Water Quality Status and Trend of Important Parameters of the River Gomti with Special Reference to Lucknow City
Dr. Rajni Kant Sharma
Assistant Research Officer Central Water Commission, Lucknow
• Introduction •
Rivers and streams are an important component of the natural environment, and need to be protected from all sources of pollution. River water quality is affected by both point and diffuse sources of pollution.
• Role of CWC in WQ monitoring on rivers •
319 WQ monitoring stations with Three-tier laboratory system – Level -1, Laboratories – Level – 2, Laboratories (28 Nos. with 30 WQ parameters) – Level -3, Laboratories (6 Nos. with 48 WQ parameters)
•
Monthly/Quaternary/Yearly samples are collected based on station type.
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To tackle these typical water quality problems, and for the sake of both ecological and human welfare, rivers (all water resources in general) must be protected, restored and sustained.
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Water quality data of last twenty years from the water year 1992-93 to 2011-2012 of one water quality station on the river Gomti at Lucknow is
• Methodology •
Chemical analysis
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Following the standard norms as set by the Water Quality Assessment Authority (WQAA 2005), the water samples are collected once in a month and analysed at Ganga River Water Quality Laboratory, Central Water Commission, Lucknow for 24 water quality parameters using standard analytical and/or instrumental methods (APHA 1998).
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Trend Analysis and its applications
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Trend Analysis is the practice of collecting information and attempting to spot a pattern, or trend, in the information. Trend analysis is one of the most often used methods in forecasting. It aims to observe and register the past performance of a certain factor and project it into the future.
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Parameters like EC, pH, DO, Ca++, Mg++, Na+, K+, Cl-, CO3--, HCO3- and F- were selected for assessing the trend of water quality.
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Homogeneity test was applied to the data and obtained graph have shown the trend of the concerned parameters.
• Results & Discussion •
All the parameters are within their respective tolerance limits as set by BIS.
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In the Tables 1-2, maximum Electrical Conductivity for the river Gomti is reported to be 700 µmho/cm and maximum pH to be 8.8 during the last twenty years.
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The minimum and maximum of other parameters like Ca, Mg, Na, K, HCO 3‑, Cl-, SO4-and F- are within the prescribed limits except pH to be maximum 8.8.
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Among the eleven parameters selected for the study of trend analysis 7 parameters (pH, Mg, Na, K, SO4, HCO3 and DO) found falling.
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3 parameters (Ca, Cl and F) found rising trend at the Lucknow WQ station.
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Electrical conductivity is the one and only parameter found no trend at all during the twenty years, which is further a good indicator.
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From the graphs plotted, the trends of the WQ parameters is very clear, Like pH of the river at Lucknow found falling from an average of 8.05 to 7.93. Mg, Na and K have significant falling trend from 28 to 21 mg/l, 19 to14 mg/l and 13 to 7 mg/l respectively.
Year 1992-1993 1993-1994 1994-1995 1995-1996 1996-1997 1997-1998 1998-1999 1999-2000 2000-2001 2001-2002 2002-2003 2003-2004 2004-2005 2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010 2010-2011 2011-2012
K (mg/L)
Mg (mg/L)
Na (mg/L)
SO4 (mg/L)
DO (mg/L)
Min
Max
Min
Max
Min
Max
Min
Max
Min
Max
2.3 2.0 4.3 5.1 3.1 4.7 6.3 5.9 4.3 5.1 5.9 5.1 3.9 4.7 5.1 0.8 9.8 9.0 5.9 2.7
312.8 12.5 12.9 14.1 14.9 9.4 14.5 11.7 7.8 7.0 9.4 9.0 10.6 12.5 9.0 12.5 14.9 14.5 12.1 8.2
23.7 21.6 15.6 18.6 20.7 19.6 15.4 15.4 14.5 15.4 16.5 21.6 23.7 20.7 16.5 20.7 11.3 15.4 9.2 15.4
42.3 32.0 37.2 36.1 28.9 27.8 28.9 22.7 19.6 23.7 31.0 36.2 39.2 41.2 29.9 35.1 33.0 22.7 20.7 22.7
8.1 5.1 14.5 10.4 12.4 12.0 7.6 7.6 6.4 6.2 8.1 0.3 4.8 10.6 14.5 14.5 11.5 16.8 15.2 7.6
32.0 32.4 32.9 34.5 25.8 22.3 18.4 14.5 11.3 10.4 14.5 22.1 22.5 28.8 30.4 29.4 27.6 29.9 29.4 19.8
8.2 14.9 2.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.6 15.4 17.3 12.0 11.0 0.5 1.9
49.9 41.8 43.2 13.4 0.0 0.0 3.8 2.9 1.9 0.6 1.4 0.0 12.0 33.6 32.2 30.2 26.9 20.2 19.2 10.1
2.1 5.4 1.4 1.0 0.8 2.1 5.1 5.6 5.6 5.4 5.2 5.1 2.5 1.4 1.0 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.6
7.2 6.7 7.3 5.3 7.1 7.2 7.9 6.6 6.6 6.7 6.7 7.9 7.8 7.3 5.3 7.1 7.4 3.5 6.2 8.7
Year 1992-1993 1993-1994 1994-1995 1995-1996 1996-1997 1997-1998 1998-1999 1999-2000 2000-2001 2001-2002 2002-2003 2003-2004 2004-2005 2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010 2010-2011 2011-2012
EC (Âľmho/cm)
pH
Ca (mg/L)
Cl (mg/L)
F (mg/L)
HCO3 (mg/L)
Min
Max
Min
Max
Min
Max
Min
Max
Min
Max
Min
Max
320 250 250 250 300 300 270 310 260 260 320 230 280 350 280 230 150 250 210 200
650 650 650 640 650 600 650 620 550 580 560 600 630 640 610 700 720 640 630 580
8.0 7.6 7.6 7.9 7.8 7.8 7.9 7.9 8.0 7.8 7.7 7.8 7.3 7.8 7.5 7.3 7.2 7.3 7.5 7.1
8.3 8.3 8.1 8.1 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.3 8.1 8.0 8.1 8.1 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.2 8.8 8.6 8.7
22 17 24 26 26 28 29 31 31 34 34 27 34 31 31 31 21 21 21 28
28 38 52 52 46 41 45 43 43 46 45 55 55 55 52 58 58 33 45 43
12.1 12.1 19.9 19.9 25.9 24.1 25.9 13.8 16.0 9.2 24.1 22.0 24.1 9.9 2.2 9.9 9.9 24.1 24.1 9.9
24.1 32.0 38.0 40.1 35.9 41.9 46.2 38.0 30.2 34.1 36.2 41.9 46.2 25.9 28.0 32.0 32.0 46.2 44.0 32.0
0.00 0.00 0.17 0.11 0.13 0.15 0.25 0.11 0.06 0.00 0.15 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.19 0.27 0.38 0.47 0.11 0.23
0.00 0.32 0.42 0.42 0.47 0.32 0.47 0.47 0.74 0.53 0.70 1.16 0.78 0.53 0.47 0.86 0.78 0.74 0.72 0.49
156 122 220 210 190 181 151 185 142 142 171 146 151 146 139 112 112 146 112 142
303 376 1457 390 356 327 351 342 283 298 268 278 283 268 264 259 210 205 238 234