Tanu jindal

“INDIA WATER WEEK 2016”

ApRIl 4-8, 2016 URbAN AND RURAl ChAllENgEs of WATER CoNTAmINATIoN: RolE of REsEARCh AND ACADEmICs TANU JINDAl (pRofEssoR AND DIRECToR)

AmITy INsTITUTE of ENvIRoNmENTAl sCIENCE, AmITy INsTITUTE of ENvIRoNmENTAl ToxICology, sAfETy AND mANAgEmENT, AmITy INsTITIUTE of WATER TEChNology AND mANAgEmENT, AmITy CENTER foR ANTARCTICA REsEARCh AND sTUDIEs AmITy UNIvERsITy UTTAR pRADEsh, sECToR 125, NoIDA 201313

Environmental Science Courses at Amity Ph.D. Environmental Sciences Courses:Â 1. Aquatic Ecology 2. Advances in Water Quality & Management 3. Soil Pollution and Solid Waste Management M.Sc. Environmental Sciences Courses: 1. Water and Waste Water Treatment Processes 2. Solid Waste management B.Sc. Environmental Sciences Courses: 1. Environmental Pollution (It includes water pollution) 2. Waste Management

Drinking Water Scenario in India • Rural

Large population is still dependent on unsafe sources of water which are highly polluted, for direct consumption for eg. Rivers, lakes, ponds and tube wells • Urban India is doing better than many other countries in the world for drinking water through treated pipe water supply

Population Urban

OD India 12%

OD Low Developing Countries(LDC’s) 6%

Rural

65%

30%

• India has made “moderate” progress in reducing open defecation rates among its population and has succeeded in providing access to improved drinking water to more people in urban and rural areas • The 31 per cent reduction in open defecation in India alone significantly influences regional and global estimates (Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water, 2015 update and MDG Assessment, UNICEF and World Health Organization)

Impact of Drains in Delhi on groundwater Ministry of Earth Sciences •The project work was planned specially keeping in view the problem of groundwater contamination in Indian context through unlined drains which are over loaded, with sewage waste from huge urban population and also waste from industries, lysimetric studies are important to know the possible sources and types of groundwater contamination through leaching

SAMPLING

OKHLA DRAIN

SHAHDARA DRAIN MAHARANI BAGH DRAIN

DELHI GATE DRAIN KHYBER PASS DRAINMORI GATE DRAIN

KALKAJI DRAIN

NAZAFGARH DRAIN BARAPULLA DRAIN

Temperature, Electrical Conductivity and Total Dissolved Solids Temperature Samples Najafgarh Okhla Shahdara Khyberpass Mori gate Delhi gate Barapullah Maharanibagh Kalkaji

Electrical Conductivity (µS/cm)

Total Dissolved Solid (mg/l)

Ground water

Drain Leachate

Ground water

Drain Leachate

Ground water

Drain Leachate

25.7±2.1

23.0±4.1 ns

597±46.12

3990±426.47 b

258±21.71

2962±279.52 a

25.6±1.4

23.1±2.5 ns

841±74.45

21489±832.62 a

375±22.55

13924±1147.25 a

25.0±2.3

26.1±2.4 ns

1609±112.26

5804±523.33 a

764±15.76

4410.5±55.02 a

25.7±2.4

25.4±3.6 ns

1089±132.46

2661±234.47b

488±26.42

13751.7±875.85 a

26.1±2.1

23.8±2.0 ns

1321±45.32

12420±1754.76a

604±48.65

8318±537.50 a

25.8±3.4

24.4±3.1 ns

1617±123.45

9175±335.34 a

776±56.36

5978.5±487.31 a

25.0±5.4

24.8±2.8 ns

1447±97.38

34700±1432.52c

664±54.69

4508±423.67 a

24.1±1.4

24.3±4.7 ns

1908±245.95

7440±368.64 a

921±86.48

3816±279.40 a

25.6±1.3

26.0±3.2 ns

1256±140.75

34600±1758.40 a

577±48.96

4458±438.94 a

Limit- Total Dissolved Solid (TDS)- 1500 mg L-1 , Temperature and Electrical Conductivity- No Standard

Total Hardness, Turbidity and BOD Total Hardness (as CaCO3), mg/l

Samples Najafgarh Okhla Shahdara Khyberpass Mori gate Delhi gate Barapullah Maharanibagh Kalkaji

Turbidity (NTU)

BOD @ 27 deg C for 3 days Ground

Drain

water

Leachate

2.55±0.12 a

0.1±0.02

68.0±9.15ns

3.0±0.96

9.86±2.41 a

1.3±0.08

104.5±8.28ns

2860.7±236.41 a

2.5±0.85

25.15±6.85c

1.8±0.34

81.5±8.22ns

351.88±19.53

2244.85±181.34 a

4.5±1.42

9.4±2.36 a

1.56±0.24

83.10±9.56b

407.44±28.44

3241±273.40 a

3.4±0.56

18.75±4.15ns

1.76±0.12

100. 5±6.12 a

457.44±31.62

2731±301.77 a

4.6±1.32

2.45±0.42 a

2.0±0.26

243±14.26 a

333.36±19.23

2592.8±205.38 a

3.0±1.10

12.6±2.52ns

1.24±0.34

92.48±7.08 a

185.2±11.68

7185±468.64 a

6.4±1.84

15.5±3.65 a

1.89±0.11

96.30±8.16b

351.88±27.39

2870.6±239.35 a

2.8±0.36

2.6±0.66 a

2.1±0.09

72.0±9.39 a

Groundwater

Drain Leachate

Groundwater

Drain Leachate

302.47±27.44

1030.2±94.52 a

6.0±1.21

222.24±19.41

5010.5±486.55 a

425.96±36.63

WHO limit- Total Hardness (as CaCO3),- 500 mg L-1; Turbidity (NTU)-10; Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)- 2 mg L-1

Chemical Oxygen Demand, Nitrate and Nitrite Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg/l) Sample

Nitrate (as NO3)

Nitrite (NO2)

Ground water

Drain Leachate

Ground water

Drain Leachate

Ground water

Drain Leachate

7.12±1.21

280.22±18.13ns

0.09±0.01

131.79±10.57 a

3.22±0.22

0.10±0.02 a

4.51±0.58

402.25±22.35b

13.04±0.23

1306±44.25 a

0.09±0.00

29.75±2.34 a

3.81±0.48

382.5±13.48 a

20.46±2.14

201.15±15.42b

0.41±0.03

4.25±0.79 b

4.28±0.75

285.21±14.28 a

19.35±3.52

88.20±7.26 a

0

2.74±0.56 a

3.9±0.23

363.5±17.64 a

51.65±6.19

597.45±27.89 a

0

130.23±4.55 a

4.7±0.68

48.5±4.01 a

0.12±0.0

123.29±19.89 a

0

0.59±0.13 a

5.0±0.75

310.0±16.87 a

132.19±11.07

471.23±34.18 a

1.68±0.05

4.44±0.68 a

4.78±0.40

481.45±23.16 a

96.3±14.25

752.8±46.89 a

0.05±0.0

18.08±2.10 a

8.45±0.68

242.62±16.92 a

18.16±1.41

1172.98±117.22 a

0.08±0.0

4.94±0.36 a

Najafgarh Okhla Shahdara

Khyberpass Mori gate Delhi gate Barapullah Maharanibagh Kalkaji

WHO limit- Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)- 10 mg L-1; Nitrate (NO3)-45 mg L-1; Nitrites (NO2)- 0.1 mg L-1

Total Coliform Count and Fecal Coliform Count Â

Total Coliform Count (MPN/100ml)

Fecal Coliform Count (MPN/100ml)

Sample Groundwater

Drain leachate

Groundwater

Drain leachate

Najafgarh

2.99

4.81

1.60

4.39

Okhla

1.91

4.91

1.17

4.68

Shahdara

2.87

4.85

2.16

4.56

0

4.05

0

3.83

Mori gate

2.72

4.14

1.30

3.93

Delhi gate

2.15

4.44

1.41

4.13

Barapullah

2.65

4.54

0.95

4.10

2.07

4.45

1.28

4.26

0

4.25

0

3.99

Khyberpass

Maharanibagh Kalkaji

WHO limit- Total Coliform Count (TC)- Zero, Fecal Coliform Count (FC)- Zero

Heavy metals detected

Recommendations

• Lining of the drain through concrete would cut the leaching of contaminants • Installing Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) at the sewer before sewage release into drains would further prevent overloading of drains with contaminants • Effluent Treatment Plants by industries must be enforced and checked strictly to avoid the release of toxic chemicals in drains

Zero Discharge of Effluent

Fresh Water

Domestic Use

STP

Process Use

ETP

ETP & STP treated water

Tertiary Treatment

Use for Horticulture

• The government could also consider subsidizing sanitation projects at the level of individuals or community and also play a bigger role - providing community latrines like toilet blocks - distribution of soaps - inculcating hygienic habits starting from school children • Projects like Sulabh need to be encouraged further and strengthened • The private corporate sector can also be tapped to participate in this endeavor through resources under Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) • Only then by 2019, we can fulfill our dream of every household having total sanitation

Principles of ecosanitation

FOOD

FOOD

closing the loop between sanitation and agriculture

NUTRIENTS

NUTRIENTS Pathogen destruction

Ministry of Environment and Forests Surface and Groundwater contamination through indiscriminate use of pesticides in: -Rice -Cotton -Vegetables

Crop

Pesticide Usage

Area

Sites

River

Vegetable

9%

Delhi

Yamuna Khaddar

Yamuna

Rice

29%

Noida

Badoli Banger

Hindon

Cotton

27%

Sirsa

Punjuwan

Ghaggar

• Farmers use higher doses out of their ignorance above the prescribed dosages assuming that the pesticide formulations are either adulterated or do not have the prescribed active ingredient of optimum quantity • This leads to severe contamination of the soil and water besides the high pesticide residues in agricultural produce • Heavy use of pesticide may contaminate the nearby streams by runoff water and also leach down to contaminate the groundwater

Percentage of Pesticide Contamination In Surface water and Groundwater Pesticides

Vegetable GW SW Organochlorine Pesticide (α-HCH, β-HCH, γ- 31.2% 45% HCH, δ-HCH, Endosulfan-I, Endosulfan-II, Endosulfansulfate, Dicofol, p, p’DDE and p,p’ DDT )

Rice Cotton GW SW GW SW 31.9% 61.1% 65.2% 91.6%

Organophosphate Pesticide (Phorate, 19.4% 25% Dimethoate, Phosphamedion, Methyl Parathion, Malathion, Chlorpyriphos, Quinalaphos, Profenophos, Ethion)

13.8% 52.7% 91.6% All

Synthetic Pyrethroids (β cyfluthrin, BDL fenpropathrin, λ cyhalothrin, Alpha cypermethrin, deltamethrin, fenvelerate)

BDL

BDL

Herbicides (alachlor, fluchloralin, butachlor, 43.7% 25% pendimethalin)

BDL

BDL

BDL

6.25% 12.5% 81.2% 75%

Percent samples contaminated through pesticides above MRL value * BDL (Below Detectable Limit, GW - Groundwater and SW – Surface water

Recommendations • Rigorous legislation and regulations to control pesticides • Training programs for personnel to inspect and monitor the use • Extension services to farmers for judicious use of pesticides and awareness about the harmful levels of pesticides in the water which in turn adversely affect the environment and public health • If pesticides are ingested above MRL values, they are carcinogenic and also cause nausea, dizziness, confusion, respiratory paralysis, skin irritation and problem with the development of early childhood • Restricting the use of pesticides having higher potential for leaching beyond national regulatory levels • Proper quarantine needs to be imposed to check the sale of banned and adulterated pesticides

• New pesticide molecules like synthetic pyrethroids that degrade easily should be made available at a cheaper rate to the farmers • Promotion for the use of integrated pest management methods need to be popularized amongst the farmers for the judicial use of pesticides along with cultural and mechanical control methods of pests • Promotion of organic farming in farmers to obsolete the use of pesticides • Popular articles to be published for public awareness for regarding the pesticide residues found in water and messages for the proper disinfection, filtration system through adsorption and boiling of the water

Amity Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Safety and Management

Groundwater contamination through Chlorpyrifos leaching Department of Science and Technology •Pest controllers in buildings for termite control 1 L/M 2 of 20% EC formulation •Farmers and pest controllers use higher dosages of Chlorpyrifos out of their ignorance or due to adulterated pesticide available

Non-Agricultural Uses

Agricultural or Crop Uses

Animal Housing

Black Currant

Buildings

Capsicum (young plants only)

Termite Nest or Colony Garden Pest Control

Commercial/Industrial Land

Golf Green Putting Kennel, Animal Living Area Pest Control Pest Control Along Fences

Grape Onion (seedling stage) Pine and Eucalyptus Plantations Arbi (Colocasia esculanta) Rice

Light Brown Apple Moth Western Flower Thrip European Earwig Strawberry Beetle African Black Beetle Taro beetles Wood-Mason Pink bollworm Paddy Stemborer

Cotton

Public Premises Under Construction

Rice

Cracks and/or Crevices

Tomato

In and around buildings or public areas

Pests

Cauliflower

Storage Bins

Soybean

Food Processing and/or preserving plant

Oranges

Western Flower Thrip Diamond Black Moth Aphids

Alkali Soil Site

Acidic Soil Site

Neutral Soil Site

Locality map of the study area for neutral soil sampling

Locality map of the study area for alkali soil sampling Locality map of the study area for acidic soil sampling

Concentration of Chlorpyrifos in leachate for different formulations after treatment

WP-Wettable Powder EC-Emulsifiable Concentration WG- Wettable Granules LC-Liquid Concentration ME-Microencapsulation

Recommendations

• Standardization of Chlorpyrifos dosages as per pH and texture of the soil • Encouraging the use of safer formulations like micro encapsulation and slow release which have low adverse impact on the environment

• Monitoring of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP’s), Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC’s), heavy metals and physico-chemical parameters in water, snow samples and other environmental contaminants at Antarctica with NCAOR

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