jJ ; r; nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ)> gr;ir khq;fha; guhl;lh (gr;ir khq;fhia epug;gp nghupf;fg;gl;l nuhl;b)> Mk;uh]; mY} (fpoq;fis mjpfstpy; nfhz;l gOj;j khk;gog; ghfpidr; Nru;jJ ; r; nra;ag;gLk; czT) vd;gd Nghd;w Gj;jhf;ff; Fok;G tiffis ehk; fhz KbAk;. ru;tNjr uPjpapy; Nehf;Fifapy; [g;ghd; RtPl; Rrp

xU tif khk;go I]; fpwPk;

vd;w ngaupy; khk;gok; epug;gg;gl;l Nuhy;]; tiffis cUthf;fpAs;sJ. njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfs; gytw;wpy; Njq;fha;g; ghypd; %yk; nra;ag;gl;l Ritahd thrid nfhz;l xl;Lk; jd;ik nfhz;l NrhW Gjpa khk;goq;fSld; Nru;jJ ; xU rpw;Wz;bahfg; gupkhwg;gLfpd;wJ. Nkw;F ehLfspYs;s rpy rikaw;fiyQu;fs; khk;goq;fis ghZld; Nru;jJ ; g; gupkhWfpd;wdu;. khq;fhAk; ghw;fl;b Nru;ff ; g;gl;l [yngNdh]; kpsfhAk; Nru;jJ ; rikf;fg;gl;l ,why;> gd;wp ,iwr;rpAk; khq;fhAk; Nru;jJ ; r; nra;ag;gl;l Nuhy;]; vd;gd If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpy; tpUe;jpdUf;F toq;fg;gLk; Gjpa czT tiffshf tpsq;Ffpd;wd.

Rfhjhug; gad;fs; ,g;gok; gy;NtW Rfhjhu uPjpahd gad;fisj; juf;$bajhFk;. khk;goq;fs; ,Uk;Gr; rj;J> tpl;lkpd; V> tpl;lkpd; < vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;bUg;gJld; fu;gg ; pzpj; jha;khu;fSf;Fk; ,uj;jr; Nrhifapdhy; gPbf;fg;gl;Ls;stu;fSf;Fk; Ngh\hf;fpid toq;ff;$ba rpwe;j %yq;fshfTk; tpsq;Ffpd;wd. khk;goq;fs; mkpyj; jd;ikiaj; jLj;J czTr; rkpghl;il Nkk;gLj;Jfpd;wd. mit Xl;rprNdw;w vjpu;gG ; g; gjhu;jj ; q;fis mjpfstpy; nfhz;bUg;gjdhy; Njhypd; tsu;rr ; pf;F cfe;jjhFk;. ,Uja NehapypUe;J ghJfhf;ff;$ba nrydpaj;ijAk; mJ nfhz;Ls;sJ. rpW Jz;Lfshf mupag;gl;l xU Nfhg;igasT kho;goj;ij cl;nfhs;tJ khiyf; fz; Nehiaj; jLg;gJld; rpwe;j fz;ghu;itia Ngzp tUtjw;Fk; cjtp GupAk;.

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