INDIA WATER WEEK 2013 “Efficient Water Management: Challenges and Opportunities” Panel PanelDiscussion Discussion
“Rainwater Harvesting and Sustainability of Water Supply” DR. D.K. CHADHA 11th April 2013
RAINWATER HARVESTING PRACTICES IN INDIAHISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
Traditional Artificial Recharge Practices in India
Traditional Artificial Recharge Practices in India Contd.
TEMPLE TANKS OF SOUTH INDIA
FOG WATER COLLECTION IN NEPAL
RAINWATER STORAGE TANK BAOLIS - RAJASTHAN
MANDU FORT, MADHYA PRADESH
13 century – 16 Century
WATER CONSERVATION INTANKA STRUCTURE IN SALINE AQUIFER WITH ARTIFICIAL CATCHMENT AREAS, ARID and SEMI-ARID AREAS OF INDIA
Artificial catchment areas
GANDHAK KI BAOLI NEAR QUTAB MINAR
Water harvesting through carvings in the pillars in a mosque in Fatehpur Sikri
NORMAL
ANNUAL RAINFALL ISOHYETS THE ANNUAL RAINFALL IN INDIA = 1170MM GLOBAL AVERAGE =800MM INDIA IS 9TH RICH IN WATER RESOURCE
RIVER BASINS OF INDIA NUMBER OF RIVER BASINS = 20 POTENTIAL UTILISED = 289.04 BCM AGAINST PLANNED FOR 690 BCM
DEVELOPMENT OF GROUNDWATER WITHDRAWAL IN SELECTED COUNTRIES
UNDERSTANDING MAR Artificial ArtificialRecharge Recharge----Enhancing Enhancinggroundwater groundwaterrecharge rechargewith withor orwithout withoutregard regard to towater waterquality. quality. Managed ManagedAquifer AquiferRecharge Recharge––Enhancing Enhancingrecharge rechargewith withintentional intentionalwater water quality qualitymanagement managementto toprotect protector orimprove improvethe thequality qualityof ofnative nativegroundwater groundwater and andensure ensurethat thatthe therecovered recoveredwater waterisisof ofaaquality qualityfitfitfor forits itsintended intendeduses uses. .
POST INDEPENDENT RECHARGE PROJECTS
TATIANA-LEFT BANK OF GHAGGAR RIVER, KURUKSHETRA DISTRICT, HARYANA (1976-78) INDUCED RECHARGE
Test well (24.5 m depth) Observation wells
1 4
Transmisivity m 2 /day
400
Permeability m/day
22
Specific Yield Rate of Pumping Resistance of River bed
0.18 1728 m 3 /day 94 m
DABKHERI, KURUKSHETRA DISTRICT, HARYANA INJECTION RECHARGE
Aquifer Structures Injection wells Observation wells Static water level Aquifer Parameters Transmissivity (T) 2422 m 2 /day Permeability (K) Storativity (S) Duration of recharge Rate of Injection 44.5 hours 40lps 5 hours 390 hours
Sand & Kankar 2 10 m bgl
4
33.4 m/day 0.0185
57.7 lps
40
STATE SEED FARM, ANANGANADI, KERALA (1979) SUB-SURFACE DYKE
Length of dyke
160 m
Depth
5 m
Material used and
Plastered brick tar felt sheets
Benefits: Rise of water levels – could irrigate
370 coconut trees 60 coconut seedlings 0.40 ha. land
KAMLIWARA, MEHSANA DISTRICT, GUJARAT (1980-84) INJECTION RECHARGE
(a) Well for supply of silt free water from Saraswati river bed Depth
15 m;
Dia
35 cm
(b) Injection well Depth 125 m; Dia 35 cm Rate of recharge 12&18 lps for 10 minutes each Volume of water injected 173 cu.m.
IMPORTANCE OF RAINWATER HARVESTING
CONFLICT SURFACE STORAGE RIVER LINKING(150BCM)
NON CONFLICT SUB-SURFACE STORAGE ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE(214 BCM)
GHS
Break-up of the Artificial Recharge Structures (1992-97) No. of projects = 24 Artificial recharge structures = 62 Check dams, 14
Subsurface dyke, 23 Watershed treatment, 2
Recharge well, 8 RWH, 3
Percolation tank, 10
Recharge shaft, 2
BREAK-UP OF ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE STRUCTURES (1997-2002) No. of projects = 165 Artificial Recharge structures = 670+ (All model demonstrative structures under full financial support from Government)
PROMOTING RAINWATER HARVESTING- May 2000 SEMINAR INAUGRATED BY HON'BLE PRIME MINISTER OF INDIA
THIS THIS EVENT EVENT SENSITIZED SENSITIZED THE THE IMPORTANCE IMPORTANCE OF OF RAINWATER RAINWATER HARVESTING HARVESTING
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA – ONGOING SCHEMES IN RURAL AREAS 1.DUG WELL RECHARGE No. of blocks :1180 Budget Allocation : 1798.71 crore (400 million US$) 2.WATER BODIES IN RURAL AREAS Repair,Rennovation and Restoration Budget allocation:2750 crore(610 million NREGA Project US$) Scheme is for employment of Rural population + Water conservation + water supply and sanitation . Budget : 40000 crore (8.92 billion US$)
Panjab: 3 Recharge well 1 Roof Top Harvesting Structures 1 Trenches 1 Combination of Recharge Shaft and Injection well Total 6
2 Percolation Madhya Pradesh: 2 Percolation Tanks 9 Check dam, Sub Surface Dukes 4 Artificial Recharge& Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting System. 1 Recharge Shaft Total 16
Maharashtra : 2 Roof Top Rainwater Harvesting System 11 Percolation Tanks 11 Nallah Bunds 5 Under ground Bhandharas 1 Injection well 7 Recharge Shafts 1 Dug well Recharge Total 38
Karnataka : 1 Percolations Tanks, Watershed Structures, Recharge Wells 5 Artificial Recharge Structures Total 6
ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE STRUCTURES IN INDIA Delhi: 2 Check dam 7 Roof top rainwater harvesting structure 8 Rainwater Harvesting Through Rooftop & Pavement Cashment. Total 17 North Eastern States: 5 Roof Top Rainwater Harvesting Structure. 13 Roof Top Rain water harvesting Structure. 6 Roof Top Rainwater Harvesting Structure. 35 Roof Top Harvesting Structure. 42 Roof top Rain Water Harvesting Structure 101
Chhattisgarh: 12 Percolation Tank 23 Masonry Stop Dam 25 Boulder Check Dam 13 Silt trap/ Nala Bund 28 Desilting Pond Total 101
Andhra Pradesh: 6 Percolation Tanks 3 Check Dams 1 RWH Total 10
Tamil;Nadu: 1 Sub-surface 7 Percolation tanks 1 Roof top rain water harvesting structure Total 9
ARTIFICIAL RECHARGING FOR URBAN AREAS,SHARAM SHAKTI BHAWAN,DELHI LATERAL SHAFT WITH BORE WELLS: THIS TECHNIQUE HAS BEEN EMPLOYED IN SHRAM SHAKTI BHAWAN, DELHI. A RISE IN WATER LEVEL FROM 1.43 TO 2.15 M HAS BEEN RECORDED.
GHS
GOLDEN TEMPLE- AMRITSAR
ARTIFICIAL RECHRAGE DHURI DRAIN IN SANGRUR DISTRICT , PUNJAB
MITIGATING FLOOD WATER SALIENT FEATURES Length of drain: 30.8 km. Annual water available for recharge:4.8 MCM Structures constructed: 30 Vertical shafts with inverted filter 30 Injection wells Lateral shaft with inverted filter 300m long Availability of water 20 days /year Total saving of pumping energy:78,880KWH/year Cost of scheme :Rs.39.1 Lakh
Trench being filled with filter media
FLOOD MITIGATION- DRAIN CONVERTED INTO RECHARGE STRUCTURE
Trench Under Excavation
Completed trench with filter media.
Open Well for recharge
Artificial Recharge scheme for IGI Airport, New Delhi
Air Vent
Size of recharge structures 3.75*1.5*2.0 Distance Between the two pillars 31 m Runoff 17.952 cum/hr
INTEGRATED ROOFTOP RAINWATER HARVESTING IN TANKA FOR SALINE AQUIFER
Pipelines connecting Rooftop run-off
Those Pipelines are connected to TANKA
TANKA
Rest water which is not used goes to CEMENTED RESERVOIR
PIPE
MANHOLES
Baddi University (Pharmaceutical Building) Google Earth view of the Baddi University Campus
Inlets
Recharge Pit (Single Bore)
New Concept of Using Geo Textiles
EMERGING CONFLICT ISSUES 1st order
3rd order
Hon’ble Rajasthan High Court has given direction on Height of the Check Dams to protect water conservation structures downstream
CHECKDAMS IN GUJARAT Details of Checkdams completed in Gujarat State as on 31-03-2011 Sr. No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
District
Ahmedabad Amreli Anand Banaskantha Bharuch Bhavnagar Dahod Dang Gandhinagar Jamnagar Junagadh Kheda Kachchh Mahesana Narmada Navsari Panchmahal Patan Porbandar Rajkot Sabarkantha Surat Surendranagar Tapi Vadodara Valsad Total
Sardar Patel Participatoray Water Conservation Sujlam Suflam Programme Programme On Big River 7 76 2 6 9 121 2 0 0 63 97 59 0 2 2 5 28 0 0 186 26 0 2 0 24 0 717
On On Tributories / Total Big Small River River 51 58 6 2996 3072 14 4 6 1 4001 4007 28 272 281 3 6783 6904 19 4822 4824 0 1015 1015 1 30 30 17 5767 5830 12 3421 3518 5 5795 5854 33 415 415 23 954 956 48 879 881 11 424 429 7 8249 8277 41 2726 2726 22 297 297 5 5381 5567 16 7932 7958 27 595 595 3 974 976 130 433 433 6 1555 1579 0 1441 1441 0 67212 67929 478
On Tributories / Small River 0 0 0 35 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 156 0 0 0 0 0 219
Total 6 14 1 63 3 19 0 1 21 12 5 33 23 72 11 7 41 22 5 16 183 3 130 6 0 0 697
Tribal Development Programme On Big River 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
Panchayat Programme
On On Tributories / Total Big Small River River 0 1 0 28 28 112 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 47 67 69 53 0 0 27 0 0 84 0 0 0 0 0 157 1 2 246 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 97 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 129 96 100 980
On Tributories / Small River 43 403 3 100 240 462 666 537 5 669 464 189 64 29 301 362 552 1 145 989 506 337 171 412 481 1085 9216
On Big River 43 108 515 3629 3 10 100 4170 287 571 515 7507 693 5517 621 1637 5 56 826 6668 710 4235 189 6076 64 502 35 1063 301 1193 362 798 557 8875 1 2749 155 457 1086 6669 513 8654 337 935 171 1277 412 851 481 2060 1214 2655 10196 2179 Total
Grand Total On Tributories / Small River 115 3755 11 4198 621 7581 5544 1722 73 6837 4487 6109 525 1117 1204 805 8921 2771 472 6782 8688 938 1407 857 2060 2784 76743
Total 158 4186 14 4333 861 8110 6210 2259 82 7506 4952 6298 589 1170 1505 1167 9473 2772 617 7771 9350 1275 1578 1269 2541 3869 78922
STRUCTURE FOR PREVENTING SEA WATER INTRUSION – GUJARAT , BY AMBUJA CEMENT
GOSUNDA DAM
BASSI DAM
SALIYA ANICUT
BORIBANDH
1.STORM WATER 2.RECLAIMED WATER 3.TREATED SEWAGE
CLOGGING AQUIFER PROPERTIES OPERATION & MAINTENACE DOWNSTREAM IMPACTS WATER AVAILABILITY WATER QUALITY ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS – SALINE INGRESS ALONG COASTAL AREAS EFFECTS ON SEDIMENT TRANSPORT
Water Quality Parameters
field parameters
major ions
nutrients
CONDUCTIVITY (us/cm) pH Dissolved oxygen SUSPENDED SOLIDS (mg/L) redox potential temperature TURBIDITY (NTU) TDS (by EC) (mg/L) Alkalinity as Calcium Carbonate (mg/L)
uS/cm pH units (mg/L) mg/L mV 째C NTU mg/L mg/L
Colour true 456nm (HU) CALCIUM (mg/L) MAGNESIUM (mg/L) POTASSIUM (mg/L) SODIUM (mg/L) BICARBONATE (mg/L) CHLORIDE (mg/L) FLUORIDE (mg/L) CARBONATE (mg/L) SULPHATE (mg/L) Sodium adsorption ratio AMMONIA (mg/L) Phosphorus - Total P (mg/L) TKN AS NITROGEN (mg/L) TOTAL NITROGEN (mg/L) NITRATE + NITRITE AS N (mg/L) Nitrate + Nitrite as N (mg/L) Dissolved organic carbon (mg/L)
(HU) mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L
mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L
Water Quality Parameters aluminium (soluble) arsenic (total) barium (total) boron (total) cadmium (total) chromium (total) chromium (VI) cobalt (total) copper (total) iron (total) lead (total) manganese (total) mercury (total) molybdenum (total) nickel (total) selenium (total) Faecal coliforms
μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L cfu/100mL
particle size
PSD10 PSD 50
distribution
PSD90
μm μm μm
metals
bacteria
Optional
total pesticides
μg/L
total petroleum hydrocarbons
μg/L
total polyaromatic hydrocarbons
μg/L mg/L
Phosphorus - Filterable Reactive as P Biodegradable Dissolved Organic Carbon
Checks
Total Cations Total Anions ion balance
mg/L meq/L meq/L %
DISSEMINATION OF KNOWLEDGE ON ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE
WHO OWNS RAINWATER ? RAINWATER HARVESTING FOR COMMERCIAL PURPOSE
WATER SCARCITY