Role of Water Storage in River Rejuvenation and Sustaining E-Flows : the case of Sardar Sarovar Project on river Narmada
K. V. Sanghavi, Director (Canals), SSNNL
Water Storage – Vital for River Rejuvenation • Flows in Indian Rivers (barring a few) are highly nonuniform • Concentrated mostly in Monsoon period – maximum 25% period of a year • For almost 75% period of a year, Rivers normally have lean flows • Storage plays a crucial role in dealing with these temporal variations • Strong inter-linkages exist between per capita water storage and GDP, HDI and Environmental Sustainability Index
Narmada River Basin – the first in the country to have Integrated River Basin Planning and development
The Narmada River • Origin, Amarkantak (M.P.) - latitude 22o 40’ north and longitude 81o 45’ east. • Total length 1,312 km (1077 km in M.P., 161 km in Gujarat). • 41 tributaries (22 on Left Bank and 19 on the Right Bank). • Mean annual flow more than combined flow of Ravi, Beas and Sutluj - three main rivers responsible for green revolution in India. • Utilisable Water Resources per capita per year - 3020 m3.
Pre-project utilization hardly 10%.
Integrated River Basin Planning Various Projects being Planned within the Narmada Basin
• 31 major dams • 135 medium dams and • 3000 minor dams
Narmada Sagar Omkareshwar Maheshwar
Sardar Sarovar
Sardar Sarovar Project (India) A multi-State, multi-purpose river valley Project, born out of deliberations of a constitutional body, following the principles of ‘Equality of Right’ and ‘Equitable Utilisation’ of the whole course of an Inter-State River.
Sardar Sarovar
Sardar Sarovar Project : Salient Features • Main Concrete Gravity Dam……1210 m long, 163 m high • River Bed Power House…………..1200 MW • Canal Bed Power House…………..250 MW • Narmada Main Canal……………….458 km, 40,000 cusecs (Length & Capacity) • Saurashtra Branch……………………104 km, 14,000 cusecs • Kachchh Branch……………………….360 km, 7,700 cusecs • Total Canal Network…………………71,748 km • Command Area………………………..1.845 million Ha • Estimated “One of the Eight Modern Wonders Abuilding” – TIME Magazine, Cost (2008-09)………….8.5 billion USDJanuary 24, 1994
UPPER NARMADA
RAGHAVPUR
ROSRA
BASANAI
BARGI
CHINKI
NARMADA SAGAR
OMKARESHWAR
MAHESHWAR
SARDAR SAROVAR
metres
UPPER BURHNER
Cascade of Hydro Power Generation in Narmada Basin
1100 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0
214 km long Reservoir with average width of 1.6 km Live Storage Capacity Ultimate at FRL 138.68m – 4.73 MAF (5835 MCM) Present at 121.92m – 1.27 MAF (1567 MCM)
Narmada River Basin and Main Dam
Extent of Storage – benefitting Upstream Reach as well as Tributaries
Vadgam Saddle Dam & CHPH Pond-1 RBPH
Sardar Sarovar Dam
Pond-2
Pond-3 Po nd -4
Narmada Main Canal Garudeshwar weir is 12 km downstream of the S.S. Dam
Water being released in the Narmada River (downstream of Sardar Sarovar Dam)
Minimum 600 cusecs being released continuously for downstream eco-system requirements
536 MCM water per year
Narmada River Basin and Main Dam
Flood in downstream of Sardar Sarovar
Floods Visualization using 3D Satellite images
Floods Visualization using 3D Satellite images
Floods Visualization using 3D Satellite images
Sardar Sarovar – The Lifeline for Gujarat State Gujarat - located in western part of India having a population of 60.4 million with an area of 196024 sq.km.
Location : Latitude 20.600 to 24.420 North Longitude 68.10o to 74.28o East
Manmade Perennial Rivers
World’s largest canal network to convey 11.7 BCM of water every
River Basins Of Gujarat
Total 185 Rivers. All rivers except 8 in southern part of the State are dry during non-monsoon period.
Drought prone areas
Projected Water Scarcity in 2025
Source: The Global Water Scarcity Study, IWMI, 1998
Command Area of SSP
PHASE V
PHASE IV
PHASE III PHASE II
PHASE I
Escapes Structures to rejuvenate en-route rivers Sr. No. Name of River 1
Kharva Kotar(Hiran River)
2
Deo River
3
Karad River
4
Kun River
5
MRBC
6
Saidak River
7
Kharva Kotar(Mohar River)
8
Watrak River
9
Meshwo River
10
Sabarmati River
11
Eastern Drain
12
Sher-Panar Drain
13
Rupen River
14
Khari -II River
Escapes on NMC where it can be disposed Sr. No. Name of River
Chainage in Km.
Capacity in Cusecs (Cumecs)
1
Kharva Kotar(Hiran River)
26.900
4945 (140)
2
Deo River
75.330
6180 (175)
3
Karad River
105.279
3530 (100)
4
Kun River
134.800
3530 (100)
5
MRBC
149.816
7060 (200)
6
Saidak River
160.321
3530 (100)
7
Kharva Kotar(Mohar River)
181.800
8830 (250)
8
Watrak River
194.493
8830 (250)
9
Meshwo River
211.430
3530 (100)
10
Sabarmati River
229.340
15890 (450)
11
Eastern Drain
255.522
7060(200)
12
Sher-Panar Drain
273.380
1765 (50)
13
Rupen River
309.940
3530 (100)
14
Khari -II River
359.100
7060 (200)
Inter-Basin Transfer of Narmada Water
Narmada water released in enroute rivers,
Benefits
Heran, Orsang, Karad, Dhadhar, Mahi,
Frenchwells and Tubewells rejuvenated
Saidak, Mohar,Shedhi, Watrak, Meshwo,
Recharging of natural aquifers
Khari, Sabarmati, Rupen, Pushpawati, Khari-II, Banas and Saraswati.
Water quality of these rivers got enriched in terms of pH, Dissolved Oxygen, Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) etc.
Source : Convenient Action – Gujarat's Response to Challenges of Climate Change by Shri Narendrabhai Modi, Hon. Prime Minister of India
579
762 652
861 858
1175 1037 1178 1 4 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 80 0 60 0 40 0 20 0
0
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
Year
Normal Rainfall 797mm
Rainfall in mm
Year-wise Average Rainfall in Gujarat
40000
Overflow from Narmada Dam in MCM 37782.11
35000 25000 20000 15000
Overflow in MCM
30000
15357.08 13062.77
10000 5000
6537.55 2972.74
2504.01 986.8 0
2014
2013
Year
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
0
Escape Structure on River Sabarmati
Jubilant people on a Bridge of river Sabarmati
Sabarmati River Front Project - filled up with Narmada Water
Sabarmati River Front Project - filled up with Narmada Water
Sabarmati River Front Project - filled up with Narmada Water
Sabarmati River Front Project - filled up with Narmada Water
The Largest Branch, 104 km, Discharge : 424 Cumecs
Dholi Dhaja Dam filled up with Narmada Water
Vadod Dam filled up with Narmada Water
A Scheme to link 115 existing Dams of Saurashtra for utilizing 1 MAF surplus water of Narmada
Sujalam Sufalam Spreading Canal & 14 LI schemes
Sujalam Sufalam Spreading canal
Conclusions • Water Storage helps in managing the spatial and temporal variations in River flows • Narmada River Basin – a classic example of Integrated River Basin Planning and Development • SSP being the terminal Dam, water stored at this point is real gain in terms of effective utilization • Reservoir helps in maintaining water level in upstream reaches and even in tributaries • Downstream ecological needs are satisfied more consistently • Regional Water Transfer over long distances and inter-linking through Escapes on Main Canal as well as on Branch Canals has helped rejuvenating the en-route rivers
THANKS