IM 5 2017 en

Nummer 5 2017

INNOVATIVE MATERIALS

Rubber from dandelions ‘Crabs and lobsters could replace petroplastic’ Ceramic constellation pavilion MycoTree Supply driven architecture

I N T E R N A T I O N A L

E D I T I O N

CONTENT About Innovatieve Materialen (Innovative Materials) is a digital, independent magazine about material innovation in the fields of engineering, construction (buildings, infrastructure and industrial) and industrial design.

Innovatieve Materialen is published in a digital format, although there is a printed edition with a small circulation. Digital, because interactive information is attached in the form of articles, papers, videos and links to expand the information available.

Scope The digital edition is sent to engineers, scientists, students, designers, decision makers, innovators, suppliers and appliers working in civil engineering, construction, building, architecture, design, government and industry (both manufacturing industry and end users).

Innovatieve Materialen has entered partnerships with several intermediate organisations and universities, all active in the field of material innovation.

More information (in Dutch): www.innovatievematerialen.nl>

Publisher SJP Uitgevers Postbus 861 4200 AW Gorinchem tel. +31 183 66 08 08 info@innovatievematerialen.nl

Editor

Gerard van Nifterik

Advertizing & sponsoring

Drs. Petra Schoonebeek

1 NEWS

12 Rubber from dandelions

Vredestein showed a prototype of its Fortezza Flower Power at the Eurobike exhibition in Friedrichshafen in August. This innovative road tyre is made of rubber extracted from the roots of dandelions. The prototype is the result of a EU joint initiative in which Vredestein and Wageningen University & Research (WUR) take part, called DRIVE4EU.

14 ‘Crabs and lobsters could replace petroplastic’

An inexpensive biomaterial that can be used to sustainably replace plastic barrier coatings in packaging and many other applications has been developed

by Penn State researchers, who predict its adoption would greatly reduce pollution.

16 Ceramic constellation pavilion

Last summer, the Fabrication and Material Technologies Lab of The Faculty of Architecture at The University of Hong Kong (HKU) has finished its first robotically manufactured intervention called ‘Ceramic Constellation Pavilion.’

18 MycoTree

A research team of prof. Dirk Hebel, professorship Sustainable Construction at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) and the Block Research Group (BRG) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, designed MycoTree, a naturally grown mycelium structure, for the Seoul Biennale for Architecture and Urbanism 2017. MycoTree is a spatial branching structure made out of loadbearing mycelium components. Its geometry was designed using 3D graphic statics, a novel method developed by BRG, keeping the weak, low strength material in compression only.

22 Supply driven architecture

Waste problems in building industry are subject for discussions in politics as well as in architecture and science. Solutions are searched for in the field of sustainable materials and in reuse of buildings and/or building elements. In this context ‘design for disassembly’ is an important issue. The disadvantage of restricting the reuse of building components to buildings which are designed with this purpose in mind, is that a lot of opportunities of reuse are not utilized. Although most of the building stock is not designed for disassembly, practice has proven that for many objects disconnection and reuse of building components is interesting from a technical as well as from an economic standpoint.

29 Agenda

NEWS

Alternatives to hexavalentchromium-based aluminum surface treatment Health issues

The health risks associated with the use of chromium (Cr6+) in the surface treatment of aluminium (i.e. anodizing) for the structure of aircrafts makes finding alternatives a critical issue. Up until now, it has proven difficult to find alternatives that are as effective, especially for application in heavily corrosive conditions.

Researchers have now provided fresh insights into the interplay between the anodizing conditions and the formation and durability of bond strength, showing that morphology and chemistry of the surface oxide both play an essential role. The results have been published in Nature’s new partner journal Materials Degradation.

Protection against corrosion

For over 60 years, chromic acid anodizing (CAA) has been the dominant electrochemical process used to create a thin oxide layer upon aluminum alloys as a base layer for subsequent coating or adhesive application. These thin oxide layers are critical to the corrosion protection and durability of airplane structures.

However, the associated environmental

and health risks concerning the use of chromium in its hexavalent state (Cr6+) have led to new European regulations (REACH, EC n°1907/2006) limiting and prohibiting its use.

Interplay between morphology and chemistry

Finding alternatives that have the same adhesive properties and offer the same kind of protection against corrosion have proven hard to find up until now.

The team of researchers reveal the fundamental adhesion and degradation mechanism at the interface between the oxide on aluminum and the overlaying organic resin. Aided by both imaging and spectroscopic characterization, this study provides fresh insights into the interplay between the anodizing conditions and the formation and durability of bond strength, showing that morphology and chemistry of the surface oxide are the two factors that should be considered in the selection of Cr6+ -free surface treatments.

Cr6+ is a toxic and carcinogenic substance. Prolonged exposure to this substance is a known cause for lung cancer; an issue that frequently came up in the Dutch news after several former military and NS employees that used to work with Cr6+-containing chemistry were reported and claimed to suffer health issues related to this. One of the most famous cases worldwide was made public after Erin Brockovich won a lawsuit against PG&E oil and gas company for contaminating ground water with the substance, a story that was made into a Hollywood movie in 2000 starring Julia Roberts.

Although nowadays employees are protected with masks, gloves and further protective work gear, application and wastewater storage and treatments still present health and environmental risks.

Text: TUDelft Interface Strength and Degradation of Adhesively Bonded Porous Aluminum Oxides, npj Materials Degradation, DOI: 10.1038/s41529-017-0007-0.

Artikle online> Contact Arjan Mol, Onderzoeksgroep Corrosietechnologie en Elektrochemie, TU Delft, J.M.C.Mol@tudelft.nl

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NEWS

Solar Squared Scientists from the University of Exeter are developing a innovative glass block, which can be incorporated into the facade of a building and is designed to collect solar energy and convert it to electricity.

The blocks, called Solar Squared, are designed to fit seamlessly into either new buildings, or as part of renovations in existing properties. Solar Squared’s patent-pending design consists of an array of optical elements that focus sunlight on small-sized solar cells. These are incorporated within the glass block during their manufacture and collect a large fraction

of diffuse components of sunlight, even when place on the vertical plan, making it particulalry useful for capturing solar energy in urban areas. According to the developers, the blocks are multifunctional: they generate electricity, are cost efficient, provide day lightning and have better thermal insulation than traditional glass blocks. The modular design is completely scalable, and allows for seamless architectural integration.

The electricity generated will then be available to power the building, be stored or used to charge electric vehicles.

Piling of grass Rijkswaterstaat Zee en Delta and District Water Control Board Scheldestromen are testing innovative piles made of a bio composite material based on mowed grass. On 27 and 28 June, eighty-five meters of shore protection with bio based piles was applied at the watercourse at the Elektraweg-Steenbakkerijweg in the city of Middelburg. The two meter long bio based piles are made of biogas resign and green residual streams like mowed grasses.

Both organizations are looking for a sustainable destination for the residu-

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als, demonstrating circular economy in practice.

The poles were developed and made by Millvision from Raamsdonk.

http://www.millvision.eu>

The Exeter team, which has created a start-up company Build Solar to market and produce the pioneering product, is now looking to encourage investment to carry out commercial testing of the product, and then aims to take it to market in 2018.

University of Exeter> Build Solar>

NEWS

Glass foam in road construction On September 27th Hazeswoude-Dorp (municipality of Alphen aan de Rijn) started the use of foam glass in a road construction application. A prime for the Netherlands.

In the area of the reconstruction project Ridder van Montfoortlaan in Hazerswoude-Dorp, the soil is very soft. This is a general problem for many municipalities, especially in the west of the Netherlands. Because the soil consists of peat, roads and gardens descends up to about eighty centimeters in thirty years, causing considerable damage. This requires continuous maintenance. Once upon a time, the foundations of those roads must be raised.

(100 - 165 kg/m³), glass foam is still much lighter than sand.

The expectation is that using this glass foam the sagging will be only seven centimeters in the thirty years. In addition, glass foam is expected to be sustainable and environmentally friendly.

The basic product of foam glass is glass flour, which is made by milling recycled glass. Then it is processed into a porous glass foam at a high temperature (900 °C).

Contractor Megaborn has carried out the

investigations, made the designs, drafted the specifications and accompanied the procurement procedure. www.megaborn.com>

Video at Omroep West (dutch)>

Sand is usually used as a heightening material, but sand is relatively heavy, causing further shrinking of the soil. Therefore, the parties concerned searched for a light material. Polystyrene could be an option because with a density of 15 - 40 kg/m³ it’s much lighter than sand (1400 - 1600 kg/m³). However, problem is that polystyrene must be applied as a sheet material. The latter makes it very difficult to dig the surface again in connection with the repair or replacement of pipelines. On the other hand glass foam is applied in the form of bumps which allow excavation work.

Though it is heavier than polystyrene

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NEWS

‘Sand printing makes complex casted structural parts affordable’

Arup’s recent research in the field of digital fabrication technologies proves how printing sand can be an affordable and accessible way of producing certified, unique structural nodes in metal. The company took the design of the renowned 3d-printed steel structural node and adapted it to a new manufacturing method, using a sand printed mould and traditional cast metal. This development was supported by the Anglo-Dutch company 3Dealise.

Using a printed sand-mould, the metal node can be produced as any other metal cast as a certified material. Other advantages are the fact that sand printing is quick, the materials can be reused and the cost can be kept low.

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Sand printing

During the last four years, the company pushed the boundaries of alternative production techniques and materials, with a focus on 3D-printing metal for building sector applications. Despite the potential of this technique, the implementation encounters some difficulties in the building sector, since the printing hardware is only now starting to adapt the building chambers to the required size, and costs are still relatively high.

The sand printing technique however can produce large and complex moulds whilst using a certified and affordable production process.

According to Arup an interesting shift is taking place; whereas the focus initial-

ly has been on printing final products, 3D-printing is being applied in an earlier phase in the production process. The aim is to make the most of the freedomof-form opportunities of 3D-printing without the limitations which are now still considered with production. www.arup.com>

Hét expertisecentrum voor materiaalkarakterisering.

Integer, onafhankelijk, objectief onderzoek en advies. ISO 17025 geaccrediteerd.

Wij helpen u graag verder met onderzoek en analyse van uw innovatieve materialen.

Bel ons op 026 3845600 of mail info@tcki.nl www.tcki.nl

TCKI adv A5 [ZS-185x124] Chemische analyse 14.indd 1

09-05-17 13:19

DÉ TAPE VOOR MOEILIJKE 0PPERVLAKKEN tesa® ACXplus 709x LSE Performer

• Deze innovatieve schuimtape in acryl hecht op een blijvende manier en zonder primer aan low-surface-energy (LSE) materialen zoals kunststof, materialen met poedercoating, etc.

• Kan gebruikt worden bij temperaturen dicht bij het vriespunt.

tesa.nl

NEWS

Voeg informatie toe aan de Kennisbank Biobased Bouwen De Biobased Economy speelt een belangrijke rol in de duurzame ontwikkeling van Nederland en biedt nieuwe kansen voor het bedrijfsleven. Via de kennisbank kunt u kennis vergaren en delen over de beschikbaarheid en toepassingsmogelijkheden van biobased materialen, producten en bouwconcepten. Samen versterken we zo de biobased economie.

Ruim dertig partijen in de bouwsector ondertekenden de green deal biobased bouwen. Deze producenten, architecten, adviseurs en kennisinstellingen delen hun kennis rond kansrijke mogelijkheden van biobased bouwen. Ook de ministeries van Binnenlandse Zaken (Wonen en Rijksdienst), Economische Zaken, en Infrastructuur en Milieu ondersteunen de green deal.

Bouw ook mee aan de biobased economie en voeg uw project- of productbeschrijvingen toe aan deze kennisbank.

Kijk op www.biobasedbouwen.nl voor meer informatie> 6 | INNOVATIVE MATERIALS 5 2017

NEWS

Eco-friendly low energy terra cotta cooling Installation ring the installation was above 50 °C. Water recycled from the factory at room temperature was allowed to run on the surface of the cylinders using a motor. This process cooled the hot air passing through the earthen pots. It was observed that after achieving the cooling effect, the temperature around the set up dropped down to 36 °C while the temperature outside remained high at 42 °C. Tests are being done to see if this installation can be used internally, and how it can be adapted to the indoor environment.

Team: Monish Siripurapu, Abhishek Sonar, Atul Sekhar, Sudhanshu Kumar CFD Analysis: SA Malik Photograher: S. Anirudh www.ant-studio.com> Indian summers are extremely hot, and installing big air conditioning systems is uneconomical and energy inefficient for a majority of the population. Working under such heated conditions takes a toll on the health of the employees, a problem which was also faced at the factory of Deki Electronics in Uttar Pradesh.

Excessive heat released from the Genset

at the entrance in the external area of the factory had reduced productivity to a minimum. It was also heating up the entire driveway making the exterior envelope of the building hotter, hence reducing its efficiency and increasing air conditioning load of the building.

A sustainable and inexpensive alternative was required, and the team at Ant Studio (New Delhi) used the old method of Evaporative cooling to provide a low energy and effective solution. This technique, tracing back to antiquity.

The design was inspired by the structure of a beehive, using environment-friendly earthen cones to create an aesthetic prototype.

The thrust of hot air facilitates the cooling when used as a fan mechanism.

Evaporative cooling needs air force. This design uses the air velocity from the genset to its advantage.

The prototype was tested before being installed in the external driveway. The temperature of the air flow around the installation was recorded after it was set up. It was noticed that the hot air ente-

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NEWS

Humicotta The 3D-printed ceramic humidifier made by the research team led by Professor Sang-Min Bae (Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology KAIST) won the silver prize at the 2017 International Design Excellence Awards (IDEA). The awards, sponsored by the Industrial Designers Society of America, are one of the three prestigious design awards including the Red Dot Design Award and the iF Design Award in Germany.

Humicotta was the silver prize winner in the category of home and bath.

According to the KAIST website, Humicotta is an energy-efficient, bacteria free, and easy to clean humidifier. It includes a base module and filter. The base is a cylindrical pedestal with a built-in fan on which the filter is placed. The filter is a 3D-printed honeycomb structure made of diatomite. When water is added, the honeycomb structure and porous terracotta maximize natural humidification.

Furthermore, Humicotta provides a so called open platform service, meaning that users can participate in the design process. By entering the data such as the season and the size of the space, users can easily design their own filter module and

8 | INNOVATIVE MATERIALS 5 2017

print it with a ceramic 3D printer. Also they can easily share an download their design to apply various shapes of filters. After printing the filter, it can be easily attached to the base.

KAIST>

NEWS

Materials 2018 Trade fair and congress

Materials are at the base of everything we see around us. They are often taken for granted, but where would we be without our cars, machines, and buildings without a strong base? We almost forget how special materials are and how complex the selection, creation and production processes are. Not to mention about developments and innovations within these fields.

On May 30 and 31 2018, the 6th edition of Materials will take place at the NH Conference Centre Koningshof in Veldhoven, the Netherlands. During these two days, Materials will be the largest meeting point for material specialists, product developers and engineers. An all-in-concept will be presented, based on the 4 elements for finding a solution for material challenges: 1) (New) materials 2) Material analysis 3)Surface techniques 4) Binding techniques

More information? Visit www.materials.nl>

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NEWS

Picado: concrete mixe up with red brick The Spanish architectural firm Menis Arquitectos, founded by Tenerife architect Fernando Menis, used an innovative concrete mixed with crushed brick. The new technique is called picado. The new material is used to create the cave-like interior of the CKK Jordanki concert hall, which is intended to provide optimum acoustics during music performances.

The Jordanek plot is located between the UNESCO protected Torún’s old town and the new development area of the city. Thus, the Municipality of Torún required a building, which inserted into a wider programme, could integrate, improve and sustain the cultural and natural landscape of the city.

The half of the plot is planned as a park since the proximity of the green area requires a free wide space. Regardless, the panoramic view from the river, often referred to as the second ‘miracle’ of

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architecture and landscape in Poland, must remain untouched. Therefore, the height of the Music Hall must be as low as possible in order to do not damage the beauty of the nature.

According to the architect the multifunctional Concert Hall offers a solution for the fusion between old and new.

The materials for the construction are selected carefully in order to complement to the idea. Bricks for the interior are used as a recall of the facades of the old town, whereas the exterior is formed out of very clear, almost white concrete.

Fernando Menis mixed concrete and broken red brick which is intended to provide optimum acoustics during music performances.

The façade reinterprets the traditional handicraft of the bricks and establishes a parallel between the tectonics of the

city and the strategic situation of the plot. The two colours - red and white are also a way for outlining the relation between the traditional use of bricks and the technology and modernity of new urban developments.

Read the entire story in Tektoniek (Dutch)> Menis Arquitectos>

Video

NEWS

The Urban Bio-loop

Cities could tackle the global problem of rising levels of waste and depleted resources by using organic waste, such as bananas, potatoes and maize as building materials, Arup predicts in her recent report: ‘The Urban Bio-Loop: Growing, Making and Regenerating’.

Arup is a multinational professional services firm headquartered in London which provides engineering, design, planning, project management and consulting services for all aspects of the built environment. The firm has over 14,000 staff based in 92 offices across 42 countries.

Lower-CO2

Globally the construction industry is one of the largest users of raw materials; in the UK alone it accounts for 60 per cent of all raw materials consumed. Capturing organic waste streams from cities and the countryside could provide the industry with lower-cost, lower-CO2 building materials such as bricks, insulation and partition boards. The report envisages a completely circular system with building waste fed back into the biological cycle at the end of its service life with nutrients returned to the soil.

The report also points to advances in

the development of alternative organic materials, including mushroom bricks grown in five days and waste potatoes used as insulation and acoustic absorbers.

Products

Innovative manufacturing processes are a significant enabler, with 3D printing of bio-polymers becoming increasingly widespread. The report highlights the following organic matter products already available:

cleaned, pressed and dried to create a low-weight, fire resistant, water repellent, insulating material and acoustic absorber.

Arup> The report, The Urban Bio-Loop: Growing, Making and Regenerating is available to download here>

- Peanuts: shells are being used to produce low-cost materials, such as partition boards that are resistant to moisture and flame retardant.

- Rice: rice husk ash can be mixed with cement to reduce the need for fillers.

Rice can also be used as a raw material for the production of boards.

- Banana: banana fruit and leaves are being used to make rugged textiles.

Bananas contain high strength fibre and have good acoustic absorption and durability.

- Potato: the peel from potatoes can be

11 | INNOVATIVE MATERIALS 5 2017

NEWS

Rubber from dandelions Vredestein showed a prototype of its Fortezza Flower Power at the Eurobike exhibition in Friedrichshafen in August.

This innovative road tyre is made of rubber extracted from the roots of dandelions. The prototype is the result of a EU joint initiative in which Vredestein and Wageningen University & Research (WUR) take part, called DRIVE4EU.

Dandelion tyres

The prototype is the first bicycle tyre in the world produced with natural rubber extracted from the roots of the Russian dandelion (Taraxacum koksaghyz). This particular series of prototype tyres were made with rubber extracted from plants grown and harvested in the Netherlands.

Fortezza Flower Power

Vredestein has worked closely together with WUR to develop this special natural rubber, make production viable and test various compounds. Each improvement in the process of rubber extraction has also led to a direct enhancement of the

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quality of the rubber. As a result, the special compound now used as a test on the Fortezza Flower Power prototype, provides better grip than traditional compounds. This is directly related to

the higher concentration of natural resin in this particular variant of natural rubber. Studies are currently exploring whether this tyre can be mass produced in the future.

NEWS DRIVE4EU

Apollo Vredestein (the parent company of the Vredestein brand) is one of the industrial partners taking part in DRIVE4EU, a European research project which focuses on developing the production of natural rubber and inulin from Russian dandelion. The project is coordinated by Wageningen University & Research. The aim is to explore ways to make the European countries less dependent on imports of natural rubber in the near future, partly as a response to the looming worldwide shortage of rubber.

WUR>

H-Bench

During the ‘Dag van de Openbare Ruimte,’ september 27th & 28th, Jaarbeurs, Utrecht, H-bench was presented.

H-Bench was designed by Studio Seegers for ECO-oh!. H- bench is made out of 100% recycled post-consumers plastics.

Its design combines functionality and to melt together into a flexible modular concept. Its concept enables the creation of an endless bench, combining individual low or high modules in different colours facing different sides.

These benches offer sitting comfort and ergonomics for hours of relaxation in the park, playground or city. According to ECO-oh! these benches can withstand all weather conditions; they are splinter-proof and do not require much maintenance.

H-Bench at Studio Segers> H-Bench at ECO-oh!>

Video

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BERICHTEN NEWS

‘Crabs and lobsters could replace petroplastic’

An inexpensive biomaterial that can be used to sustainably replace plastic barrier coatings in packaging and many other applications has been developed by Penn State researchers, who predict its adoption would greatly reduce pollution. The findings were published earlier this year in Green Chemistry.

Completely compostable, the material - a polysaccharide polyelectrolyte complex - is comprised of nearly equal parts of treated cellulose pulp from wood or cotton, and chitosan, which is derived from chitin - the primary ingredient in the exoskeletons of arthropods and crustaceans.

The main source of chitin are the leftover shells from lobsters, crabs and shrimp consumed by humans. These environmentally friendly barrier coatings have numerous applications ranging from water-resistant paper, to coatings for ceiling tiles and wallboard, to food coatings to seal in freshness.

According to lead researcher Jeffrey Catchmark, professor of agricultural and biological engineering, College of Agricultural Sciences the material’s unexpected strong. The amazingly sturdy and durable bond between carboxymethyl cellulose and chitosan is the key, he explained. The two very inexpensive polysaccharides - already used in the food industry and in other industrial sectors - have different molecular charges and lock together in a complex that provides the foundation for impervious films, coatings, adhesives, laminates and more.

Paperboard coated with the biomaterial, comprised of nanostructured fibrous particles of carboxymethyl cellulose and chitosan, exhibited strong oil and water barrier properties. The coating also resisted toluene, heptane and salt solutions and exhibited improved wet and dry mechanical and water vapor barrier properties. These results show that polysaccharide polyelectrolyte complex-based materials may be competitive barrier alternatives to synthetic polymers for many commercial applications, Catchmark said.

According to him, the potential reduction of pollution is immense if these barrier coatings replace millions of tons of petroleum-based plastic associated with food packaging used every year in the United States - and much more globally,

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Paperboard coated with the biomaterial, comprised of nanostructured fibrous particles of carboxymethyl cellulose and chitosan, exhibited strong oil and water barrier properties

Catchmark noted. He pointed out that the global production of plastic is approaching 300 million tons per year. In a recent year, more than 29 million tons of plastic became municipal solid waste in the U.S. and almost half was plastic packaging.

It is anticipated that 10 percent of all plastic produced globally will become ocean debris, representing a significant ecological and human health threat.

Catchmark has, in concert with Penn State, applied for a patent on the coatings.

Penn State> Background: chitine and chitosan at Wageningen University>

NEWS

Insect eyes inspire solar cell design others will operate. Each segment is very fragile, but it’s shielded by a scaffold wall around it.

Honycomb

A new solar cell design, inspired by the compound eyes of insects, could help scientists overcome a major roadblock to the development of solar panels based on a promising material called perovskite. Stanford University scientists created a compound solar cell consisting of perovskite microcells encapsulated in a hexagon-shaped scaffold. This insect-inspired design is used to protect a fragile photovoltaic material called perovskite from deteriorating when exposed to heat, moisture or mechanical stress. The results were recently published in the journal Energy & Environmental Science (E&ES).

and mechanically fragile. It has a brittle, salt-like crystal structure and mechanical properties similar to table salt. They would barely survive the manufacturing process, let alone be durable long term in the environment.

Most solar devices, like rooftop panels, use a flat, or planar, design. But that approach doesn’t work well with perovskite solar cells. Instead, the compound eye of the fly, which consists of hundreds of tiny segmented eyes, has a beautiful honeycomb shape with built-in redundancy. If one segment is lost, hundreds of

Using the compound eye as a model, the researchers created a compound solar cell consisting of a vast honeycomb of perovskite microcells, each encapsulated in a hexagon-shaped scaffold just 500 microns wide. The scaffold is made of an inexpensive epoxy resin widely used in the microelectronics industry. It’s sup­posed to be resilient to mechanical stresses and thus far more resistant to fracture.

Tests conducted during the study revealed that the scaffolding had little effect on how efficiently perovskite converted light into electricity. Actually, a huge increase in fracture resistance was achieved, with no penalty for efficiency.

To find out if the new device could withstand the kind of heat and humidity that conventional rooftop solar panels endure, the researchers exposed encapsulated perovskite cells to temperatures of 85 °C and 85 percent relative humidity for six weeks. Despite these extreme conditions, the cells continued to generate electricity at relatively high rates of efficiency.

Stanford> More on perovskite solar cells>

Efficiently

According to Reinhold Dauskardt, professor of Materials Science and Engineering and senior author of the study, perovskites are promising, low-cost materials that convert sunlight to electricity as efficiently as conventional solar cells made of silicon. The problem is that perovskites are extremely unstable

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NEWS

Ceramic constellation pavilion Last summer, the Fabrication and Material Technologies Lab of The Faculty of Architecture at The University of Hong Kong (HKU) has finished its first robotically manufactured intervention called ‘Ceramic Constellation Pavilion.’

The Pavilion, which was built by researchers and students utilizing robotic technology, is the first outcome of a new collaboration between the Faculty of Architecture at HKU and Sino Group. The latter is one of the leading property developers in Hong Kong. The collaboration comprehends a research initiative that supports arts, cultures, and technology, intended to foster cultural awareness of new technologies for the built environment.

In a context that has been largely shaped by standardization and mass production, the project seeks to overcome the constraints of today’s architectural production through the introduction of a

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NEWS structure made entirely of non-standard components.

Terracotta

This inaugural workshop of the ‘Sino Group Robotic Architecture Series’ utilized terracotta clay to test the possibilities and limits within robotic fabrication and to revitalize a material system that has a significant tradition in Asia.

Departing from traditional brick bonds, the 3.8 m tall project articulates a loadbearing composite structure with timber - where each of the nearly 2000 3D printed terracotta bricks is unique and different, enabling varying degrees of transparency, morphological shifts, and new experiences.

Brick

Around 700 kg of raw terracotta clay was printed over a period of three weeks into individual bricks that were then fired at 1025 degrees Celsius. With 2-3 minutes average printing time for each brick, the pavilion is one of the first of its kind in the world that incorporates this specific material system.

All components were fabricated with the equipment in the newly fitted Robotics Lab at HKU’s Faculty of Architecture and assembled during a ten-day workshop by students from the Department of Architecture.

The project was on show from June 19th to July 6th 2017 in the North Atrium of Olympian City, West Kowloon. www.arch.hku.hk>

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INNOVATIVE MATERIALS 5 2017

MycoTree A research team of prof. Dirk Hebel, professorship Sustainable Construction at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) and the Block Research Group (BRG) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, designed MycoTree, a naturally grown mycelium structure, for the Seoul Biennale for Architecture and Urbanism 2017. MycoTree is a spatial branching structure made out of load-bearing mycelium components. Its geometry was designed using 3D graphic statics, a novel method developed by BRG, keeping the weak, low strength material in compression only.

The basic idea was to develop an alternative to the conventional linear concept of ‘produce, use, and discard’ whitch has proven itself unsustainable in the face of scarce resources and exponentially increasing urban populations. Materials

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that were previously considered unwanted and low-strength may present new, innovative possibilities. Like mushroom mycelium.

The Professorship of Sustainable Construction at the Karlsruhe Institu-

te of Technology (KIT) and the Block Research Group (BRG) led by Prof. Dr. Philippe Block and Dr. Tom Van Mele, are combining their knowledge in materials, construction, structures, and geometry to address the problems posed by inef-

INNOVATIVE MATERIALS 5 2017 ficiency in the realms of current design and material use.

Hebel’s team explores the cultivation of natural, regenerative materials and their use in construction optimized for the challenges presented in global urban environments. BRG researches how methods from the past can be revived to take advantage of today’s technological and digital advances.

Mycelium

Mycelium is the root network of mushrooms. It’s a fast growing matrix that can act as a natural glue. Digesting plant-based waste products, such as sawdust, mycelium’s dense network binds the substrate into a structurally active material composite. According to the BRC researchers the advantages are significant: as mycelium follows a metabolic cycle, building elements or whole constructions can be composted after their original use. The material can be grown locally, reducing both the energy and time required for transportation.

And, as they are organic matter, they act to reverse carbon emissions through the absorption of carbon.

Grow process

To initiate the growth process, sterilized substrate is mixed with mycelium tissue. Over the course of days, the fungi will start to digest and transform the nutrients, growing into a dense, spongy substance of interlocking mycelium filaments. In a second step, this mass can then be ‘cast’ into moulds. Left for another few days, the cast mycelium further densifies into its final shape. In a last step, the resulting building element is being dried in order to stop the growth process.

Low strength

According to the BRG-website, mycelium-based materials offer significant ecological advantages on the one hand but comparably low structural strength on the other. When building with materials that are weak in tension and bending, good geometry is essential for maintaining equilibrium through contact only - that is, through compression. Funicular geometry has the advantage that stresses in it are very low.

Development of engineered materials, such as concrete or steel, is largely focused on making these materials stronger,

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INNOVATIVE MATERIALS 5 2017

on increasing their allowable stress.

However, achieving stability through geometry rather than through material strength opens up the possibility of using weak materials. The structure’s geometry was designed using 3D graphic statics, a novel method developed by the Block Research Group at ETH Zürich.

Urbanism 2017 in Seoul, from September 1st to November 5th 2017

Credits:

Meer over 3D graphic statics>

Team/Authors Sustainable Construction, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT Karlsruhe: Karsten Schlesier, Felix Heisel, Dirk Hebel Block Research Group, ETH Zürich: Juney Lee, Matthias Rippmann, Tomás Méndez Echenagucia, Andrew Liew, Noelle Paulson, Tom Van Mele, Philippe Block Alternative Construction Materials, Future Cities Laboratory, Singapore-ETH Centre: Nazanin Saeidi, Alireza Javadian, Adi Reza Nugroho, Robbi Zidna Ilman, Erlambang Adjidarma, Ronaldiaz Hartantyo, Hokie Christian, Orion Tan, Sheng Yu, Kelly Cooper Production partner Mycotech, PT Miko Bahtera Nusantara, Indonesia Sponsors ETH Global ETH Zürich, Department of Architecture Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Future Cities Laboratory (FCL), Singapore-ETH Centre

Beyond Mining

MycoTree was the centrepiece of the ‘Beyond Mining - Urban Growth’ exhibition at the Biennale of Architecture and

Video

BRG>

Myceliumkweek

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INNOVATIVE MATERIALS 5 2017

Adding paraffin to concrete: roads clear themselves in winter Researchers from the Universities of Drexel, Purdue and Oregon State have discovered that adding phase change materials (PCM’s), such as wax or paraffin oil, to concrete can give surfaces the ability to melt ice and snow. This means that roads could one day be deiced and snow free without the use of road salts and deicing chemicals.

A research team, led by Yaghoob Farnam PhD, assistant professor in Drexel’s College of Engineering, demonstrated how substances like paraffin oil can be used in concrete to store energy and release it as heat when a road needs a melt-off.

The trick is to incorporate phase change materials into concrete using porous lightweight aggregate or embedded pipes. When PCM’s transforms from liquid to solid during cooling events, it can release thermal energy that can be used to melt ice and snow.

To test its snow and ice-melting ability of paraffin oil, the team created a set of concrete slabs - one with paraffin-filled pipes inside, one containing porous lightweight aggregate that had been infused with paraffin, and a third reference slab without paraffin. Each was sealed in an insulated container and then covered with about five inches of lab-made ‘snow.’ With temperatures inside the boxes held between 1.5 - 6 °C, both of the paraffin-treated slabs were able to completely melt the snow within

the first 25 hours of testing, while the snow on the reference sample remained frozen.

The slab with the paraffin-filled tubes melted the snow slightly faster than the one composed of paraffin-treated aggregate, probably because the paraffin inside the tubes is able to solidify more quickly - thus releasing its energy because of the regular diameter of the pipes.

In a second experiment, in which the ambient air temperature in the box was lowered to freezing before the snow was added, the paraffin-treated aggregate was more effective than the embedded pipes. This is because the capillary pore pressure delayed the freezing of the paraffin, thus allowing it to release its heat energy over a longer period of time.

According to Drexel University one of the first uses of this infrastructure technology could be at airports, where keeping runways clear of snow and ice is vital and a perpetual challenge in the winter.

Additional research is needed to further understand other factors influencing concrete constructibility, including concrete fresh and hardened performance when the concrete contains phase change materials, and the phase change material’s thermal performance in different locations.

The research was September 2017 published in the journal ‘Cement and Concrete Composites’: titled ‘Incorporating phase change materials in concrete pavement to melt snow and ice’.

Drexel university>

Video

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INNOVATIVE MATERIALS 5 2017

Supply Driven Architecture Waste problems in building industry are subject for discussions in politics as well as in architecture and science. Solutions are searched for in the field of sustainable materials and in reuse of buildings and/or building elements. In this context ‘design for disassembly’ [1] is an important issue. The disadvantage of restricting the reuse of building components to buildings which are designed with this purpose in mind, is that a lot of opportunities of reuse are not utilized. Although most of the building stock is not designed for disassembly, practice has proven that for many objects disconnection and reuse of building components is interesting from a technical as well as from an economic standpoint.

At this moment architects have extensive freedom to use materials and components and this freedom will decrease in the near future when they will have to take the supply side of reusable materials into account. The design of demountable building systems is therefore an issue, which has the attention of many researchers. New buildings, designed with demountability as a starting point are built these days, but it will take many years till the environmental profit will pay back. And then it will concern only a small part of the building stock. The larger part will be constructed in traditional ways.

Technology can be applied to realize demountability, but technology can also be applied for deconstruction of

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traditional buildings in a way that parts are re-usable.

In this context we can distinguish three kinds of technology: • product technology • manufacturing technology, and • design technology.

For Supply Drive Design we will need all three kinds of technology.

Product technology refers to the new building to design. Key question is how we can realize the necessary functions in the new building with re-usable components.

The challenge is to meet modern building standards regarding safety, energy

use, comfort and aesthetics.

Manufacturing technology refers mainly to the way how interconnect the re-usable components in the new building, but also how to upgrade and transport them.

Design technology is the key technology needed for successful SDA. The challenges of Supply Driven Architecture are hidden in the constraints connected to the specific properties of the available components. An architectural design will become a compromise between the goals of the architect and the design space offered by the available components.

Crucial is the availability of information from the supply side. Components should be extremely well presented and documented.

INNOVATIVE MATERIALS 5 2017 The objective of research activities in the context of Supply Driven Architecture is to build a body of knowledge about the feasibility and consequences of SDA, as well as finding out what methodological consequences it could imply for the profession of architecture.

Questions to be answered are: 1. Could the supply side be able to offer enough options for the architect to be interesting? (What are the experiences with existing databases like the Reststoffenbeurs [2])?

2. Could software help, in what way, to offer opportunities from the database to find the optimal components for the architects assignment?

3. Could the database inspire the architect for new architecture or will SDA decrease the creativity?

4. Is the quality control problem solvable, as it is in automotive where databases for re-usable components are widely accepted?

State of the Art

There is a lot of experience with the re-use of materials and components in architecture, but this experience is often related to local projects and to a oneto-one relation between source building and target building. (Gorgolewski 2008) [3]. Policy has been developed for encouraging the re-use of materials and components, by also these initiatives are quite local.

tential deconstruction sites, the National Association of Home Builders Research Center (‘Research Center’) completed an initial inventory and assessment of 236 condemned residential structures in the District of Columbia. The Re­ search Center completed drive-by, visual inspections of 86 of the 236 condemned properties identified by the DCRA. The visual inspections noted: building type, general construction type, overall condition, property status (e.g., abandoned, effectively cordoned, under renovation, for sale), neighborhood context, and whether a detailed assessment would be appropriate. Based on the inspection of condemned properties, the Research Center defined four categories of residential buildings, as described below, each with attributes that suggest the potential for cost-effective deconstruction. The Research Center then chose four different types of structures for detailed assessments. These assessments provide an indication of the type and quantity of materials available from residential buildings.

• High-rise multi-family buildings. These large apartment buildings potentially contain many interior features that could be salvaged and reused (appliances, cabinets, fixtures, etc.). These buildings are usually made of structural concrete and steel, so complete deconstruction is

generally not a feasible option. However, the structural materials may be good candidates for recycling. A detailed assessment of one building in the Arthur Capper public housing complex identified cabinets, stainless steel sinks, garbage disposals and metal framed windows suitable for salvage, as well as copper piping and aluminum baseboard heating units that could be removed and sold for scrap.

• Low-rise multi-family buildings. These buildings offer significant potential for the deconstruction of both interior and exterior materials. In general, the low-rise multi-family buildings in D.C. are made using brick and block construction with wooden roof assemblies.

Many interior elements (e.g., appliances, cabinets) can be salvaged from the low-rise buildings. A detailed assessment of one building in the Kentucky Courts housing complex identified wooden roof trusses with plywood sheathing, recently updated kitchen cabinetry, stainless steel sinks, garbage disposals, and metal framed windows. As with the high-rise example, this building also contained copper tubing and aluminum heating units with potential scrap value. A second detailed assessment, of a three-unit building in the Frederick Douglass housing complex, found a significant amount of salvageable material including framing

Of course the success of Supply Driven Architecture is dependant on the stock of buildings which is at the end of their economical and/or cultural life time.

The Dutch company Bouwcarrousel B.V provides on her website [4] many demolition projects in which materials are reclaimed. Generally spoken there is a lot of supply. Examples can be found in the report ‘Building Deconstruction and Material Reuse in Washington, D.C., (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, December, 1999) [5].

It explains that the potential growth and sustainability of a building deconstruction and material reuse program in Washington, D.C. requires an adequate supply of buildings suitable for deconstruction. In order to begin to characterize the existing ‘stock’ of po-

23 | INNOVATIVE MATERIALS 5 2017

INNOVATIVE MATERIALS 5 2017 lumber, brick double glazed windows, and over 1,000 square feet of oak strip hardwood flooring, as well as a recently replaced gas boiler and water heater.

There are approximately 107 buildings of similar type in the Frederick Douglass complex, 83 of which are also reported to have exterior natural wood siding suitable for salvage.

• Rowhouses. Rowhouses offer multiple deconstruction opportunities.

Exterior construction offers salvageable brick, roofing and architectural details.

Rowhouse interiors can provide valuable wood materials. A detailed assessment of a rowhouse in Northwest D.C. identified framing lumber, hardwood flooring, oak stair cases, plywood sub-flooring and roof sheathing, and a recently replaced gas water heater and furnace.

The exterior of this structure features Roman brick, stone lentils and slate roofing. It should be noted that adjoining rowhouses, particularly those that are not end units, may have a structural interdependence that would need to be considered prior to deconstruction.

• Single-family dwellings. Wood-framed single-family dwellings offer significant potential for deconstruction, since it may be possible to salvage nearly the entire structure. The same types of materials found in low-rise multi-family buildings can be expected to be found in single-family homes (i.e., wooden framing, roofing materials, flooring, windows, cabinets, appliances, etc.).

However, it should be noted that woodframed single-family homes represent a relatively small percentage of the D.C. residential housing stock. This is one of the few examples of inventories made of housing stock , especially with re-use of components and materials in mind.

Mark Gorgolewski (2008) carried out investigations regarding utility buildings.

In this cases components were directly applied in a new building in the same area. Although this approach is different from that of SDA we still can learn from his findings.

His conclusions were: • such a project needs more time, because design can only be detailed after information about saved components are available • the design costs are significantly

24 | INNOVATIVE MATERIALS 5 2017

higher, because of dealing with limitations • design and construction process changes as a result of complexity • developing a design around available components provides also opportunities and a foothold • specialists might be necessary to asses special materials and components. Budget should be planned • SDA requires a large amount of flexibility from design team • reuse in easier when application is about the same as the original one • light weight open structures are vulnerable and therefore more difficult to re-use than wooden beams and hot rolled profiles • bolted connections are preferred. Welded connections easily cause damage • contractors need special education for this kind of projects • the client should be motivated for the project.

In the report of the National Association of Home Builders Research Centre several factors are mentioned that could limit potential demand, such as: • a lack of public and/or contractor awareness about the availability of salvaged

materials • a lack of an awareness of the significant price difference between new materials and salvaged materials • the ‘hit or miss’ problem of not being able to find a salvaged material when needed, or enough of a particular salvaged material to complete the project • a lack of awareness about the environmental benefits of using salvaged materials, and perceptions that salvaged materials are inferior.

In addition, six demands can be distinguished for successful Supply Driven Architecture: 1. Expertise should be available regarding the assessment of buildings with respect to reusable elements.

2. Expertise should be available with respect to the controlled demolishment of buildings to save valuable components.

3. Facilities should be available to assess and certify the components related to specific applications 4. Facilities should be available to store components waiting for an application.

5. The stock of components should be made accessible for architects.

INNOVATIVE MATERIALS 5 2017 6. Incentives should be offered to architects who apply reusable materials, with the environmental profits as an argument.

Experiences from existing projects: Expertise regarding assessment of buildings to be demolished Deconstruction is widely regarded as a relatively low-skill activity. While this is true for the bulk of work conducted at a deconstruction site, the overall deconstruction process must be managed with skill and expertise. The most important skills required for the successful implementation of deconstruction projects are the ability to assess a structure for its deconstruction potential, to plan the optimal sequence of tasks, and to train and direct laborers in proper deconstruction techniques to ensure that salvaged materials retain their maximum value.

Individuals currently active in related construction trades (i.e., with an existing understanding of building and materials concepts) will likely make a fairly easy transition to the deconstruction arena.

The availability of the necessary expertise should naturally increase in response to the growth of a market for salvaged materials.

Haico van Nuenen (2000) [6] studied the potential of post war system buildings in the Netherlands and found out that important environmental savings would be feasible. Deconstruction of the concrete elements turns out to be easy because of the poor quality of the applied cement.

Assembly of these elements in a new building is realized with newly designed interfaces, which are hidden behind a second wall, having just an esthetic function. According to Van Nuenen the environmental savings of re-use of components are considerable. He expects savings at least 35% for the first re-use and 60% for repeated re-use. For recycling on material level (granulates) are only 5%.

In the SenterNovem Report (No) Flat Future [7] it is concluded that of post war high rise apartment buildings about 50% of components could be re-used, but that also obsolete office furniture and

furnishings from the area of Rotterdam could provide material solutions for producing ‘new’ apartment buildings. For the writers of the report, Bouwcarroussel and 2012 architects, re-use does not have to take place in the same functions.

E.g. systems ceilings could be used for sound insulation purposes and kitchen sinks as roof covering.

Expertise regarding controlled demolishment A Dutch company, specialized in controlled demolishment is Bouwcarroussel.

Expertise was developed by this company itself, but there are no specialized educational programmes in the Netherlands.

In Washington DC the district supports general job training programs that often have construction-related components.

For example, in 1999 the Job Training Partnership Act, sponsored by the D.C. Department of Employment Services, provided counseling, training referrals and monetary assistance to approximately 1,000 people; approximately 150 people received construction-related apprenticeship training.

These initiatives may set a trend in building education in general. It is more and more recognized that controlled demolition is a profession with at least the complexity of building construction.

Modern technology is needed to assess constructions and to separate components from each other without causing damage to the components.

An important point is that architects

should be involved in deciding about saving components. Who could better represent the needs of architects than architects.

Assessment and certification of components Contaminants such as oil, fertilizer, lead and asbestos inside a building can affect the quality and value of materials.

There may also be additional liability issues associated with deconstructing contaminated materials. Assessment of these issues is an expertise which is crucial for the success of SDA. The main problem however is the assessment of the mechanical properties of the components and the standing of surety. For this problem modern technology could bring important solutions.

First of all 3D laser scanning could produce 3D files, which could be the input for FEM (Finite Elements Method) calculations of strength and rigidity.

Ultrasound and roentgen analysis could detect impurities in the materials and lab-on-chip technology could take care of chemical analysis.

For successful application of these technologies in SDA the equipment should become more mobile and user friendly.

Procedures for assessing the specifications of components should be certified in order to protect architects applying reusable components against claims.

Storage of components According to the Washington DC report one of the largest barriers to salvaging building materials is the lack of con-

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INNOVATIVE MATERIALS 5 2017 venient and affordable storage space. It reports, for example, that project managers could not find any affordable storage space in the district. Instead, they had to rent a truck to transport salvaged bricks and other items to a farm 20 miles outside of D.C., where they were stored until they could be used at the demonstration house. In addition, some materials had to be stored outdoors, causing damage that precluded their future reuse. A previous non-profit distributor of salvaged materials, Movement and Acquisition of Gifts in Kind (MAGIK), also could not afford the high cost of warehouse space in D.C. This was one of the reasons that MAGIK eventually went out of business.

The costs of storage of salvaged materials are related to three parameters:

Building tradition started with using materials from the direct environment applying wood, rock and loam. The second step was upgrading those materials by forming it to building components, or even baking clay to bricks.

As far as possible, materials were collected from elsewhere, like marble from the mountains to Rome. The collection of building materials from elsewhere was restricted to rich and mighty people.

Nowadays it is quite usual that a building

to start from clear constrains such as an existing building structure. Designing a building with a database of re-usable materials as a starting point could possibly be appreciated by many architects.

Incentives Many examples of providing incentives to supply driven architecture initiatives can be found in the United States of America. (Building Deconstruction and

• Price of storage space • Period of storage • Transport costs The price of storage space is strongly dependent of the distance from economic centers, as well as transport costs.

These parameters neutralize each other, so storage period is the most important parameter to be influenced.

The question is how to influence the waiting time for a user. This waiting time is dependant of: • the need for the specific kind of components • the possibility to find the component For the first aspect marketing information about the need of components has to be available before deciding storing the components.

With respect to the second point we come to the main issue of this paper, the input of the information in the design process. In this respect it is interesting to investigate to what extent architects could be influenced to use re-used materials.

At this moment, in the Netherlands there are more then ten warehouses for re-usable building components.

This amount is expected to grow in the future.

Accessibility for architects Supply driven design is nothing new for architects. Since Vitruvius architects are dependant on the supply of materials.

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Figure 1. Comparison of Material Acquisition Processes (Buildsmart 2002)

is composed of materials collected all over the world. Aluminum comes from South America, glass from China and wood from Canada.

Due to this globalization of building materials and components industry, architects are spoiled. The availability of options is nearly unlimited and architects hardly have to cope with limita­ tions of supply anymore. However this has resulted is considerable environmental pollution.

An SDA approach would imply returning to the old situation of limited supply, dependant of proximity. However, times have changed. The limitations will, different than in the past, not be in the amount of material options, but much more in the physical condition of components.

Is this a limitation or a challenge? Could the limited availability of components be a source of inspiration for architects rather than a constraint?

It is well known that some architects like

Material Reuse in Washington, D.C., Urban and Economic Development Division U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, December 1999) For example, in the district of Columbia Enterprise Zones (EZ), tax benefits are available for initiatives in this field. Even lotteries were organized to come with initiatives for renovation projects based on reused building components.

One of the important arguments of the government is the positive influence on employment. Supply Driven Architecture means investment using local labor rather than in new materials and components which are often produced elsewhere.

The best incentive would be a system like CO2 rights on a project level. Direct translation of CO2 earnings to building costs would stimulate green building activities enormously.

INNOVATIVE MATERIALS 5 2017 SDA based methodology An interesting initiative with respect to SDA is the ‘Old to New’ design guide by the Buildsmart organization in Vancouver, Canada (2002) [8]. The book provides a lot of information to designers, which is specific for dealing with salvaged materials, also about the availability of many material categories.

The book is based on many case studies of projects in which recycled materials and components played an important role.

The authors did not come to conclusions with respect to the overall design methodology, but mainly focused on the material acquisition process.

We see that the materials acquisition process is much more complicated applying salvaged material in comparison with new materials. It is not just about identifying sources, but also confirmation of availability conform required quantities and quality is extremely important. Furthermore, it is not just about installing the materials. Storing and transporting of salvaged materials induce specific problems. Especially refinishing and/or even re-fabrication might be necessary. For a specific building (Liu Centre, Vancouver) the design Guide (2002) presents a cost analyses.

Although the additional costs of modification and consultancy are incorporated, we see in this example that there is a cost reduction, compared with virgin materials of ca. 50%. There are no figures about environmental profit available, but it is obvious that these profits are considerable.

Figure 2: reused tiles by Hundertwasser [9]

SDA Motivation However, the whole approach of the Old to New Design Guide has a smaller scope of SDA than meant in this paper. The starting point of the guide is of a defensive nature. The goals are restricted to environmental and financial profits. However, the authors pass over one aspect of SDA being the potential architectural and cultural gains. We still live in a society in which new is better then old unless it refers to recognized cultural values. However, several architects and artists who worked with salvaged materials have become world famous.

Figure 3: Family Thrift Store, Missouri, USA [10]

We can distinguish four kinds of motivations in SDA. 1. Artistic motivations 2. Environmental, idealistic motivations 3. Economic motivations 4. Architectural motivations.

One of the most famous SDA examples are provided by Friedrichsreich Hundertwasser who applied broken tiles, but also old lampposts in his architecture, which is, generally spoken regarded rather as art then as architecture.

Environmental, idealistic motivations played a key role is the Familly Thrift Store on Fitzerald Avenue in Gerald, Missouri.

It can be characterized as home made architecture and a ‘Ramshackle masterpiece (Michael R. Allen 2009). An important material source was a Roman Catholic Church.

An interesting example of the social acceptability of architecture with reused materials is the project Christiania in Copenhagen, which was regarded as ‘an important corrective to a

Figure 4. Glass House of window frames in Christiania, Denmark [11]

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INNOVATIVE MATERIALS 5 2017 Discussion

SDA is can be regarded as a new trend in architecture which will become important in the decades to come.

However, the success is dependant of four conditions: 1. Financial incentives for reusing materials; 2. A positive image of buildings created with reused materials, as a result of high quality design; 3. A well structured infrastructure for deconstruction of buildings, communication about useful components as well as storage and distribution; 4. Education of architects who are able to cope with the specific problems of reusing building components.

Prof. Wim Poelman, Engineering Sciences, University of Delft Wim Poelman talked about Supply Driven Architecture during the KIVIconference ‘Circulair Bouwen’, oktober 26th in The Hague.

Figure 5. Hotel Kerckebosch in Zeist [12]

consumer society run amok’.

Sometimes idealism has less to do with SDA then the wish to create impressive buildings using components of impressing buildings from the past. An example of this is Kerckebosch in Zeist, which is now a hotel of the Bilderberg group.

French castles were the source.

But there are also pure economic motivations for SDA. The Powers-Hanson House is an 850 s.f. strawbale home built from natural

and reclaimed materials in Teton Valley, Idaho. The home features passive solar heating, earthen floors, and natural plasters.

One of the Dutch projects in this context is the Villa Welpelo by 2012 architects.

For the support construction of this villa an obsolete paternoster was applied.

The cladding is made of obsolete cable-reels from a cable-factory in the neighborhood.

Figure 6. Powers-Hanson House [13] (www.naturaldwellings.com)

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REFERENCES [1] Durmisevic, Elma (2006) ‘Tranformable Building Structures’, thesis, Delft University, Delft [2] http://www.reststoffenbeurs.nl [3] Gorgolewski, Mark (2008) ‘Designing with reused building components: some challenges, Building research & Information, 36:2,175-188 [4] www.bouwcarrousel.nl [5] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, December, 1999. report: ‘Building Deconstruction and Material Reuse in Washington, D.C.’ [6] Nuenen, Haico van, ‘Hergebruikt bouwen met naoorlogse systeembouw’, Renovatie en Onderhoud, june 2000, page 10 -11 [7] SenterNovem (2007), (No) Flat Future, Een nieuwe toekomst voor naoorlogse flats.

[8] Buildsmart organization in Vancouver, Canada (2002) ‘Old to New’ design guide [9] Hundertwasser, Friedrichsreich, (1928-2000) http://hundertwasser.web-log.nl/ [10] Family Thrift store http://ecoabsence.blogspot.com/2009/03/ramshackle-masterpiece.html [11] Glass House Christiania http://www.superuse.org [12] Hotel Kerckebosch http://www.kasteleninutrecht.nl/Kerckebosch. htm [13] Powers-Hanson House, www.naturaldwellings.com [14] House of Reclaimed Space www.reclaimedspace.com

AGENDA Betondag 2017 16 november 2017, Roterdam www.betondag.nl

Ceramic Expo 2018 1-3 mei 2018, Cleveland www.ceramicsexpousa.com

Euroconstruct 23-24 november 2017, Munchen www.euroconstruct.org

Challenging Glass 1-3 mei 2018. Delft www.challengingglass.com

Biocomposite Conference Cologne 6-7 december 2017, Keulen http://biocompositescc.com/

Bio-based Materials 15-16 mei 2018, Keulen http://bio-based-conference. com

Meeting Materials 12 december 2017, Noordwijkerhout www.m2i.nl

Utech Europe 29-31 mei 2018, Maastricht http://www.utecheurope.eu

Industrial Building 10-12 januari 2018, Essen www.industrial-building.de/ industriebau/

Materials 2018 30-31 mei 2018, Veldhoven www.materials.nl

Gevel 2018 23-25 januari 2018, Rotterdam www.gevel-online.nl

Materials Science and Engineering 11-13 juni, 2018 Barcelona

Ulmer Betontage 20-22 februari 2018, Ulm www.betontage.de/

15th International Conference on Inorganic Membranes 18 – 22 juni 2018, Dresden https://www.icim2018.com/

JEC World 2018 6-8 maart 2018, Parijs www.jeccomposites.com/ events/jec-world-2018

Holz messe 29 aug - 1 sept 2018, Klagenfurt www.kaerntnermessen.at

Circular Materials Conference 7-8 maart 2018, Gotenborg www.circularmaterialsconference.se/

Kunststoffen 2018 27-28 september 2018, Veldhoven https://kunststoffenbeurs.nl/

Materials Xperience 13-15 maart 2018, Rotterdam http://materialxperience.nl/

Aluminium 2018 9-8 oktober 2018, Düsseldorf www.aluminium-messe.com

Ceramitec 2018 10 - 13 april 2018, München www.ceramitec.com

Composites Europe 6-8 november 2018, Stuttgart www.composites-europe.com

Hannover Messe 23-27 april 2018, Hannover http://www.hannovermesse. de/home

XVI ECerS Conference 16-20 juni 2019, Turijn http://ecers.org/

Intermat 2018 23-28 april 2018, Parijs https://paris.intermatconstruction.com/

K 2019 16-23 oktober 2019, Düsseldorf www.k-online.de/

29 | INNOVATIEVE MATERIALEN 5 2017

INNOVATIVE MATERIALS Innovative Materials Innovative Materials provides information on material innovations, or innovative use of materials. The idea is that the ever increasing demands lead to a constant search for better and safer products as well as material and energy savings.

Enabling these innovations is crucial, not only to be competitive but also to meet the challenges of enhancing and protecting the environment, like durability, C2C and carbon footprint.

By opting for smart, sustainable and innovative materials constructors, engineers and designers obtain more opportunities to distinguish themselves.

As a platform Innovative Materials wants to help to achieve this by connecting supply and demand. info@innovatievematerialen.nl

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Innovative Materials is published in a digital format, although there is a printed edition with a small circulation. Digital, because interactive information is attached in the form of articles, papers, videos and links to expand the information available.

There are two editions. The free one is a non-printable magazine, published online. In this version the interactive links are limited.

Subscribers (â‚Ź 39,50) will receive full access to both the digital edition and an interactive PDF, with links to all the extra information.