Sinhaleseindia perspectives march april 2016 by Indian Diplomacy

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uelaiafmdaIqj¾ óähd .DDma bkaähd mqoa.,sl iud.u m%ldYl yd m%Odk fufyhqï ks,OdÍ( úldia fcdydß m%Odk úOdhl ks,OdÍ yd l<uKdldr wOHlaI( m%ldIa fcdydß úOdhl ixialdrl( fi!rí gkaLd m%Odk ld¾hd,h uelaiafmdaIqj¾ óähd .DDma bkaähd mqoa.,sl iud.u 246 jkf.dvke.s,a,, 3 jkuy,, ´la,d - 3 wÈhr, kjÈ,a,sh110020" bkaÈhdj ÿrl:k( +91.11.43011111, Fax: +91.11.43011199 CIN No: U22229DL2006PTC152087 Tnf.a m%;spdr $ úuiSï i|yd( indiaperspectives@maxposure.in

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ud¾;= - wm%sfh,a 2016

jfï( rg mqrd we;s uyck mqia;ld, kùlrKh yd äðg,Shj iïnkaO lsÍfï cd;sl mqia;ld, fufyhqug iyNd.S jQ bka§h ckm;s wdpd¾h m%kdí uql¾Ô¦ by<( w;amsgm;a ixLHdxlkh lrk ks,Odßka

m%xY wdh;kh úiska oekgu;a lrkq ,nk mqia;ld, jHdmD;sh fjkqfjka m%xYfha iyh ld¾hNdrhka óg fyd| ksoiqkls' meßisfha úuik w;ru ;u bkaÈhdkq ixÑ;h ukdj uq,ia:dkh msysá fuu wdh;kfha ld¾hd, ixúOdkh lr.ekSug bka§h m%ùKhkaf.a kef.kysr iy .s‚fldk È. wdishdj mqrd iyh n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk nj fuys§ i|yka msysgqjd ;sfí' bkaÈhdfõ;a" lsÍug jgfkah' fuu ixÑ;hg mqÿfÉß k.rfha 1955 jif¾§ ixialD;" m%dlD;" iy fou< cd;sl bkaÿfõo ^m%xY wdh;kh f,i& msysgqjk NdId j, w;amsgm;a oyia mqia;ld,h ;=< ,o uOHia:dkhla mj;S' tfldf,a .Kkla o l=vd lD;s 11000 la , wdh;kh oekg ;u ixÑ; Ñ;% l,d 2500lg is;shï iy is;=jï ;nd f.k isák w;r bkaÈhdkq wêl m%udKhla iy tl;=jla fukau úoHd¾Òka fj; myiqlï fjk;a jákd iïm;a mqiafld<m;a u; imdhfok kj f.dvke.s,a,la /ila o wka;¾.; ,shQ w;amsgm;a fj;g 1964 jif¾§ f.khkq fõ' ie,iqï lrk tl;=jla o we; ,eìh' lD;s 11000la muK o" ,o whqßka ish,a, is;shï igyka ixÑ;hla fiau isÿjqj fyd;a m%xY ixialD;" fou< iy uksm%j,ï NdId j,ska rch i;= fuu bka§h ,shlshú,s ,shejqKq mqiafld<m;a /ila o wvx.= bkaÈhdkq kshñ; wdldrhg kdudj,s.; lr idys;H ms<sn| mqia;ld,h ;sfnkafkao fuu bka§h w;;H mqia;ld,hg we;=<;a tfldf,a uOHia:dkkfhah' bkaÈhdj ;u flfrkq we;'

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yjq,aldß;ajh

bkaÿ m%xY in|;d iúu;a lsÍu 67 jeks ckrc Èk ieureï Wf<f,a § ;u hqO Yla;sh, ixialD;sl n,mrdl%uh yd wd¾Óluh úNjh fudkjg f.kyer mdñka bkaÈhdj ;u f.!rjkSh m%Odk wuq;a;d f,i f;dard f.k ;snqfKa m%xY ckm;s, *%ekafldhsia fyd,kafâ ue;s÷ka h joka | uhqß uql¾Ô

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by<( kjÈ,a,sfha mej;=Kq ckrc Èk /<sfha m%xY n, we‚ .uka¦ uqyqK; msgqj( bka§h ckm;s wdpd¾h m%kdí uql¾Ô iy bka§h w.ue;s kf¾kaø fudaä m%Odk wdrdê; wuq;a;d jk *%ekafldhsia fyd,kafâ iuÕ

m%xY cd;sl ffjoHjrfhla fuda.,a wêrdcHfha ixpdrh Widúfhys fiajh l< ta ÿr w;S;h olajd jir iSh w.ue;s kf¾kaø fudaä uy;d miq.sh jif¾ § .Kkla wE;g Èfjk §¾>ld,Sk YsIagdpdrd;aul fojrla meÍisfhys ixpdrh lsÍfï m%;sM,hla in|;djla bkaÈhdj iy m%xYh w;r mj;S' tfiau f,i fyd,kafâ ckdêm;s ;=ukaf.a fojk th m<uq iy fojk f,dal hqoaO j, bka§h ixpdrh f.dvke.sks' wfma%,a m%xY rdcHh fjkqfjka igka jeÿKq udifha §" bka§h w.ue;sjrhd bkaÈhdj iy m%xYh oyia .Kka bka§h fid,aodÿjkaf.a yg m%xY rch ixpdrh i|yd w;r fomd¾Yjhgu f,hska iy úßfhka iaÓr jQ w;r werhqï lrkq ,enQ w;r foieïn¾ fmdÿ idrO¾u iy j.lSï u; ia:djr bkaÈhdfõ we;s jQ w¾nqoldÍ ;;a;aj udifha§ foaY.=‚l úmd¾hdih f,i f.dvke.=kq yuqfõ m%xY rcfhka bkaÈhdjg iy ms<sn| tlai;a cd;Skaf.a iuq¿jg Yla ; s u ;a tys iaffjÍ;ajh fjkqfjka m%;sm;a;s ^fldma 21 iuq¿j& iyNd.S ùug Tyq ie,iqï iy.; .rel f,i fmr<d ,enqKq iyfhka kej;;a m%xYhg .sfhah' ieneúkau" yjq,aldß;ajhla ;j ;j;a Yla;su;a úh' wo jk úg" meßisfha§ w;aika lrkq ,enQ fuu ;sfí f,dj m%Odk fmf<a ckrc wdKavq w;sYhskau jeo.;a .kqfokqj ilia folla jk bkaÈhdj iy m%xYh lsÍug rgj,a foflysu kdhlhka w;r fomd¾Yjhgu fmdÿ idrO¾u iy j.lSï iy mßmd,k jHqy tlaj iduqyslj jev l<y' u; ia:djr f,i f.dvke.=kq Yla;su;a ie,iqï tneúka" m%xY ckm;s fyd,kafâ uy;d bka§h iy.; yjq,aldß;ajhla ;sfí' ckrc Èk /<sfha fmkS isàu" tlsfkld iuÕ

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yjq,aldß;ajh

uqyqK; msgqj( rdÊm;a ys l=re¿ wei oiqkla¦ jfï( fudaä ue;s;=ud fyd,kafâ iy wdrlaIl wud;H ufkday¾ mßlald¾ ue;s;=uka,d iu.¦ my<( fudaä ue;s;=ud rdÊm;a ys§ *%ekafldhsia fyd,kafâ ue;s÷ka ms<s.kshs

iyfhda.fhka jev lsÍfuka o lKavdhula f,i f,dj wfkla rgj,a j,g tlaj uqyqK§fuka o wm rdcH folg w;am;a jQ m%;s,dN j, w,xldr idlaIshls' úúO cd;Skaf.a tlsfklg fjkia ne¢hd iy wfmalaId j,g tlfia .e<fmk" tfy;a wo mj;sk f.da,Sh ;¾ckhg iuia;hla jYfhka iduQysl ms<s;=rla ,ndfoñka meßisfha § ta .súiqu w;aika lrk ,oafoa úYd, wfmalaIdjlska hq;=jh' foaY.=K úm¾hdi j,g tfrysj igka lsÍu oeka bkaÿ m%xY in|;dj, oaùmd¾Yaùh kHdh m;%h ;=< jeo.;a fldgila jk nj wuq;=fjka lSug wjYH ke;' ckm;s fyd,kafâ iQ¾h n, ikaOdkfha uyf,alï ld¾hd,hh ish ixpdrh w;rjdrfha .=¾.dfjdaka ys§ újD; l< w;r th meßia iuq¿fõ ;j;a w;alr .ekSuls' b,lalh msysgqjd we;af;a 2020 iy bka Tíng wod< b,lal iy fmdfrdkaÿ m%;s{d l%shd;aul lsÍu flfrysh' fuu ixo¾Nh we;=<;" forg w;r úi,a iyfhda. hla jkq we;ehs wfmalaId flfrk w;r th kfjda;amdokSh ;dlaIK ud¾.fhka msßiqÿ iy yß; n,Yla;s ld¾hlaIu;d úi÷ï ixj¾Okh iy m¾fhaIKh jeä fufyjrla .kq we;ehs hkak Èfihs'

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yjq,aldß;ajh

bkaÈhdfõ iy m%xYfha ióm iyfhda.s;djh

kHIaál n,d.drhla f.dvk.ñka isáhs' wdfrjd iud.u ,dika iy gqfn%da iud.u iuÕ .súiqula fujka fldaKhl isg bkaÈhdfõ iy m%xYfha w;aika lr we;af;a n,d.drfha hkaf;%damlrK isú,a kHIaál n,Yla;sh iïnkaOfhka we;s fldgia fï rfÜu ;eksh yels jk whqßks' fuu iyfhda.s;djho i,ld ne,Sï jeá' 2008 .súiqfuka udyeÕs ia:dkShlrKhla isÿfjkjd iema;eïn¾ ui kHIaál iemhqï muKla fkdj ,dika iy gqfn%da ix.uh bkaÈhdjg hqO fkdjk iud.fï yev;e,Sfï ;dlaIKh foaY.=‚l wjYH;d i|yd kHIaál fj<|dfï jeä ÈhqKq l< yels wdldrfha úm¾hdij,g fh§ug wjir ,nd ÿks' 2009 ;dlaI‚l yqjudrejla wdfõrd úiska tfrysj ke.S jif¾§ isú,a kHIaál .súiqula isÿ lrkq we;s ksid th ,dika isàu wo bkaÈhdkq bkaÈhdj iuÕ w;aika l< m%:u iy gqfn%days ksIamdok mrdih jeä - m%xY oaúmd¾Yaúl rg m%xYhhs' bkaÈhdkq kHIaál lrkq we;' rgj,a fol w;r;=r kHdhm;%fha n, fm!oa.,sl iud.u iuÕ tlaj idfmalaIj w¨‍;a iyfhda.s;dfõ jeo.;a fldgila wdfrjd kï m%xY iud.u fï Èkj, w¨‍;a me;slvla jkafka iaudÜ ù we; uydrdIag% m%dka;fha fÊ;mq¾ j, k.r j,g úfYaIfhkau wod< jk

bkaÈhdkq- m%xY jHdmdßl iuq¿fõ § w.ue;s fudaä iy m%xY ckm;s *%ekafldhsia fyd,kafâ uy;d, my<( m%xY ckm;s rdYag%m;s Njka j, wdpdr fm<md,sh ksÍlaIKh lrñka

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w.%dud;Hjrhd m%xY ckm;s iuÕ

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yjq,aldß;ajh

bkaÿ - m%xY m%Odk úOdhl ks,Odß ixiofha § w.ue;s fudaä iy m%xY ckm;s *%ekafldhsia fyd,kafâ uy;d

há;, myiqlï ixj¾Okhhs' nex.f,darfha Wux úiska ms<s.kq ,enQ w;r Tjqka tys we;s iqm%isoaO ÿïßh ud¾.h §¾> lsÍu i|yd hqfrda ñ,shk 200l ffY,uh Whk iy ;j;a ixpdrl wdl¾IK wdfhdackhg wu;rj pkaÈ.d¾" kd.amQ¾" mqÿfÉß keröug o .shy' k.r úfYaIfhka wruqKq lr.;a idïm%odhsl iyfhda.S;ajh we;s yqrenqyqá k.r jHdmD;sh i|ydo lr.kakd lafIa;% j,g wu;rj fuys§ rgj,a fol w;r hqfrda ì,shk 2lg jvd wdfhdackh ;%ia‌;jdohg tfrys wdrlaIKfha kj idfma l a I lsÍug m%xYh fmdfrdkaÿ ù ;sfí' isg ihsn¾ wdrlaIKh olajd;a iyfhda.s;dfõ ñka mqÿfÉß k.rh w;S;fha m%xY nyqmd¾Yúl wdrlaIK udOH iïnkaO w¨‍;a me;slvla fld,kshla jQ w;r cd;sl Wreuhla iyfhda.S;d olajd;a È.yereKq jkafka há;, f,i ixpdrlhka w;r iqm;, tys rdcHdrlaIl iy iqrlaIs;;d myiqlï ;ju;a wkkH jQ m%xY ixialD;sl iyfhda.s;ajhla o ;sfí' uOH ixj¾Okhhs ,laIK oelsh yelsh¦ bkaÈhdfõ m%:u m%udKfha nyq-ld¾h m%ydrl hdk ks¾ñ; k.rh f,i m%isoaO pkaÈ. 36la ñ,§ .ekSug we;s lr .; r*d,a d¾ ks¾udKh lrkq ,enqfõ f,a fldanqisfh¾ kï .kqfokqj;a iuÕ rgj,a fol w;r rdcHdrlaIl iaúia-m%xY cd;sl bÈlsÍï ks¾udK Ys,amshd úisks' fj<fy<|du o oeka j¾Okh fjñka mj;S' fï jif¾ bka§h ixpdrfha fhÿKq fyd,kafâ m%xY wdrlaIl iud.ï lsysmhlau fï rfÜ ckm;s ;=uka pkaÈ.d¾ j,§ bka§h w.ue;sjrhd ksIamdokh lsÍug leue;a; m< lr we;s w;r

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ud¾;= - wm%sfh,a 2016

fuu.ska bka§h rcfha uQ,sl ie,iqula jk — wh;a fn,af*da¾Ü j, m%xY fid,aodÿjka fï bkaÈhdfõ § ksmojkak˜ kï fhdackdl%uhg j¾Ifha ckrc /<sfha .uka lf<ah' fuu o úYd, msájy,la jkq we;' Wf<,g úfoia n,we‚hla f.da,Sh ;%ia;jdofha ;¾ckh iyNd.S jQ uq,au wjia:dj m%xY wdrlaIl iud.ï rgj,a folu y÷kdf.k we;s fuh jQ w;r bka bkaÈhdj lsysmhlau bkaÈhdfõ neúka fndfyda jdr .Kkla iy m%xYh w;r ksIamdokh lsÍug ;%ia; l%shd w;=.d oeóug;a we;s in|;djh Wkkaÿ jk w;r ;%ia;jd§ka kS;sfha /yekg yiq fudkjg meyeÈ,s fuu.ska bka§h rcfha uQ,sl ie,iqula lr.ekSug;a W;aidy f.k we;' lrhs' 2009 jif¾§ jk —bka È hdfõ § wdrxÑ iy f;dr;=re yqjudre fï wdldrfhkau ksmojkak— kï lr .ekSug bv ,nd fok m%xYfha neiaà, fhdackdl%uhg o úYd, ;%ia;jdohg tfrysj yjq,aj Èkfha yuqod msájy,la jkq we; jev lrk lKavdhula o ;sfí' /,sfhys uy;a óg wu;rj" bkaÈhdkq iy m%xY idvïnrfhka rdcHdrlaIl n,uq¿ j, ióm iïnkaO;djhla bka§h fid,aodÿjka .uka l< nj mj;sk w;r Tjqka l%udkql=, yjq,a yuqod wjidk jYfhka i|yka lsÍug jHdhdï j, fhfoa' 35 jk mdn, frðfïka;=jg iqÿiq hhs is;ñ'

ud¾;= - wm%sfh,a 2016

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uQ,drïNh

´tkaÔiS rka i,l=Kq ;nhs bïmSßh,a tk¾ð fj;ska jir yhl ñ,§ .ekSfï w;aoelSfuka miqj, ´tkaÔiS úfoaYa f;,a ksidirKh lrkq ms‚i reishdfõ ;sria <sx leŒu lrhs joka | rdckHd fndaia

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ud¾;= - wm%sfh,a 2016

´tkaÔiS úfoaYa ys bïmSßh,a tk¾ð ngysr ihsîßhdfõ fgdïiala l,dmfha fufyhqï lrñka isà

´tkaÔiS úfoaYa iufha §" f;,a iy iajNdúl jdhq fkdi,ld yßñka w;ayer oeóu m%;slafIam lrk ixia:dfõ tf;r yia;h" reishdfõ bïmSßh,a ,§' wjidkfha §" ;SrKh iM,odhS úh yelsfõ' tk¾ð ixia:dj ñ,§ .;a w;r jeo.;alï ´tkaÔiS úfoaYa tlai;a ckmo ,sn¾á ßfidaiia iu. yjq,aldß;ajhlg t<eô w;r ;sria È. lsysmhla úh' j¾;udk ñ, uÜgïj, § f;,a óg¾ 1500 la jk ;sria <sx folla ñ, fo.=K fjoa§ bkaÈhdfõ úYd,;u f;,a .fõIK iud.u leŒug tlÕ úh' iafkaYafkdafha ish wruqo,ska fvd,¾ ì,shk 2'1 ys kjqkdla f*da¾fïIka ys msysá ´tkaÔiS la f.jk ,§' fmd;=.,a ixÑ; fuu <sx w;=ßka tl tlla Èklg úfoaYa f,dalh mqrdfjkau j;alï ú§u wiSre nj ikd: jQ w;r .Eia >k óg¾ 58000 la" øj .Eia ñ,§ .ekSug ´tkaÔiS ish wdodhñka jeäu ner,a 2313 la iy f;,a ner,a fvd,¾ ì,shk 101037 la ksIamdokh lf<ah' f;,a fldgi reishdkq rchg nÿ jYfhka 12 la wdfhda c kh f.jñka isáfhah' bïmSßh,a tk¾ð ksIamdokh Èklg ner,a 1200 la lsÍug ie,iqï ys j;alï reishdfõ ihsîßhdfõ jkq we;ehs wfmalaId flß‚' lrñka isà ngysr fldgfia fgdïiala l,dmfha wkd.;h foi n,ñka ´î kÈh jgd msysgd ;sfí' flfiafj;;a" ´tkaÔiS úfoaYa ys by< hful=g fmfkk f;la udkfhau ysfuka jeiS l<ukdlrKh iy miq fkdnisk lKavdhu ;sfnkq oelsh yels ìïlvla u;" ´tkaÔiS l<ukdldr wOHlaI tka fla j¾ud" wOHlaI bkaÈhdkq uõ iud.ï ñ,§ .ekSfuka bj;g hdug is;kakg fmd<Ujk ,o lgl;d ^fufyhqï& mS fla rdfjda iy m%Odk úOdhl

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uQ,drïNh

tatkaÔiS úfoaYa ys bïmSßh,a tk¾ð leŒï wvúh

ks,Odß ^bïmSßh,a tk¾ð& tia ÿ¾.d m%idoa jevìug msúis w;r túg tys WIaK;ajh fi,aishia ßk 35 l w.hl úh' Tjqkaf.a kdhl;ajh ksIamdokh" ;dlaIKh iy ,dN u; muKla fkdj fuu wdmod iys; wjia:d ;=< jev lrk fiajlhkaf.a ffO¾hh mj;ajd .ekSug;a is;a fhoùh' my< m%;sodk ^ksiaidrKh wiSre& uÜgul msysá my< m%;sodkl oeä wdY ;=< bïmSßh,a tk¾ð ys ixÑ;j,ska ishhg 80 la muK w.=¿jeà ;snq wjia:dfõ§ iy idïm%odhsl úêl%u Ndú;fhka ksiaidrKh ,dNodhSj lsÍu wiSre nj fmkS .sh úg;a j¾ud wfmalaId w;a fkdyf<ah' ixÑ; .yKh j¾. lsf,daóg¾ 13000 la mqrd me;sÍ f.dia ;snqKq neúka" Tjqkag È.= ld,Skj /flkakg wjia:dj ;sfí kï muKla ,dN NjH;djla ;sfnk nj Tyq oek isáfhah' ´tkaÔiS úfoaYa lrd m%ido §ukdjla f,i meñ‚fha miq.sh foieïnrfha w.%dud;H kf¾kaø fudaä ue;s;=udf.a reishd ixpdrh w;r rfÜ fojk úYd,;u f;,a fl; jQ jekaflda¾fkÜ ys fldgiska ishhg 15 la ixúOdkhg tl;= lr .ekSug wjia:dj mE§uhs' jekaflda¾ flf;a ;u fldgi ,nd .ekSug ´tkaÔiS úfoaYa úiska fvd,¾ ì,shk 1'3 la reishdkq f;,a fhdaOhd jQ frdiafk*aÜ fj; f.jk ,§' iud.ï fol N+úoHd;aul iólaIK" fjr<dikak iy wla fjr< .fõIK fukau reishdj ;=< § yhsfv%dldnk ksIamdokh ms<sn| wjfndaO;d .súiqulg o w;aika ;eîh' bka§h w.%dud;H ;=udf.a ixpdrh f;,a wxYfha iud.ï jk bkaÈhka Ths,a" Ths,a bkaÈhd iy tiaid¾

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we;=¿ iud.ï we;=<; o wfkl=;a .súiqï i|yd myiqlï i,ik ,È' taldnoaO m%jD;a;s ixlafIamhl§" fudaä ue;s;=ud forg w;r Wmdh ud¾.sl iïnkaO;d mßirh ;=<" ish úYd, iajNdúl jdhq ixÑ; iu.ska reishdj bkaÈhdfõ m%Odk n,Yla;s wdrlaIKhla úh yels nj mejiSh'

bÈßhg hñka" ´tkaÔiS úfoaYa f,dalh mqrdfjkau j;alï ñ,§ .ekSug fvd,¾ ì,shk 10-12 la wdfhdackh lsÍug ie,iqï lrñka isà' frdhsg¾ f.da,Sh NdKav iuq¿fõ§" yqfolau f;,a ñ, wvq wjÈj,§ f;,a ñ,§ .ekSug jvd taldnoaO;d iy iud.ñl w;alr .ekSï i|yd o újD; nj j¾ud mejiSh' t<fUk ;=ka

j¾Ifha §" ´tkaÔiS úfoaYa wm%sldj ;=< j¾;udk wdfhdackh jk fvd,¾ ì,shk 8 ; uqo, fo.=K lsÍug ie,iqï lrhs' by< m%d.aOk úhoï hgf;a iud.ï uQ,H wd;;sfhka miqjk wm%sldkq iy ,;ska weußldkq l,dmfha ixúOdkh i;= NjH;dj oek isák ´tkaÔiS úfoaYa fuu wjia:dj ;yjqre lr .ekSug iQodkñka miqfjhs'

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Wreuh

yhsødndoa rdclSh

ud<s.d ixpdrh

yhsødndoa ienE iqkaor;ajh mj;skafka kùk k.rh bÈù we;s ;ek tys ft;sydisl yrfhks joka iy PdhdrEm | rdïpkao¾ fmka;=l¾

pd¾ñkd¾ iy fuld uiaðoa jeks iaudrl i|yd ksjykla jQ yhsøndoa" tys Ñ;a;dl¾IŒh ia:dk iy ydfõ,s i|yd iuDoaêh f,i ye¢kafõ' fuu jdia;=úoHd;aul pu;aldrhka .Kkdjla ieÕù ;ekam;a j we;af;a furg yer" we;eï ñksiqka" mÍlaIdldÍ jk tys mgq iudjl% ;=<h' kuq;a" ta flfia fj;;a jvd;au f;acdkaú; lSmhla kï" ksidïjreka Tjqka úiskau f.dvk.k ,o yd Ndú; kshqla; jk ,oafoa fudkjdo tajdh'

b;sydi .uk wv Y;lglg wêl ld,hla ;siafia" fuu ia:dk wNsryilaj mej;s‚' 1990 w. Nd.fhys tajdfhys m%jD;a;s uyck;djg ksl=;a lsÍug bv yßk ,§' ia:dk jgd we;s fma%u jD;dka; iy wNsryiaj, ks,xldrh ;ju;a m%n,j ñksiqkaf.a l,amkdfjys tî we;" tajd *d,dlakqud" fpdaõudy,a,d" iy mqrd‚ ydfõ,s fõjd" jfrl ksidïjrekaf.a rdcldÍ jdiia:dk w;=ßka tlla ù ;sìfha kï" rfgys fyd|u tajd w;r ;eka .kakd tajd f,i ie,fla'

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yhsødndoays ksidï kS;sh wdrïN jQfha 1687§ f.d,afldkavd l+Üí Idysia ì| jeàfuka miq 1724§ wid*a cdys rdcjxYh msysgjQ ksiduq,a uq,ala hgf;ah' miqj" —ksidïjreka˜ kñka mejf;k Tyqf.a wkqm%dma;sl mrïmrd y;la yhsødndoa iy fvlEkays fldgia uq¿ukskau mdfya Y;l foll=;a ;j;a y;frka tll=;a ld,hla md,kh l<y' m%Odk jYfhka yhjk iy y;ajk ksidï rdcHld, w;r;=r ld,mßÉfþoh" m%N+ ukaÈr jeks bÈlsÍï jevlghq;= m%jdyhla u.ska i,l=Kq

ù ;snqKq fï ìu wo mj;sk Wodrï k.rh tl, fmr<d f.dvke.S ;snq‚' fïjd uydmßudKfhka k.rfha ksß; iy .s‚fldk ÈYdjkays tla;eka ù ;snq‚' —mer‚ k.rfha wkqm%dma;sl ksidïjre ;ksj f.dvkexjQ ukaÈrj, iïmQ¾K ìï m%udKh >k wä ñ,shkhlg;a jeä jk w;r Tjqkaf.a mqfrda.dóka l+Üí Idysia yd ii|k úg th ;j;a ;=ka .=Khla úh yelsh"˜ ysgmq fmdÿck fiajlfhl= iy yhsøndoa mokï jQ b;sydi{fhl= jk kf¾kao¾ Æ;¾ mjihs' Tn wdrïNl ia:dkh

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fpdaõudy,a,d ud<s.d ixlS¾Kh

pdñkd¾ f,i f.k mer‚ k.rfha fld;ekl fyda isg ksß; fyda .s‚fldk ÈYdjkays .uka lrhs kï" Tng fï úN+;su;a ud<s.d j,ska iuyrla n,d.ekSug yelsh' —uE; ld, j,§" yhsøndoays ihsn¾ ;dlaI‚l /já,a,la we;"˜ hs mjik Æ;¾" —ft;sydisl wdl¾YKh" kjdì Ôjk l%uh iy lÈu wdl¾YŒh;aj tys iÕjd we;˜ hs lshhs' kuq;a fYdankd,xldr iy wêl;r iQrdlkjd rdclSh wx.khka ys wêl;r jdisodhl;ajh —úfoaYSh˜ hula i|yd fidhk f,dal msmdih ;=< jrla is;al¿ igyka uqøKhla fuu pu;aldrckl

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ud<s.d ;=< b;sß lr ;nd we;' pdñkd¾ isg" jeo.;a ud<s.d ;=k kï( mer‚ k.rfha iaj¾Kuh ;%sfldaKfha isg ol=fKa *d,dlakqud" ngysr fpdaõudy,a,d iy kef.kysr foig mqrd‚ ydfõ,s h'

fpdaõudy,a,d ud<s.d w;=ßka jeo.;a iy uq,au tlla jk fpdaõudy,a,d bkaÈhdkq ksoyfika miq ish lD;Hh wjidk l< l=ï o¾nd¾ rdclSh ks, ksjdi ukaÈrh w,xldrj N+o¾Yk WoHdk iy

fpdaõudy,a,d ixlS¾Kfha we;s uq¿ ud<s.d y;frka" úYsIag f,i wdrlaId ù we;af;a w*ai,a uy,ah" th y;rjk ksidïf.ka miq" w*ai,a W!oa fvda,df,i kï lrk ,§' fuys úYd, jekSishdkq myka .i iy ì;a;s u; iy isú,su mqrd wêl;rj .,d .sh nodu ks¾udKh u.ska /iaùï Yd,dfjys fodrlv ks¾f,daNSj msÍ we;s m%xY rdclSh ú,dih biau;= lrhs' ud<s.h l,d iy ixialD;sl flakaøhla iy .DyNdKav" frÈms<s" fmd;a" wism;a iy fudag¾ r: n,we‚hla iy fudag¾nhsisl,a m%o¾Ykh lrk fl!;=ld.drhla njg mßj¾;kh ù we;' fuys we;s miq.sh iufha PdhdrEm" we÷ï" wdNrK iy fldKavd fudaia;r tl;=j lsisfjl= oelsh hq;=uh'

mqrd‚ ydfõ,s fpdaõudy,a,d isg ie;mqulg jvd wvq ÿrlska" pdñkd¾ys kef.kysr foig jkakg msysá" mqrd‚ ydfõ,s hkq ;j;a jdia;=úoHd;aul wreuhls' yhsøndoays kj k.rfha ie,eiau fudfyduâ lajd,s l+Üí Idya ^1580-1612& úiska

w*ai,a uy,a ms<s.ekSfï Yd,dj” fpdaõudy,a,d ud<s.h

úYd, lsß.re~ c,dY f.dvke.s,s lsysmhlska hq;a úYd, ixlS¾Khls' ud<s.dfõ úN+;sh uOHld,Sk wd.ka;=lfhl= úiska b;d fyd¢ka úia;r lr we;( —m%Odk p;=ri%fhys úYd, lsß. re~ c,dYhlska jgjQ w,xldr WoHdkhla we;" i| t<sh msß rd;%Sj, c,dYh iy úisfrk c,h wrdì ksfid,a,difha úia;r flfrk bkaøcd,sl WoHdk yd iei¢h yelshs˜' 1750§ y;rjk ksidï i,dn;a cqka úiska f.dvkexjQ" fpdaõudy,a,d hkq ud<s.d y;frys w;súYd, iïmsKavkhls" tys ksidïjreka rdcH ms<s.ekSï iy rdciNd /iaùï meje;ajQy'

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mqrd‚ ydfõ,sud<s.fha ndysr fmkqu

ie,iqï l< úg" úYd, f,i mqo i;aldr Ôjk ú,dYh i|yd" úfYaIfhka we÷ï iy lrk idka;=jrfhl= yd rdcH ;dka;%slfhl= mdjyka i|yd Tyqf.a uy;a ,eÈlï ksid m%isoaO f,i Tyqf.a m%Odk WmfoaYl ó¾ fudañkaf.a úh" Tyq fuys f.dvke.s,af,a m<uq uyf,a ksfla;kh i|yd úYd, N+ñm%udKhla Tyq iïmQ¾K Èf.ys me;sreKq wä 240 È. we÷ï úfYaIfhka i,l=Kq lf<ah' w,audßhla iú lf<ah' by< iy miqj" f.d,afldkavdj ì|jeàu;a my< f.dia we÷ï f;dard.ekSug fpdaõudy,a,d iu." fojk wid*shd" ksidï l=ure i|yd w;ska yiqrejk isg ie;mqulg;a w,s Ldka ó¾ fudañkaf.a mjq, W;af;da,lhla o iú lr ;sî we;' wvq f jka tydhs k a úiska Tyqf.a mq;%hd jk" islkao¾ tl, Tyqf.a we÷ï iy mdjyka pdñkd¾ys cd i|yd w;am;a lr .;af;ah' we;=<;a úYd, wdhs;a;ï tl;=fõ kef.kysr 1803 ;rï uE;§ ksidï meñ‚ Wmldrhg Ndú; l<" fuu foig jkakg úg" Tyq Tyqf.a ksfla;kfha isg f.dvke.s,a," f,dj úYd,;u tl mqrd‚ ydfõ,s fpdaõudy,a,d fj; .uka lf<ah' f,i wo mjd ie,fla' we; miajk ksidï w*ai,a W!oa fvda,d y;ajk ksidï" ó¾ Tiaudka bmÿfKa ^1857-68& iy È.= ld,hla w,sLdka ^1911-48&" tys jdih l< jdih lf<a fuysh' Tyqf.a mq;=" ó¾ uydnQí Tyqf.a uj ne,Sug Èkm;d ud<s.djg meñ‚ w,s Ldka mjd 1869 § Tyq rcjQ miq ud<s.dfõ wuq;af;la úh' È.gu jdih lf<ah' Tgqkak ysñ l=ure" ó¾ 1971§" Tyqf.a mjq, rdcHh w;am;a lr uydnQí w,s Ldka Tyqf.a wêl;r iqj leu;s .ekSfuka jir 200 lg wdikak l,lg miq"

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Map not to scale

f,dj È.u lEu we;s *d,dlakqud ud<s.dfõ we;s f,dj È.=u lEu fïi w;ßka tlla f,i ie,flkak

Ôj;a jk uqLrdï cd l=ure uqLrdï cd Ndrhg wkq.%yh oelaùug foam, mß;Hd. lf<ah' tys È.= fldßfvdar iu." m%Odk f.dvke.s,a," 18jk ishjfia hqfrdamshdkq jdia;=úoHd;aul w;S;h isys lrjkakls' nqreu f;alal j,ska idok ,o" we÷ï w,audßh" ;ju;a ydks ke;sj mj;S" ;jo Bfha ksu l<dla fuka kj fmkqulska hqla;h' ksidïf.a rka Tgqkak we;s .Dyfha md;ud,h fl!;=ld.drhla f,i mj;S '

*d,dlakqud TELANGANA

HYDERABAD

mqrd‚ ydfõ,s isg" *d,dlakqud ud<s.djg mojk úg uf.ys" pdñkd¾ isg ie;mqï 3la muK ol=Kg" lkaola u; th msysgd we;' th ie,iqï lr we;af;a b;d,s cd;sl jdia;= úoHd{fhl= úisks' rfgys jvd;au úN+;su;a ud<s.d w;ßka tlla f,i fuh ie,fla' f,dalfha Wiiau iy wk¾>;u l,d jia;= iy is;=jï lsysmhla

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by< isg Trf,daiq uqyqKf;a Èidjg( mqrd‚ ydfõ,sfha fjdaâfrdnh mqrd‚ ydfõ,s ys isxydikh¦ mqrd‚ ydfõ,s

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mqrd‚ ydfõ,s t<suyka oiqk

Ndú; fldg ilid rdclSh wuq;a;kaf.a .Dyh iuÕ ksidï tys meñ‚fhah' Tyq lsß.re~ f,i fuh Ndú; lr we;' fuu ud<s.dj msg.eg fm< Tiafia by<g meñK ud<s.h yryd ksidïjrekaf.a wfkla tajd fiau" hqfrdamshdkq .sfhah' rd;%sfha§" Tyq rd;%S wdydrh .;af;a" mer‚ rgj,a j,ska wdkhkh lr we;s" ñ, wêl ì%;dkH m%N+mka;s mef,aähdkq ú,dihg o¾YkShj .DyNdKav iy we;=<; fiao frÈ bÈlr we;s m%Odk bÈß fldgfiys fhdod ilik ,oaols' *d,dlakqud ;Ügqj u;h' k.rfha iy wyfia *d,dlakqud fyda fyda —wyfia levm;˜ wlalr 200la oelau Tyq ;j;a tys /£ug ksidï —wyfia levm;˜ mqrd me;sÍ we;' miqld,Sk b;sydi{ fudaykhg m;a lf<ah' wjidkfha" wla l r 200 la f,aLlfhl= jk ìla,sia we,äka Tyq ud<s.djg Tyqf.a we;s leue;a; mqrd me;sÍ we; fufia ,shhs" —tys uq,au f.dvk. m%ldY lf<ah' fuys§" i¾ úl¾ kakd i¾ úl¾ W,a W¾ud jrla Tyqf.a md,lhdg fmr wdpdr ksidï ó¾ uydnQí w,s Ldkag mjd Tyqj úiauhg lr" —i¾ld¾" fya wdma ys ld fya" wdma ys fla m;a lsÍug ud<s.dj keröug wdrdOkd lf<a fya ,sfha nkjdhd fya˜ hs lSfõh ^W;=udfKks" Tyq Ôú;fha w,xldr oE i|yd iyDofhl= neõ fuh Tn;=udf.auh" Tn;=ud fjkqfjkau idojk oek isá neúks' wfmalaId l< whqßka" fhdod.;a ,oafoah&' fuh mjiñka Tyq ud<s.dfjka ioygu wdldrhg w,xlD; yia;sfhla msg úYd, msßjr;a kslau .sfhah'

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by<( *d,dlakqud ud<s.h¦ my<( mqrd‚ ydfõ,s ys fkajdik ukaÈr msúiqu

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Tn fuu ud<s.hg we;=,a jk úgu" Tn l%Svd Yd,djla we;=¿ Yd,d lsysmhla we;' ,S mqgq olskafka i;r ÈYdfjys M,l i;rla uOHfha 102 muKlska hq;a" ish,a, w,xldrj leghï w,xldrj leghï l< lsß.re~ lr we;s iy ;sr frÈ Tgq ifuka m%fõY Yd,djhs' by< isú,sfuys idod we;s fNdackYd,dj iuyrúg w,xldr ì;=is;=jïh' m%fõY f,dj úYd,;u fNdackYd,djhs' ß§ cqì,s uKavmh” Yd,dj lsß.re~ msh.eg fm<la uq;=ka ñ;a;kaf.a ukaÈr j, Ôj;a ksidï jrekaf.a we;s hqfrdamshdkq wuq;a;kaf.a ùfuka úvdm;a jQ" wjidk ksidï" rka is x ydik is;=jï fm<la we;s ;j;a lsß. ó¾ Tiaudka w,s Ldka" uQis .Õ yryd ukaÈrh fõ re~ Yd,djlg uÕ fmkajhs' kj k.rhg .uka l< w;r tys .rdÈ jefgys oE;ska ,dïmq ord ud<s.djla ñ,§ f.k jdih lf<a isák iqkaor lsß.re~ m%;sud we;' m<uq uyf,a Tyqf.a ukaÈrh iy rdcldÍ ia:dkh úh' th tlsfkl fi!kao¾hd;aulj msreKq iy w,xlD; ksidï Tyqf.a wjidk Èk .; lsÍug f;dard.;a isú,sfuka úYd, jekSishdkq myka .ia t,af,k wjidk ud<s.h úh' tu f.dvke.s,a, oeka lska.a W;aij Yd,djla" fNdack Yd,djla" mqia;ld,hla" flda;s ^flafla& frday, kï frday,la f,i Ndú; .vq.=vd Yd,djla ^mhsmam ÿïmdk& iy ì,shâ flf¾'

*d,dlakqud ud<s.dj

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f,da;d,a YsIaGdpdrh

t<sorõ lsÍu

wyuodndoa isg lsf,daóg¾ 80 la muK ÿßka msysá" f,da;d,a tys b;sydih yd idïm%odhhka .ek y~ k.hs joka | wks,a uq,apdkaoks PdhdrEm | ÈfkaIa Y=la,d

l%s'mQ" 2600 isg 1900 olajd bkaÿ ksïk fyda yrmamka YsIagdpdr tys Wiiau ;ek mej;sfha mßK; ixls¾K yd ;dlaIKdkql+, kd.ßl ixialD;sl uOHia:dkhla f,isks' bkaÈhdfjys" fuu f,dalv hq.fha kd.ßl ixialD;shla jvd;a ie,lsh hq;= yd fyd¢ka ixrlaIKh lr we;s nj‍g y¾hdkd ys rdls.dß" rdcia:dka ys ld,snka.ka" mkacdí ys rdmq¾ yd .=crdgfha § oel .; yels jk ;ek fvd,dùr yd yrmamka YsIagdpdrfhys ol=Kq uqrfmd,la jQ f,da;d,a úh' fï w;r" f,da;d,a mn¿" ue‚la yd úis;=re NdKav ms<sn| fj<| lghq;= i|yd ie,lsh hq;= jrdh k.rhla ù we;' wo ojfia .=crdÜ ys nd,a l,dmfha msysáhd jQ o" f,da;d,a bka§h mqrdúoHd iólaIKh ^tatiawhs& úiska 1955 iy 1960 w;r leŒï j,g Ndckh úh' f,da;d,a ys bka§h mqrdúoHd iólaIKfha fl!;=ld.drh fuu k.r jrdh k.r ie,iqï ms<sn| .eUqre wjfndaOhla ,nd fohs' tys tlalf,l fuys ks¾udKh lrk ,oafoa msÕka NdKav" f,day jev yd mn¿ hk tajdfha lÈu len,s fYaI oelsh yel' fuhg f,dalv" ;U" .,a" fp¾Ü" lgq yd weglgq j,ska idok ,o

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jia;= we;=<;a fõ' iEu tallhla nr iu. mä 0'05" 0'1" 1'2" 5" 10" 20" 50" 100" 200 iy 500 tall u; mokï jQ w;r" mßmQ¾K wkqmd;fha mj;sk .fvd,a u.ska tajd - yrmamka YsIagdpdrh ;=< Ndú; l< mä iajremh iú n,.ekaùug fhÿ‚" tallhla .a?ï 28 la muK" ke;akï bx.%SÍis wjqkaihla fyda .%Sl hqksldjlg iudkh' l=vd

jia;+ka uekSug iudk wkqmd; iu. tall .a?ï 0"871 Ndú; úh' bka§h mqrdúoHd iólaIKhg wkqj" f,da;d,a" cd;Hka;r fj<|du i|yd iïmQ¾K weisßhdkq m%ñ;Skag wkql+, jQ ;j;a nr ud,djla mej;s nj meyeÈ,sh' fuu fl!;=ld.drfha m¾ishdkq .,a*a yd wm%sldkq jrdh yd fj<|du ms<sìUq lrñka

th fjf<| k.rhla j mej;s njg foia fok f,da;d,a ms<sn| l,d;aul ksrEmKhla

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uqød iy fi,a,ï nvq m%o¾Ykhg ;nd we;' m%Odk wmkhk NdKav jQ r;arka mn¿" we;ao<" fI,a fjä wdÈh we;' m%Odk m%o¾Yk NdKav f,i rka ud,hla" fudaia;r rgd yd Ys,d f,aLk iys; ;U rEm" la‍Iqø mn¿" fïoiamdIdK yd fudaia;r tínjQ fgrd fldgd iS,a " f,day ì,S fldl=" j<¨‍ jeks úis;=re NdKav" isÿre iys; Ndckhla" th fgrdfldgd .jhl=" wYajfhl=" fndaÜgq wdlD;sh" Ndú; jk jia;= we;=<;a l%Svd iy kdúl lghq;= i|yd fhdod.;a ud,sud hka;%hla f,i Ndú; jQ fI,a" ffY,Ska folla iys; ueá n÷kao f,da;d,a ys fidhd .kakd ,o foa olakg yelsh' fj<| uOHia:dkhla f,i f,da;d,a ys ixj¾Okh" iuyr úg tys nqyq.dfjda .Õ yd ldyaïndÜ w;r ,e.=ï jrdfhka mekke.=kq fjr<nv l,dmh ;=< iy .,a*a l,dmfha" nd,a kï mfia fhda.H;dj tys j¾Okh jk OdkH iy lmq iuÕ fï jk úg;a ldyaïndÜ fjr<nv l,dmh ;=< isÿlrk id¾:lj ke.S wd mn¿ ie§fï l¾udka;h u; mokï jQjd úh yel' leŒï m%foaYhg we;=,a jk wfhla" mqrdúoHd{hka lsysm fofkl= f,dj m%:u úh<s fvdlahd¾â f,i fuf,i i|yka lr we;s jeõ ms<sn| idlaIs olskq yelsh' iskaoa mardka;fha .xj;=ßka mSvd ú£u yd leïfí fndlafla jeä jk jvÈh ndÈh wka;rdh jgyd .ksñka yrmamd YsIagdpdrh in¾u;S .Õ fudah olajd fuu wNHka;r we," bÈ lr we;s nj mejfia' fuu fvdla tl kef.kysr isg ógr 37 ngysrg iy W;=f¾ isg ol=K olajd óg¾ 22 ÿrg úysfoa' fuu jvÈh ndÈh" øj úoHdj iy .fvd,a u; uqyqÿ c,fha n,mEu ms<sn| .eUqre wOHhk u.ska fmkajd ÿka tajdh' fuu fl!;=ld. drfha§ we;sjk yeÕSï wkqj" keõ jvÈh ;=< .Õ idnd¾u;S fudah W;=re fldfkys jdka we, yd .fÕa iïnkaO we;sjk ;ek yels iy w.=¿ fodrgq fhdod tajd mdfjk f,i meje;aùu i|yd c, uÜgu m%udKj;a ;rï by< hkq je<elaùug jid ;sfí' keõ nvq mgjd fyda f.dvnEu l< miq" tajd uqyqo lrd heùu i|yd fodrgq újD; lrk ,§' jefjys ññ olajkqfha fgdka 30 ne.ska hq;a keõ 60 la yeisrúh yels tlla f,isks' fuu fvdlahd¾â wi, óg¾ 3'5 by< mdoula u; .nvd msysgqjk ,§' .=oï i|yd Ndú;d lrk

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wmjyk moaO;sh N+.; ikSmdrlaIl wmjyk ie,iqï moaO;sh woaú;Sh wx.hla úh' m%Odk ldKq óg¾ 1'5 .eUqre iy fikaá óg¾ 91 mqrd" W;=re-ol=Kq foig yd kef.kysr-ngysr foig úys§ yd kuq;a tlg ne£ iïnkaO jQ iquqÿ .fvd,a j,ska bÈ lr we;' úfYaI{ fmof¾rejka u,dmjyk moaO;sh l%uj;a ld, wka;r iys;j iajhxlaÍhj msßisÿ jk Wmdx.hla f,i lghq;= lrk f,i ksujd we;' ldKq wjidkfha we;s ,S ;srh >K wmøjH r|jdf.k yd øjhka kej; mej;s f¾äh,a .fvd,a j,ska idok ,o fiia ;gdlhg we;=¿ úh'

by<( ixlS¾Kfha .nvd tajd .xj;=ßka wdrlaId lr ;nd .ekSug mdoula u; ;nd we;¦ uqyqK; msgqj( f,da;d,a by< k.rh" fmkajkqfha .,a we;srE iakdk ia:dk" uq¿;ekaf.h" <s|la yd ksjila

,o >K l=Üá wÕ=‍re .fvd,a u; bÈlr iïnkaO mn¿ l¾udka;h jQ w;r w.ia;s yd" wfkla w¾Olrk ,§' <Õ my; we;s N+.; iy u;=msg ldKq jákd .,ao nyq,j mej;S we;' fyd¢ka yd mdkSh c,h iys; ,sx" .,a we;srE iakdk N+.; ikSmdrlaIl wmjyk ie,iqï moaO;sh ia:dk wd§ úfYaIdx. tys n,j;a yd Okj;a ckdjdi woaú;Sh wx.hla úh' m%Odk ldKq óg¾ 1'5 mej;s nj lshhs' w;a;sjdru ukaÈrhla mej;s nj .eUqre iy fikaá óg¾ 91 mqrd" W;=re-ol=Kq fmkajk w;r jrla jdŒcHj mej;S we;ehs foig yd kef.kysr-ngysr foig úys§ yd fmkajhs' .nvdj wdikakfha mej;s kuq;a tlg ne£ iïnkaO jQ iquqÿ wdik b;d myiqfjka f;d. mÍlaId .fvd,a j,ska bÈ lr we;' úfYaI{ f,da;d,a ys l< yels njg iy;sl lr yels n,h fmof¾rejka bka§h mqrdúoHd iys; m%n, mqoa.,hl=" iuyrúg u,dmjyk moaO;sh iólaIKfha md,lfhl= úiska yiqrejkq ,enQ nj l%uj;a ld, wka;r fl!;=ld.drh lsj yelsh' iys;j iajhxlaÍhj fuu jrdh k.rfha ie,iqïlrKh my< k.rh ;=< jd‚c yd msßisÿ jk Wmdx.hla ms<sn| oelaula fkajdisl m%foaY wvx.= úh' W;=f¾ isg f,i lghq;= lrk bÈßm;a lrhs ol=K olajd úysÿkq ùÈ ux;Sre fndfyda f,i ksujd we;' úg lv idmam"q fjf<| jdiia:dk yd ldKq wjidkfha wdàishka Ys,m a k S f a .a l¾udka; Yd,d j,g ksjyka jQ we;s ,S ;srh >K wmøjH r|jdf.k w;r kef.kysr isg ngysr foig Odjkh ùÈ ux;Sre yd øjhka kej; mej;s f¾äh,a ;ks ;ks jdiia:dk i,id .ekSug ilid we;' .fvd,a j,ska idok ,o fiia yrmamd YsIg a dpdrfha m%Odk l¾udka;h jQfha fuu ;gdlhg we;=¿ úh'

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wx.dr uqla; mßirhla lrd ldnka úfudapkh wvqlsÍfï fyd|u ud¾.h .%dóh ck;dj w;r msßiqÿ n,Yla;s ;dlaIK m%p,s; lsÍuhs

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iQ¾hd jHdmD;sh u.ska y÷kajd fok ,o jeäÈhqKq l< msyqï moaO;sh Ndú;fhka msiSñka

ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj, ck;dj myiqlï iy kj ;dlaIK iemhSug iQ¾hd ì,shk l=klg jeä ixLHdjla idïm%odhsl ueá jHdmD;sh y÷kajd fokq ,eì‚' msyqï ,sfma Wÿka" újD; .sksf.dvj,a iy .,a ;=fka ,smaj, jevg ueÈy;a ùfï jHdmD;sfha wkkH;dj tys ffoksl wdydr ms<sfh, lsÍug or" wiajkq úoHd;aul ÈYdk;sh ;=< /£ ;sfí( foaY.=K wm;h iy f.du oykh u; hefmk nj Tn WKqiqï ùu" jdhq ¥IKh" fi!LHh iy udkj oek isáfhyso@ .Dyia: jdhq ¥IKh ie,lsh hq;= hymeje;au u; ffcjialkaO bkaOk fhÿï ;rñka orejka ;=< ksõfudakshdj iy ldka;djka msyqï wvqlsÍfï iM,odhl;ajh ms<sn|j ;=< ksoka.; laf,dau m%odyh wo olajd mj;sk jvd;au iy wfkl=;a jHdê jeä lsÍfï úia;rd;aul iy oeä úoHd;aul .Dyia: jdhq wjodkï ork nj wOHhk j,ska w.ehqu w;am;a lr .ekSu thhs' ¥IKh orejka fy,s ù we;' wdydr msiSï mßmdá iQ¾hd jHdmD;sh ixj¾Okh w;r ksõfudakshd wjodku ie,lsh w;r;=r ksl=;a lrk ÿudrh fjñka mj;sk ÿmam;s .%dóh hq;= ;rñka l¿ ldnka jeks wvq wjfYdaIK l=gqïN w;r ieneúkau msßiqÿ by< ouhs .=K we;s ldnka wxY= iy ldnka n,Yla;s ;dlaIK j,g m%fõYh vfhdlaihsâ iy óf;aka jeks úysÿjd ,Sug b,lal lrhs' fuu yß;d.dr jdhqj,g jeäfhka fláld,Skj l%shdj,sh ;=<" jHdmD;s iqikaOdkh msßiqÿ jvd;a jeäfhka n,iïmkak fláld,Sk msyqï ;dlaIKj, ñksh yels foaY.=K m%;s,dN kuq;a by< n,mEï we;s foaY.=K fjkialdrl wëlaIKh lsÍug fidhñka isák w;r fï ix>gl j,ska iukaú; fõ' ud¾.fhka .%dóh mßYS,lhka foaY.=K uQ,Hh wdydr msiSfï ;dlaIK jeäÈhqKq lsÍug iu.ska n, .ekaùug n,hs' iQ¾hd jHdmD;sh" .%dóh m%cdjka in, lrkq ms‚i ;sridr" M,odhS" le,sf*dakshd úYaj úoHd,h ^ieka ähdf.da&" oSSrs§ukd mokï l%shdldÍ ie,eiau" há;, n,Yla;s iy iïm;a wdh;kh iy fklaia,S*a

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wek,sálaia ^weußld tlai;a ckmoh& iajNdúl ;, mqjre ^mxldjl Woõ fkdue;sj" we;=<;aj isák f.da,Sh iqikaOdkh u.ska jd;h iajNdúlj .,d hk& j,g tfrysj" n, l<ukdlrKh flf¾' fh¥ ;, Wÿka ie,lsh hq;= by< fi!LH iy .%dóh bkaÈhdkq ck.yKfha iudc mdßißl m%;s,dN i;=j isák njg y÷kdf.k ixialD;sl iy wd¾Ól mrud¾: we;' yels yeu wjia:djl§u" imqrd,Su ms‚i" n,Yla;s iy Wÿka moaO;sfhys ixrpl uqßÉÑ Wÿk iQ¾h iïm;a wdh;kh uQ,dlD;s msßisÿ iy fmdg weK u; mokï jk n, wdfrdamK msyqï Wÿka mka;shla ixj¾Okh w;r Ndú; flfrk fldgia tallhla jeks lrk ,§' fïjd w;rg uia;lfhys idudkH mßÈ .%dóh fj<|mf,a f;aÍï úl,am imhkq ,nhs .sks ,k ;ks ueá n÷k Wÿkla § mjd ,o yelsh' Wÿka u.ska iy bÈßfhka .sks ,k oaú;aj iQ¾h n, wdfrdamK tall iy ueá n÷ka Wÿkla we;=<;a fõ' f,dl= mjq,a i|yd w;sf¾l Wÿka fï uQ,djhj w;ßka tl tlla oykhg wdOdr isria tla lsÍu jeks úl,am f;aÍï imhhs' ta ms‚i mxldjla u; Èfjk n, .ekajQ ;,hla miqmi we;s ixl,amh idïm%odhsl msyqï mqreÿ fukau m%dfoaYSh wjYH;d imqrkq ,eîug wod< lr .kakd ck;djg ñil wfkla w;g w;sf¾l ixrpl yd .e,fmkq yels oyk l=áhla fkdfõ' iQ¾hd jHdmD;sh .%dóh m%cdjka w;r iys; iïu; Wÿkla fiajfha fhdojhs' tys jeäÈhqKq l< msyqï ;dlaIKh M,odhS f,i

jfï( ldnka iïudk f.ùula flfrk fudfyd;la¦ ol=fKa( iQ¾hd jHdmD;sh u.ska y÷kajd fok ,o jeäÈhqKq l< msyqï moaO;sh iu. jev lrñka

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ud¾;= - wm%sfh,a 2016

fiajfha fhdojk w;r fõ.fhka l¿ ldnka jQ l=vd mßudKfha jdhj ksheÈ mÍlaIlhla jeks m%Odk ¥IKldrl úfudapk uÜgï lmd Wmfhdackh lsÍfï l%uhhs' mqoa.,fhl=g yßhs' jeäÈhqKq l< Wÿk Ndú;h fya;=fjka l¿ ÔmSwd¾tia iy leurdjla iys; fi,a ÿrl:khl ldnka úfudapk iq/l=ï weia;fïka;= lsÍug wvq myiqlï we;akï" fmryfkys PdhdrEmhla msßjeh ixfõol ;dlaIK folla f.k /yeka rys;j l%shd;aul Ndú; lsÍug jHdmD;sh b,lal jk uOH.; fiajdodhlhla lrd iqmsß f;aÍï lrhs' Wÿkg noaO lrk ixfõolh heúh yelsh' wk;=rej fmryfkys úl,amhla f,i ud¾.fhka WIaK;ajh jd¾;d PdhdrEmfhys l¿ wxY= >k;ajh n, .ekajQ lrk w;r Wmhqla; mßm:hla wkqj l¿ ldnka úfudapkh ms<sn| ;, Wÿk y÷kd .ekS u g ud¾.fhka ;;ald,Skj WIaK;aj weia;fïka;=jla ixlS¾K mß.Kl jHdmD;sfha iyh lshùï iïfma%IKh lsÍu;a cx.u we,af.dß;uhla úiska .kq we;' ,eì‚ ÿrl:kh ud¾.fhka Bg noaO /yeka rys; ;dlaIKh ie,lsh lr we;s isria lÜg, flfjksh hq;= uÜgñka .kqfokq msßjeh wvq ud¾.fhka ;¾ñiagrhla lrd heùu o flf¾' lrkjd muKla fkdj" Wÿfkys Ndú;h ms<sn| fuu ;dlaIKh cdjd in,s; ÿrl:khlskao i;Hdmkh l< yels" ;dlaIK flakaøSh iy msúiqï .kq yels tlls' fojk f;aÍu tys,d msßjeh idOl wëlaIKhla imhkq o we;' fmrykla .Dyia: jdhq wxY= lrd ksrdjrKh jeäÈhqKq l< Wÿka ;dlaIK w;r iqmsßu f;aÍula f,i n, .ekqjQ ;, Wÿka y÷kd .ekSug" m<uq j;djg l,ska fkdoek isá wjldYuh úfNaokh iys; ìï uÜgfï l¿ ldnka ñksh yels myiqlï iys; ixj¾ê; wvq úhoï fi,a ÿrl:k ;dlaIK y÷kd.ekSug" msyqï fuj,ï wod< lr .ekSu yd iïnkaO iudc wd¾Ól ndOl iy Odjl y÷kd .ekSug iy msyqï l%shdldrlï iys; iQ¾hd kshuq .ïudk ;=< yd jgd l¿ ldnkaj, .Dyia: iy t<suyka >k;aj w;r iïnkaO;dj meyeÈ ,s lsÍug jHdmD;sh u.ska Wmldr ,eì‚' iQ¾hd jHdmD;sfha kshuq wÈhr 2011 § id¾:lj iïmQ¾K lrkakg fhÿ‚' tys l%shd;aul wÈhr W;a;¾ m% foaYa iy TäId m%dka;j, .%dóh l=gqïN 4000 lg jeä .Kkl l%shdjg kexfjñka mj;sk w;r iQ¾hd jHdmD;sh .%dóh mßYS,lhka Wfoid wdo¾Yl —foaY.=K iïudk— wruqo,la ks¾udKh lr we;' ixfõol u.ska jd¾;d lrk jeäÈhqKq l< Wÿka Ndú;h u; mokïj" kj È,a,sfha àBwd¾whs ld¾hd,fha uOH.; /ia lsßsï tlalhl /ia flfrk" f;dr;=re wkqj mßYS,l ldka;djkaf.a nexl= .sKqï fj; foudisl mokulska laIqø f.ùï flf¾' jvd;a uE;ld,Skj" iQ¾hd jHdmD;sh" ;eme,a f.ùï iy cx.u ÿrl:k mokï f.ùï jeks kj uQ,Hk kd,sld .e,Sï l%u .fõIKh foig jev lrñka isák w;r yjq,aldr ixúOdk .Kkl iyh Bg ,efí'

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fkduiqre w,xldrh

islSï Wia l÷ uqÿka iy ysfuka jeiqKq YsLr j,ska Tífnys msysáfhah’ m%dka;fha ieÕjqKq wnrK w;ßka lsysmhla fidhd .ekSug ixpdrhl fhfokak joka | wks,a uq,apdkaokS

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l¾u fg%la,ska wdY%uh

fhdaO l÷ uqÿka" l÷lr jk.yK iy ye,afï ÿjk .x.d j,ska iqieÈ fk;a mskjk .=Ke;s m%dka;hla jk" islSï" Wvjeähd" whsßia" weka;+ßhï" ,s,shï" m%suq,d" frdafvdfvkav%ka iy ;j;a jk.; Ydl" fl;ahdh" m<;=re j;=" iy lrouqx.=" ly iy bÕ=‍re jeks l=¿nvq nyq, WoaNso mdrd§ihls' th by< Wkak;dxYhl jik i;a;aj úfYaI j,g ksjyk jk w;r iuk¨‍ka

iy ysud,hdkq ..k úfYaI keröug úYsIag ia:dkhls' N+f.da,Sh jYfhka" tys N+oiqka fm< .eUqre ksïk j, isg >k jkdka;r j, isg iS;, ldka;dr olajd mrdihl úysfoa' 1975 wm%sfh,a 26 jk Èk islSï bkaÈhdfõ 22 jk m%dka;h njg m;aúh' ;=ka me;a;lska fkamd,h" Ök áfnÜ mßmd,k l,dmh yd N+;dkhg udhsïj;a ol=Kq miska ngysr

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fnx.d,hg hdj;a msysá" m%dka;h fï ish¨‍ l,dmj, ixialD;sl wdNdI ksid n,mEug ,laj we;' m%Odk m%cd lKavdhï kï f,mapd" N+;dk in|lï we;s N+áhd iy fkamd,fhka tk ;afidka.a fyda f.da¾ld fõ'

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.eka.afgdla .sksfldkÈ. fl<jr msysá w.kqjr" .eka.afgdla" Tng m%dka;fha fmdfydi;a ixialD;sh y÷kajdfok ;ek isg islSï ixpdrh wdrïN l< yelsh' —t¾Èfhka hk— ;ka;% .=re oDmaf;daí ld¾fmda

fm!rd‚l fn!oaO wdY%uhla

úiska 1840 .Kkaj,§ m<uqfjka f.dvk.k ,o" tkafÉ wdY%uh ;ekQ miqj k.rh fn!oaO uOHia:dkhla njg m;aúh' t;eka mgka" tys jeo.;alu j¾Okh jQ w;r .eka.afgdla 1894 § islSï rdcOdksfha w.kqjr njg m;afjñka fpda. Hd,a kñka md¾umßl kduh oerE rdc fm<m;

úiska md,kh l< fldgfia u¾uia:dkh njg m;aúh' >k rela wdjrKhlska jeiqKq k.rh uqÿfkys wdY%uh o¾YkSh msysgqula ,eîh' Tng foieïnrfha iy ckjdßfha § ãg¾ pdï jeks W;aijj,§ fjiauqyqKq kegqï ne,sh yelsh' 1958 § ia:dmkh lrk ,o kdï.Hd,a ;sín; wOHhk wdh;kh i;=j" pu;aldrckl is;=jï iy tïfn%dhsvß ;ekald" ;ka;%sl pdß;% jia;=" fn!oaO ixfla; iy ,shú,s we;=¿ jc%hdk nqÿoyu iy ;sín; ixialD;sh yd iïnkaO l,dlD;sj, mq¿,a tl;=jla we;' m<uq uyf,a mqia;ld,h wk.s;u fn!oaO fmd;a j,g jdih imhk w;r m%;sixialrKh lrk ,o iure wf,ú y,la islSï ixialD;sh iy idïm%odh ms<sn| wdNrK" isysjgk" fmd;a" pdß;%uh jia;= iy jd¾;d Ñ;%mg tl;=jla wf,úhg ;nd we;' fu;eka isg" fvda vDD,a fpda¾fgka lrd msúfikak" th .Kka l< fkdyels oe,afjk fj~re myka iy NslaIq fkajdisld.drhla iys; ùÿre ì;a;sj,ska ieÈ wd,skao we;s f.dvke.s,sj,ska jg jQ úYd, iqÿ od.enls' fpda.Hd,a ud<s.fha ndysr oiqka iy ;aiq.aydleka.a mkaif,a is;a n|k oiqka ne,Sug ÿ¾. ud¾.h Tiafia weúÈkak' tkafÉ wdY%ufha isg" .fkaIa fgdla foig ysi fhdukak" gdIs fmdhskaÜ iy ykqudka fgdla iu.ska fyd|u oiqka j,ska tlla .%yKh lsÍug yels fõ' .fkaIa fgdla wdikakfha ysud,hdkq i;a;aj WoHdkh ;s;a iys; fldáka" ysu fldáka" ysud, j,iqka" r;= mekavdjqka iy l÷lr mlaISka ne,Sug we;s ia:dk w;=ßka fyd|u tlls'

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l,d" Ys,am iy bjqï msyqï .fkaIa fgdla fj;ska ngysrg fhduq jkak" tys Ñ;%lrKh" úhuka l,d" ,S leghïlrKh iy fjiauqyqKq ks¾udKlrKh jeks l=i,;d m%j¾Okh lrk rdcH l=gqïN l¾udka; wdh;kh we;' ;eldka.a kñka ye¢kafjk fiao frÈ u; fyda lmq ms<s u; fn!oaO pß; l;d" uKav, fyda foajl;d ksrEmKh lrk l,dlrejka n,kak' ;jo" f,mapd iy wfkl=;a ldka;djka idïm%odhsl miq myr f,dhska frÈms<s úhk wdldrh ksÍlaIKh lrkak' Tjqka fuys § ks¾udKh lrk ;j;a is;a weo .kakd l,d wdlD;sl%uhla jkafka ,S leghï lsÍfuka fyda lvodis m,am iy .ï weiqßka lrk fjiauqyqKq ks¾udKhhs' tajd ,dud k¾;k j,§ m<¢kq ,fí' fpdalaiaf;a kñka y÷kajkq ,nk my;a fïi ksIamdokh

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ud¾;= - wm%sfh,a 2016

mer‚ fiao udjf;a jl%ldr ud¾., bkaÈhdj iy Ökh w;r fiao fj<|dï l< udj;a, islSï¦ uqyqK; msgqj( reïfgla wdY%ufhys fn!oaO W;aijh

lsÍug ,S leghï l%u Ndú; jk w;r tajd úfYaI ;sín; bjqï msyqï yd ;o iïnkaO;d we;s wdldrj,ska" leghï lr" Tm oud" iy r;=" ks,a" islSï bjqï msyqï ri ne,Sug .eka.afgdla úYsIag frdai" ;eô,s" ÿUqre iy rka meyej,ska wdf,am ia:dkhla fõ' úúO øjH wvx.= lrñka iok lr ksmojkq ,efí' fudfudaia kñka hq;a mia;E, úfYaI iy ;=lamd .eka.afgdla ys isg lsf,daóg¾ kñka fmdÿfõ yÿkajk úúO kQâ,a 24 la muK ÿßka" fn!oaO ksrEmK j¾. fuys nyq, ri wdydr fõ' ;sín; bjqï msyqï ioyd m%p,s; reïfgla msysgd we;' isiakq kñka y÷kajk ;=vq iys; yd ;o iïnkaO;d tys úisreKq wdY%uia: ixlS¾Khla WÜßld me<Eá" kskaf.%da kñka hq;a we;s islSï bjqï we;" th ;sín; nqÿoyfï jvd;au ójk j¾." pq¾ms kñka yÿkajk msyqï ri ne,Sug jeo.;a wdh;k w;=ßka tlla jk m%dfoaYSh Öiia me<Eá" fouqyqka .eka.afgdla w;r l¿ f;dmams ksldfha wdikh fidahdfndaxÑ j¾." WK wxl=r iy úYsIag ia:dkhla fõ' is;a ji. lrk iu;, jy<la le,E y;= j¾. fuys § m%dfoaYshj fõ we;s m%odk f.dvke.s,a, rkajka jefjk t<j¿ iu. wdydr ms<sfh, fld;a ler,s iy w¾O wk.s .,a lsÍug fhdod .efkhs' j¾.j,ska l=vqïì joaod ilia l< w,xldr ß§jka iy rkajka fpda¾gkhla iys; jk w;r l¿ kef.kysr islSï f;dmams ksldfha kdhlhka 16 fofkl=f.a YdÍßl .eka.afgdla isg" iqkaor;ajfhka wkQk ud¾. yd WmfNda. mßfNda. Od;= j,g ksjyk fõ' hla Tnj ;aidka.= jej ^pdka.=& lrd;a wk;=rej

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by<( kd,kaod wdh;kfhys l¾u ud<s.h” .eka.afgdla¦ uyqK; msgqj( ^by<& ;aiekafuda jej¦ ^my<& hqï;dka ksïkfha w,xldr ysud, l÷uqÿka

lafhdaka.afkdia,d we,amhska wNhN+ñh lrd;a W;=re islSï f.k hhs" tys§ Tng u,a iy l=re,a,ka ,dfpka iy ,dpqka wNsrEmH .Õnv .ïudk oelaul úYsIag;dj riú£ug jika; .sïydk lrd àiagd kÈh Èf.a jefgk wjir Èh yels udi iy ysfuka jeiqKq l÷uqÿka ud¾.hla wkq.ukh lrkak' ri ú£ug iS;, udio bv fuys hqï;dka iy fpd;a;d ,dpqka lrd hk i,ihs' wä 12402 la Wiska ksïkj, isg msúfikak' ,dpqka ud¾.h 18 jk msysá ;aidka.= jej" ysu oiqkla lrd hk ud¾.h 18 jk ishjfia is h jfia w;S ; wdikakj ys| ,nd .ekSug we;s w;S; wdY%u folla lrd Èfõ wdY%u folla fyd|u ia:dj,ska tlls' kd;=,d bka tlla fmdafvdka.a ys msysá lrd Èfõ uxlvg msúfikak" th mer‚ w;r ñhqr,a" ,S leghï iy fiao udjf;a msysgd we;" th fn!oaL ksrEml i;=lr f.k oeka bkaÈhdj iy Ökh w;r jk foaYiSud isák w;r wfkl ,dn%dka.a ys we;' uqrfmd, fol w;ßka tlls" újD;j mj;sk ,dpqka.a isg" hqï;dka olajd jefgk ud¾. thg msúiSug .eka.afgdla ys§ wjir m;% ,nd hla" uqyqÿ uÜgñka wä 11857 la Wiska msysgk .; yelsh' w;r" frdafvdfvkav%ka wNhN+ñh ;=<ska

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Èfjñka .sïydk udij,§ u,a ksïkhla njg yefrhs' ,dfpka isg" .=refodaka.aud¾ jej lrd hkak" th wä 17800 la Wiska msysáfhah" u,a iïm; ksid kug Wreulï lshk fpdma;d ksïk ÿ¾.h yryd th Èfjhs' .=refodakaud¾ jej lrd msúiSug wjir m;% wjYH fõ" th ;sín; fn!oaOhkaf.a Y=oaO N+ñhls' .=re kdhla woyk isla jrekaf.ao jkaokdjg md;% jQjls th" .=re kdhla ;u ;sín; .uk w;r ;=r fuys isg msúiqu ,nd .;af;ah'

ngysr islSï lkafpkacqka.d wvúfha W;al¾IŒh oiqka .ekSug" ngysr islSï lrd is;a fhdukak' jeo.;a wdY%u lsysmhlgo th jdiN+ñh fõ' ixpdrlfhda jeä fokd fm,ska isg fhduq fj;s' udj; Tiafia w,xldr ksfla;k" f.dúm, ksjyka iy kej;=ï myiqlï lsysmhla jk w;r ìlaia;dka iy ßkafpkafmdka .ïudk Bg tla ù we;' Tng jdfia ys frdafvdfvkav%ka wNhN+ñh fyda nd¾fia ys frdafvdfvkav%ka wNhN+ñh ;=< iajNdj ksÍlaIK md .ukla f;drd .ekSug yelsh' ßkafpkafmdka iy ld¨‍la hdno .ïudk iodyß; jkdka;r" f.dú ìï j, w,xldr oiqka i|yd kï ord we;s w;r meyeÈ,s Èkl§ ysu i¿ me<¢ l÷uqÿka o Bg kj iqkaor;ajhla tla lrhs' ne,Sug jákd oiqka iuyrla kï" idïm%odhsl islSï .Dyks¾udK Ys,amh úoydmdk f,mapd Wreu ksjyk" odla nx.,dj wdikakfha ;df.da¾;=udf.a kjd;ek ieureï jia bÈ lr we;s rîkaø jEka .d¾vka iy hQí hQï uqødfjka isák wd;s nqoaOd ;ka;%sl ms<suh iys; ß.aiï wdY%uh fõ'

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by<( rdjka.d,d ys nqoaO m%;sudj¦ jfï( fmudhka.aiaf;a f.dïmdj

fuys isg" fm,ska lrd hkak" th lÿuqÿka oiqka j, wdl¾IŒhhla iu.ska uqyqÿ uÜgñka wä 6800 l uÜgfï ÿ¾. ud¾.hla idod fohs' iajdñ orejkaf.a jißka 1705 bÈ l< fmudhdka. aiaf;a wdY%uh ;dkaldia" ñhqr,a" ms,su iy .=re ßkafmdaÉf.a f,!lsl ksjfiys m%;suduh ksjfiys wkQmu oiqkla i|yd Ñrm%lgh' ;dIsäka hkq ;j;a nehs hq;=u f.dïmdjla jk w;r ta yd mer‚ fpda¾gkhla fõ'

ol=Kq islSï fm,ska isg ol=Kg fhduqj ol=Kq lsiSï ys rdjka.d,d lrd hkak' m%dka;fha fuu fldgfiys fla;=Or jkdka;r" f;ajeú,s" úiauh Wmojk oiqka iy wd.ñl wdY%u wdÈfhka ieÈfhah' kdïÑ .ïudkh pd¾ Odï kñka hq;a ixlS¾Khla ;=< msysgqjd we;s óg¾ 33 la Wie;s Ysj m%;sudj jeks wd.ñl bÈlsÍï i|yd m%lg jk w;r idïoDmaiaf;a ixlS¾Kfha .=re ßkafmdafÉ ^moauiïNj& m%;sudj o Bg tla fõ'

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2016 cdhsmQ¾ idys;H Wf<, lS¾;su;a úoaj;=ka yd l;=jreka iuÕska mej;s yrj;a wka;¾ l%shdldÍ ieisj,ska ;yjqre úh joka | m%sfrdakd ndiq PdhdrEm | fonrdgd ndiq

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woyia m%ldY lsÍfï yd Ñka;kfha ksoyia .fõIK iurñka o¾YkSh ieKfl<shla" cdhsmQ¾ idys;H Wf<," f.da,Sh jYfhka lS¾;su;a fjñka idys;Hh f,dalh úYauhg m;a lrjd we;s udkisl W;af;ack ks¾udKYS,SNdjh úiska ,nd § we;' cdhsmQ¾ j, frdai k.rfha mej;s fuu mia Èk jd¾Isl iïudk Wf<," we;af;kau tys kj jk ixialrKh" ks¾f,daNS ixialD;sl Wreu flakaøia:dkhla úh" mqrdK bka§h oekqï moaO;s .ek flá ksßlaIK ,nd §ug j;aufkys ueo fmrÈ. ke.sàï wdÈ idvïnr m%Yakj,ska ieÈ mq¿,a mrdihla wdjrKh lrk ,§' cdhsmQ¾ idys;H Wf<<j, tla tla wkqhd; ixialrK úúO yev;, .kakd w;r fmr tajdg jvd ;j;a rij;a fõ' miq.sh jif¾ §" Wf<, ixpdrl" úlg fmd;a iy uk#l,ams; ,sùu ms<sn| ieisjdr meje;ajq w;r" jeä wjOdkh fhduq lf<a" f,dal foaYmd,kh yd fï jif¾ m%nkaO ;=< idïm%odhsl ,sùfï l,dj ms<sn|jhs' W;aijfha m%Odk foaYkh mj;ajñka uEka nql¾ ;Hd.h ÈkQ ud.arÜ weÜjqâ" f,dalfha ixialD;Ska wdrlaId lsÍfï yd woyia m%ldY lsÍfï jeo.;a wdlD;s jYfhka ,sùfï iy lSfï jeo.;alu ms<sn|j wjOdrKh l< w;r" fuu ÿ¾j, ;eka yd fkdi,ld yer we;s ;eka n,d;aul l< yels w;ru f,dalfha ixialD;Ska wdrlaId l<yels nj mejiqjdh' ˜‍fï iuia: ,sùfï l%shdj,sh iqnjd§ wdl,amj, ix{d ,l=Kqhs"˜‍ wE w.h lrñka i|yka lf<a l¾;D wfmalaIl f,aLlhka ixLHdj miq.sh jir lsysmh mqrd mqÿudldrfhka mqmqrdf.dia we;s njhs' weÜjqâ" whsßYa f,aLl fld,aï fgdhsìï" fndiakshdfjys Wmka m%nkaO rpl wef,laiekav¾ fyfudka" BY%dfh,a kjl;dlre fâúâ .afrdiauka" ì%;dkH-iqvdk-tß;%shka kjl;dlre iqf,hsudka wefvdakshd iy ì%;dkH bkaÈhdkq kjl;dlre ikaÔõ ifydagd iuÕ kjl;dfõ mQ¾K wjldY ms<sn| kjl;dj, meje;au ikaksfõokh lrk wvqmßl,amkSh NdId udOH u.ska ;¾ckhg ,laùo ke;a o hkak .ek idlÉPd l<y' uq,§" fyfudkaf.a u;h jQfha kjl;d udkj w;aoelSï f,aLk .;lsÍu Tjqkaf.a wdêm;Hh wysñ lrk nj kuq;a miqj kjl;d" ks¾udKd;aul woyia m%ldY lsÍfï l%uhla f,i mej;Su" oDYH rEm yd wiSñ; wdhdpkd tkï

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iSud udhsï j,ska msg;g heug jvd È.= ld,hla ;nd.; yels njg tlÕ úh' f,aLl rx.k Ys,amS iafgmka *arhs fma%laIlhdg ;udf.au ks¾udKd;aul l%u ;=<ska woyia ,sùug yd wjfndaOh ,eîug l< hq;= foa .ek mdGlhd oekqj;a lrhs' Tyq ;u mdie,a ld,h" Tyqf.a fláld,Sk isr.; lsÍï iy wka;¾cd, ysßyer lsÍï yqjudre lr.kqfha th Tyq flfia ksrka;r l,lsÍug m;a lsÍug uq,a ùo hkak .ek ;;= tl;= lf<ah' *arhs Tiald jhs,aâ .ek ieisjdro meje;a jQ w;r tys§ Tyq idlÉPd lf<a ia;%S mqreI wiudk;djhka yd ;u wkkH;dj ;=, isàfuys wjYH;dj wd§ lreKq ms<sn|jh' fuu lS¾;su;a idys;H welvñ iïudk Wf<f,a ch.%dylhl= jQ bka§h-bx.aÍis NdId f,aLl wekSgd khs¾ iuia; ks¾udKd;aul l%shdj,sh ms<sn| §¾> jYfhka l;d lrñka hfula mEfkka hï l,ams; jevla W;aidy lsÍu" ˜‍hï fm!oa.,sl fohla

by<( m%o¾Yk l=á ;=< m%o¾Ykh l< nqoaO m%;sud tl;=j ju( cdhsmQ¾ idys;H Wf<, ;=< úlsKqkq fmd;a tl;=jla

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fgfÜ ta fÜfÜ

kñ;d f.dlaydf,a cdhsmQ¾ idys;H Wf<, wOHlaIl

2016 cdhsmQ¾ idys;H Wf<< fldmuK id¾:lo@ th jevigyka iy iyNd.s;ajh wkqj b;d W;al¾Ij;a jirla úh' wmg wfma fjkia jk f,dalh yd hq. hq. .fõIKh ms<sn| fmd;a yd woyia ixjdohlg yd újdohlg" bkaÈhdj yd f,dj mqrd ;drld l;=jre iy lÓlhka 300 lg wêl .Kkla isáhd' fï 2016 jif¾ cdhsmQ¾ idys;H Wf<< miq.sh jifrka fjkia jQfha flfiao@ uu is;kjd tys isák fikÕ yd ia:dk l<ukdlrKfha§ fmr jir jvd fyd| ixúOdkd;aul fjkak we;s lshd' ;jo" cdhsmQ¾ idys;H Wf<< fma%laIlhkaf.a .eUqre oekqu iEu ixialrKhla iuÕu jeä l< nj fmfka' Yla;su;a iudc udOH w;aoelSï jvd;a wka;¾ l%shdldÍj bÈßm;a lsÍfï yelshdj j¾Okhg Woõ l<d' wjHdc idys;H ;;a;ajh wkqj" uu th úia;r lrkafka iïNdjH iy h,a mek.sh j¾Ih f,ihs' '''ó<Õ jif¾§@ wms 2017 § 10 jk jrg;a ixúOdkh lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjuq' wm W;aidy lrkqfha th m%fndaOd;aul yd wfma f,dalfha wod< ms<sìUq lsÍï" idys;Hfha wld,sl ldp yryd oelSugh' th ieuod fukau nyq NdId ixialrKhla úh hq;= w;r bkaÈhdkq NdId lsysmhlska ,shú,s m%o¾Ykh jkq we;' ud úoHd m%nkaO" ;dlaIKh iy .%yf,dal ms<sn| wjfndaOh hk f;aud .fõIKh lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjkjd' ta jf.au wms B<Õ ixialrKh ;=<ska ckl;d" iy ckúYajdifha tk ñ;Hd l;d yd ck .S biau;= lsÍug woyia lruq'

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f.da,Sh jYfhka lS¾;su;a jiao~q jdol wfÊ Yxl¾ m%ikak

wdrïN flfrñka iuia; l%shdju wjfndaOh i|yd mdGlhka fj; Ndr flfrñka wd;añlj kÕd isgqùuhs"˜‍ hkqfjka mejiSh' weh ;jÿrg;a m%ldY lf<a" ˜‍tfy;a orejka i|yd m%nkaO ,sùu w;sYh wNsfhda.d;aul jkqfha hï wfhl= ksrka;rfhkau ksYaÑ; jhi ldKavfhys wjYH;d oek isàug wjYH ùu ksidfjks"— hkqfjks' weh wef.a kjl;dj —i;=gq l,dmh— f,i ye¢kajQfõ —th ieuod j¾Okh jk yd ieuod iyfhda.s;djh we;=<;a ñ;%YS,S lekajia— tlla jk neúks' fuu Wf<, ú,shï fIalaiamsh¾f.a 400 jeks ckau ixj;airh ieuÍu fjkqfjka ieisjdr lsysmhla f,i meje;aúks' lS¾;su;a fYalaiamshßhdkq úoajf;la jk fÊïia ImSfrda uyd f,aLlhd idlÉPd lrkqfha b;d Wiia rplfhl=f.a ks¾udK flfia kï my< uÜgfï mj;sk .eg¨‍ lSmh tkï j¾.jdoh" jy,aNdjh" iu,sx.sl NS;sldj" Okjdoh" úma,jh" hqoaOh yd iudc idOdrK;ajh yqfola uydoaùmsl hqfrdamhg muKla iSud ù ke;s kuq;a" ta ms<sn|j f,dj mqrd iudk wod<;ajhla mj;sk njls' ImSfrda o fYalaiamshßhdkq ikao¾Nh ;=< 1606 jeo.;alu .ek idlÉPd lf<ah' th

by<( fjkalÜ vq,Smd,” wfhaId c,d,a, heiañka Ldka, ksisoa ycdß yd W¾jdYs nQgd<shd ieish ;=< woyia olajñka

tx.,ka;h jix.;j, .sf,ñka yd wid¾:l jQ iSud fkdù wLKavj uqL mrïmrdfjka yd rx. jir o fjäfnfy;a ksuejqu ksidfjka ie¨‍Kq wkq.;ùï ;=<ska iudcfha kQ.;a fldgiaj, Ôú; jir o jQ w;r fYalaiamsh¾f.a iuyr fyd|u fÄo j,g ióm ùu ksid njhs' ;%sfõÈ fmkajd ÿkafka rid;au lD;s ksuejqKq yd bÈßhg wd jir th úh' bkaÈhdfõ fuda.,a md,kfha ksIamdokhka ;sìh§;a" fuu fYalaiamshßhdkq Wreuh bÈßhg f.k fuu l;d flfia kï ld,h iuÕ uyck;djf.a hdug WÑ; udOHhla f,i iskudj .ek fufkys yoj;a j,g ls|d nei we;so hk wdldrhhs' jk w;r" ulajQ,a" Tïldrd yd yhsv¾ jeks Ñ;%mg <ud l;dx. l¾;D rEmd mdhs orejka i|yd njg fYalaiamshßhdkq kdgH iy N.joa .S;dj uy;a oekqï uQ,dY%hla ks¾udK m;alsÍu fjkqfjka wr., úh yels wdldrh ms<sn|j l¾;D mßj¾;l lsÍug yels ùu ms<sn| bka§h yd tys§ idlÉPd flß‚' l%sIaKd" ms,m s a ta cmka iskudjg" ImSfrda flfkl=f.a l%shd fufyhjk ¨‍Üf.kafvd*a Tyqf.a m%Yxidj yDoh idlaIsfhys w;HjYH §mjxY rdupß;aukdia l¾;D - mßj¾;l ms,sma ta ¨‍Üf. fldgila f,i oelsh yels whqre ùrldjHh ms<n s | kafv%d*a fï Èkj, jeo.;alu ms<sn| meyeÈ,s l<dh' mdhs úiska iuld,Sk jeo.;alu iu. uyd ldjH rdïpß;audkdia" ixlaIsma; b.ekaùï ,ehsia;=jla idlÉPd lf<ah ms<sn|j idlÉPd lf<a mYapd;a ks¾udKh lf<a .S;djka ;reK hg;a úð; úoajf;la jk yßYa mdGlhka i|yd Tjqkaf.a jhi ;%sfõÈ yd ms<s.ekSug md;% jQ yskaÈ lú wfYdala fkdi,ld tys .nvd lr ;snqKq fuu bmer‚ jÊmdhs iuÕsks' ¨‍Üf.kafv%d*a" lúfhl= jk ;=,ais m%{dfjys len,s;s Tjqkaf.a tÈfkod Ôú; j, odia úiska uyd ldjHh rdudhKh we;=<;a úia;r" yeÈhdjka l< yels wdldrh meyeÈ,s jk whqß‚' wjqreÿ .Kkdjla uq¿,af,a 16 jk ishjfia hq.fha cdhsmQ¾ idys;H Wf<, mej;s Èk my mqrdu ta Èk wjYH;d wkqj rdïpß;audkdia flfia kï úldYh lD;Hh tla tla m%ùK bka§h ix.S;{hka úiska lr we;so hkak bÈßm;a lf<ah' ys; ikijk ix.S;fhka wdrïN lrk ,o w;r Tyqg wkqj " ckm%sh;ajh i|yd uQ,sl fya;=j" th úYsIag iÔù ix.S; ixo¾Yk iu.ska wjika th ixialD; W.;a l=,Sk n%dyauKhkag muKla úh' ;j;a lemSfmkqKq fohla jQfha f,dj mqrd

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Trf,daiq uqyqKf;a Èidjg by< isg ( fld,aï fgdhsìka, ud.rÜ weÜjqâ yd wef,laiekav¾ fyfudka /maÜ f.da,Sh kj l;d wkd.;h .ek mQ¾K wjOdkfhka hq;=j idlÉPdjl¦ bkaÈhdkqweußldkq ix.S;{ ld¾Ya ldf,a jdokhl fhfoñka, ^jfï isg ol=Kg& whsrd mdKafv, wíÿryudka ta, jdfnß, fudaysŒ .=ma;d, fldrfka,shd *kafla yd fhdaflda ;jdvd

oi foiska wd lúhka yd l;d lshkakka úiska bÈßm;a l< o¾YkSh bÈßm;a lsÍïh' Bðma;= ks<s iórd lsfrd,af,daia úúO Bðma;= foújreka iy foaj;dúhka ms<sn| ñ;Hd u; bÈßm;a lrk ,o w;r tlai;a rdcOdksfha lúfhl= jk wekaä fldk¾ Tyqf.a iuyr ÿlanr yd iskd Wmojk ldjH j,ska pu;aldr ckl kdgHuh bÈßm;alsÍï j,ska Y%djlhskg ix.%y lf<ah' cdhsmQ¾ idys;H Wf<, fmd;a Èh;a lsÍu i|ydo f;dard.;a fõÈldjla ù ;sfí' foaYmd,kfha isg bjqï msyqï olajd" mq¿,a mrdihl fmd;a úYd, f,i fuu wjia:dfõ§ Èh;a lrk ,§'

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iudf,dapkh

bkaÈhdkq iriaj; cmdkfha § fnkaihsfgka fjhs úfoaY lghq;= wud;HdxYh u.ska ksIamdokh l< cmdkfha jkaokhg md;%jk bkaÈhdkq foajpß; ms<sn| Ñ;%mgh ysre kef.k foaYfha je÷ï msÿïj,g ,lajk foújreka iy foajÕkka ms<sn| wdf,dalh úysÿjhs joka | pdkaøfhS fN!ñla

ysre kef.k foaYfhys ,laIaó" bkaø" n%yau" .fkaI iy .re~ jeks foújrekaf.a .Kka l< fkdyels ;rula fldaú,a w;r iriaj;S fojÕk fjkqfjka ukaÈr ish .Kkla ;sfnk nj Tn oek isáfhyso@ m%dfhda.slj bkaÈhdkqjka w;ßka wu;lj .sh jdhq iy jreK jeks foújreka cmdkfha § ;ju;a jkaokhg md;% fõ' Y; j¾I .Kkdjla mqrd" cmdkh fm!rd‚l bkaÈhdkq idïm%odhhka ixrlaIKh lr we;' WodyrKhla jYfhka" iriaj;S fojÕk ùKdj iu.ska ksrEmKh iy jkaokh flfrkjd muKla fkdj cmdkfha § c,h yd wef.a iïnkaO;dj fjkqfjka o iaurKh flf¾' tu kñka hq;a .x.dj mqoa.,dfrdamKh fjkqfjka uq,skau iriaj;sh ìys jQ nj hful=g isysm;a iriaj;S fyda fnkaihsfgka, frdl=ydrd ñÜiqð, lsfhdaf;da

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vdhsf.daÔ ys w.aks, frÈms<s mska;drej, YS.d mßmQ¾K;ajh

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jfï( ßfhdafikað fndaêfiak m%;sudj iy ol=fKa( iriaj;S ukaÈrh” fnkafgkaIq

jkq we;' tuksid" iriaj;S fojÕk cmdkfha iïnkaO;dj b;d È.= ÿrla w;S;hg úysfoa' cmka ;gdlj, o jkaokhg md;% úh' fuu fmruqfKys NdIdj flfrys ixialD; NdIfjka je<elajh bkaÈhdj iy cmdkh i;= ióm ne£u ms<sn|j fkdfyk n,mEula jQ w;r jpk .Kkdjlau Tng jeäuk;aj oek .ekSug wjYH tys uq,anei .e‚ks' cmka fydaäfha kï úfoaY lghq;= wud;HdxYh ;SrKd;aul fjkialï we;s lsÍu" iria j ;S fojÕk u.ska ksIamdokh l< cmdkfha § ldkd ìyslsÍu" mjd isÿúh' wlaIr cmdkfha jkaokhg md;% jk bkaÈhdkq foú iïnkaOfhka n,k l,ayso" ;gdlj, o jreka krUkak' iskud ks¾udml bkaÈhdfõ isoaOï wlaIr 6 jk jka o khg iy l,d b;sydi{ fnfkdahs fla ishjfia § wNdjhg .sh kuqÿ md;% fõ fn,a úiska m¾fhaIKh fldg ;sr cmdkfhys fyd¢ka ixrlaIKh rpkh lr wOHlaIKh lrk ,o ù ;sfí' fuu wlaIrj,ska fok Ñ;%mgh cmdkfha § jkaokhg md;%jk foújreka ixialD; nfiys îcdlaIr ^j¾Kud,dj, iy fojÕkka ms<sn| wdf,dalh úysÿjhs' Tyqf.a ksrela;s& Y=oaO jYfhka ie,l=Kq w;r jeählau m¾fhaIKh w;r;=r" fn,ag cmdkfha we;s bkaÿ jeo.;alula fokq ,enqjd"˜ fn,a lshhs' wd.ñl Wreuh ms<sn| úiauh okjk idOl cmka nqÿoyu ms<sn| wOHhkfhys o lsysmhla yuq úh' —yskaÿ iy cmka ixialD;sj, iïnkaO;d lsysmhlau oelSug mq¿jk'

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iudf,dapkh

wo ysud,hdkq nqÿoyu miqld,Sk ixj¾Ok ld,mßÉfþohla jk w;r o¾YSh fydauh bka .s,syS we;' —jvd;au jeo.;a cmka fn!oaO ksldhj, fydau idïm%odh ksn|ju mdfya f.dau f,iska i|yka lrñka wLKavj mej;Su igyka lrkakg uu i;=gq ùñ" is;a wefok whqßka" yjka j,g iudkju ixialD; iQ;% yeu fokgu yqre yjka whqßkau iÊCOdhkd lrk ,§"˜ Ñ;%mg ks¾udmlhd lshd fohs' NdIdfjys o¾Ykjd§ wka;¾.;h ms<sn| l;d lrñka" wmg bkaÈhdfõ uq,a o¾Ykjd§ ixj¾Ok lrd wdmiq tau ms‚i kej;=ula .ekSug wm fmd<Ujk cmka ms<sfj;a ;=< .eUqre wre;a ;sfí' wdldr

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uqÿfka isg Trf,daiq uqyqKf;a Èidjg( f.dau kñka y÷kajk yjka fyda fydau¦ iriaj;S ukaÈrh, ðkaldl=ð, lsfhdaf;da¦ iriaj;S fmdl=K¦ thslkafvda fikaßka Ô, lsfhdaf;da, 5 jk ishjfia ixialD; wlaIr oekg;a Ndú;fha mj;S¦ iriaj;S ukaÈrh, gldydgd *Qfvda fldaú,

fndfyduhlska" o¾Ykjd§ wjfndaOh cmdkfha § fhda.H mßoafoka ukdj iq/lS ;sfí' Tn ldrK fidhd ne,Sug .eUqrg hkafka kï" wêrdcH wOHdmk moaO;sh ks¾udKh lsÍfuka bkaÈhdj neg lE mßÈ ixialD;sl w.hj, ì|jeàula cmdkh w;a ÿgqfõ ke;' jeä .Kkla bkaÈhdkqjkag" Tjqkaf.au ixialD;sh y÷kajd§u ngysr oelafïu wdlD;shla úh' —toji md,l iy ms<s.;a NdIdj bx.%Sish jQ w;r woo tfiau /£ mj;S' wmeyeÈ,s f,i" wmf.a fmd;a ish,a, iy mdie,a iy úYaj úoHd, ish,af,ys wOHdmkh bx.%Sish ;=< uq,a neif.k we;'˜ fn,a mjihs' cmdkfha ;u w;aoelSï j,ska miqj Ñ;%mg ks¾udmlhd" cmdkh iy bkaÈhdj w;r iïnkaO;dj, ióm;dj wjfndaê' ;rug jvd ióm nj f;areï .ekSug ld,h nj yÕshs' —fm!rd‚l ixialD;sh foi ne,Su wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh iSud lsÍu lrd fufyhjkq we;ehs —kùk˜ oelaula iys; mqoa.,hka ie,lSu wjYH fkdfõ' ieneúkau" ixialD;sh úiska Ôú;hg wjYH úkh" wjfndaOh iy tald.%;;djh imhk w;r wm lrk foh wmj ieneúkau id¾:l lrhs' ;j fjk fudkjdo" th jvd;a hym;a fi!LHh iy ix;DIaÀh lrd fufyhjkq we;"˜ fn,a mjihs'

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.fõIKh

ie,iqï iy.; kd.ÍlrKfha ixfla;h iaúia - m%xY cd;sl f,a fldanqisfh¾ úiska ks¾udKh l< pkaÈ.d¾ k.r ie,iqu bkaÈhdfõ ljr fyda kùk k.r ie,iqïlrKhl wdlD;sh f,i ie,fla joka | pdkaføhS fN!ñla

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iuyr úg pkaÈ.drh 20 jk ishjfia jvd;a bÈlsÍï Ys,amfha ke.aug fmrd;=j" .%Sljreka" jeo.;a k.r ie,iqïlrK w;ßka tlla jkakg frdaukajreka iy ;j;a whf.a ú,di f.da,Sh bv we;s kuq;a th mYapd;a ksoyia bkaÈhdfõ jYfhka bÈlsÍï fl; md,kh l<dh' m<uqfjkau ie,iqï l< k.r w;ßka tlla fõ' iaúia - m%xY moku ilia lsÍu pka È .drh cd;sl k.r ie,iqï ks¾udKl f,a Ysjd,sla l÷mduq, wNsruŒh msysgqula ie,iqï l< fldanqisfh¾f.a úYsIag;u bÈlsÍï ,nk" pkaÈ.d¾" —pkaÈ˜ iy —.d¾˜ kd.ÍlrKfha ks¾udK lsysmhlgu ksjyk jk hk jpkj, ixhqla;h fõ" pkaÈ hkq ixfla;hla fõ pkaÈ.d¾ kqjr ie,iqï iy.; md¾j;S fojÕkf.a hqoldó wdlD;sh kd.ÍlrKfha ixfla;hhs' jk w;r .d¾ hkq fldgqjhs' pkaÈ.d¾ —kùlD;jdoh˜ f,i fmdÿfõ ye¢kafjk wdikakfha fojÕk fjkqfõk lem lrk ,o .;sl bÈlsÍï Ys,am m%fõYh y÷kajdÿka ;eke;a;d fm!rd‚l fldaú,la ksid ku jHq;amkak ù ;sfí' jk neúka 20 jk ishjfia jvd;au wkqyia oerE th k.rhg kd.ßl ie,iqula imhkq ,enQ ks¾udK Ys,amshd f,i fldanqisfh¾f.a ^1887fldanqisfh¾f.a Ñka;k orefjl= iy n,h mEula 1965& ckm%sh;ajh iSud lsisjla fkdy÷khs' kùk úh' pkaÈ.d¾ ys mj;akd ish¨‍u uxudj;a hd lrk

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.fõIKh

mq¿,a ud¾. moaO;sh we;=¿j" mdie,a" idmamq iy úfkdaodiajdo wvú tl tlla iyjd§ l=,l wjhj iu. iajhx im%udK iïnkaO;djlska nef`ok mßÈ ie,iqï lr we;' WoHdk j,ska iqieÈ yß; ;Sr iy ;=re fm<ska ieÿKq udj;a fldkal%SÜ iy w,a¨‍ yeve;s f.dvke.s,s mßmQ¾K f,i ;=,khlg .kshs' fldgia w;ßka tl tlla óg¾ 800 iy 1200 È. m<, we;sj ielfik w;r fõ.j;a hdka;%sl m%jdykh i|yd fjka lr we;s mdrj,a j,ska jgù iy fkajdisl fmfoia j,g Rcq msúiqïj,ska uqød jeà we;' weußldkq kd.ßl ie,iqïlre we,anÜ fïh¾ úiska iy fmda,ka; cd;sl ueiSÊ fkdúls úiska l,ska ixj¾Okh lr ;snQ ie,iqï ol=Kg flda‚l jQ ú§ cd,l" r: Odjkhg iqÿiq mq¿,a udj;a" újD; ìïlvj, ;ksj ke.S isák f.dvke.s,s iy ñksh fkdyels rela ks,a," wdf,dalh iy jd;h iu.ska h;drEmS k.rhla ks¾udKh lsÍug fldanqisfh¾ úiska mßj¾;khlg Ndckh lrk ,§' wo" pkaÈ.d¾ kqjr" bkaÈhdkq kùk k.r ie,iqïlrKfha wdlD;s wÉpqj f,i ie,fla' f.dvke.s,s j,ska nyq;rhla kshu >kl yevh .kakd w;r mßudKh" wkqmd;h iy úia;rd;aul .=Kh wkqj cHdñ;slj kej; fnÈh yels fõ'

m%Odk ie,iqu —pkaÈ.drh ms<sis÷fKa ksoyia" kùk yd h<s ke.S isák bkaÈhdfõ ixfla;hla f,isks"˜ fudayd,s úYajúoHd mSGfha m%Odk úOdhl ks,Odß iy bkaÈhdkq jHdmdßl úoHd,fha ksfhdacH wxY m%Odks m%§ma isx uy;d mjihs' bka§h w.%dud;H cjy¾,d,a fkare iy mkacdnfha m%Odk wud;H m%;dma isx lhsfrdaka ie,iqï l< k.rhl isyskh ms<sn| woyia bÈßm;a l< w;r th ienEjla njg m;a lr.kq ms‚i f,dalh mqrdfjka tk fyd|u iy §ma;su;au l=i,;dj fldanqisfh¾f.a kdhl;ajh hg;g f.k tk ,§' jir 60 lg miqj;a pkaÈ.drh iÔùj meje;aug;a j¾Okh jkakg;a keUqre meyem;a úúO cd;Skaf.ka ieÿï,;a k.rhla fõh hk idOlh Ñka;lhka fofokdg;a fldanqisfh¾f.a m%ùk l=i,;d l%shdkaú;hg;a Wmydrhls'

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by<( f,a fldanqisfh¾ uOHia:dkh¦ my<( È.=l< yia;h m%;sudj

m¾j; WoHdkh

—Tyq wmg k.rhla ks¾udKh lsÍfï iy md,kh lsÍfï kj udj;la o tfukau ld,fha mÍlaIdjg tfrysj ke.Sisák kj kd.ßl ixialD;shla iy w.hhla o ÿkafkah' pkaÈ.drfha id¾:l;ajh ms<sn| wm idlÉPd lrk idOlh iuyr úg fldanqisfh¾ bkaÈhdj flf¾ lrk ,o úYd,;u odhl;ajh fjkjd"˜ isx mjihs' fldanqisfh¾f.a o¾Ykh uyf,alï ld¾hd,h" jHjia:dodhl ljqkais,h iy uydêlrKh we;=<;a w.kqjr ixlS¾Kh kñka y÷kajk talrdYsh ;=< m%ldY ù ;sfí' bÈlsÍï ks¾udK Ys,amh m%Odk jYfhkau uQ¾;suh yd iaudrlSh fõ' pd¾,sia fldfrhd iy nd,l%sIaK fodaIs jeks bÈlsÍï ks¾udK Ys,amSyq ^Tjqka pkaÈ.d¾

jHdmD;sfha § fldanqisfh¾ iu. iómj jev lr we;& m%ùk ks¾udK Ys,amshd fj;ska bkaÈhdkq ixo¾Nfhys ,d kQ;kjdofhys u;sh ks¾udKd;aul f,i wjfYdaIKh lr .;ay' —wms wo hym;a k.rhla hkq udkj f;aÍïj, m%;sM,hla nj f;areï .ksuq¦ kd.ßl Ôú;fha hym;a .=Kd;auh ie,iqu" l%shd;aul lsÍu iy md,kh hk tajdfha ldrKhla fõ' fuu mdvï wmg fiajh l< hq;= jk w;r wms w.%dud;H kf¾kaø fudaä ue;s;=ud ksfõokh l< yqrenqyqá k.r 100 foig .uka lrñka isáuq"˜ isx wruqKq meyeÈ,s lrhs'

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.fõIKh

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rkska ,shefjk

f;a l;dj

miq.sh oYl tll mqrdjg bkaÈhdfõ f;a ixpdr ckm%sh;ajh Èkd .;a fohla jQ w;r oeka th fndfyda ixpdr w;aoelSïj, jeo.;a fldgila njg m;a ù ;sfí joka |

iqm%shd w.d¾j,a

pdhs ^f;a& f,dalh mqrd ck;djf.a wd;;sh iy fjfyi ÿr,k m<uq f;aÍu njg yeuúgu m;aù we;' Ökfha fojk wêrdc" fIka kka.a úiska l%sia;= mQ¾j 2737 § m<uqfjka fidhd .kakd ,o f;a bkaÈhdfõ j.djla njg m;a jkafka ì%;dkH md,k iufha § weiEuh wdY%s;jh' iafldÜ cd;sl foaYdgl" frdn¾Ü n%Eia" BidkÈ. m%dka;fha m<uqjrg f;a m÷rla ia:dmkh l< nj úYajdi flf¾' fmrÈ. bkaÈhd iud.u" bka wk;=rej" úYd, ìïlvj,a f;a jeú,a, njg m;a fldg weiEufha f;a j.dj mgka .e‚ks'

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.fõIKh

j¾;udkfha" bkaÈhdj f.da,Sh jYfhka úYd, jYfhka f;a ksIamdokh lrkafkl= jk w;r bka ishhg 70 lau foaYShj mßfNdackh lrhs' ysud, l÷lr mduq, vd¾Ô,ska" weiEufha wêl j¾Idm;kh we;s fmfoia" ks,a.sß yd —ks,a l÷lrh—" iy uqkakd¾ iy jhkdoa" flar<fha ire yß; l,dmh jeo.;a f;a l,dm fõ' kuq;a th mdkSh f;a ms<sn|j muKla fkdfõ¦ hful=g tys iqj|" iqúfYaI rih ú£ug wjYH jk w;r f;a ksmehqï l%shdj,sh .fõIKh lsÍug wjYH fõ' f;a rildókag iy ixpdrlhkag ióm wjfndaOhla ,nd §ug" f;a ixpdrl jHdmdrh kï ixl,amh ixj¾Okh lrk ,§' ixpdr w;r;=r" hful=g f;a l¾udka;Yd,d lrd msúish yels jk w;r f;a nx.,dj, kjd;eka .ekSug;a f;a o¿ fk,Sug;a oekqu ,nd .ekSug;a yels fõ' kejqïj, ilid .;a f;a mdkfha wd.ka;=l iqj| ioyd wjÈùu fndfyda w;aoelSï w;=ßka tlls'

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Map not to scale

Darjeeling

WEST BENGAL

ngysr fnx.d,fha vd¾Ô,ska jvd;au ckm%sh l÷lr kej;=ï w;ßka tlla jk k.rh lS¾;su;a ,d j¾Ke;s iqj|j;a vd¾Ô,ska f;a ksmojk f;a j;=j,ska jg ù we;' l%shdldÍ f;a jeú,s 80 la muK we;s vd¾Ô,ska j,ska foaYfha iuia; f;a ksIamdokfhka ishhg 25 la ;rï tk nj weiSu wdl¾IŒh lreKla jkq we;' uldhsndß f;a j;a; iy l=gqïNdldr kjd;eka m< l,dmfha mer‚;u f;a j;=j,ska tlls' l=¾isfhdaka.a ys msysgqï ,Èñka" vd¾Ô,ska fj;ska lsf,daóg¾ 37 la wE;ska msysá" th f,dalfha uqÿka fm;af;a f;a ksmehqï j;= w;ßka tlls' yemS je,S f;a j;a; ;j;a mrisÿ f;a j;a;ls' vd¾Ô,ska fj;ska lsf,daóg¾ 3 la wE;g jkakg msysá th f,dalfha by<skau msysá f;a j;= w;ßka tlla fõ' j;a; wk.s;u f;a j,ska tlla jefjk ;ekls' th 1854 § bx.%Sis cd;slfhl= úiska ia:dmkh lrk ,oaols' miqj" th l,algd j,ska tk bkaÈhdkq l=,Skfhl= úiska w;a lr .kq ,eì‚' tys hdug fyd|u ld,h( ud¾;= isg fkdjeïn¾ olajd

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.fõIKh

weiEuh foaYfha úYd,;u f;a ksmehqï l,dmh fõ' n%yaumq;%d ksïk l,dmfhys f;a jeählau j.d flf¾' m%dka;fhys taldnoaO fldgila jk f;a j;= f;a ldóka úiska u. fkdyeßh hq;a;ls' kej;=ï m<j,a lsysmhlau jk fyhska hful=g f;a j;= ueo ieye,a¨‍j iy kej; im%dK ùu w;alr .ekSug yelshdj ;sfí' iEu j¾Ihl§u" weiEï ixpdrl uKav,h weiEï f;a W;aijh ixúOdkh lrk w;r WfoHda.su;a jkakjqkg úYd, f;a j;= lrd msúiSug;a WKqiqï f;a f;d, .dk w;r;=r .x.d ;rKfha fh§ug;a yelsh' hful=g bkaÈhdfõ úYd,;uh jk .=jdyd;s f;a fjkafoais uOHia:dkh lrd msúiSug o mq¿jk' tys hdug fyd|u ld,h( uehs isg cqks

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ASSAM

Map not to scale

weiEuh

Map not to scale

;ñ,akdvqfõ ks,a.sß ks,a.sß tys ks,a meye .kakd l÷ YsLr fukau tys ;shqKqh riljk ,o f;a i|yd o m%isoaOh' weiEuh iy vd¾Ô,ska fuka fkdj" ks,a.sß l,dmfhys jir mqrdu f;a o¿ ,k w;r W!f,daka iy l¿ f;a m%Odk úp,k fõ' fldkakQrfha isák w;r" f;a ksmehqï l%shdj,sh .ek yeoEÍug f;a j;a;la lrd msúfikak' fuu j;=hdfha Èkla lem lrk f,i;a f;a ksIamdok l%shdj,sh .ek oekqj;a jk f,i;a wjjdo lsÍu hq;= fõ' kjd;eka myiqlï i|yd" hful=g bkaÈhdkq f;a uKav,h u.ska iyh fok fkdkaiÉ ßÜÍÜia f;aÍu l< yelsh' th iïmQ¾Kfhka kej; ia:dmkhlrk ,o f;a j.d nx.,djls" 1872 § bÈlrk ,oaols' uqyqÿ uÜgñka wä 5500 la by<ska msysgqï ,nñka wuq;a;ka le|jkq ms‚i me;sr mj;akd f;a j;=" nEjqï iys; l÷ iy ñysÿï fia, ord isà'

TAMIL NADU

Nilgiri

tys hdug fyd|u ld,h( j¾Ih mqrdjgu

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.fõIKh

flar<fha uqkakd¾ yß; f;a jeú,af,ka ;ekska ;ek ieÈ uqkakd¾ lrd Tn we;=,a j;au f;a o,af,ys kejqï iqj¢ka fmf`.kak' l,dmfha f;a ksIamdok b;sydih ms<sno fk;a ji. lrk ne,aula .ekSug k,a,;kaksfha msysá foaYfha m<uq f;a fl!;=ld.drh fj; msúiSfuka .uk wdrïN l< hq;=h' hful=g uqkakd¾ ys flaàãiS f;a ljqkaáfha kjd;eka .ekSug f;aÍula lsÍug jqjo mq¿jk' l| folla w;r leo,s jÈñka" th trdúl=,ï cd;sl WoHdkfha" Ñkakd¾ jkÔù

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wNhN+ñfha iy meïmdvqï fIda,d cd;sl WoHdkfha iy w¿;ska ixj¾Okh lrk ,o kS,l=ßðkS wNhN+ñfha jgd flakaø.; ù we;s mßir ixpdrl jHdmdrfhys jeo.;a .ukdka;hla fõ' l=kav,d f;a jeú,a, uqkakdrfha msúish hq;=u ;j;a ;ekls' jejlska jgù ieÿï ,nd" th fuys f;a ksmehqï l%shdj,sh i|yd idlaIs ms‚i yoj;a WKqiqï lrk ksfïIhla jkq we;' hful=g f;a wNhN+ñfhys isàug jqj o mq¿jk" th kej; ia:dmkh lrk ,o mer‚

Map not to scale

Wayanad

KERALA

Munnar

wêrdcH nx.,djls" úYd, f;a j;a; ueo msysgqï ,nhs' jhkdoa ys iajNdjhg ióm fjñka" flar< l,dmfhys yß; l÷ YsLr ie,lsh hq;= f;a m%udKhla ksmoùu o lrhs' Tn le,afmÜgd l÷lr wvúh foig h;au kejqï yß; f;a o¿j, ú,a¨‍o we;sß,a,la Tfí ixfõok myka lrjhs' fuys f;a o¿ fk,Su keröu i|yd jk jhkdoa f;a ixpdr wdl¾IŒh me;slvla jk w;r f;a p¿ fk,Sug Tn wreKg fmr wjÈùu wjYH fõ' m%sho¾YskS f;a j;a;g msúi tys ,e.=ï .kak' m%dka; rch u.ska l%shd;aul lrjk" fuu wvúfhys mer‚ nx.,djla jk w;r th jhkdoa f;a ljqkaáh u.ska h<s m%lD;su;a lr kï lrk ,o tlls' tys hdug fyd|u ld,h( wf.daia;= isg uehs olajd

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l,dj

uOqNd‚ is;=jï ;=< j¾Kj, wka;¾ yeisÍu

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uOqNd‚

ys wmQ¾j;ajh

ìydrfha ñÓ,d l,dmfha is;=jï ;=<ska yskaÿ foajl;d iy iajNdúl rE úoyd oelafjhs joka |

mQkdï f.dfh,a

ukSId cd ye§ jevqfKa uOqNd‚ Èia;%slalfha i;a,dld .ïudkh ;=< ;u ñ;a;‚h iy uj Tjqkaf.a wdhdilr ffoksl jev lghq;= wiafia wdhdihlska f;drju uOqNd‚ is;=jï ks¾udKh lrkq olsñks' uOqNd‚ ñÓ,d ixialD;sfhys iy m%cdfjys wdfõ‚l fldgils - ,sÅhd ke;kï —,sùu— hkqfjka o y÷kajkq ,efí - ldka;djka úiska ;u ksfjiaj, fyda újdy W;aij iy ore Wm;a jeks wjia:dj, ks¾udKh lrk foajl;d mokï lr.;a is;=jï ldka;d ck NdIdj f,i i,lkq ,efí' th fnfyúkau yskaÿ foajl;d idys;Hh iy iajNdj O¾ufhka .kakd rEmuh ksrEmK u; úYajdih r|jd isákakls' uOqNd‚fha wkkH úfYaIdx. jkafka tal udk is;a;ï ú,dih" ixlS¾K iels,s jev iy úYsIag j¾K moaO;sh wdÈh fõ' tjeks .dul n,hla u.ska jg lrkq ,ÿj" ,dnd, úfha§u uOqNd‚ l,dj fj; ukSIdf.a fhduq ùu iajNdúl fõ' miqj weh lS¾;su;a uQ¾;s Ys,amS iekaflda pjq¥ß úiska fidhd .kq

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l,dj

wE; jfï( uOqNd‚ is;=jula ksrEmKh lrk bkaÈhdkq ;eme,a uqoaorhla¦ my;( we;sß,a,la u; uOqNd‚ ks¾udKhla lrk úhuka lrefjla¦ uqyqK; msgqj( uOqNd‚ l,dfõ §ma;su;a ksrEmKhla

j¾K fla;h ìydrfha uOqNd‚ is;=jï i|yd Ndú; flfrk mskai,a lmqj,ska ksujd WK nghlska T;d ;sfí' j¾K idhï ms,sfh, lr .kafka l,dlrejka úiskauh' f.duj,g ÿUq¨‍ tla lsßfuka l¿ idod .kakd w;r" r;= ksiaidrKh lr ,kq ,nkafka l=idï uf,a idrfhka fyda r;a y÷ka ,Sfhks' ly l=vq kq. fld<j, lsß yd uqiq lsÍfuka ly meyeh idod .kakd w;r" ks,a meyeh .kafka bkaäf.da .fiks" fld< meyeh Èjq,a fld<j,ska .kakd w;r iy,a msá j,ska iqÿ meyeh o md,dId u,ska ;eô,s meyeho ilid .efka' is;=jï ;=< wod<j, meyej, fijKe,s olajkq fkd,efí' f¾ÇhdkqidÍ uhs;s,s is;=jï ;=<" j¾K wod< lsÍula isÿ fkdfõ' msg f¾Ld muKla w¢kq ,efí' is;=jï ;=<" msg f¾Ld i|yd oaú;aj f¾Ldjla iels,a,g fhdod .kakd w;r ysoeia l;sr fyda l=vd Rcq f¾Ld j,ska mqrjkq ,efí'

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,enQ w;r Tyq wehj kj È,a,sfha wef.a uq,au l,d kS,aldka;a pjqOdÍ ish kjH ksrEml iy rE m%o¾Ykh meje;aùug Èß .kajkq ,eì‚' kuq;a ta igyka iu. id¾:l;ajh Èkd .;a ;j;a kï ld,h ck l,dlrejl=g myiq ld,hla fkdùh' — oerE uOqNd‚ l,dlrefjls' Tyqf.a ks¾udK mqoa.,sl tl;= ck iy f.da;%sl l,dj m%j¾Okh rgd idïm%odhsl o kùk o fõ - ÿ¾.d iy ld,s lsÍug wÈuÈ l<d ud uq,ska w¾nqohlg ueÈ jqKd— ksrEmKj,ska mgka f.k ld¾hnyq, .Dy‚hka weh mjihs' kuq;a miq oYlfha§ ta ish,a, fjkia iy mdie,a hk <uqka olajd ta úysfoa' tal j¾K jQfhka 2009 § úfhkd yS tia,a iy ,d meye;s" WodyrK jYfhka" fl!;=ld.drfha m%o¾Yk meje;aùug rgd l,d;=rlska uOqNd‚ l,dj uOqNd‚ ñÓ,d ukSIdg wdrdOkd ,eì‚' lrd ldjoaokq ,enQ kuq;a th Tyqf.a ixialD;sfhys —oeka uOqNd‚h iuld,Sk l,djla j¾K tl;=j fõ' — iy m%cdfjys f,i úYaj iïNdjkdjg md;% ù ;sfí— iqieÈ fm;la Tiafia wdfõ‚l weh mjihs" miq.sh j¾I my mqrdjg th jev lsÍug th ug fldgils fnodfoñka" m%o¾Ykj,ska ,;a ,l=Kq ksrka;rfhkau weiqßka" uOqNd‚fha iuld,Sk ishqï ú,dis;djla úh' fuu fjkialï ms<sno f,dalh oekqj;a lrñka mj;ajk fm;a Tiafia wju úia;/;s whqrlska ,o jev uq¿ 50 lg wdikak .Kkla ;=<ska weh jev lsÍu iy fuu is;=jï ;=< ;SrKh l<dh' j¾I .Kka Tiafia" uOqNd‚h kjuq pß;j,g Ndj leùug W;aidy lsÍu m%ldY udOH ms<s.kq ,en we;s w;r ish n, jmißh iu;,d is;=jïlrKfha isg ;%sudK úoyd Æjdh' foúhka iy fojÕkka ms<sn| l;d M,hla §ug l< W;aidyh úYsIag is;=jï lsÍfï isg" oeka oeka uOqNd‚h iuld,Sk .ukla úh"— mjiñka Tyq l;dj wx. mjd is;=jï lrkq ,nhs' wjika lrhs'

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bjqï msyqï

kj mgka

.ekaula iurñka

.=ä mdoajd pkaø Èk o¾Ykfha kj jir igyka lrhs' wiajkq ux.,Hh idïm%odhsl w.hhka" kùk Ñka;kh iy m%kS; wdydr j, ifudaOdkhls joka |

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uOq,sld odYa

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ndiqkaÈ

fndfyda bkaÈhdkq W;aij fukau" .=ä mdoajd" ckm%sh jyßka uydrdIag% fha kj jir o mqrdjD;a; yd oeäj ne£ tkakls' ckY%e;shg wkqj th jemsÍfï wdrïNh jk pkaø Èk o¾Ykfha mgka .ekau igyka lrkjd muKla fkdj" kuq;a mDÓúfhys ueùu o iurk Èkh fõ' iajdñ n%yau úiska f,dalh ujk ,oehs mejfia

- tu Èkfha § - tys ish¨‍u Ôù wdldrj,ska th iïmQ¾K lrk ,§' .=ä - ms;a;, flKaähla" idßhla iy fmd,a f.ähla tl;=j fldv.ylg ne| - foúhkaf.a fldäh ixfla;j;a lrk w;r tu Èkfha§ jkaokd flfrk rej ;kd .efka' th hym; meñŒfuys fmr ksñ;a;la f,i ie,fla' fuu Èkfha§ yeu ksjilu mdfya

rhsia pdla,s

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bjqï msyqï

j¾Kj;a .=ähla tiefjkq Tng olskakg ,efnk o idlaIshla f,i ke.S isà' fuh iuyrúg .=ä ldrKh fuhhs' mdoajd i;=j fjka jQ wdydrhla lsisod fkd;sìfha th uydrdIag%h W;aij loïNh ;=< .=ä iy kuq;a m%kS; oE j,ska ieÈ úi,a nkafoaishla mdoajd ys iqúfYaI ia:dkhg fya;=jk mqrdjD;a;h we;af;a ukao hk lreK meyeÈ,s lrhs' fkdjk kuq;a tys uQ,drïNhg fya;=j fõ' W.ä fldfydU .fia ;s;a; me‚ri fld< lEfuka ^ wdkaød m%foaYa&" hq.ä ^l¾Kdgl&" oji mgka .ekSu isß;la fõ' l=vd fmdhs,d nhsidla ^ngysr fnx.d,h&" fmda,s ^fnda,& jYfhka msßkefuk" fldfydU .fia îyq ^weiEï& iy m%cd W;aij folla" fïjd <má fld< ;,mhla wÊjdka ;s;a; me‚ri iïid¾ mdoafjda ^f.dafjys yska¥kaf.a& îQÿre weg&" .+¾ ^yl=re& iy bï,s fld< lEfuka iy fpá pdkaoa îskaêjrekaf.a& jeks îshU,d& iu. ñY% lsÍfuka ms<sfh, oji mgka - wfkl=;a wiajkq ux.,H fuka lr .efka' fuu fmda,s reêrh msßiqÿ .ekSu isß;la fkdj - .=ä mdoajd Pd;%m;s Ysjdð lrk nj;a YÍrfha m%;sYla;sh fõ úiska y÷kajd fok ,oaols' j¾Okh lrk nj;a úYajdi flf¾' §jd,s fuka" th ieuÍug tk úg ;j;a is;a n|k pdß;%hla fuu W;aijh —mer‚ f,dalfha isß;la˜ f,i kï á,a .+¾ ,âvQ ^;, iy yl=re j,ska iE¥ mej;s wjia:djl i;drd ys§ Ysjdð úiska w*ai,a ,âvQ& iy uQka.a vd,a á,a jdä ^;, ri l< Ldka meroùfï ch.%dyS .uk ieuÍfï fmr OdkH neÿu& fnod§uhs' ;,j, hy .=Kh iy iQodkï rys; ieuÍula f,i wdrïN úh' W;aijh yl=rej, me‚ri ñksid tlsfkld iu. iqyoj hym;a Ñka;kfha iy yeisÍfï fukau wdydrfha ;nkq we;shs úYajdi lfrhs' —ieureï wdydrh"

pkakd vd,a

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Y%Sldkaoa

ksr;=reju mdfya m%idoa ^msßkeóu& f,i .=ä iy miqj iSks oud ri .ekajqKq th l=,aydâ mdoajd ld,fha § msßkefuhs" f.dm,a,ka iy ^ueá n÷ka& j, nyd ly meye;s fmkqula we;sj f.dúhka úiska ixj¾Okh lrk ,o uydrdIag% bÈßm;a lrk ,§" ta wdldrfhkau" Y%Sldkaoa i|yd wdydrh thhs"˜ iQmfõ§ §mdla odkaf.a mjihs' o th wod< fõ' uQ,slju lrouqx.= l=vq iaj,amhla —tneúka Tng wksl=;a foa w;r ksrEmH mqrdka iu. ri l< fhda.Ü jk w;r Y%Sldkaoa j, me‚ fmda,s" ;d,smS;a" jka.S Nd;a" ndod weUq,a rih fyd¢ka nÈk ,o mQß pÜks" iakQ;a m,dla iy pkakd iu. ne£ we;' .=ä mdoajd yuqjkq we;' wêrdcHh jHdma; ùu;a iu.u" wdydrh fk,d.;a ta jqK;a wdydr j¾. l,l ir, .eñ ix.%y wdydrh wiajekafkka folla - ndiqkaÈ iy mQß Y%Sldkaoa úfoaYSh uqyqKqjrla .;a w;r .;a wuqøjHj,ska ilid .efka" th - mgka .ekafï isg ieurefï ta úh<s m<;=re iy wfkl=;a OdkH" l= ¿ nvq fyda fldgia f,i mej;S ;sfí"˜ hhs rildrl fya;=fjks' kuq;a ;j;a m<;=re jkakg bv iQmfõ§ odkaf.a jeäÿr woyia wksjd¾h fohla kï mqrdka fmda,sh' yßkak olajhs' yl=rej, nyd msiskq ,nk uDÿ is;a weo .kakd whqßka" ndiqkaÈ" mßmamq msrjqu me‚rie;s me;,s >k fukau uq¿ukskau w;=remila wdldrfhka rileú,a,la jk w;r fmda,s kñka ye¢kafõ" wo ,nd .; yels jk w;r ch.%dyS yuqodjg th WKq WKqfõu ke;akï ksjqKq miqj jqj;a fiajd l< tajd w;r ;snQ fohla fkdfõ' t;eka ri ú¢h yelsh' W;aijh yd tys noaO;dj th isg" th yl=re fhdod ri .ekajQ WKqiqï lsß f.dúhka iy rKldóka i|yd jQjlah hk

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bjqï msyqï

f;dr;=re f.dkak W.=ä iureïj,g iudkju .=ä mdoajd idïm%odhslj fuu Èkfha ms<sfh, lrk iy wdydrhg .kakd W.ä mdÉä ys ish ixialrKfha wdvïnrh .kS' Ôú;fha fjkia fjkia ri yh thska ixfla;uh f,i biau;= lr fmkajhs( ;s;a;" ÿl iy ñysf¾ isg úiauh" flaka;sh" ìh iy jHdl+,;ajh olajd úysfokq fmfka' fuu pÜksh fldfydU o¿" yl=re" wuq wU" ishU,d hqI iu. ñßia" .ïñßia iy ¨‍Kq uqiq lr idod .efka' .=ä mdoajd bjqï msyqï w;r iefok wfkl=;a wdydr j¾. w;r .=,dí cuqka" md,dla wïn;a" rhsia pdla,s" fn,a mQß" ldfpdß" iam%jqgâ pdkd hQi,a" ikakdia ^yßhgu m*S bÜ,s jeks&" fida,a ldä" mkakd wdÈh fõ' .=,dí cduqka

ndlrjdos

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mqrdka fmda,s

idOlh yd ne£ ;sfí' m%dfoaYSh ckl;dj,g wkqj ielfia' WodyrKhla f,ig" t<j¿ Ndl¾jdÈh' ms;df,a iu. tlaj Ndú; jqKq mqrdka fmda,s .ß,a,d idudkH mßoafoka" uydrdIag%h ;=< Ndl¾jdÈhla Wmdhl%u j,ska ;u wêrdcHh kj ìï w;am;a lr mqxÑ prl frdaohla yeve;s mßmamq iy l=¿nvq .ekSu l< yuqodjg §ug Ysjdð f;dard.;a wdydr ñY%s; ieliquls' .=ä mdoajd Èk th kejqï t<j¿ lsysmh w;r ú‚hehs lshfõ' fuu wdydr j¾. weiqßka ilik w;r flá ld,hla muKla ;nd folu Tng myiqfjka f.dú ksjil uq¿;ekaf.hs .; yelsh' ta wdldrfhkau flaidÍ Nd;a i|yd o myiqfjka fidhd .; yels wuqøjH weiqfrka ilid th wod< fõ' flaidÍ Nd;a" iskaÈjreka úiska fÉá .efka' ;jÿrg;a" fïjd È.= .ukla pdkaoa W;aijfha § tys fldgila f,i meñK we;s w;r wkkH rih mj;ajd msßkuk f;aß ^udÿre" úh<d .;a fmd,a .=ä mdoajd §is .ekSug l<ukdlrKhla flÍ we;' iy iy,a weiqßka ilikq ,efí& f,i lsisod folu fmdaIŒh .=Kfhka by< jk j, jvd;a j¾Kj;a fkdmeñ‚ kuq;a w;r msrjqu fndfydafihskau th ixialrKhla jk w;r m%Œ; wdydr Like mßmQ¾K hqo wdydrhla fukau ieureï th iy,a" ly" .sf;,a" /ila wvx.= MEA INDIA ix.%yhla njg m;a lr we;' iSks iy úh<s m<;=re m<Õdkla f,i .=ä mdoajd wdydrh fk,d.;a weiqre lr idok Èiaú‚ wiajekafkka .;a wuqøjHj,ska fmdfydi;a w;=remils' Follow ilid .efka" th OdkH" l=¿nvq Ld¾jd o .=ä mdoajd @MEAINDIA fyda m<;=re jkakg bv yßkak' W;aijh úiska m%kS;hls' fld,iag%ï lsß fyda ksfõokh lrkafka ñysß wU meiS we;s nj;a Öla iy lsß" ly: iSks" lrouqx.= fï ld,h ;=< m%dka;h mqrd Tng wU úúO;aj l=vq tlaj f.k idok fuu m%kS; Channel tl;=jla fidhd .kq we;s fya;=j th nj;ah' m%kS; wdydrh —kj mgka .ekauj,a˜ j,g MEA INDIA wdydr lsysmhla .=ä mdoajd fjkqfjka úfYaIfhka mK fohs'

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bjqï msyqï

fyd|u foa ri ú¢kak Tfí ri wxl=r fyd|u m%Œ; wdydr j,ska wukaodkkaokh lrkak

lcq fidaia fh¥ flda,s *a,j¾ ilia lsÍug hk fj,dj( úkdä 35 hs msiSfï ld,h( úkdä 35 hs ms<s.ekaùu( 4 fofkl=g wjYH øjH uOHu m%udKfha flda,s *a,j¾ 1 lg' fmaiaÜ tl i|yd lcq( úh<d neo.;a lcq weg 5¦ úh<d neo.;a Ñfrda,s weg fïi ye¢ ^Ñfrdkað& 1 ¦ úh<d neo.;a fmdms weg ^laydia laydia& fïi ye¢ 1¦ fld< meye ñßia 5¦ yd lr lr y~ we;s .d nÈk ,o Ækq 3 moï lsÍu i|yd ;,d.;a fld;a;u,a,s fld< fïi ye¢ 1¦ ;,d.;a ñkaÑ fld< fïi ye¢ 1¦ iqÿ ÆKq fmaiaÜ fïi ye¢ 1¦ bÕ=‍re fmaiaÜ fïi ye¢ 1¦ ¨‍Kq fïi ye¢ 1½ " ly l=vq fïi ye¢ 1 ½ " r;= ñßia l=vq fïi ye¢ 1¦ fhda.Ü fldamam 1¦ foys hqI fïi ye¢ 1¦ lsß j, fmdÕjd .;a l=xl=u fïi ye¢ ¼ idok l%uh flda,s *a,j¾ fmdfydÜgq f,i lmd .kak' lcq fmaiaÜ i|yd wuqøjH weUreï hka;%hg oud uDÿ jk ;=re wUrkak' ish¨‍ wuqøjH moï lsÍu i|yd n÷klg oukak' fuu moïl, ñY%Khg flda,s *a,j¾ oud fyd¢ka ;jrd .kak' th úkdä 20 la ;nkak' lcq fmaiaÜ yd l=xl=u tlg oud mq¿iaik ;eáhlg udre lrkak' fi,aishia wxYl 180 § úkdä 35 la l,ska-r;alr.;a W÷kl th mq¿iaikak¦ fyda fidaia iïmQ¾Kfhkau wjfYdaIKh ú flda,s *a,j¾ jgd >k úh<s

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ud¾;= - wm%sfh,a 2016

wdjrKhla fok ;=re idiamdkl oud uo ;dmfhka msiskak' ldIaóß fld*agd jHxckh ilia lsÍug hk fj,dj( úkdä 50 hs msiSfï ld,h( úkdä 35 hs ms<s.ekaùu( 4 fofkl=g wjYH øjH fld*agd i|yd fyd¢ka wUrd fmdä lr.;a t¿uia ls.%E ½" iQÿre l=vq fïi ye¢ 1 ^‍fi!ka*a&" úh<s bÕ=‍re l=vq fïi ye¢ ½ ^‍fi!ka;a&" ldIaóß úh<s r;= ñßia l=vq fïi ye¢ 1" lv, uid,d l=vq fïi ye¢ ½" l=vqlr.;a l¿ tkid,a weg fïi ye¢ ½ ^ndä t,hsÑ&" ñY%lr .id .;a fhda.Ü fldamam 1" ñY%lr .id .;a ¨‍Kq ri mßÈ jHxckh i|yd wnf;,a fyda .sf;,a fïi ye¢ 3" iameif*daähd l=vq ^yskaÊ& fïi ye¢ ¼" lrdnqkeá 5-6" ldIaóß úh<s r;= ñßia l=vq fïi ye¢" iQÿre l=vq fïi ye¢ ½^‍fi!ka*a&" úh<s bÕ=‍re l=vq fïi ye¢ 2 ^‍fi!ka;a&" fld;a;u,a,s l=vq fïi ye¢ 2½" ñY%lr .id .;a fhda.Ü fldamam ½¦ c,h fldamam 1" ieriSug wdukaâ fïi ye¢ 2" ieriSug ñY%lr .id.;a l%Sï fyda fhda.Ü idok l%uh fld*agd i|yd jk ish¿u wuqøjH n÷klg oud" fyd¢ka wkd.kak' f;; frÈ lene,a,lska wdjrKh lr úkdä 30 mfilska ;nkak' ñY%Kh l=vd fnda, yevhg fyda fld*agdia j,g fnod .kak¦ fld*agdia l,ska-r;alr.;a W÷kl th úkdä 10 mq¿iaikak' mSvk W÷kg f;,a fyda .sf;,a oukak' weif*dägd" lrdnqkeá yd r;= ñßia l=vq tl;= lrkak' fld*agd tl;= lr úkdä 2 la ye¢ .dkak' iQÿre l=vq" fld;a;u,a,s l=vq" yd bÕ=‍re l=vq" fhda.Ü yd c,h bi wdjKkh lr mSvkhg f.k tkak' úkdä 10 muK msi W÷k ,sfmka ndkak' isis,a ùug bv yßkak' mshk bj;a lr jHxckh >k jkf;la wvq ;dmfha ;nkak' ix.%y lsÍfï §ishg udrelr wdukaâ j,ska yd l%Sï$fhda.Ü iq,s j,ska irid WKqfjkau ms<s.kajkak'

wkq.%yh( úYsIag rihka( Èjd fNdack” Wiia f;a” fldla fÜ,aia” bjqïmsyqï fmd;a fm<ska fldgila bÈßm;a lf,a “kjÈ,a,sfha úfoaY lghq;= ^wud;HxYfha& .Dy‚hkaf.a ixúOdkh

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ixjdoh

yeuodgu .eye‚h

ud Èßu;a lrhs

rx. Ys,amskS §msld mdÿfldaka ;u ld¾hh fjkqfjka wehg WfoHda.su;a jkakg b.ekajQ l;g ;u id¾:l;ajh lem lrkakSh joka |

wd¾;S lmQ¾ isx

rx.k Ys,amskS §msld mdÿfldakag 2015 ld¾h iskud l¾udka;fha wo ojfia jeäu b,a¨‍ula nyq, jirla úh' msl+ ys rÕk w;r;=r" weh we;s rx.k Ys,amskshka w;ßka flfkl= jk" wñ;dí nÉpka iy b¾*dka Ldka g m%;s md¾Yajfha §msld 2015 § msßkeuqKq yeu iïudkhlau ;u iaÓrj isáhd hkqgjka mejiSu w;sYfhdala;shla tl;=jg k;= lr .;a;dh' —yeuodgu .eye‚h úh fkdyels jk w;r ;udId iy nðrdfjda yeu Èkl§u l< hq;a; jvd;a fyd¢ka lrkakg uia;dks ys§ ir,ju lemS fmfkk ud Èßu;a lrkjd' ta wm jvd;a pß;h njg m;a jQjdh' —uykais iïmQ¾K neúka' .eye‚hlg uykais ù jev ù jev lsÍu uQ,sl fya;=j jk Èkm;d lrkakg fndfyda oE lsÍu uQ,sl kuq;a WfoHda.su;a ùu fyda Tn mj;sk w;r th ud Èßu;a lrk fya;=j jk kuq;a WfoHda.h olajk fohg wod< foh ug wkqm%dKh fok .=Khhs"˜ weh WfoHda.su;a ùu fyda Tn WfoHda.h lsÍu jeo.;a fõ' jvd;a jeo.;a ;srfldg mjihs' ola j k fohg jk f,iska" Tn Tnf.a udj; wod< foh lsÍu Tiafia Tnj w;aoelsh hq;=hs' th jdikdfõ i,l=K jeo.;a fõ uf.a wOHhk rgdfõ úYd,;u ñ, /ðK" §msld ´ï Ydka;s ´ï idOlh ù ;snqKd' ud ud l< jev ys Idrela Ldka iu. rÕmEfuka ish,af,a§u;a ud iuÕ jev l< úiañ; mqoa.,hka miqj irej ms;; a , k.rfha md,kh fydnjk ish¨‍ fokd iu.;a ud¾.fhka úfkdaohla yeu wdldrhlu m%uL q hka iu. jev lr we;' ,nd ;sfnkjd"˜ ks;ru iskd fik 30 úhe;s jrla cd;sl ;,fha neâñkagka l%ä S ldjla jQ §msld" ks<sh mjihs' fnd,sjv q fha § tl fm<g wd ks¾udK wgla ;=<

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iu l< fkdfyk úl%uhla w;a lr .;a fyhska .eye‚hlau ñ;=ßhl" úiajdijka;shl" úpdrlhska w;ska ta neõ uelS hdug lreKq id;a;=ldßhl" ;=< we;s .;s ;sfnk w;r uu fhÈ‚' jir .Kka Tiafia" fldamkafya.ka kqjr ;srfha fuu pß;h ksrEmKh lsÍug ,eîu Wmka §msld fldlafÜ,a" fhaya cjdks ydhs §jdks" .ek wdvïnr fjñ"˜ hkqfjka §msld mjihs' fpkakdhs tlaim a i % "a f.d,sfhdaka lS rdia,, S d rdï ,S,d" mSl= iy nðrdfjda uia;dks jeks lD;s j, § ienEu pß; ksrEmsldj ;u rx.k fl!Y,Hh ikd: l<dh' §msld yqfolau iskud wUf¾ §ma;su;a uqyqKla uE;ld,Skj" uia;dks yS ke;akï oyila lD;s t,soelajQ §msldf.a N+ñldj iskud rislhka tlshl hkak m%;slafIam lrhs' uia;dks yS iu.ska iajr taldnoaO lsÍula weh mqKHdOdrfhys úYajdih §msldf.a N+ñldj lf<ah' —uia;dks r|jk w;r uydrdIag% .ïudkhla is k ud ris l hka wka;.dó f,i ksh;sjd§ jk wïfí.dfjdaka ;udf.a f,i iu.ska iajr kuq;a ixfõ§ iy Ndùh ms<s.kshs' weh l%Svd iy iuQy taldnoaO lsÍula lD;shla f,i yuq úh' l%Svd mokfï jev igykla lf<ah th weh tfia jkafka jk T,sïmsla f.da,aâ lafjiaÜ ljr wNsfhda.hla fyda iu. ne£ lghq;= lrk w;r th Ndr .kakg weh ;=< ;snQ .;sh wef.a mshd jk neâñkagka lS¾;sOr m%ldYa ksidh' weh igka ldñkshlg jvd mdÿfldaka iy kï oerE j¾K,dNS .S;a fia;s ujla iy wdorjka;shla f,i olskq úiska iudrïN lrk ,oaols' —uu ud lrk foag yelsúh' weh yeu w;skau iïmQ¾Kh' wdorh lrñ' th ug i;=g f.fkk ksid ta wo ld,hg wkqj" iEu .eye‚hla foa uu lrñ' ug Ôú;fha .=Kd;auh wka yeu ;=<u uia;dks flfkl= isà' iEu fohlgu jvd jákjd'˜ weh mjihs'

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