“INDIA WATER WEEK 2016”
ApRIl 4-8, 2016 URbAN AND RURAl ChAllENgEs of WATER CoNTAmINATIoN: RolE of REsEARCh AND ACADEmICs TANU JINDAl (pRofEssoR AND DIRECToR)
AmITy INsTITUTE of ENvIRoNmENTAl sCIENCE, AmITy INsTITUTE of ENvIRoNmENTAl ToxICology, sAfETy AND mANAgEmENT, AmITy INsTITIUTE of WATER TEChNology AND mANAgEmENT, AmITy CENTER foR ANTARCTICA REsEARCh AND sTUDIEs AmITy UNIvERsITy UTTAR pRADEsh, sECToR 125, NoIDA 201313
Environmental Science Courses at Amity Ph.D. Environmental Sciences Courses:Â 1. Aquatic Ecology 2. Advances in Water Quality & Management 3. Soil Pollution and Solid Waste Management M.Sc. Environmental Sciences Courses: 1. Water and Waste Water Treatment Processes 2. Solid Waste management B.Sc. Environmental Sciences Courses: 1. Environmental Pollution (It includes water pollution) 2. Waste Management
Drinking Water Scenario in India • Rural
Large population is still dependent on unsafe sources of water which are highly polluted, for direct consumption for eg. Rivers, lakes, ponds and tube wells • Urban India is doing better than many other countries in the world for drinking water through treated pipe water supply
Population Urban
OD India 12%
OD Low Developing Countries(LDC’s) 6%
Rural
65%
30%
• India has made “moderate” progress in reducing open defecation rates among its population and has succeeded in providing access to improved drinking water to more people in urban and rural areas • The 31 per cent reduction in open defecation in India alone significantly influences regional and global estimates (Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water, 2015 update and MDG Assessment, UNICEF and World Health Organization)
Impact of Drains in Delhi on groundwater Ministry of Earth Sciences •The project work was planned specially keeping in view the problem of groundwater contamination in Indian context through unlined drains which are over loaded, with sewage waste from huge urban population and also waste from industries, lysimetric studies are important to know the possible sources and types of groundwater contamination through leaching
SAMPLING
OKHLA DRAIN
SHAHDARA DRAIN MAHARANI BAGH DRAIN
DELHI GATE DRAIN KHYBER PASS DRAINMORI GATE DRAIN
KALKAJI DRAIN
NAZAFGARH DRAIN BARAPULLA DRAIN
Temperature, Electrical Conductivity and Total Dissolved Solids Temperature Samples Najafgarh Okhla Shahdara Khyberpass Mori gate Delhi gate Barapullah Maharanibagh Kalkaji
Electrical Conductivity (µS/cm)
Total Dissolved Solid (mg/l)
Ground water
Drain Leachate
Ground water
Drain Leachate
Ground water
Drain Leachate
25.7±2.1
23.0±4.1 ns
597±46.12
3990±426.47 b
258±21.71
2962±279.52 a
25.6±1.4
23.1±2.5 ns
841±74.45
21489±832.62 a
375±22.55
13924±1147.25 a
25.0±2.3
26.1±2.4 ns
1609±112.26
5804±523.33 a
764±15.76
4410.5±55.02 a
25.7±2.4
25.4±3.6 ns
1089±132.46
2661±234.47b
488±26.42
13751.7±875.85 a
26.1±2.1
23.8±2.0 ns
1321±45.32
12420±1754.76a
604±48.65
8318±537.50 a
25.8±3.4
24.4±3.1 ns
1617±123.45
9175±335.34 a
776±56.36
5978.5±487.31 a
25.0±5.4
24.8±2.8 ns
1447±97.38
34700±1432.52c
664±54.69
4508±423.67 a
24.1±1.4
24.3±4.7 ns
1908±245.95
7440±368.64 a
921±86.48
3816±279.40 a
25.6±1.3
26.0±3.2 ns
1256±140.75
34600±1758.40 a
577±48.96
4458±438.94 a
Limit- Total Dissolved Solid (TDS)- 1500 mg L-1 , Temperature and Electrical Conductivity- No Standard
Total Hardness, Turbidity and BOD Total Hardness (as CaCO3), mg/l
Samples Najafgarh Okhla Shahdara Khyberpass Mori gate Delhi gate Barapullah Maharanibagh Kalkaji
Turbidity (NTU)
BOD @ 27 deg C for 3 days Ground
Drain
water
Leachate
2.55±0.12 a
0.1±0.02
68.0±9.15ns
3.0±0.96
9.86±2.41 a
1.3±0.08
104.5±8.28ns
2860.7±236.41 a
2.5±0.85
25.15±6.85c
1.8±0.34
81.5±8.22ns
351.88±19.53
2244.85±181.34 a
4.5±1.42
9.4±2.36 a
1.56±0.24
83.10±9.56b
407.44±28.44
3241±273.40 a
3.4±0.56
18.75±4.15ns
1.76±0.12
100. 5±6.12 a
457.44±31.62
2731±301.77 a
4.6±1.32
2.45±0.42 a
2.0±0.26
243±14.26 a
333.36±19.23
2592.8±205.38 a
3.0±1.10
12.6±2.52ns
1.24±0.34
92.48±7.08 a
185.2±11.68
7185±468.64 a
6.4±1.84
15.5±3.65 a
1.89±0.11
96.30±8.16b
351.88±27.39
2870.6±239.35 a
2.8±0.36
2.6±0.66 a
2.1±0.09
72.0±9.39 a
Groundwater
Drain Leachate
Groundwater
Drain Leachate
302.47±27.44
1030.2±94.52 a
6.0±1.21
222.24±19.41
5010.5±486.55 a
425.96±36.63
WHO limit- Total Hardness (as CaCO3),- 500 mg L-1; Turbidity (NTU)-10; Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)- 2 mg L-1
Chemical Oxygen Demand, Nitrate and Nitrite Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg/l) Sample
Nitrate (as NO3)
Nitrite (NO2)
Ground water
Drain Leachate
Ground water
Drain Leachate
Ground water
Drain Leachate
7.12±1.21
280.22±18.13ns
0.09±0.01
131.79±10.57 a
3.22±0.22
0.10±0.02 a
4.51±0.58
402.25±22.35b
13.04±0.23
1306±44.25 a
0.09±0.00
29.75±2.34 a
3.81±0.48
382.5±13.48 a
20.46±2.14
201.15±15.42b
0.41±0.03
4.25±0.79 b
4.28±0.75
285.21±14.28 a
19.35±3.52
88.20±7.26 a
0
2.74±0.56 a
3.9±0.23
363.5±17.64 a
51.65±6.19
597.45±27.89 a
0
130.23±4.55 a
4.7±0.68
48.5±4.01 a
0.12±0.0
123.29±19.89 a
0
0.59±0.13 a
5.0±0.75
310.0±16.87 a
132.19±11.07
471.23±34.18 a
1.68±0.05
4.44±0.68 a
4.78±0.40
481.45±23.16 a
96.3±14.25
752.8±46.89 a
0.05±0.0
18.08±2.10 a
8.45±0.68
242.62±16.92 a
18.16±1.41
1172.98±117.22 a
0.08±0.0
4.94±0.36 a
Najafgarh Okhla Shahdara
Khyberpass Mori gate Delhi gate Barapullah Maharanibagh Kalkaji
WHO limit- Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)- 10 mg L-1; Nitrate (NO3)-45 mg L-1; Nitrites (NO2)- 0.1 mg L-1
Total Coliform Count and Fecal Coliform Count Â
Total Coliform Count (MPN/100ml)
Fecal Coliform Count (MPN/100ml)
Sample Groundwater
Drain leachate
Groundwater
Drain leachate
Najafgarh
2.99
4.81
1.60
4.39
Okhla
1.91
4.91
1.17
4.68
Shahdara
2.87
4.85
2.16
4.56
0
4.05
0
3.83
Mori gate
2.72
4.14
1.30
3.93
Delhi gate
2.15
4.44
1.41
4.13
Barapullah
2.65
4.54
0.95
4.10
2.07
4.45
1.28
4.26
0
4.25
0
3.99
Khyberpass
Maharanibagh Kalkaji
WHO limit- Total Coliform Count (TC)- Zero, Fecal Coliform Count (FC)- Zero
Heavy metals detected
Recommendations
• Lining of the drain through concrete would cut the leaching of contaminants • Installing Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) at the sewer before sewage release into drains would further prevent overloading of drains with contaminants • Effluent Treatment Plants by industries must be enforced and checked strictly to avoid the release of toxic chemicals in drains
Zero Discharge of Effluent
Fresh Water
Domestic Use
STP
Process Use
ETP
ETP & STP treated water
Tertiary Treatment
Use for Horticulture
• The government could also consider subsidizing sanitation projects at the level of individuals or community and also play a bigger role - providing community latrines like toilet blocks - distribution of soaps - inculcating hygienic habits starting from school children • Projects like Sulabh need to be encouraged further and strengthened • The private corporate sector can also be tapped to participate in this endeavor through resources under Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) • Only then by 2019, we can fulfill our dream of every household having total sanitation
Principles of ecosanitation
FOOD
FOOD
closing the loop between sanitation and agriculture
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS Pathogen destruction
Ministry of Environment and Forests Surface and Groundwater contamination through indiscriminate use of pesticides in: -Rice -Cotton -Vegetables
Crop
Pesticide Usage
Area
Sites
River
Vegetable
9%
Delhi
Yamuna Khaddar
Yamuna
Rice
29%
Noida
Badoli Banger
Hindon
Cotton
27%
Sirsa
Punjuwan
Ghaggar
• Farmers use higher doses out of their ignorance above the prescribed dosages assuming that the pesticide formulations are either adulterated or do not have the prescribed active ingredient of optimum quantity • This leads to severe contamination of the soil and water besides the high pesticide residues in agricultural produce • Heavy use of pesticide may contaminate the nearby streams by runoff water and also leach down to contaminate the groundwater
Percentage of Pesticide Contamination In Surface water and Groundwater Pesticides
Vegetable GW SW Organochlorine Pesticide (α-HCH, β-HCH, γ- 31.2% 45% HCH, δ-HCH, Endosulfan-I, Endosulfan-II, Endosulfansulfate, Dicofol, p, p’DDE and p,p’ DDT )
Rice Cotton GW SW GW SW 31.9% 61.1% 65.2% 91.6%
Organophosphate Pesticide (Phorate, 19.4% 25% Dimethoate, Phosphamedion, Methyl Parathion, Malathion, Chlorpyriphos, Quinalaphos, Profenophos, Ethion)
13.8% 52.7% 91.6% All
Synthetic Pyrethroids (β cyfluthrin, BDL fenpropathrin, λ cyhalothrin, Alpha cypermethrin, deltamethrin, fenvelerate)
BDL
BDL
Herbicides (alachlor, fluchloralin, butachlor, 43.7% 25% pendimethalin)
BDL
BDL
BDL
6.25% 12.5% 81.2% 75%
Percent samples contaminated through pesticides above MRL value * BDL (Below Detectable Limit, GW - Groundwater and SW – Surface water
Recommendations • Rigorous legislation and regulations to control pesticides • Training programs for personnel to inspect and monitor the use • Extension services to farmers for judicious use of pesticides and awareness about the harmful levels of pesticides in the water which in turn adversely affect the environment and public health • If pesticides are ingested above MRL values, they are carcinogenic and also cause nausea, dizziness, confusion, respiratory paralysis, skin irritation and problem with the development of early childhood • Restricting the use of pesticides having higher potential for leaching beyond national regulatory levels • Proper quarantine needs to be imposed to check the sale of banned and adulterated pesticides
• New pesticide molecules like synthetic pyrethroids that degrade easily should be made available at a cheaper rate to the farmers • Promotion for the use of integrated pest management methods need to be popularized amongst the farmers for the judicial use of pesticides along with cultural and mechanical control methods of pests • Promotion of organic farming in farmers to obsolete the use of pesticides • Popular articles to be published for public awareness for regarding the pesticide residues found in water and messages for the proper disinfection, filtration system through adsorption and boiling of the water
Amity Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Safety and Management
Groundwater contamination through Chlorpyrifos leaching Department of Science and Technology •Pest controllers in buildings for termite control 1 L/M 2 of 20% EC formulation •Farmers and pest controllers use higher dosages of Chlorpyrifos out of their ignorance or due to adulterated pesticide available
Non-Agricultural Uses
Agricultural or Crop Uses
Animal Housing
Black Currant
Buildings
Capsicum (young plants only)
Termite Nest or Colony Garden Pest Control
Commercial/Industrial Land
Golf Green Putting Kennel, Animal Living Area Pest Control Pest Control Along Fences
Grape Onion (seedling stage) Pine and Eucalyptus Plantations Arbi (Colocasia esculanta) Rice
Light Brown Apple Moth Western Flower Thrip European Earwig Strawberry Beetle African Black Beetle Taro beetles Wood-Mason Pink bollworm Paddy Stemborer
Cotton
Public Premises Under Construction
Rice
Cracks and/or Crevices
Tomato
In and around buildings or public areas
Pests
Cauliflower
Storage Bins
Soybean
Food Processing and/or preserving plant
Oranges
Western Flower Thrip Diamond Black Moth Aphids
Alkali Soil Site
Acidic Soil Site
Neutral Soil Site
Locality map of the study area for neutral soil sampling
Locality map of the study area for alkali soil sampling Locality map of the study area for acidic soil sampling
Concentration of Chlorpyrifos in leachate for different formulations after treatment
WP-Wettable Powder EC-Emulsifiable Concentration WG- Wettable Granules LC-Liquid Concentration ME-Microencapsulation
Recommendations
• Standardization of Chlorpyrifos dosages as per pH and texture of the soil • Encouraging the use of safer formulations like micro encapsulation and slow release which have low adverse impact on the environment
• Monitoring of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP’s), Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC’s), heavy metals and physico-chemical parameters in water, snow samples and other environmental contaminants at Antarctica with NCAOR
"Save earth to bring worth for the new birth"
THANK YOU