Дизайн на аудиовидео-апаратура за дома 1986 by Industrial Design Bulgaria

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CONTENTS

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . . . .. .. . . .. .. . 11

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2a

................30

Design of Consumer Audio-visualTechnics - Present and Future Oevelopment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

AVICOIVI

Draft'Proiect.

.......

-.......

.11 18

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aya6osu3yanhHot DESIGN The TECHNICS

VENTZESLAV VE NEV

icle treats the problefrsofiheconsumeraudio visuallmhnics

its

place in the program forsocialdevelopment of our society,last jmrssing rates to delelop newqualhy iandard lorcons!her electronic svstems.

Pros€m maximum for da€loping 6nsumer ele.tronic svstem! for leisure rime, Space planning of modek for rh. consumer audlo-visual technicsand related necessity oi specialized lurnirure and coflalneis for acce$oriesand informalio. u.its. Short survey oi the problems of the consumeraudio!isual technlcs in ourcounty.

ABrlKOrvl:

nPoEKT-KOH4EnqXA

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tsayqHorexH{cecK{fl npofpec, ar3afHepire He Mofar aa ce orpaHtrqar caMo c KonrpaHe Na u3aenuero, a Dpcsr nrrrura 3a hHreH3hBfo pa3Bxrre Ha xyaoxecrBeHoro npoeKrvpaHe Ha aenrF. EarH or re3u nrrru1a e pa3pa6orBaHero Ha npeasaphrenH, nPoeKrtr-KoHqenqxr, cr3aaBaLrh couroKynrypHu ,aeanu 3a pa3Bxrhe Ha npeaMerHara cpeAa. TaKrEa npoeKfl, npeacraBnFBar KorekqrF o1 aput,ranqh an3aiiHepcKi peueNqfli KoFro HenpeKlcNaro ce nonln3a { 06!oBaBa, a 3 Mtsoro cnyqa, re3f peueHhF npeAxoxAar eranxre Ha rexN4qecKoro pa3Brrhe. Te Morar aa 6!aar u cBoeo6pa3H,

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nocraBur, Ho B 6n'13(o 6!aeute rFXNoro 3NaeeHue ou1e noBeee qe

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o6ldBprF-o. ppa/.lo dya oB,rva. Ly a-dpdrr' Y

621 .397 .62162:t .O5

MarH hro60H, cra q4oN ape H npeHoc!M paaqonpheMHnK, ea H rlnu aBa renesu3opa, rpfnpo.paMeH

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621 .397 .62:62:1 .os

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621 .391 .62162:7 .O5

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I AVICOMi DRAFT PROJECT D

A.AZRIKAN

io design qlalitv ol rechnologv and opme.t of scienlilic technicalprosre$ asa whole, to the role of desiqnere n searching new ways for lnreniive developmenr of enslneerins desiqn especially lor technically sophisiicarod producrs. Deve opmeni ol preliminirV d.aft.projects and concepts which create socio c!lruralldeak lor developing pr6dud env;onmenr. AV COM (audio-v sual information complex)ol VNIITE and Klevdllhion - its effect rlindlnqsourionsot seve€l socio€conomic problems inc !ding home furnGhlng and lseof

The aiiicle treats prob ems relaied deve

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614TOBATA ENEKTPOH14KA

Pa3Bhrtero Ha HayeHorexHucecKara peBonloquF Aoseae ao npeoaonFBaNe MoBoronHra xapaKreP B MacoBoro npor3Boacrso Ha 6qroBa eneKrpoHhKa, ao ronFMa creneN roBa ce artxx Ha B!BexaaHero Ha qrna. oraenHhre clcraBHu eneMeH MhHqaroprskpar, Ho, .raHAaprr34par c noMourra Ha qqnoBe.

CJlEA BbBEXAAHETO HA qhNA

non vonTbH KEPhNAFH NANNIbP

no eneKrpoHeH HaerH npoeKrqpaHero Moxe Aa 6!ae o6HoBeso parko BpeMe. lvla.oBoro npon3Boacrso Bece Ne G3aaBa 3arpyaFeHhF,

rai

Karo npoqecfre ca

aBroMaru3upaH!1, Koero ochrypFsa MHoro6ponfu cephh or ,3Aenrs npq 3HaqllrenHo NaManeH o6eM. tlnactpaNero e Be{e

no-pe3vnrarNo, nopaav BtBekaaHero Ha KoMn,ortph3rpaNrre hNoopMaqroHH" cucreMrl; rpeukure u NarpyflBaHero Na h3nruH, 3anacx e pFAKo FBneHte. Cnea BrBexaaHe Na e{na ce yrBrpxaaBar aBa noaxoaa 3a ar3aiiHa tr npou3soacrsoro. FnoHck'1re 4tpMe 3a €neKrpoHrKa crcpeaoroeaBar Ycl4lusla cu elpxv pa3pa6orsaH€ro Ha "koHqenryanNtr 3aenrF". EBponet.Kure u aMepuKaf cKrrre KOHUepNu 3a eneKrpoo60pvaBaHe npeanocrrar "eBontoqqoHsq ,3Aen13"i Karo ce orpaHqrasar c ManK{ npoMeHx fa c!urecrsyBauu 4u3airHepcKh peue!tra. nP4 ro3!1 nolxoa exHueecKo o6opyaBaHe ca no{rcK4,

cebelroatso.r'd -d v,Ap1/e'o ca !avannBa, a A/1d;-6r rec-o ce.Bexaa ao He3HaefTennu q3MeHeHuF Ha BrHuBuF Br4A, TaKlB noaxoa ce yrBrpxaaaa or cfeqxanHa crpyktypa Ha ynpdsfeH/e, - oF 'o npvrdrd npovvr neHifl !/-aits Lepu;ao HanpqMep, cnea karo KoHcrpyKropxre u rproscKqre nocpeaNuLl, ca Ka3anrl nocne4Hara ayMa. 5e3 nprlna.aHero Ha ro3! noaxoa dopMara Ha u3Aenq€ro sepoFrHo ure ce 6a3upa Ba ycnexa or npearlL!n,1re npoaax6h. Knacr,reckh npuMep 3a raK!B cnyqaii e nopraruBHhFr reneBr30p c ManaK eKoaH : eBponeicKrre npo,i3Boarrenu sanpasrxa cepro3H, KanrranoBnoxeHrr 3a roBa e3aenre, eaaa cnea Karo FnoHcKhre 6rpMx npoBe4oxa 8cr{ku npoycBasun Ha na3ap{re.

PA3PASOTKA HA 1434EIl14F

5!p3rflr reMn Ha HaBnr3aHe Ha 6uro8ara eneKrPoHrRa, HaopuMep floprarrEHt, reneBu30p14, Hanoxv Ha ar3aiHepure cneqtranHtr ycnoBhs. OrpMara "TopH E[414 O!pr!c!H" (eAxH nooeafure roneM, npotr3aoahrenx

6rroea eneKrpoBxKa

BrB BenxKo6phraHrF) npas, ,3MeHeHhF Ha Moa roaqHa h BuNafu ce crpeMh aa orroBop, Ha c3p€MeHHure IT€ XAPAKT€PI,ICTXKI CE Il3MCHFT B IDdF/ l/ e ro d/N-r'pdtsr napaMe pr. vBen,eaBaHero !a BHoca or AanecN,F r3roK HaKapa d,pMara aa ycKopu npoueca 3a npoeKrqpaBe Ha nlpsuF qBereH noprarrseH reneB{3op, Moaen TXg npe3 1967 .oa{Ha. Herosure 13 ne!ar8f nnarK, u 1300 KoMnoHeBra 6sxa cBeAeHr Ao eANa nnatKa c uHrerpanHx cxeMf. npeaBuxaa c€ a 6nh3Ko 6!aeu]e Bc{eKr1 dyfKqru fa reneBr3opa aa 6!Aar o6earHeHf B fHrerparsr cxeM4, 3a aa ce aocTrrHe earH aeH ao cb3AasaHeTo Ha TeneBr3op

yaK 621.396.6

or eahH eauHcrBeH MoaonxreH c6n,

CBeroBHara reBAeHurF e HacoeeHa K!M c!3aaBatse Na renese30pr or eaqB crn, a rosa pa3kpuBa h Hoaq Bi3MoxHocrtr npx

npoeKrrpaHero, xyaoxecrBeHoro osopMneHre. A kohro npeMrHaBar npe3 neearHrre nnarK'1, ce npesrpNar qu+poB koa, Lre ce orKp tr3xoasLrrr€ aonlnF renHt ycrponcrBa: 3a Bp!3Ka clc

cfurHrlqu, 3a Ka6enHa reneBr3trfl t,ln, Brlaeol€xNrka. B!3MoxHo e Aa .e BrpaaFr vcrpoicraa 3a npocneasBaHe Ha apyrq eneK.potsH14 KaHan, B qacr or expaHa rn, dvHKuhr, Karo "cron Kaalp", rrealp nnaN" 3a vacr or r3nlqsaHoto q306paxeBue hnh chrHznh Ha eKpaHa. Haii€ax8,ire

nptrao6rsKr. or uHrerparHara rexHonorrlF u qfdposara reneBr3rF ca ynec|eHuFra, Korro re npeaocraBFr 3a oc! uec BFBd{P PxproaHo o o6HoBqsaHe ha a, roiHa. no nprHqrn cecrrre flpoMeHr npeaocraBFr no ronFMa cBo6o4a 3a,4eicrBfe Ha A 3aiHeprre. ly'A€anforo ycnoBre e Aa ce npof3Bexaar ManKu ceprrl ot aaaeH Moaen, Koero naK 63aaBa MeHeNMF

Ro c

s Ah3aiHa Ha r3Aenhero,8tB

v3Mp-sLr/re c4,3n!{BrH!. Hd

o pP6ricn/

reNAeHuqrr€ B xyaoxecrBetsoro npoeKrupaBe Ha reneBr3op, ca HacoqeHu rnaBHo rGM npoMesu B pa3Mephre, +opMara Ha kopnyca/ qBera h crpyKrypara, pa3nonoxeHhero B u eneMeNrnre 3a ynpaBneriue u koHrpon, KaRro h , Ha coepresh hnu nroc(, ekpaHh. B!B 3p!3Ka c Bc ocrUl€crBFBatse Na pa3nrqHU +yhKLrqI

rere843opa, Bce nooc€3arerHo !r€ ce cyBcrBa Hyxaara or su3yartso npeacraBsH€ Ha rexHrl{ecKhre noKa3arenh. It4eroalr, np! Koriro au3aiiBlr ce aHar!3hpa or .neaHa roeKa Ha BepoFrfrs pa3xoa Ha cpeacrBa, nopaxaa npo6reMv, rln Kzto ce r3nycKa BaxshFr 6aKrop 3a B!3npreMaNero Ha ,saerhFra or Ha

Heo6xoahMo

e aa

.e or6enexh. !e aocera. Blnoek, c ortea noao6pFBaHe Ha

noKa3aren, fa reneBr3oprre, Bce oure ManKo

"OlprrcH"

e rianpaBeHo 3a

3ha. cn€qranrctrre or oqpMara

ca KoHcrarupanh, {€ rB}pae MHoro rexNtrcecK, napaMerp, ocrasar H€npoMeHeH! nopaa, onaceHtrF Ha 4eHara. To3u daKrop He 6rBa Aa ce noAqeHflBa. OxpMira "TopH" He xenae aa 3a€Ma'renHo MFcro no NoBaropcKx peureHhF: "aa 6!aeM n!pB, o3HaqaBa aa f3pa3xoaBaMe MHoro cpeacrBa q aa noeMaMe pscK. tlcKaMe aa aeicrBaMe roraBa, koraro na3aplr Beqe e noarorBeH 3a Hauero MacoBo npoq3BoacrBo'/,3a3833a a€peK KnapK, eauH or arpeKropure Ha cbupMara. Ton ce nprarpxa KIM onfra, HarpynaH or MHoro esponencKh supMq 3a 6,roBa enexrpoH,Ka, ko,ro ca npa3,n,

orpoMHu KanuranosnoxeHuF 3a aeroMarrcauqF tsa npox3Boacrsolo - HaManFBaHe 6poA Ha HFKo, npou3BoacrBeH, nrHurl 14 no ao6pa c!rnacysaNocr Ha oraenHrre rexHononiLrfrl onepaqrr. Taxa Hanp!Mep,4"pMara ',Ounhnc" HaManq 6poH Ha Moaenrie reneBr3oprl or 90 tsa 25 KrM 1980 roarHa. Cnopea P. Enenq, xyaoxecrB€N ptKoBoaure,l Ha drpMara, rlproBcKrre tsaqMeHosaHhH , aM32iFar ce onpeaensr or pa3nhquara B aaaesa ,,ar 32 eneKrpoHHu u3aerxF. ToBa cnoMara 3a

vaK 621.396.6

rFxHoro onpocraBaHe, crcreMaru3rpaHe or rne[Ha rocKa Ha au3aiHa? KaKro u noeBrllHFBaHe, ynecHFBaHe Ha npou3BoacrBoro, Karo ce c}3AaBar Hai-6naronprFrH!l ycroByF 3a nocruraHe Ha ao6lp ah3anH. o6uloro npu ".no6anhure" nPox3BoacrBo h oyHKuhoHupaHe. 3aaacara e aa ce r3Brpu, nocreneHHo pa3aenFHe Ha ah3aiHa or BKycoBrre npearoerraHuF , Ha npor3BoacrBoro or MapKeruHra. TaKlB npoqec ure ndBon4, Ha aaaeHa npor3BoacrBeHa nqHxa aa 6raar u3srpueHh npoMeH, B crpyKrypara h dyHKqrsra Ha eneKrpoHHtle a3aent1q.

BlnpeKtl roBa Srenc npu3HaBa, ee "MHoro or u3aerrFra 6lroBara ereKrpoHuKa ca,3a cbxaneHue, Bce oue

"eBon6quos!r" u paavKanHrre

!i3MeHeHhF 6hxa pxcKyBanx

ycnexa uM Ha na3apa".

TbPfOBI4f HA APESHO OnrrH, ArpeKropr, Karo Haflp{Mep 6nenc, hMar ropqrB onnr ot sHeapsBaHeto Ha HoBoro u ,3BKBar, ce "xopara H aa KynyBar r3aenuF, Kouro c; paaxKanso ri3MeHeHr", B Kpa;Ha cMer'<a. MxRpoB6nHoB/rP oyP-u HFMaxa ycneY B Hd'ranoro. rL; Karo rlproscKure drpMx He xenaexa aa ru naHcxpar. Br3Hhxsa, o6aqe,

Blnpocirr "Ar<o npor3Boaxrenqre Morar

HoBaropcrBoro, pearupar 6!p3o ror

"TlproBLrrre

rhr-F,

aa noourpsBar

HYxA,lre 3a na3apa, He e B lrp.oB4cra ra ape6Ho ! Ha

xenaFr HoBoro, Ho ce crpaxyBal sa An 6payH, nproBeq Ha 6rroBa eneKrpoHrKa 3a 3aHxMaHuF npe3 cso6oaHoro BpeMe or "XapoAc". C Apyfu AyMr, Ban-Ao6pure Ar3a;Hepcx aa pa36epar, u B kouro cbqeBpeMeHHo ca sanlnHo crrypHu, Koraro aaaar Pa3FcHeshq aa knresrrre. "Xapoac". Hai-roneMuFryHrsepcanef Mara3uH B!B Ha Ape6Ho cunHo

BenuKo6puraHhF, h3rpaAx penyrauuFra tu 6raroAapeHre Ha "5pavH" - ekcnepuMeHranHa 6a3a 3a sHeApFBdHe Hd roBocr4. HeroBrre r3xcKaNh KnreH ca cKnoHH, Aa nrauar 3a nprBenerrsra, ee KynyBar ftec HoBr,l ,3aen,lA, Korro yrpe ure 6!aar npoaaBaHu MacoBo. "90% or ro3h 6u3Hec ce koHrponkpa

or o6eMa Ha npoAax6ure." Ero 3auro, np* nocneA!"re roArlHr4 "XapoAc" 6e Ha nrpBo MFcro B nproBcKif, o6opor c sraeoxacerodoHx "coHxr,, c nrnHrs acopruMeHr Ha axo6Ha aya4oanaparypa "CoHr", pteHo ynpasnfl BaH, reneBr3!1oHHu npxeMHuq4

"cxsKnep",

aoMndK'ih rpaMosoH/. npeo6naaasdudra cdcr or dcotruMeHra Ha

"XapoAc" Moxe

Aa ce HaMepx q Bas

Bce(u Mar€3hH Ha ce npeBplurar q B Kanqran, Karo ce ce ,3non3sa co6crBeHa cxeMa 3

"Xanfxpuir", ar€3v cro(x nocraBFr B Kyr'4h '4

"Bece He ce Ha6noaaBar oco6elr, r3MeHeHl,4f,", 3asBnBa SpayH-

''He Moxe Aa ce HaMepn n

vaK 621.396.6

npreMHrql4 crc cdepqqsa 6opMa rin, 3a Hpko oqBereHhre u3aenrF. ToBa, koero nonycaBare 3a 3annareHara cyMa, e c

raKoBa ao6po KaqecrBo, qe BcrcKo apyro u3rtexaa rsrpAe EHeapflsaHero Ha HoBocrt ce orpaHrqaBa Aop, M B!3 OhpMu c no{oneMx 6"HaHcoBu sa3MoKHocr . npq "xapoac e Man(o no-pa3nr1lrHo, rln Karo e fupB'4 pa3nonara c ronFM acoprfMesr

or Moaen,

'1 pa3nxcH, pa3qserKr. Ma.a3rHlr 11Ma Ha cKtaa 6enr, qepH!r, cpe6pxcru, KaKro tr B

eneKrpoHsu 143aenhF 3

''XapoAc",

Be. "AocraBquq"re h3non3Bar aa onpeaenFr peaxqfFra Ha norpe6rrenF",

l4oM aaaeHo u3aenue ce npreMe or "XaPoac", ro ce fatara u 3 panoHNure Mara3hHr. l43AenrFra c oco6eNo ao6pt Ar3anHepcKr peureHrF, Kohro HaMrpar ao6tp nnacMeHr, ca re3r, erero o6opMneH,e ce npueMa or norpe6urenqre 3a 3HaqureneH nepuoa or BpeMe, TaKa HanpuMep, npea ner roauH, oqs MaroBo'q€pHo, a cnea roBa B ocHoBHr4 ugeroaei h3Mecrhxa a

Hi-Fi{exfrkara. no cluroro

BpeM€ ce

noFsqxa,,1 nlpBrre "cBernM u3aenrF" B nacrenHx roHoae gecro oopMara ce Hanara norpyAHo or qBera: "nlpBure

vvH,dTopi u Hi.l- ,d-apar/ Ha crod </ -FVdto vLn.\, rbv vd_o KYrunra 6e rBlpae ManKa (6naroaapeBue Ha

MrKpoenekrpoHuKara) norpe6hTenLlre He 6uxa y6eaeHr, 're nonyeaBar Heu.{o B noBeqe 3a snoxeBara cyMarr,3aFsFBa foayopa. "TaKa ce noFB, "Mrau'ceprsra": 143aenrero e a flo-ronFMa Kyru8, a norpe6xrenrlre sFpBar, ce caorBe'tHo t1 croliNocrra My e no'ronFMa". Karo pe3ynrar. np,1 xyaoxecr8eHoro ipoeKr!paNe ce npasFr MAnKO HOSOB!8eAeNra, ocseF

o6HoBFBaHe AocraBqrqfre

nproaqrre

ua ape6Ho xe

"KO3Merhc!q" onepaqhu

He ca cKnoNHh Aa

p,lcKyaar,

ycnsBar Aa yrBlpaFr HoBocrure

X14BOT HA 143AEII14EfO napaAoKcareH e Oar(nr, ce eAHo or rnaB!rre 3arpyaHeHrF 3a 06uecrBflsaHe Ha Hosaropcrsoro B as3a;Ha e sce no'KparKrFr ro .e 'pecro, ha 6u roBa rd el". rDo"vKd no pdQ roeer", rht ^a 3a Na npou3soarrenrre aocraBXa Mo speMerg Heo6xoah cKlcFBa Na

rexHrre u3aen n

Ha na3apa

n,1rbp AqKc e rnaBeH arpeKrop sa OhpMara 'lxapn" BIB Ber Ko6puraHhF. Ton 6e cBuaer€n Ha ycKopeBoro sHeapaBaBe Ha H3aerhsra Ha 6uroBara eneKlpoHxKa - NanprMep noprarrsHqsr paaqoKacero4oH KT 50 6!p3o cra|a MoaeH. B flnoHhF MapKerxHroBara noturrka Ha "Ulapn" 6e raKa HacoceHa, qe aa 3auHrepecyBa aoMaKrsxre: crrrHa ce ao nonoxeHhe, ,re na3ap}] 6e saBoaHeH c rlserfr, 4o6pe o6opMeH, q3aenr1f, no Karanor,63 o6nac,rra Ha "pGosara" MllKpoBrnHoBa

tp,

roarH, EaHa FnoHcKa OupMa o6uKHoBeHo oraenF cpeaHo (3a pa3nhka or 3anaaHoeBponencK{re OrpMtr, Klaero ro3h nepxoa e cpeaHo 5-7 roatrHh) 3a npoeKro koHcrpYKropcKa pa6ora,3a aa Moxe aa nycHe h3Aenre Ha 6rroaara etexrpoHuKa ha na3apa BeaHara, cnea Karo HanrnHo ce ycBotr rexHonoruAra xoHqenqr.ra Ha r3aenheto. Ocrasar 12 Meceqa 3a

vaK 621.396.6 EI

a'l3aiHepcKo ipoeKrxpaHe. 143!.lckBaHrFra

MapKerrHro€ara

nonhrrKa, o6aqe, Hanarar crKpaurasaH€ Ha ro3, cpoK. nrrlp ArKc cM8ra, qe "B aHeuHo epeMe ar3aiBeprre ca ulacrnqsx,

Morar 3a HsKonKo Meceua aa nocrrftar MHoro, caMo c HaKo, cr'4nos, r43MeHeHrF. Tosa 3tsa'l|r, ee caMo npoh3BoacrBeH4Fr qrKtn AaBa BBMoxHocr 3a AeiicrBhrenHo HoBosr ,nu asa n! 3a aecerunerhe". Bcu,rKr rl3aenrF Ha 6rroBara eneKrpoH{Ka nephoA4rHo ce npepa3rneKAar 3a

eaeHry

BaaexaaHe Ha

noaMFHa c Hoa, ,3aenhn, To314 npoqec Bapupa

or 12

MeceuE ao 3.oruHr. 3a MoMeHr, qe ereKrpoHfxara He

"Aa aonycHeM

pa3Burr€", 3aFBFsa auKc

rlpnq

cBpeMeHHa reHAeHqrs. B raKlB cnyqai ce o6paurare K!M FnoHtu: 3a npoeKrrpaHe fa u3aenuero, He3aBqcrM ca Heo6xoAxM, HFKorKo Meceqa, Aop/ aKo ce sanpasu ornhqeH npoeKr c noMourra Fa KoMnDr!p. ociasar o!.r€ rp, Meceua 3a pa3pa60rKa,3a ocurypaBaHe Ha rexHrqecKo o63aBexAaHe Ha taqo4d v PABa ro, aea rd-o{Bd npoklsoacrBoro hd Hpo6xoaxv,F

o6eM npoAyKquF, CneA

ocr Aa BuAqre

3Aerrero, KaKro, norpe6rrenfre, aa HanpaBFr csoFra

o{eH'<a. Aa Ao6a3trM olle ABa Meceqa 3a AocrasKd H FnoH,lF. ToBa 03NacaBa,,re rpF6sa aa naHchpare Aa4eHo rl3aenhe ro'rHo HaBpeMe. aa npeAnoroxhM, ce npeaBhxaaHrFra ca npaBunHh h flnoHur Moxe aa 3anoqHe npor3Boacr Moaen'i crc cloraerHoro Na ueHara, B nporuBeH 'l3MeHeBee cnyLrai, roBa u3aenre ure ocraHe no padroBere noHe 5,6 Meceqa. Cner roBa ocraBar I2-18 Meceqa 3a u3eaKBaHe, nperh r,3Aerheio Aa 6hAp .aMereHo or Heuo no -p4pMn/Bo a o6ykqoBeHo y ,,no_rpaaruxoHHo,,.

ANTEPHAT14BATA

C!lrecrByBa Apyr HaqxH, no Konro BenhKo6puraHrF ri apynlre eBponencKu crpaHu aa ycroFr Ha crpeMrrenHo HapacrBaurxF o6eM npoayKqhs or FnoHha? aa, uMa rakasa 3!3MoxHocr: aa ce crcpeaorocar BcrqK, c{n, 3a c!3aaBaNe fa

co6cr8eH

crur. Bce oue MHo.o I1proBu{ sa Ape6Ho He B ro3, cMr4clr npotr38o4l1renhre, Karo ecKu o6ocHosaHo, Hr4ro n!K orroBaps

noaarpxar

3a xenaHhero Ha norpe6hrenure. B a-.ncrBurenHocr. flnoHrF e u36pana BepHhF noaxoa 14 apy.a Br,3MoxHocr He c!qecrByBa. Sapu yqBlp, au3aiNep-KoHcynraHr, e roq{raren B

h3aenxFt"HrKoi apyr He npaB, raKrsa r3aerrs, crpaHa,,3aF43a roii. " a HaurFr na3ap 3a 64roBa eneKrposqKa e a ynaaaK. flnoNqrre npoaaBar 55% or npoayKLlhFra c, B anoHha u 35% B CAUI, raKa qe ocrasar oKoro 10% 3a EBpona t Moxe 6'1 l% 3a BenkKo6pxraHqs. Ero 3a!.ro, n,eHrFr sKyc Ha aH.nricKhF aq3aiHep rpF6sa aa clcrasnsBa 1% or ra3u

vaK

cronHocr. EaxH cBplxMoaepeB paauokacerodos Moxe aa 6!Ae npou3Beaea, Bo He aa c!!.rara qeHa. A Koi Moxe aa rapaHrupa cac chrypHocr, aanu crea HsKonKo Meceqa HeroBhFr ax3aiH se qe ce oKaxe ocrapFn , u3aenrero HFMa aa ce .poaaBarr,

621.396_6

4 t'l34 ti

HEP

l,lT E

HAqEnO

Clurecrsvsa crphKrHo pa3aeneHre Ha ar3aiHephrer Mnaaere, Korro ca nprBlpxeHr4r4 Ha paa'4KarH, npoMeHx,, no'B!3pacrH!rre, ycraNoBeHx Bece 3 ar3anHepckr.! rpynr, Kot4ro aaBar npeaqMoBo Na 3aaoBonFBaHe HYxafre fa KnueHrqre. CnopeA HFKoh cneqranqcrl ah3aiHepcKhre npo6neMq Morar aa 6laar peueHh, Karo ce npeaocrasFr Ha KnxeHrhre flpororvnr Ha f 3aenrFra. npeararar ce cYnepKoHcepBarMsHo, paarranHo'4 KoMnpoMucHo ah3aiHepcKo peueH{e. o6nKHoBeH npeanoe rar nodeaaua BaphaHl. noaxoaar Na AaNran v€nn, aHrn icKrl Au3ariHep, ce crcro, B o-an/r / nppocv/rns-e Fa aaae-o xrAerhe Hr 6, oBara eneKrpoHrKa, Karo roi orAena oF€, eneMeHru, Korro npuHaanexar Na ecrerllKa Ha KoHcrpyxropa u .neqrarhcra no MapKerhHr". Hairnopa3rrrenHrFr pe3ynrar or ro3{ noaxoa B MrHanoro 6e h3naraHero Na pa3n11!Hl4 eneKrpoHH, €neMcHru ctrnoBe, Ka6enq , Koneera 3a ynpasnesue u KoHrpon. ToBa aoBeae ao "aeMhcrrdrKaqrs" Ha 6xroBara eneKrpoHrKa, Koero 6€ nporhBonocra8uBe Ha npeauurHara reHAeHqrF 3a npox3Boacrao Na reneBr3opHxTe KvTuI B cTpor cepeH uBAr. B no-ManKa rntr B no{onFMa creneH Meroa}r Ha

veir

xapaKrepeH 3a npeo6naaaaaura qacr or npoMruneHrre npeanpuFrrs 3a nPoh3aoacrBo Ha croKx 3a urupoxo norpe6neHue- ToBa e raKa,3auroro "no3NaBaeMocrla lla r3aenrero" e MHoro BaxHo ycnoBxei noBeqero npor3BoaureM Pa3pa6orBar u3aenrF, s Korro ca snoxeHq "yMHr" cfnose , Ho ycnFBar aa r-rpoaaaar ,3Aenrara cr, caMo aKo ca s clcroFHrle aa o6FcHFr Ha norpe6hrenrre,3a KaKBo cnyxar re

dyHKqrr,

i a. tu npvgne<d-

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