Enhancing Water Use Efficiency in Canal Irrigated systems
April 9, 2013 Anju Gaur (agaur@worldbank.org)
Water Resources Potential Rainfall BCM River runoff
1869 BCM
Current use
656 BCM
Surface Water Ground water Total available
4000 690 BCM 432 BCM 1122 BCM
Projected Water Demand (BCM) Water
2010
2025
2050
demand Domestic
43
62
111
Irrigation
557
611
807
Industry
37
67
81
Energy
19
33
70
656
773
1069
Total
Agriculture/irrigation is the largest user Sources: Central Water commission, †Adapted from Thatte et al. (2009)
Agriculture is the largest user of water with 40% irrigated area Net Sown area= 141 M Ha (2001-02) Irrigated = 55.1 M Ha (16 M Ha Canal against potential of 22 M Ha) Canal Irrigated area
India targets to enhance WUE by 20%.
CWC
Biradar et al)
-
Various Challenges where WUE : TypesCentral and scale
- Potential to improve WUE: Global values - Intelligent system for Planning and design of measures - Modernized Monitoring system for accountability - Incentives for Institutional reforms
Water Use Efficiency
Also known as Water productivity (WP)
GoI targets to enhance efficiency by 20%
Water Use Efficiency
Numerator (kg or $) [Note: for each plot or field or canal system] Biomass (kg) = biomass (kg/m2) * area (m2) Yield (kg) = grain yield (kg/m2) * area (m2) Value ($) = value of grain ($/m2) * area (m2) Denominator (m3) [Note: ideally for each plot or field or area Water use (m3) = ET measured in the field = inflow into field-outflow from field-infiltration/base flow Note: inflow can include: precipitation (rainfall + snowfall) + irrigation (surface water+ ground water) Water use (m3) = ET actual measured in the field or Seabal or other
What is the scale of WUE (WP)? System Scale Crop Yield (ET+ losses) Field Scale Crop yield ET Water course
Irrigation system efficiency = 30%
Spatial Variability within the Field WPMRice (kg/m3) Rice < 0.01
Rice > 3.32
WPMCotton (kg/m3) Cotton < 0.01
Cotton > 1.32
WPMWheat (kg/m3) Wheat < 0.01
Wheat > 2.00
5
Tertiary system and Outlets
15
Field Channels
25
Water lost in the field
25
Water available for crop
30
Farmers
Primary and Secondary system
Engineers
Losses in Irrigation System
Where to Increase Water Productivity
Losses
Water Productivity of Wheat France and Germany score the highest: 1.42 and 1.35 kg mâ&#x2C6;&#x2019;3 India: 1.0 to 1.4 kg mâ&#x2C6;&#x2019;3
Zwart et al (2010) http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378377410001861
Global Crop Yield In India, Wheat has almost reached its potential Rice and Maize are still on rising stage
Water Productivity in Indo-Gangetic Basin Rice 3
Global: 0.7-1.1 Kg/m
00.9. 955 -
- 00 .0.09 9
Source: Water, poverty and livelihoods in the Indo-Ganges Basin http://cpwfbfp.pbworks.com/w/page/5927019/Water,%20poverty%20and %20livelihoods%20in%20the%20Indo-Ganges%20Basin
Various factors to enhance effective water use Investment projects target majority of them
http://www.slideshare.net/WaterManagementForum/water-use-efficiency-12868734
Intelligent System to design the measures for Enhancing WUE
What is the Baseline? Need Water Resources Information System (WRIS) http://www.india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/
World Bank funded Hydrology Project 2 has been targeting to modernize hydro-meteorological monitoring system and provide real time data.
Moving to Modern Real-time Hydromet Systems
Precipitation (rain & snow)
Data Transmission (e.g. Satellite, Fixedline/ Cellphone, Radio Telemetry)
Reservoir Levels
Data
River/canal Stage/Discharge/ GenerationSediment
Bottom-up+Top-down
Data Visualization & Use
Internet/ Intranet
Planning and design Interventions: Water Productivity in Indo-Gangetic Basin Intervention analysis:
- Irrigation scheduling is found to be the potential intervention for crops like rice, wheat, tomato and sugarcane. - Sugarcane and mustard in cropping system could enhance water productivity in the IGB. - For maize and oilseeds, use of hybrid seeds holds potential. - Use of quality seeds is critical for many crops like, potato.
-
World Bank funded Hydrology Project 2 has been developing decisoin support system for water resources planning and management in nine river basins. Source: Water, poverty and livelihoods in the Indo-Ganges Basin http://cpwfbfp.pbworks.com/w/page/5927019/Water,%20poverty%20and - - In World Bank projects Linking planning with remote sensing applications. %20livelihoods%20in%20the%20Indo-Ganges%20Basin
World Bank Projects: Reliability, Farmer first When will I get the water in my canal?
Real time information update
Planned and actual Roster of Jaunpur Branch
Can be made available to Farmer or control room through mobile technology on real time
Modernize Canal Monitoring and regulation system (has been quite challenging)
IGNP, Rajasthan and Ghatprabha systems, Karnakata has introduced real time Canal monitoring system
Monitoring System and accountability (Introduce Intervention based parameters to monitor the impact)
Water Use Efficiency: Institutions (Roles) Agricultural Department (sowing time, inputs, marketing),
Farmers/ Water Users Associations (WUAs)
Water Resources Department : Irrigation, Groundwater
Performance Monitoring Accountability and Improved Service Delivery
W a t e r c o u r s e
Customer (Farmer) Satisfaction Survey?
Performance Monitoring Case Study: UP Water Restructuring Project Phase 1
Impact Assessment of UPWSRP 1 Free remote sensing imageries (MODIS, LANDSAT) Land Use Map of the Jaunpur Canal Command area and Sultanpur Control Area Land Use Class Head Middled Tail Kharif only 24,041 19,974 Rabi only 3,806 16,266 Zaid only 558 1,490 Multiple crops 83,879 96,820 Plantation/orchards 1,016 1,456 Waterbodies 4,864 2,386 Fallow and others 16,299 15,603 Total 134,464 153,995
2008-09 Jaunpur
Sultanpur (Control)
0
Âľ 5 10
20
Kilometers
30
12,276 39,388 3,262 82,541 662 1,727 19,016 158,873
Non-CA JBS Total Control 6,391 62,683 111,627 32,600 92,061 68,929 3,643 8,953 8,738 34,026 297,265 364,229 21 3,156 606 889 9,867 39,733 17,015 67,933 83,201 94,585 541,917 677,063
Impact of Irrigation measures on equitable distribution Cropping intensity = (Gross cropped area / Net sown area) x 100 Net Swon Area Gross Cropped area Cropping Intensity GW Zones 2004-05 2008-09 2004-05 2008-09 2004-05 2008-09 Head 91,786 112,284 134,829 196,163 146.90 174.70 Middle 121,679 134,551 181,955 231,371 149.54 171.96 Tailend 129,835 137,468 185,934 220,009 143.21 160.04 Non-CA 70,939 76,660 93,070 110,685 131.20 144.39 JBS Total 414,239 460,962 595,788 758,227 143.83 164.49 Contral 524,545 553,523 795,741 917,752 151.70 165.80
Kharif 2004-05 Length of Growing Season
Kharif 2008-09 Length of Growing Season
Impact of Irrigation and Agronomic Measures Rabi 2004-05on Crop Calender Rabi 2008-09 Length of Growing Season
Length of Growing Season
Relative (indicator) crop productivity maps Kharif 2008-09 Kharif 2004-05
0 5 10
20
30
0 5 10
20
30
Finally Impact on Crop Yield
Kilometers
Kilometers
Rabi 2008-09 Productivity
Rabi 2004-05 Productivity
0 5 10
20
Kilometers
30
0 5 10
20
Kilometers
30
Incentivize for Institution reforms
Institution Reforms
How to convert the Irrigation department into water management agency?
Introduce Benchmarking system for irrigation and sub-irrigation systems. Advance training/exposures. Other recognition measures
Benchmarking of WUAs http://www.wua-india.org/index.php/en/
China Case Study: Hai Basin
China: Potential to Increase Water Productivity in Hai Basin
Where to Increase Water Productivity in Hai Basin
105 105 mm
Integrated measures AGRONOMIC MEASURES deep ploughing straw and plastic mulching drought resistant strains and agents ENGINEERING MEASURES low-pressure distribution pipes drip and micro-sprinkler application technology land levelling MANAGEMENT MEASURES improving irrigation forecasting and scheduling refining soil moisture control
Results of Using Satellite Technologies to Reduce ET Actual ET Before Project
Actual ET After Project
From 600900 To 400-800
Conclusions - Setup a planning and monitoring cell using modern tools -
Improve WRIS to serve the purpose
-
Use remote sensing applications.
-
Determine system specific interventions for investments.
-
For performance benchmarking of irrigation systems.
- Introduce WUE with sub-indicators with respect to interventions. - Introduce incentives for Institution