Water Resource Development Through Integrated Watershed Management By Damodar Valley Corporation A Case Study Pallav Roy, DVC P.K.Basu, DVC Sanjay Kumar, DVC
Introduction Damodar Valley Corporation a pioneer in integrated watershed management in the country. Started Watershed Development Work in the year 1950. Total Drainage Area of River Damodar – 24234.60 Sq.kilometer Catchment area spreads over the state of Jharkhand and West Bengal. Average annual rainfall over the catchment – 1100 to 1300 mm. More than 50% of rainfall flows down as runoff. A typical case of scarcity in bounty. Topography, Soil, Rainfall pattern conspired to make this region a
Availability of Surplus Water in the Catchments For Storage Name of the watershed Kharo Rajaya Ulta Khanjo
Average Rainfall (Yearly in mm.) 1100 1245 1150 1060
Run-off (yearly) in (mm.) 500 890 565 592
Observed runoff is more than 50% in most of the watersheds Considering 18 inches of runoff, total runoff is approximately 99 lakh cubic meter Total Installed capacity – 49 lakhs cubic meter Surplus runoff for Harvest and Recycling – 50 lakhs cubic meter
Strategy of Implementation Based on natural drainage pattern the entire upper Damodar- Barakar catchment was initially divided into 39 sub catchments. Out of which 20 sub catchments were selected for priority treatment. Later on Mini watershed approach was adopted and 55 mini watersheds were identified for priority treatment. The programmes were found to be lacking in attaining its objective. Presently the valley has been divided into micro watersheds up to 2000ha. and categorized into the following. Damodar Barakar Catchment Sub Catchment Maithon Tenughat Panchet Telaiya Konar TOTAL
Very High
High
Medium
Others
(Silt Load.Index Above 1400)
(Silt Load Index 1300-1400)
(Silt Load Index 12001300)
(Silt Load Index Below 1200)
118 41 27 21 12 219
37 54 75 2 10 178
26 63 67 7 16 179
26 41 62 7 3 139
Total 207 199 231 37 41 715
Water Harvesting And Its Utilization – A Major Component Of Watershed Development Programme De centralized Harvesting of rain water in micro catchments is the bottom line of all treatment measures. Water is conserved and harvested along the drainage lines in upper, middle and lower reaches of the catchment. Decentralized water harvesting yields 95000 litres of water from one hectare watershed. Centralized water harvesting yields only 2400 litres. DVC has constructed around 17000 Water Harvesting Structures in the catchment
Decentralized Water Harvesting
Centralized Water Harvesting
Water Conservation across the Drainage Line
Effect of Watershed Development Work On Hydrological Regime Data showing percentage reduction in runoff and sediment
Watershed Code Mfib Mc4d Tb2d 20B/10 Mg1j Md2t, Md2r, Md2n PI3I PI2h PI2d Ta2b Mc4g, Mc4I
Pre-Treatment Q S 542 7.822 445 5.985 519 4.359 423 3.054 606 4.586 651 3.578 295 1.288 475 3.165 349 2.630 462 2.837 253 1.564
Post – Treatment Q S 335 2.236 381 1.431 348 1.824 311 0.743 486 2.662 338 1.261 241 0.845 298 1.555 289 1.540 294 1.737 205 0.947
% Reduction Q S 38.19 71.41 14.38 76.09 32.95 58.15 26.48 75.67 19.80 41.95 48.08 64.76 18.30 34.39 37.26 50.87 17.19 41.44 36.36 38.77 18.97 39.45
Q = Annual discharge in mm; S = Annual silt load in ha.m/100km2/year
Reduction of runoff - 34% to 76%
Figure showing effect of water conservation practices on monthly runoff for Banha micro watershed 150
Measured Runoff (with conservation practices)
Runoff (mm)
Predicted Runoff (without conservation practices)
100
50
0 Jun-97
Aug-97
Jul-98
Sep-98 Jul-99 Sep-99 Time Period (Month)
Aug-00
Jun-01
Aug-01
Effect of Water Conservation Practices In Different watersheds in DVC Watershed Code 32 20B 20B/6 25/1 29/4 31 I 1 36 I 4 5A 5B 6A 7A 8A MC4D MF1B MG1J MH4H PF2C PH1A PL2D PL3J TA2B TB2D
Year 1989-93,2002 1986-93,97-98 1986-1990 1989-1990-Oct 1980, 1982-1993 1989-1993 1990-1993 1991-1993 1991-1993 1989-1993 1984-2002 1986-1993 1998-2002 1998-2001 1998-2000 2002 2000-2003 2000-sep 1998-2003 2003-sep 1992-93,19972002 1997-2001
Total Measured Rainfall# (mm) 6044.0 10504.0 7331.0 1987.0 7560.8 3790.0 2628.0 2381.0 2726.0 4618.0 19966.0 9098.0 4946.0 4020.0 4314.0 1241.0 1674.0 911.0 5051.0 685.0
Total Measured Runoff# (mm) 2122.5 3771.3 1050.5 418.0 1381.1 809.5 600.5 855.0 696.0 1389.1 3447.8 2661.0 1134.5 1012.5 1021.0 265.0 861.0 407.0 1788.0 383.0
Total* Predicted Runoff (mm) 2536.0 5184.2 2827.7 806.1 2142.4 1373.6 682.6 905.8 1074.7 2063.8 3861.8 2722.8 1299.4 1666.2 1084.2 328.5 999.5 424.0 2339.9 468.4
Reduction in Runoff (%) 19.48 37.47 169.17 92.85 55.12 69.68 13.67 5.94 54.42 48.57 12.01 2.32 14.53 64.56 6.19 23.95 16.09 4.17 30.87 22.30
7539.0 4104.0
1619.0 995.0
2697.3 1479.8
66.60 48.72
Case Study On A Cluster Of Eight Water Harvesting Structures In Kd1f Watershed Salient features of cluster of eight dams Village(Code) Phuphundi(P1) Phuphundi(P2) Phuphundi(P3) Phuphundi(P4) Marppa(M3) Marppa(M4) Telaiya(T1) Thapai(TH3)
Catchment Storage Area (Ha.) Capacity (Ha.m.) 65 12 12 02 67 06 22 04 26 05 24 04 30 06 20 04
Cost (Rs. In lakhs) 0.99 0.24 0.36 0.26 0.27 0.22 0.51 0.28
Command Area (Ha)
Reclamed Area (Ha)
80 10 20 10 20 15 20 15
30 06 09 12 12 10 15 12
Scenario Of Villages Before Construction Of Water Harvesting Structures Crop
The farmers were growing Paddy,Gondli,Maruwa, Maize,Surguja, Gora Paddy,Kurmi, some local vegerables etc.
Food Habit
They were eating Maruwa, litti/Roti, Gondli Bhat, Paddy Bhat etc. with very inferior quality of vegetable and pulses.
Education
Children were going to other villages because there was no school. It was impossible for them to send their children in the city for higher education. Percentage of educated persons were very less.
Employment
Neither any villager was in Government service nor anyone in other business. There was no scope of employment in the surrounding area.
Migration
Most of villagers were going to Kolkata, Mumbai and other cities in search of job.
Status of House
All houses of village were katchcha before construction of water harvesting strucutres.
Seeds
Farmers were uising traditional seeds and yield was very low.
Fertilizers
They were not using chemical fertilizers before construction of check dams.
Socio Economic condition Agricultural Land
Socio-economic condition was very poor. Earlier they were doing cropping in very small area.
Impact after construction of Water Harvesting Structures Economic Impact i) Net income before project implementation -
0.163 million
ii) Net income after project implementation –
3.454 million
iii) Additional income after project implementation – 3.291 million iv) Cost of construction & irrigation system Cost
0.313 million
of Construction recovered in just one year
Benefit : cost ratio - 1.36 at the end of first year Likely to increase to 3 & more at later stage
M
us ta rd
W he at
ot at o P
ul se s P
ill et s M
M
P
ai ze
150 100 50 0 ad dy
Area in Ha.
Crop Production Before & After Construction of Check Dams
Crops Cultivated
Yield in Quintals
Crops Cultivated
Area in ha. Bef ore
Area in ha. Af ter
Crop Yield (Quintal) Before & After Construction of Check Dams 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 Paddy
Millets
Potato
Crops Cultivated Crops Cultivated
Crop Yield Bef ore
Crop Yield Af ter
Mustard
Impact of Migration
%age migration
60 50 40 30 20 10 0
1994 2007 1
80 60 40
1994
20
2007
0
1 Year
Year
Impact on Land Value 400 % Age
% Age
Impact on litreacy
300
Fallow Land
200
Cultivated Upland Low Land Paddy
100 0 1 Year
Impact on Ground Water Recharge
Sl.
Well Characteristics
Pre (nos)
Post (nos)
% Increase
1.
Alive for 12 months
100
120
20
2.
Alive for 9 months
55
65
18
3.
Alive for 6 months
35
25
-28
4.
Alive for 3 months
20
-
-
Total
210
210
No.
Scenario Of Villages After Construction Of Water Harvesting Structures Crops
Cropping pattern of village has been changed drastically. Now a days they are producing good quality of paddy, wheat, potato, vegetables etc.
Food Habit
Food habit of villagers have been changed drastically. Now a days they are taking good rice, chapatti, pulses, vegetables etc.
Education
Now they have got primary school in the village area. They are sending their children to other places for higher education.
Employment
Now a days they have got lot of works in their agriculture land & they are getting huge income from their lands. So, they are self employed.
Migration
Migration of villagers has been almost completely stopped.
Status of Houses
About 80% houses of village have been converted into Pukka houses.
Seeds
Farmers are using improved varieties of seeds and production of crops have gone very high.
Fertilizers
Now a days villagers are using chemical fertilizers.
Pisciculture
Villages are taking about 10-15 quintal fishes from reservoir and they are selling through the village committee.
Agriculture Land
Huge area has been brought under cultivation.
Socio-Economic condition
The socio economic condition of villagers have gone up very high and their living standard have been changed.
Other changes in village
Now school, temple, shops, Aata chakki, Poultry farms etc. have come up in the village.
Ground water recharge
Water level of wells and availability of water has improved. They are sending their potato in the market of Gaya & Patna. Huge quantity of wheat is being sold by farmers. They are able to sell their vegetables in the market. They fulfil all needs by sale of agricultural products.
Potato Cultivation
AGRICULTURAL FINANCE CORPORATION, BOMBAY IN THE EVALUATION STUDY OF RIVER VALLEY PROJECT OF DAMODAR-BARAKAR BY DVC SPONSORED BY MIN. OF AGRIL.GOVT. OF INDIA IN 1991 MENTIONED :
THE SUKHOMAJRI SMALL STORAGE STRUCTURE WITH 9 HECTARE WATERSHED, PROVIDING 20 HECTARE OF SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION HAS BEEN MADE INTERNATIONALLY FAMOUS BY THE PHENOMENAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC SUCCESS OF PEOPLES INVOLVEMENT. WITH MORE THAN 7000 SIMILAR STRUCTURES, DVC HAS THE POTENTIAL OF A THOUSAND “SUKHOMAJRIS”. WATER CONSERVATION IS NOT A ONE TIME ACTIVITY – IT IS A CONTINUING SERVICE.
20
Thanks